I FREEDOM of EXPRESSION in the Period Covered by This Monitoring
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Molim Da Svedok Sada Pročita Svečanu Izjavu. SVEDOK JOVIĆ
UTORAK,UTORAK, 18. NOVEMBAR 18. NOVEMBAR 2003. 2003. / SVEDOK / SVEDOK BORISAV B-1524 JOVIĆ (pauza) SUDIJA MEJ: Molim da svedok sada pročita svečanu izjavu. SVEDOK JOVIĆ: Svečano izjavljujem da ću govoriti istinu, celu istinu i ništa osim istine. SUDIJA MEJ: Izvolite sedite. GLAVNO ISPITIVANJE: TUŽILAC NAJS TUŽILAC NAJS – PITANJE: Hoćete li da nam kažete svoje ime i prezime, molim vas? SVEDOK JOVIĆ – ODGOVOR: Borisav Jović. TUŽILAC NAJS – PITANJE: Gospodine Joviću, ja ću sada da prepričam kakvi su bili vaši kontakti sa Tužilaštvom da biste identifikovali materijal na kojem smo radili. Prvo, u smislu konteksta, vi ste se rodili oktobra 1928. godine i bili ste na raznim funkcijama u vladi tokom vaše karijere. Uglavnom ste se bavili socijalnim i ekonomskim razvojem, bili ste ambasador u Italiji (Italy) krajem sedamdesetih godina. Da li ste 1989. godine bili izabrani kao srpski predstavnik u Predsedištvo SFRJ, da li ste bili potpredsednik tog Predsedni- štva od 5. maja 1989. godine do 15. maja 1990. godine. Da li ste bili pred- sednik od 15. maja 1990. do 15. maja 1991. godine? Da li ste posle toga bili predsednik Socijalističke partije Srbije od 24. maja 1991. godine do oktobra 1992. godine kada ste preuzeli funkciju od optuženog koji je tada sišao sa te funkcije i kad se on vratio kao vođa partije da li ste vi onda postali potpred- sednik stranke i ostali na toj funkciji do novembra 1995. godine? SVEDOK JOVIĆ – ODGOVOR: Da, tačno je to. TUŽILAC NAJS – PITANJE: Dakle, imajući to na umu, da li je tačno da ste vi napisali dve knjige od kojih se jedna zove ‘’Poslednji dani SFRJ’’, to je dnev- nik, a druga se zove ‘’Knjiga o Miloševiću’’? Da li ste takođe imali razgovor kao osumnjičeni sa Tužilaštvom u septembru 2002. -
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order Online
UNDER ORDERS: War Crimes in Kosovo Order online Table of Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Glossary 1. Executive Summary The 1999 Offensive The Chain of Command The War Crimes Tribunal Abuses by the KLA Role of the International Community 2. Background Introduction Brief History of the Kosovo Conflict Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Kosovo in the 1990s The 1998 Armed Conflict Conclusion 3. Forces of the Conflict Forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Army Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs Paramilitaries Chain of Command and Superior Responsibility Stucture and Strategy of the KLA Appendix: Post-War Promotions of Serbian Police and Yugoslav Army Members 4. march–june 1999: An Overview The Geography of Abuses The Killings Death Toll,the Missing and Body Removal Targeted Killings Rape and Sexual Assault Forced Expulsions Arbitrary Arrests and Detentions Destruction of Civilian Property and Mosques Contamination of Water Wells Robbery and Extortion Detentions and Compulsory Labor 1 Human Shields Landmines 5. Drenica Region Izbica Rezala Poklek Staro Cikatovo The April 30 Offensive Vrbovac Stutica Baks The Cirez Mosque The Shavarina Mine Detention and Interrogation in Glogovac Detention and Compusory Labor Glogovac Town Killing of Civilians Detention and Abuse Forced Expulsion 6. Djakovica Municipality Djakovica City Phase One—March 24 to April 2 Phase Two—March 7 to March 13 The Withdrawal Meja Motives: Five Policeman Killed Perpetrators Korenica 7. Istok Municipality Dubrava Prison The Prison The NATO Bombing The Massacre The Exhumations Perpetrators 8. Lipljan Municipality Slovinje Perpetrators 9. Orahovac Municipality Pusto Selo 10. Pec Municipality Pec City The “Cleansing” Looting and Burning A Final Killing Rape Cuska Background The Killings The Attacks in Pavljan and Zahac The Perpetrators Ljubenic 11. -
