The Problem of Deforestation and Its Effects in Awi Zone: the Case of Banja Woreda for the Last Ten Years
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Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.8, No.4, 2018 The Problem of Deforestation and Its Effects in Awi Zone: The Case of Banja Woreda for the Last Ten Years Wondim Tiruneh Zeleke Instructor, Injibara College of Teachers’ Education, Department of Social Science Abstract Land use and land cover change, especially in Countries like Ethiopia, where an alarming growth of population is the day today phenomenon where it has received much attention in recent land use dynamics which are usually caused by a combination of large scale drivers of change such as demographic change and deforestation that results for climatic change. In the case study that I presented here, forests were replaced by agricultural lands. These processes were intimately linked with agricultural intensification and ongoing rural immigration. Analyzing the socio-environmental impacts of the agricultural transition process, I included my judgmental observations, where all focusing on the impact of gross margins of different crops as well as environmental impacts in terms of forest conversion and agricultural expansion. Results are communicated both to the scientific community and various stakeholders such as local farmers, political leaders and regional authorities. The aims of this study are to put the exact markings of border for the forest resource and to identify the underlying causes for deforestation. Although, many forest management decisions have been made all over the World, the developing Countries in particular, the political will of the government of Ethiopia is playing one of the important keys to ensure the sustainable use and management of forests. Besides outlying causes for deforestation, solutions for reducing the intensified problems are also indicated. Keywords: population growth, deforestation, illegal logging, re-forestation. 1. General Background 1.1 Geographical setting Banja Woreda, Where this case study has conducted is among the eight major Woredas' 1 and three city Administrations in Awi Zone. Geographically, the study area lies within 10 0 52’to 11 03’ North latitude and 36 038' to 37 08' East Longitude at a distance of 440 Km North West of Addis Ababa and 120kmSouth east of Bahir Dar. 2 As regards the location, Banja Woreda is bordered along North with West Gojam Zone, along south with Ankesha Woreda, along the East with Gogusa Shikudad and to the West with Guangua Woreda in the same zone .The study area is so named as”Banja” because it was the first site where the Agaw tribe also called" Banji "3 was settled their following the move of Awi Agaw from Lasta. Altitudinally, the study area ranges from 1,800 to 2.953 meters above sea level. However, most of the eastern parts of the district has ranged more than 2,425 meters above sea level. As climatically, BanjaWoreda is classified As Dega( 85%) and Woina Dega ( 15%) respectively 4. The area receives a higher rain fall at some parts of the year. The rain fall pattern is a bimodal, highly erratic and unpredictable in nature and its distribution most of the time extends from June to August. Whereas the annual average, maximum and minimum temperatures of the area varies from 21 0c, 260c and 160c respectively. 5 1.2. Peopling Based on the evidence of the Ethiopian Central Statistics Agency (2007), the demographic figure has clearly indicated about the total population of the study area. In line with this, in Banja Woreda alone, the number was estimated at 111, 954 out of which 55, 995 are males and 56,359 are females. However, the number varies from the total 111,954 in to 112,354 since there were peoples who were moving in and out during actual counting (census) days. Furthermore, the number of households in the study area during census was 22,066 out of which 24.94% are female-headed. Each house hold is with an average family size of 6 persons. 6 Banja Woreda has an average population density of 354 p/km2 of land. The population number is increasing at an alarming rate and this has a negative effect on agricultural growth and resource management; 1 Woreda/s stands for districts or administrations. 2AbiyotYismaw, “Forest cover change Detection Using Remote sensing and GIS Techniques”: A case of Banjaworeda, Awi Zone, school of Graduate studies( Bahir Dar university, 2010), p. 22. 3 Banji , stands for the area where this case study has conducted. 4 Banja Woreda, Environmental Protection, Land Administration and Use Office/Injibara,2010/,p.11. 5Banja woreda, Ibid , p.11. 6Central Statistics Agency. Population and Census (Addis Ababa, 2007). 12 Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.8, No.4, 2018 leading to poverty. Besides, the cultivated land per house hold is estimated at about one hectare. 