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World Aquatic Animal Day 2020

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World Aquatic Animal Day 2020 WORLD AQUATIC ANIMAL DAY APRIL 3, 2020 RESOURCE PACKET 1 AQUATIC ANIMAL LAW INITIATIVE ANIMAL LAW CLINIC LEWIS & CLARK LAW SCHOOL WorldAquaticAnimalDay.org 1 Pictures from Pixabay (https://pixabay.com/) under Pixabay License: (https://pixabay.com/service/license/). Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School © 2020 Table of Contents 1. ABOUT WORLD AQUATIC ANIMAL DAY ................................................................... 4 2. ABOUT THIS RESOURCE PACKET................................................................................ 5 A. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE............................................................................................ 5 B. THE ANIMAL LAW CLINIC .................................................................................................... 5 C. AQUATIC ANIMAL LAW INITIATIVE (AALI) ......................................................................... 6 D. DISCLAIMERS ........................................................................................................................ 6 3. TEN WAYS TO GET INVOLVED ..................................................................................... 8 4. TYPES OF AQUATIC ANIMALS AND THEIR HABITATS ....................................... 10 A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 11 B. LIST OF AQUATIC ANIMALS ................................................................................................ 12 C. HABITATS ........................................................................................................................... 13 5. SCOPE OF THE ISSUE ..................................................................................................... 17 A. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 17 B. USES ................................................................................................................................... 18 C. THREATS ............................................................................................................................. 27 6. AQUACULTURE: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................. 35 A. DEFINITION OF AQUACULTURE ........................................................................................... 35 B. TYPES OF AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS ..................................................................................... 36 C. GLOBAL STATISTICS ON AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES .................................................... 37 D. SPECIFIC AQUACULTURE ISSUES ......................................................................................... 40 E. AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 41 7. AQUATIC ANIMALS: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE .................................................... 48 A. BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................... 48 B. SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ISSUES IN THE USA .............................................................. 48 C. INTERNATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL LAW ........................................................................... 51 D. SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ISSUES IN CHILE ................................................................... 56 E. SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ISSUES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION ......................................... 59 F. SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ISSUES IN CHINA .................................................................. 61 G. SELECTED AQUATIC ANIMAL ISSUES NEW ZEALAND ......................................................... 65 H. AQUATIC ANIMALS IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................ 69 I. CEPHALOPOD AQUACULTURE ............................................................................................. 73 J. ZEBRAFISH AQUACULTURE ................................................................................................. 76 8. ALTERNATIVES TO AQUATIC ANIMALS AS FOOD .............................................. 78 A. INFORMATION ABOUT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................ 78 B. REGULATORY CHALLENGES ............................................................................................... 80 C. SEAFOOD ALTERNATIVE COMPANIES ................................................................................. 82 9. RESOURCES ....................................................................................................................... 83 A. ANIMAL LAW RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 83 B. WEBSITES ........................................................................................................................... 83 C. SCIENTIFIC RESOURCES ...................................................................................................... 83 D. DOCUMENTARIES ................................................................................................................ 84 E. ADDITIONAL ARTICLES ....................................................................................................... 84 Page | 2 Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School © 2020 10. LOOKING AHEAD......................................................................................................... 86 A. FISH PROJECTIONS .............................................................................................................. 86 B. AQUATIC ANIMAL LAW ...................................................................................................... 86 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ 87 Page | 3 Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School © 2020 1. About World Aquatic Animal Day #worldaquaticanimalday World Aquatic Animal Day is an annual day dedicated to aquatic animals, being launched for the first time on April 3, 2020, and is a project of the Aquatic Animal Law Initiative (AALI) and the Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School (Clinic/we/us). Each year, we intend to raise global awareness about these often-forgotten nonhuman animals. Aquatic animals play a critical role in our societies and ecosystems. They are important not only as a group, but also have value and intrinsic worth as individuals. By “aquatic animals” we mean not only fish, but also a myriad of other animals that require aquatic habitats, such as: amphibians, marine mammals, crustaceans, reptiles, mollusks, aquatic birds, aquatic insects, starfish, and corals. Aquatic animals are widely used, and abused, around the world and they, and their habitats, face a multitude of significant threats. There is urgent need to give aquatic animals proper consideration. Through law, policy, education, advocacy, and good stewardship of the earth, efforts to raise awareness of the plight of aquatic animals must rise to meet the immense challenges they face. We must consider our interactions with aquatic animals, our treatment of them, and the often-devastating impacts we are having on them and on their habitats. Join us on April 3rd each year as we celebrate these creatures and call for action to protect them through education, law, policy, outreach, and other avenues. With a different focus each year, we will, together, highlight and work to address the issues aquatic animals face. The focus for 2020 World Aquatic Animal Day is aquaculture. Aquaculture refers to the practice of raising aquatic animals (and plants) for food and other purposes in land or water-based facilities. The Resource Packet and other information is on our website: WorldAquaticAnimalDay.org Page | 4 Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School © 2020 2. About this Resource Packet A. Background and Rationale This Resource Packet has been compiled by the students of the Animal Law Clinic at Lewis & Clark Law School (Clinic) together with AALI Fellow, Amy P. Wilson, and Professor Kathy Hessler. Our Clinic students come from a variety of countries and backgrounds and bring a broad range of perspectives and expertise which they share in the materials below. The purpose of the Resource Packet is to provide a summary of some of the issues faced by aquatic animals and in particular, set out some of the regulation that applies to these animals. In addition, this document offers links to additional resources where one may look to learn more about the subjects covered here. As mentioned above, aquatic animals are often invisible victims – yet they account for the largest number of animals impacted by humans – directly or indirectly. By making these animals and the threats they face more “visible,” we hope to increase awareness and efforts to protect them. Legally, animals are categorized as property, making it difficult to protect them. Some of the protections available require proving cruelty, which is very difficult in the case of aquatic animals who are often out of sight when abuse happens. Additionally, aquatic animals are not included in the vast majority of laws that are designed that offer some protection from harm to other animals. Because our 2020 focus is aquaculture, we consider some of the regulation, and lack thereof, in this area. Failure to address the welfare of aquatic animals in aquaculture
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