THE WARP of the SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-Westernism, Russophilia, Traditionalism
HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA studies17 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism... BELGRADE, 2016 THE WARP OF THE SERBIAN IDENTITY Anti-westernism, russophilia, traditionalism… Edition: Studies No. 17 Publisher: Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia www.helsinki.org.rs For the publisher: Sonja Biserko Reviewed by: Prof. Dr. Dubravka Stojanović Prof. Dr. Momir Samardžić Dr Hrvoje Klasić Layout and design: Ivan Hrašovec Printed by: Grafiprof, Belgrade Circulation: 200 ISBN 978-86-7208-203-6 This publication is a part of the project “Serbian Identity in the 21st Century” implemented with the assistance from the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Open Society Foundation – Serbia. CONTENTS Publisher’s Note . 5 TRANSITION AND IDENTITIES JOVAN KOMŠIĆ Democratic Transition And Identities . 11 LATINKA PEROVIĆ Serbian-Russian Historical Analogies . 57 MILAN SUBOTIĆ, A Different Russia: From Serbia’s Perspective . 83 SRĐAN BARIŠIĆ The Role of the Serbian and Russian Orthodox Churches in Shaping Governmental Policies . 105 RUSSIA’S SOFT POWER DR. JELICA KURJAK “Soft Power” in the Service of Foreign Policy Strategy of the Russian Federation . 129 DR MILIVOJ BEŠLIN A “New” History For A New Identity . 139 SONJA BISERKO, SEŠKA STANOJLOVIĆ Russia’s Soft Power Expands . 157 SERBIA, EU, EAST DR BORIS VARGA Belgrade And Kiev Between Brussels And Moscow . 169 DIMITRIJE BOAROV More Politics Than Business . 215 PETAR POPOVIĆ Serbian-Russian Joint Military Exercise . 235 SONJA BISERKO Russia and NATO: A Test of Strength over Montenegro . -
Serbia by Misha Savic
Serbia by Misha Savic Capital: Belgrade Population: 7.2 million GNI/capita, PPP: US$11,430 Source: The data above are drawn from the World Bank’sWorld Development Indicators 2014. Nations in Transit Ratings and Averaged Scores 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Electoral Process 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 Civil Society 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.75 2.50 2.25 2.25 2.25 2.25 Independent Media 3.25 3.25 3.50 3.75 3.75 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 National Democratic Governance 4.00 4.00 3.75 4.00 4.00 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 Local Democratic Governance 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Judicial Framework and Independence 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 Corruption 5.00 4.75 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 Democracy Score 3.75 3.71 3.68 3.79 3.79 3.71 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 NOTE: The ratings reflect the consensus of Freedom House, its academic advisers, and the author(s) of this report. The opinions expressed in this report are those of the author(s). The ratings are based on a scale of 1 to 7, with 1 representing the highest level of democratic progress and 7 the lowest. -
2010 Human Rights Report: Serbia Page 1 of 23
2010 Human Rights Report: Serbia Page 1 of 23 Home » Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs » Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor » Releases » Human Rights Reports » 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices » Europe and Eurasia » Serbia 2010 Human Rights Report: Serbia BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices April 8, 2011 The Republic of Serbia is a multiparty parliamentary democracy with approximately 7.5 million inhabitants. Boris Tadic was reelected president in February 2008. In May 2008 voters elected a new parliament in which some minority ethnic