Enough Grass to Make Your Head… Rotate: The Keys to Rotational —Wylie Harris

“” has become a real buzzword spectrum of gradually increasing holism or sustainability in man- these days. But what is rotational grazing, really? How agement. At a minimum, a rancher trying to meet consumer does it work? And what in grazed green does demand for the health and nutritional qualities of grassfed beef it have to do with community food security? might shift from one to another as the seasons In simplest terms, rotational grazing is basically what it progress – wheat in the spring, bermudagrass in summer. sounds like: a system of moving grazing from one That approach grows beef that satisfies consumer demand pasture to another to keep fresh forage in front of them. for the nutritional and health qualities of grassfed meat, and it Beyond that basic point, practice quickly gets more complicated is “rotational” grazing in the sense that the animals do move than theory, and definitions and disagreements multiply. from one pasture to another over time. The principles behind rotational grazing are nothing new. At the other end of the spectrum, where terms like “man- North America’s bison herds practiced them on a continental agement intensive grazing” are more common, the purest scale, as did Spanish shepherds pushing their lords’ up purists of holism and sustainability abide. and down the royal highways to the rhythm of the seasons. Several traits can separate these opposite ends of the Rotational grazing was born of human efforts to put those rotational grazing spectrum, but the most important one has same principles to work within the fences of a single . remained unchanged from the days of Anderson and Young The earliest husbanders to attempt this feat may have been through the era of Voisin to the modern times of Savory and the landlords of 18th-century England. Nation. That factor is time. Their motive wasn’t the value of livestock production itself, but rather that of the manure the livestock produced, All in the Timing as a source of fertility for sustaining and increasing crop In application, observing the time factor means making production in a country where land was scarce and at a time sure that pasture plants get a short enough time exposed to when synthetic were as yet undreamt. cow’s teeth during bouts of grazing, and a long enough time This British movement of “” had agri- to recover and regrow between those bouts. Naturally enough, cultural writers like Arthur Young and James Anderson for its the reason for that has everything to do with how grass grows. chroniclers and apostles. Two centuries later, Frenchman André When a seed sprouts, it begins a race against time, trying Voisin picked up their mantle, and his book Grass Productivity to grow enough roots to capture water and nutrients, and leaf remains a classic manual on what he called “rational grazing.” area to catch sunshine, before its own limited energy reserves Long after its first printing, it inspired a writer whose are used up. name is much more widely recognized in today’s grass-based New plants grow slowly at first, barely maintaining a pos- circles, that of . (Savory will speak in Oklahoma itive balance in their internal energy banks. Aug. 5-6. See p.18) At some point, the seedling unfurls a large enough solar sail and underground anchor to bring in more nutrients and The Name Game energy than it needs to break even. At that point, the plant Every new wrinkle on a grazing system seems to sprout begins to grow much more rapidly, in a phase that Voisin names like grass after a spring rain. André Voisin worked to poetically called the “blaze of growth.” distinguish his system of “rational grazing” from a variety of Eventually, that blaze of growth begins to fade, and the close copies and distant cousins. plant grows again at a slower rate as it diverts more energy into These days, Savory and other modern-day grassfarming making flowers and then seed. gurus like Allan Nation and Joel Salatin still have their work The ideal time to graze is just before plants’ blaze of cut out for them keeping their readers straight on the differ- growth fades. Nibble them too long before that, and they ences between “rotational grazing,” “intensive grazing,” won’t have energy reserves enough to reestablish their root “management intensive grazing,” “pasture farming,” and so on. system and put on a vigorous spurt of regrowth. The grazing systems carrying those names fall out along a Graze them too late, and they’ll already have begun shift-