1 According to the evidence from Banja Woreda Agricultural and Rural Development Office, Socio- economically, the community is agrarian whose means of subsistence is basically agriculture and agriculture reacted activities and most crops are grown with rain fed farming system. The major crops growing in the areaare; cereals, potatoes, root crops, maize, pulses and others. In addition to crops, major live stocks like cattle, sheep, goat and other pack animals like horse, donkey and mule are reared, These all are providing for drafting power, food, cash income, manure for fertilizer, fuel ( economic Security at the time of crop failure). 2 2. Causes and Impacts of Deforestation 2.1 Global Causes and Its Impact. The twenty –first century may be the trash hold century for humans, their quality of life, and the quality of life for many other organisms over the planet. The signs of whole sale environmental change and in the eyes of some observers, impending disaster are all around us. As population and farming expanded, soil erosion increased dramatically in the 2nd half of the twentieth century. This is because of the intensification of desertification. 3 Regarding the facilitating factors for enormous population growth, culture has enabled humans to spread well beyond their natural bio-geographic elements and to inhabit environments to which they are not purely suited biological organisms. 4 Without question, the most wide Spread and environmentally significant human impact on the environment results from food production. As a result, most of our land scopes bear the imprint of crop or livestock production. Indeed, in areas where soils and climate are most favorable, the managed food production system that we call agriculture defines the land scape. 5 Today, nearly 37 percent of the world’s land area is given over to agricultural production as crop land, pasture, or range land. Without a permanent cover of plants to protect the soil surface and roots to bind the top soil, erosion increases significantly with cropping. Therefore, following the disturbance or removal of vegetation, no matter whether it is grass or trees, erosion increases. 6 It is obvious to understand that population growth affects land use mainly through intensification and intensification of agricultural production. In this perspective, there is both historical and empirical evidence that different population densities and different population growth rates produce different land use patterns and changes over time. According, more people need more food, which can come only from either expansion of agriculture in to new lands, or use of existing agricultural land more intensively. 7 Hence, the relationship between expanding human population and receding forests, has received a serious attention, since forests play a key role in water and soil conservation, wild life habitat, biodiversity protection and the carbon cycle, as well as being a source of raw material for the timber industry and livelihood for local communities. 8 2.2 National Causes and Its Impact The northern and central highlands of Ethiopia are bare and broken lands in which sometimes seeing as desert at high altitudes. There is a rugged topography, which is eroded by torrential down pouring of rain, almost zero vegetation cover, back word land use practices and visible and traceable erosion. 9 The cause for this had been designated as being the result of an almost national deforestation. As in the national case, deforestation in Ethiopia occurs because of tremendous reasons. For instance, uncontrolled cutting for consumption, arable land use by the peasants, fire and the creation of grazing lands and striping the barks of live trees for the construction of beehives and roofing. 10 Furthermore, the land use pattern observable in most parts of Ethiopia is the animal traction dependent mono cropping of “ Teff ”11 for the subsistence use. This system is characterized with an over –cultivation. This form of traditional agriculture, which is employed mostly in the north and central parts of the country 1Banjaworeda, Environmental protection, Land Administration and Use Office ( Injibara, 2009) 2BanjaWoreda,Agriculture and Rural Development Office ( Injibara,2010). 3William M.Marsh, Environmental Geography, Science, Land use, and Earth systems, 2 nd ed. (British Columbia University press, 2001), pp. 2-4. 4 Marsh, P.44 5Marsh, p.131. 6Marsh, pp.328-329 7Theodrepanayotou, Population and Environment, working paper No.54.a ( Harvard university press, July, 2000).p.15 8Panayotou, p.25 9 AssefaAbegaz, “ The status and Dynamics of Natural Resources in Ziquala Area, North wollo.” MA Theis ( Addis Ababa university,1995),p.5 10 Melaku Bekele,“ Forest property Rights, the Role of the State and Institutional Exigency”: The Ethiopian experience. Doctoral Dissertation (Sweden University, 2003),p.83. 11 Teff, the most important and staple cereal food crop in Ethiopia. 13 Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online) Vol.8, No.4, 2018 contributed to the deforestation and depletion of the forest resources.