parties won seats. Observers considered both elections to be mostly in line with international standards. Security forces reported to civilian authorities. During the year the following human rights problems were reported: physical mistreatment of detainees by police; inefficient and lengthy trials; harassment of journalists, human rights advocates, and others critical of the government; limitations on freedom of speech and religion; lack of durable solutions for large numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs); corruption in legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government including police; government failure to apprehend the two remaining fugitive war crimes suspects under indictment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY); societal violence against women and children; societal violence and discrimination against minorities, particularly Roma and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) population; and trafficking in persons. One significant human rights achievement was marked at the October 10 Pride Parade, when the government affirmed the freedom of assembly of the LGBT community. Unlike previous years, the government worked closely with planners to prepare for the event, and police successfully protected the marchers despite widespread violent protests by extremist groups. -
EU Sa Dushu.Indd
EVROPA S DUŠOM Govori koji su odredili savremenu Evropu IZDAVAČI: Fondacija Konrad Adenauer, Beograd Unija evropskih federalista ZA IZDAVAČE: Claudia Crawford Marko Vujačić UREDNIK: Aleksandra Popović PRIREDILI: Jelena Babić Danijela Božović Mirko Dautović Vladimir Džamić Nemanja Grbić Damjan Rehm Bogunović Ana Toskić Jovana Trajković Milica Saračević Andrijana Vojnović Marko Vujačić Nikola Živković ŠTAMPA: CALIGRAPH TIRAŽ: 1.000 ISBN 978-86-86661-34-0 © 2009 Fondacija Konrad Adenauer, Beograd Sva prava zadržana. Preštampavanje, čak i odlomaka, dozvoljeno samo uz saglasnost Fondacije Konrad Adenauer. EVROPA S DUŠOM Govori koji su odredili savremenu Evropu BEOGRAD, 2009. 5 SADRŽAJ 7 | Predgovor 9 | Uvod 15 | VINSTON ČERČIL Niti mira 33 | ALTJERO SPINELI Evropska civilizacija može biti ostvarena samo u ujedinjenoj Evropi 45 | ROBERT ŠUMAN Deklaracija francuske vlade o zajedničkoj nemačko- francuskoj teškoj industriji 55 | POL-ANRI SPAK Zahtevam od vas, sa strašću i poverenjem 67 | KONRAD ADENAUER Evropska integracija kao teritorijalna nužnost 79 | ŠARL DE GOL Po svoj suštini Engleska je ostrvska 6 89 | MARGARET TAČER Neka Evropa bude porodica nacija 105 | ŽAK DELOR Moramo zbrisati Jaltu! 125 | HELMUT KOL Ideja Evropa, budućnost kontinenta 139 | ROMANO PRODI Ka sve bližoj uniji evropskih naroda 151 | VALERI ŽISKAR D’ESTEN Pred evropskom Konvencijom je istorijski izazov 165 | ZORAN ĐINĐIĆ Evropa s dušom 177 | OLI REN Budući dometi Evrope 189 | DEJVID MILIBAND Jaka Britanija u jakoj Evropi 7 PREDGOVOR Istorija demokratske pravne države Nemačke počela je pre šezdeset godina. Istorija evropskog ujedinjenja počela je pre više od šezdeset godina. U ovom periodu, Nemačka se, iz jedne skoro potpuno razorene zemlje posle Drugog svetskog rata, razvila u državu demokratije, zaštite ljudskih prava i obezbeđene pravne sigurnosti. -
Chronology of Events – a Brief History of Otpor PUBLISHED by CANVAS