KERR CENTER FOR SUSTAINABLE 15 ing their nutrients into reproductive Continuing that progression, gra- lengthened rest periods, they produce structures, making the leaves less palat- ziers can determine the number of pad- more and better forage and beef for less able to livestock. docks they need by choosing their two , seed, and feed. In addition to maintaining palatabili- keys: the number of days each paddock While intensive management’s ty and nutrition, grazing before the will be grazed at a time, and the reduced capital inputs cut costs, the blaze of growth fades can actually post- number of days each paddock will go higher value accruing to marketing pone plants’ reproductive development, between bouts of grazing. labels like “free-range,” “grass-fed, “and causing them to grow leaves longer into For a single group of animals, a 5-day “natural” may raise per-unit returns, the season. That can add up to a size- bout of grazing followed by 36 days of increasing profit margins from both ends. able increase in forage production – up rest for each paddock requires a total of Meanwhile, ecological sustainability to twice as much per year. One key to 8 paddocks. If the length of grazing is increases in step with economic viability. capturing that advantage is to allow shortened to one day, the necessary Cropped fields and conventional pastures plants enough recovery time between number of paddocks increases to 37. converted to management intensive bouts of grazing. There are, naturally, complications. rotational grazing have been shown to The other key is to make sure that a One is, although plant growth always hold soil better, contaminate water less, given bout of grazing doesn’t go on for follows the same progression, it doesn’t and attract more wildlife than prior man- too long. The reasoning is the same: once always reach the same stage in the same agement practices. a plant has been grazed, it drops back to amount of time. A plant that takes only Economically viable, ecologically an early point on the growth curve where 21 days to complete its “blaze of growth” benign play an important role in it has to struggle to put out enough leaves in May might need 50 by August. defining community food security. and roots to keep itself growing. That means grass have to Whatever its name, management inten- If a cow’s teeth crop a plant that’s just increase or decrease the number of pad- sive rotational grazing fosters that sort been grazed, the effect is similar to grazing docks in the rotation during the course of farm – making it an easy piece to fit an establishing seedling: root recovery, of the growing season to make sure that into the community food security puzzle. and thus overall plant growth and forage all paddocks get an adequate rest period. production, all slow down markedly. Another wrinkle is that some graziers This is the source of the well known prefer to make hay from those extra “take half, leave half” rule of stocking. paddocks while they’re not in the rotation, Further Reading while others have sworn off hay altogether The classic work on the principles and practice of rotational grazing remains Planting Fenceposts and save the “slack” paddocks’ forage André Voisin’s Grass Productivity. Achieving such fine-tuned control for winter-feeding instead. over the time factor is what makes Add to that the fact that mixed Those looking for a more recent and readable book may enjoy All Flesh Is fencing such an important part of rota- range vegetation, as opposed to pure tional grazing. Grass, by Gene Logsdon, which also pasture stands, contains a number of dif- expands the horizons of pastured To see why, consider the extreme ferent forage plant species, each of livestock from cattle down through bad example of a herd of cattle grazing which has a different seasonal growth hogs, goats, sheep, and poultry. a single pasture. Every set of bovine curve, and you begin to get a feel for A new work by Logsdon’s most teeth can get at every plant all the time, why this end of the rotational grazing trusted pasture scientist, Jim Gerrish so new growth is continually cropped spectrum has picked up the label “man- is Management Intensive Grazing. back before it can carry the forage on agement intensive.” Finally, for readers more interested in into its blaze of growth. Productivity of cooking grassfed meat than raising it, both plants and animals is at its lowest. Farm Friendly Food there’s The Grassfed Gourmet Cookbook, Run a single wire across that While the management may by Shannon Hayes. pasture, dividing it into two paddocks, become more intense, though, other and suddenly each of the two paddocks aspects of raising grazing animals Learn How to Do It is at rest from grazing 50 % of the time. become more easeful in return. The Kerr Center is offering a three Bisect the first wire with another, and Initial fencing costs aside, manage- day workshop, Grazing Management: $Pasturing for Profit$, in Poteau, the result is four paddocks, each of ment-intensive rotational grazing requires August 11th, 12th and 13th. See p. 17 which spends three quarters of its time fewer inputs than other approaches: as for more information and registration. free from grazing. paddocks renovate themselves under

16 NOTES SUMMER 2005