State Energy Program Results: More Projects That Work, a Product of the Department S Successful State Energy Program

State Energy Program Results:

More Projects That Work

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Building Technology, State and Community Programs December 1998 success success Message from the Secretary of Energy

I am pleased to present State Energy Program Results: More Projects That Work, a product of the Department s successful State Energy Program. This collection of projects represents the breadth and diversity of the effective, energy-saving activities undertaken by States with technical and financial assistance from the Department of Energy and other sources of funding.

Under the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, the State Energy Program has effectively demonstrated how communities, State and Federal organizations, and other partners across the nation can work together to accelerate the deployment of new technologies into all sectors of the economy. These projects are Secretary advancing national as well as State and local government objectives Bill Richardson for a cleaner environment, a healthier economy, and increased energy security.

I commend the commitment and spirit of our State and community partners, who are moving the nation from the realm of the technologically possible to the concrete reality of "Projects that Work."

Message from the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Since 1976, when Congress established the first State energy grants program, our State partners have played an important role in implementing energy efficiency and renewable energy strategies. There is tremendous potential for accelerating the adoption of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in all sectors across the economy. The Department of Energy involves the States in meeting this national challenge through hundreds of projects that overcome local barriers and address significant local opportunities, under the State Energy Program.

More Projects That Work describes just a few of these successful projects. Ranging from institutional building retrofits in Florida, to aluminum Assistant Secretary recycling in Ohio, to Rhode Island s K-12 energy education curriculum, Dan Reicher to irrigation improvements in New Mexico, to "green" power generation in Michigan, and to telecommuting in Oregon, these projects exemplify the innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship of State Energy Offices. Furthermore, these State designed and implemented projects are distinguished by results  efficiency and productivity of operations, reduced pollution, cost savings, and diversification of energy supplies.

As we tackle the tough national energy challenges ahead, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy will continue its vital partnership with the States, for the benefit of our citizens and businesses in communities from coast to coast. ContentsContents

2 Overview of the State Energy Program

4 Representative Programs and Projects 4 Buildings Energy Efficiency Where We Work, Live and Learn

14 Transportation Economic Independence and a Cleaner Environment

18 Industry Partnerships for Increased Productivity

21 Education Today s Investment in Tomorrow

24 Agriculture Advanced Conservation Practices Benefit the Environment

26 Financial Incentives Reducing Barriers to Implementation

30 Utilities Progressive Solutions Diversify Electricity Sources

34 Sustainability and Disaster Relief Integrated Approaches for Comprehensive Development

38 Looking Ahead

40 Directory of State Energy Offices and U.S. Department of Energy Offices

44 Index of Projects by State OverviewOverview ofof thethe StateState EnergyEnergy ProgramProgram

Background

The State Energy Offices are Conservation Program (SECP) integral to the nation s energy and was later combined with management programs. The the Energy Extension Service State Energy Offices act as cat- (EES). In 1996 Congress alysts for developing and deploy- merged the SECP with another ing energy efficiency technolo- formula grant program, the gies and measures. States Institutional Conservation design and conduct energy proj- Program (ICP), and named it Program Goal ects tailored to meet local the State Energy Program needs, economic conditions, and (SEP). The SECP provided climatic variations. This cus- State funding for a variety of The goal of the State tomized approach maximizes energy efficiency and renew- Energy Program is achievement of national goals able energy activities, while the and results in State benefits ICP concentrated on energy to strengthen the multiplied many times over in the efficiency audits and the appli- capabilities of States local economy. The State Energy cation of conservation meas- Offices, in partnership with the ures in schools and hospitals. to promote energy U.S. Department of Energy Congress encouraged combin- efficiency and to (DOE), make a critical difference ing these programs to increase adopt renewable in the nation's patterns of energy States'flexibility. use and in virtually every sector energy technologies, of the economy. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 thereby helping the recognized the crucial energy The Office of Building role played by the States and nation save energy Technology, State and provided an expanded policy, and realize a stronger Community Programs division program, and technology economy, cleaner within Energy Efficiency and deployment role for the States. Renewable Energy (EERE) The SEP emphasizes the environment, and a manages the State Energy State's role as the decision- more secure future. Program (SEP) through the six maker and administrator for DOE Regional Support Offices. program activities within each State. The SEP structure The SEP was established by empowers State officials to Congress in 1976 under the select the most beneficial proj- name State Energy ects for their respective States.

2 Sources of Funds

Primary sources of funding for the petroleum companies that were State Energy Program have been: alleged to have violated Federal 1) Congressionally appropriated price-control regulations. The avail- funds. ability of PVE funding offset a decline 2) Leveraged funds (including the in Federally appropriated funds in the required 20% match of State funds to 1980 s and greatly expanded State The success Federal dollars). In addition, many resources for energy efficiency of the SEP is States have been innovative in devel- efforts. oping third-party financing, loan pro- 4) State Energy Program Special directly grams, and other methods to leverage Project funding. Working with funds linked to the program dollars. from the EERE technology sectors, 3) Petroleum Violation Escrow (PVE) SEP also competitively awards funds to creativity and funds. PVE money resulted from the States for cost-shared technology proj- which settlement of legal action taken by the ects that focus on national priorities. insight U.S. Department of Energy against individual State Energy Offices Projects Designed bring to address to Meet Unique Conditions the problems and opportunities Because States vary widely in their For the SEP formula grants, each energy resources and uses, State State sets its own priorities and unique to their projects are designed to address the emphasizes technologies and communities. specific needs of end-use sectors approaches appropriate for its region. within the individual State. Their pro- The diverse nature of activities is evi- grams match energy efficiency and dent in the projects described in this renewable energy technologies to document. available resources, regional applica- bility, and energy-using processes. For the SEP Special Projects, States State regulatory and legislative power submit proposals identifying how spe- directly impact land use, building cific DOE-targeted sector technolo- codes and standards, utility regula- gies could be implemented in their tion, transportation networks, and region of the country, and the U.S. dominant industries Department of Energy selects the ones that best meet respective national goals for each technology program.