Chronology of Events – A Brief History of Otpor PUBLISHED BY CANVAS Designed by Duda Nenad Petrovic RESISTANCE! Chronology of Events – A Brief History of Otpor Chronology of Events – A Brief History of Otpor May 26, 1998 – University Act passed. November 4, 1998 – The concert organized by the ANEM (Association of Independent Electronic Media) under the October 20, 1998 – Media Act passed. slogan “It’s not like Serbs to be quiet” was held. Otpor ac- tivists launched a seven-day action “Resistance is the an- End of October 1998 – In response to the new Univer- swer”, within which they distributed flyers with provocative sity Act and Media Act, which were contrary to students’ questions relating to endless resignation and suffering of interests, the Student Movement Otpor was formed. all that we had been going through and slogans such as Among Otpor’s founders were Srdja Popovic, Slobodan “Bite the system, live the resistance”. Homen, Slobodan Djinovic, Nenad Konstantinovic, Vu- kasin Petrovic, Ivan Andric, Jovan Ratkovic, Andreja Sta- menokovic, Dejan Randjic, Ivan Marovic. The group was soon joined by Milja Jovanovic, Branko Ilic, Pedja Lecic, Sinisa Sikman, Vlada Pavlov from Novi Sad, Stanko La- zentic, Milan Gagic, Jelena Urosevic and Zoran Matovic from Kragujevac and Srdjan Milivojevic from Krusevac. In the beginning, among the core creators of Otpor were Bo- ris Karaicic, Miodrag Gavrilovic, Miroslav Hristodulo, Ras- tko Sejic, Aleksa Grgurevic and Aleksandar Topalovic, but they left the organization later. During this period, Nenad Petrovic, nicknamed Duda, a Belgrade-based designer, designed the symbol of Otpor – a clenched fist. In the night between November 2 and 3, 1998, four students were arrested for spraying the fist and slogans “Death to fascism” and “Resistance for freedom”: Teodo- ra Tabacki, Marina Glisic, Dragana Milinkovic and Nikola Vasiljevic. -
Mass Media and Peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: the Role of the Bosnian Mass Media After Dayton Accords, 1995
Mass Media and Peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina: The Role of the Bosnian Mass Media after Dayton Accords, 1995 Mustafa Taha, American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates The European Conference on the Social Sciences 2017 Official Conference Proceedings iafor The International Academic Forum www.iafor.org Introduction This paper examines the role that mass media played in Bosnia-Herzegovina after Dayton Accords 1995. It provides a theoretical framework and explores how Bosnian media outlets contributed to the peace process and national reconciliation. To envisage the difficulty of retooling the Bosnian mass media to promote peace, the paper reflects to the destructive role that mass media played during the Bosnian war. It highlights the roles of media outlets controlled by Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Serbs, and Bosnian Croats. Because these rival ethnic groups had used mass media to fan war before Dayton Accords, the paper examines efforts aimed at utilizing these media organizations to serve the cause of peace. The paper also sheds light on newscasts convergence, namely between Belgrade’s media and Bosnian Serb media on the one hand, and Zagreb’s media and Bosnian Croat media on the other hand. This newscast convergence influenced the peace process in Bosnia-Herzegovina and affected its multiethnic and multicultural heritage. The paper underscores the assistance that United States and the European countries provided to Bosnian media to sustain the peace process. It discusses the role that the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) played in regulating the Bosnian media to promote peace and democratization. The paper pays a special attention to role of The Media Experts Commission (MEC) in regulating the Bosnian media and utilizing it as a tool for enhancing peace during the 1996 elections. -
“Novosadski Dnevnik 1991-2016” Lasla Vegela Dnevničko Je Putovanje Ovog Pisca Kroz Posljednje Tri Decenije Ţivota Na Specifičnom Prostoru Srednjoistočne Evrope
