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University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Calouste Gulbenkian Library, Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1925-1990: An Historical Portrait of a Monastic and Lay Community Intellectual Resource Center A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science by Sylva Natalie Manoogian 2013 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Calouste Gulbenkian Library, Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 1925-1990: An Historical Portrait of a Monastic and Lay Community Intellectual Resource Center by Sylva Natalie Manoogian Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science University of California, Los Angeles 2013 Professor Mary Niles Maack, Chair The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem is a major religious, educational, cultural, and ecumenical institution, established more than fourteen centuries ago. The Calouste Gulbenkian Library is one of the Patriarchate’s five intellectual resource centers. Plans for its establishment began in 1925 as a tribute to Patriarch Yeghishe I Tourian to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood. Its primary mission has been to collect and preserve valuable works of Armenian religion, language, art, literature, and history, as well as representative works of world literature in a number of languages. The benefaction of Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian and the continued support of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon, Portugal, and the Saint Sarkis Trust Fund of London brought to fruition the construction funds for Patriarch Tourian’s vision of a book palace. ii In order to present a systematic chronological English language study on the Calouste Gulbenkian Library, this institutional history has aimed to investigate and analyze the emergence, leadership, development, and functions of the Library, as a centralized point of access to the Patriarchate’s repositories of books, artifacts, and archives, and to serve the information needs and intellectual pursuits of the religious and lay populations of Armenian Jerusalem and the Armenian Diaspora. Although key primary and secondary sources regarding the Library and its collections existed in the Patriarchate’s administrative archives, the information had not been organized in a consistent manner. There was no evidence to indicate that a succession of professionally trained librarians, curators, or archivists had been employed by the Patriarchate to develop and manage its intellectual repositories. Through its 65-year history, from 1925 to 1990, the Gulbenkian Library emerges as the gateway to information for the Armenian Patriarchate, brought to fruition due to the collective resolve of its parent institution and its leadership. Inevitable changes in reaction to external and internal factors and influences, both positive and negative, have contributed to the resilience and continuity of this millennial monastic institution. Analysis of the Library’s collections reflects the detailed approach used to create and develop a research model for religious, cultural, social, and ecumenical studies. iii The dissertation of Sylva Natalie Manoogian is approved. Clara Chu Anne Gilliland Peter Cowe Mary Niles Maack, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2013 iv IN MEMORIAM His Beatitude Archbishop Torkom II Manoogian Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem (16 February, 1919 – 12 October, 2012) v TABLE OF CONTENTS Note on Transliteration and Translation xvi-xix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Problem Statement and Background 1-4 Significance of the Study 5-8 Research Goals, 5; Guiding Research Questions, 5-8; Key Primary Resources, 8 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction, 9; History of Medieval and Monastic Libraries of the Eastern and Western Traditions, 9-17 9-17 The Armenian Church and Its Role in Religious and Cultural Patrimony 17-19 History and Institutional Organization of the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem 19-23 Intellectual Resource Centers of the Armenian Patriarchate, Past and Present 23-24 vi Chapter 3 CONTEXT AND BACKGROUND The Armenian Church and Its Role in Armenian Cultural 25-31 Patrimony The Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church: A Brief Overview, 25-26; The Armenian Church Today, 28-30 The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem within the Hierarchy of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church 30-39 Introduction, 30-32; The Armenian Patriarchate and the Political Climate of the Region, 32-36; Relationships with Soviet Armenia, 36-38, and Armenian Diaspora, 39 Chapter 4 THE ARMENIAN PATRIARCHATE OF JERUSALEM AS AN INSTITUTION Map and Introduction 40-42 Patriarchal Missions 43-44 St. James Monastery Intellectual Resource Centers before the Gulbenkian Library 45-51 St. Toros Manuscript Library, 45-47; St. James Printing Press, 48; Monastic Reading Hall and Monks’ Personal Libraries; 48-49; Mardigian Museum of Armenian Art and Culture, 49-50 vii Chapter 5 PHILANTHROPY AND KEY PLAYERS IN THE CREATION OF A LIBRARY FOR ARMENIAN JERUSALEM The Role of Philanthropy in Support of Armenian Education And Culture 51-53 Patriarch Yeghishe I Tourian (1860-1930) 54-55 Portrait of Patriarch Yeghishe I 56-63 Early Life and Education, 56-58; Ordination to Celibate Priesthood (1879-1889), 58; The Village of Partizak, 58-60; The Spirit of the Armash Seminary, 60-61; Elevation to the Bishopric (1898), and Tenure as the Armenian Prelate of Smyrna (1904-1909), 61-62 Patriarch Yeghishe I during the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1923 62-64 Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, 64 Patriarchal Priorities, Accomplishments and Legacy 64-68 Reorganization of the St. James Theological Seminary, 65-66; Education of Boys and Girls, 66=67; Literary Activity and Legacy, 67; A New Patriarchal Library, 67-68 Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian (1863-1955) and the Gulbenkian Foundation 68 viii Portrait of a Benefactor for Armenian Jerusalem 68-71 Tourian 50th Jubilee Committee Members, 1928-1932 72-74 Chapter 6 ENVISIONING, BUILDING AND OPENING THE NEW PATRIARCHAL GULBENKIAN LIBRARY, 1925-1932 Patriarch Tourian’s Vision for a Patriarchal Library 75 Tourian the Graceful and His Library in Armash 76-77 Inauguration of the Projected Gulbenkian Library 78-87 Ground-breaking and Beginning the Construction, March 1930, 80-87 Patriarch Tourian’s Personal Library Collection 87-88 Chapter 7 DEVELOPING THE GULBENKIAN LIBRARY COLLECTIONS, 1933-1949 The Gulbenkian Library: Centralization of Intellectual Resource Centers 89-95 Introduction, 89; Founding Collections, 90-91; Collection of Books, Newspapers and their Classification, 91-92; Library Management and Services, 92-93; Visitors to the Gulbenkian Library, 93-94 ix Patriarchal Governance, 1931-1949 94-104 Patriarch Torkom I Koushagian (1874-1949) , 95-98: Early Life, Education and Religious Service (1874-1918), 95-97; Patriarchal Tenure (1 December 1931-10 February 1939), 97-98 Patriarch Mesrob III Nishanian (1872-1944): Early Life, Education, Religious Service (1872-1939) and Patriarchal Tenure (9 April 1939-26 July, 1944), 98-100 Patriarch Guregh II Israelian (1894-1949): Early Life, Education, Religious Service (1894-1944), and Patriarchal Tenure (20 October 1944-28 October 1949), 100-104 Chapter 8 A PERIOD OF POLITICAL AND INTERNAL TURMOIL, November 1949 to August 1960 Patriarchal Governance, 1949-1960 105-117 Father Yeghishe Derderian, Locum Tenens, (7 November 1949-10 October 1956), 105; From Father to Bishop Yeghishe (1910-1960): 106-109; Early Life and Education, 105-106; Ordination to the Diaconate and Celibate Priesthood, 107-108 x Patriarch-Elect Tiran Nersoyan (19 March 1957- 30 August 1958), 108-112: Early Life, Education and Religious Service, 108-110; Patriarchal Election in Jerusalem, 110; Archbishop Tiran’s Accomplishments, 111-112 Deacon Sahag Kalaydjian, Library Secretary (1953-1960) 112-114 Early Life and Education, 112-113; Employment and Community Involvement, 114; Library Secretary Kalaydjian and the Gulbenkian Library, 113-114 Gulbenkian Library Cataloging and Classification System Development 114-116 Visitors to the Gulbenkian Library, 1949-1960 116-117 Chapter 9 CONTINUITY WITHIN A PERIOD OF INSTABILITY, 9 June 1060-4 February 1960 World Political Climate and Its Effect on the Armenian Patriarchate 118-119 Patriarch Yeghishe II Derderian, 1960-1990 120 xi Gulbenkian Library Collection Development in the 1960’s 121-126 The Role of Sahag Kalaydjian, Library Secretary, 121; Gulbenkian Library Reports (1963-1969), 122: (1) Jerusalem’s Gulbenkian Library (1962-1963), 122-123; (2) Report Dated (1964 May-April 1965), 124-125; (3) Report Dated (31 December 1969), 125-126 Cumulative Statistical Reports, 1960-1990 127-137 Expenses / Receipts, 127-130; Gulbenkian Library Acquisitions, 131-133 Collection Development – New Books Received by Time Period, 134-137 Visitors to the Gulbenkian Library, 6 September 1960-14 August 1966 138 Chapter 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Scope of Study 139 Guiding Research Goals and Questions 140-144 Future Studies 147 Postscript 148 xii APPENDIX A CHRONOLOGY OF MAJOR EVENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS RELATED TO LIBRARY HISTORY IN THE ARMENIAN PATRIARCHATE OF JERUSALEM 150-153 APPENDIX B QUOTATIONS EXCERPTED FROM GULBENKIAN VISITORS GOLDEN BOOK, 1931-1966 154-161 APPENDIX C COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS 162-166 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES CONSULTED 167-182 KEY PRIMARY SOURCES 166-69 Patriarch Yeghishe II Tourian, 167-168 Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian, 169 SECONDARY SOURCES BY CATEGORY 170-182 Books – Armenian Language, 170-173: Armenian Church History, 170; Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, 170-173 Other Sources Consulted, 173-182:
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