“Novosadski dnevnik 1991-2016” Lasla Vegela dnevničko je putovanje ovog pisca kroz posljednje tri decenije ţivota na specifičnom prostoru Srednjoistočne Evrope. U tom razdoblju ovaj dio svijeta pretrpio je korjenite potrese i promjene, socijalizam je izvršio svoj harakiri, a na balkanskim marginama rasplet se odigrao u krvavom ratu čije sjene još determinišu osnovne linije društvenih i političkih zbivanja na ovim prostorima. Rat, prelaz milenija, strah, iznevjerene nade u mogućnost demokratskih promjena, nesigurne i trapave postratne tranzicije u kojima smo zapeli, reminiscencije na razdoblje jugoslovenskog socijalizma i vrijeme divljeg kapitalizma u koje smo upali, sve to se u britkim ironijskim i intelektualnim obratima pojavljuje kao niz rukavaca u Vegelovom “Dnevniku”. Ozračje Novog Sada, kao ključnog toposa Vegelovog knjiţevnog opusa, u ovoj prozi pokazuje se kao jedna od najbolnijih tačaka evropskih rubova, koji su u Vegelovoj prozi svoje krunsko uobličenje dobili romanima “Neoplanta ili obećana zemlja” i “Balkanska krasotica ili Šlemilovo kopile”. Na razmeđu svjetova Novi Sad je, reklo bi se, početak i kraj literarnih preokupacija ovoga pisca. Upravo zbog svoje pozicioniranosti, na razmeĎu Balkana i Evrope, grad je to koji je takoreći epicentar promjena, na čijem se primjeru moţda najdojmljivije zrcali krvava povijest našeg dvadesetog stoljeća. Ali i povijest cijelog evropskog kontinenta. “Novosadski dnevnik 1991-2016”, Laslo Vegel, preveo: Arpad Vicko, Akademska knjiga, Novi Sad, 2018./ Kada kaţem da se Novi Sad nalazi na razmeĎu Evrope i Balkana, ne mislim pri tome na Balkan kao ono što je izvan Evrope, već prije svega na jedan kompleks i agoniju ovih prostora, svojevrsnu rastrzanost i nemogućnost da se prevlada osjećaj infantilne i niţe vrijednosti spram Evrope, ali i onaj tako bolni narcizam malih razlika balkanskih naroda. -
The Anatomy of Capturing Serbia's Security - Intelligence Sector
The Anatomy of Capturing Serbia's Security - Intelligence Sector Author: Predrag Petrović 2 The Anatomy of Capturing Serbia's Security-Intelligence Sector BELGRADE CENTRE FOR SECURITY POLICY Publisher: Belgrade Centre for Security Policy Đure Jakšića 6/5, Beograd Tel. +381 (0)11 328 72 26 E-mail: www.bezbednost.org Author: Predrag Petrović [email protected] Translation: Ivan Kovanović Design and layout: DTP Studio Belgrade, January 2020 The Policy Brief began as part of the “Who Oversees the Overseers: Western Balkan Security Services” project, which is supported by the European Fund for the Balkans (EFB). The content of this study is the exclusive responsibility of its author and it in no way reects the views of the EFB. 3 Abstract In its Enlargement Strategy for 2018, the European Union assessed that elements of state capture are present throughout the Western Balkans. Our research shows, howe- ver, that when it comes to Serbia this is a very restrained assessment as whole state institutions and sectors – the security services and institutions tasked with their con- trol and oversight – have been captured by the ruling Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Key positions in the security and intelligence sector are staffed by close associates of party officials or directly by party officials and its founding members. The Director of the BIA, Bratislav Gašić, and the head of the Security Services Coordination Bureau, Nebojša Stefanović, are founding members and high-ranking officials in the SNS. Key posts in the judiciary that are significant for the activities of the security services have been taken up by close associates of party officials or of the leader of the SNS and the President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić. -
Helsinški Odbor Za Ljudska Prava U Srbiji Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia
Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji Helsinki Committee For Human Rights in Serbia Izveštaj o pojačanoj represiji u Srbiji Sadržaj: 1. Uvod • Mediji i propaganda • Organizovanje sudskih i prekršajnih postupaka • Policijska zastrašivanja • Državni teror 2. Univerzitet 3. Mediji • Zakon o javnom informisanju • Upotreba drugih zakona u pritiscima na medije • Krivični progoni novinara i gašenje medija • Korišćenje medija za propagandu i diskreditaciju neistomišljenika 4. Mobilizacija i suđenja dezerterima 5. Ratno stanje i podzakonsko "regulisanje" osnovnih prava i sloboda • "Provere" građana 6. Sudski i prekršajni postupci protiv političkih neistomišljenika 7. Pritisci na sudstvo 8. Informativni razgovori i drugi oblici zastrašivanja i maltretiranja građana 9. Parapolicija i državni teror 10. Zaključci i preporuke 1. Uvod Delegitimizacija režima, koja je značajnije započela masovnim građanskim demonstracijima 1996/97. povodom krađe lokalnih izbora, dovela je do porasta represivnih mera kao jedinog odgovora na masovno nezadovoljstvo građana i sve manji manevarski prostor režima. U međuvremnu, došlo je i do svojevrsne delegitimizacije opozicije, što se najbolje vidi u veoma slabom odzivu građana na mitinzima koje organizuje Savez za promene, uprkos masovnoj želji građana za promenama. Osvajačka politika, koja je imala skoro punu podršku, odložila je otvaranje i rešavanje svih ključnih pitanja unutar same Srbije. Nesposobnost režima i opozicije da se okrenu suštinskim pitanjima i fokusiranost obe strane na održavanje/preuzimanje vlasti bez pravog programa uvelo je političku scenu Srbije u spiralu nasilja i represije, što stvara atmosferu za nepredvidljivi rasplet. U toku 1998. godine izvršene su temeljne pripreme za rat na Kosovu, koje su uživale javnu ili prećutnu podršku gotovo celokupne srbijanske političke scene. Donošenje Zakona o javnom informisanju pokazalo je da u Srbiji ne postoji politička alternativa niti pluralizam u pravom smislu reči, zbog čega su pojedini mediji imali i ulogu jedinog pravog otpora režimu. -
Human Rights, Democracy and – Violence HELSINKI COMMITTEE for HUMAN RIGHTS in SERBIA
HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA SERBIA 2008 ANNUAL REPORT : SERBIA 2008 H HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY AND – VIOLENCE U M A N R I G H T S , D E M O C R A HHUMANUMAN RIGHTS,RIGHTS, C Y A N D – DDEMOCRACYEMOCRACY V I O L E N C E AANDND – VIOLENCEVIOLENCE Human Rights, Democracy and – Violence HELSINKI COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN SERBIA Annual Report: Serbia 2009 Human Rights, Democracy and – Violence BELGRADE, 2009 Annual Report: Serbia 2009 HUMAN RIGHTS, DEMOCRACY AND – VIOLENCE Publisher Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia On behalf of the publisher Sonja Biserko Translators Dragan Novaković Ivana Damjanović Vera Gligorijević Bojana Obradović Spomenka Grujičić typesetting – Ivan Hrašovec printed by Zagorac, Beograd circulation: 500 copies The Report is published with help of Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights Swedish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights ISBN 978-86-7208-161-9 COBISS.SR–ID 167514380 CIP – Katalogizacija u publikaciji Narodna biblioteka Srbije, Beograd 323(497.11)”2008” 316.4(497.11) “2008” HUMAN Rights, Democracy and – Violence : Annual Report: Serbia 2008 / [prepared by] Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia; [translators Dragan Novaković ... et al.]. – Belgrade : Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia, 2009 (Beograd : Zagorac). – 576 str. ; 23 cm Izv. stv. nasl. : Ljudska prava, demokratija i – nasilje. Tiraž 500. – Napomene i Bibliografske reference uz tekst. 1. Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji (Beograd) a) Srbija – Političke prilike – 2008 b) Srbija – Društvene prilike – 2008 5 Contents Conclusions and Recommendations . 9 No Consensus on System of Values . 17 I SOCIAL CONTEXT – XENOPHOBIA, RACISM AND INTOLERANCE Violence as a Way of Life .