Why the State Energy Program Succeeds

The success of the SEP is directly linked to the creativity the 21st century. By engaging in partnership with the U.S. and insight which individual State Energy Offices bring to Department of Energy, other Federal agencies, communi- address the problems and opportunities unique to their ties, and private entities, the States are able to accelerate communities. Strong State Energy Offices with their the deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy established delivery networks are essential to the achieve- technologies, leveraging an average of $4 for each $1 of ment of national energy objectives. Multi-State projects DOE funding. promote regional cooperation by bringing together States with common objectives. Federal support for the State Energy Offices helps ensure the national interest in reducing energy dependence. The network of State Energy Offices is an essential Federal and State partnerships promote a strong economy mechanism for coordinating energy, environmental, and through diversified applications of cost-effective energy economic policies in response to the new challenges of efficiency measures.

3 BuildingsBuildings EnergyEnergy EfficiencyEfficiency WhereWhere WeWe Work,Work, Live,Live, Learn...Learn...

OVERVIEW

The building sector is a highly diverse and fragmented industry that has a significant impact on our economy. In 1996, the buildings industry represented more than 8% of the gross national product. It also con- sumed 36% of the nation’s primary energy, with a price tag of more than $232 billion annually. In addition, energy use in buildings is responsible for a significant proportion of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide emissions. If new homes and buildings incorporated the energy-efficiency technologies available today, energy use could be cut by half; existing homes and buildings could reduce energy consumption by 20 to 30% through simple retrofits.

Because of the broad opportunities available for improving the energy use profile for buildings, State buildings projects have proliferated. Through partnerships with State, Federal, and private entities, SEP implements energy-efficiency improvements in schools, hospitals, residential, and commercial buildings. SEP’s early focus on mandatory measures, such as establishing and enforcing lighting efficiency standards for public buildings and thermal efficiency standards for new and renovated buildings, has expanded significantly over the years. The States act as catalysts for developing new building technologies and applying advanced efficiency measures. They have advanced lighting efficiency programs from basic conservation measures to sustainable solutions, including daylighting and improved efficiency in equipment. Another progressive solution developed with SEP funds is the integrated design approach, called "whole building design," which greatly reduces annual energy costs and creates work environments conducive to increased productivity. The case studies presented here attest to SEP’s considerable success in improving energy efficiency in buildings.

“Start-up money SEP Provides Critical Assistance for Retrofits in provided by the Schools, Hospitals, and Florida Energy Government-Owned Buildings and Facilities Office allowed this program to get Faced with spiraling energy costs, St. In a similar case, Lakeshore Hospital rolling, and we Johns River Community College in in Alabama faced rapidly rising ener- Florida embarked on an aggressive gy costs due to the excessive energy never looked back. campaign to improve energy efficien- consumption of aged, inefficient Now, we can con- cy. With the assistance of the Florida equipment. Unable to self-finance the tinue to self-fund Energy Office, the college implement- necessary improvements, the hospital improvements ed a number of energy efficiency sought assistance through Alabama’s with the money measures, including installation of Institutional Conservation Program energy-efficient heating and air condi- and was granted funds through sever- saved from energy tioning units, modification of the light- al cycles of the program. With these expenditures." ing system, and addition of insulation funds, the hospital was able to imple- and window reflective film. These ment a series of energy-efficiency Dr. Gary Lott, measures have really paid off for the measures, such as installation of a Executive Vice- college. Energy savings have added new heating, ventilation, and air con- President, St. Johns up to nearly $1.4 million, exceeding ditioning (HVAC) system, lighting River Community the project costs by three times. retrofits, installation of a heat recovery College chiller, and storm windows. Since the beginning of the conservation pro- 4 St. Johns River Community College in Florida reduced operating costs by implementing energy efficiency measures.

gram, the hospital’s energy costs classrooms made it easier for stu- have been reduced by nearly 50%. dents and teachers to find library The savings are particularly impres- materials and follow classroom activi- sive because the patient load at the ties. This project also produced annu- hospital increased significantly during al energy savings estimated at this time. At the onset of the program, $33,500 and has been replicated in the hospital was operating from 30 to other university buildings. 50% of patient capacity, but after the measures were installed operations Vermont developed an innovative part- increased to 80 to 90% of capacity. nership to address energy efficiency problems in the public schools. The Idaho also reports impressive results School Energy Management Program in making public institutions more is funded by the State Energy Program energy efficient. Idaho initiated an in cooperation with the Superinten- Institutional Conservation Program in dents’ Association. The objective is to 1979 and administered 18 annual produce long-term efficiency benefits funding cycles through the program. and develop widespread, sound energy During the funding cycles, Idaho management practices. Vermont’s pro- Vermont's implemented energy-efficiency meas- gram works with local school officials to program ures in numerous schools, hospitals, prioritize the schools that have the and government-owned buildings. The highest need for efficiency improve- works with annual energy savings resulting from ments. By partnering with an estab- these conservation measures is esti- lished and trusted organization, energy local school mated at $2.8 million. officials have been able to rapidly officials to achieve a high level of acceptance of In response to the growing need to efficiency services. prioritize the finance energy efficiency improve- schools that ments in public buildings, Montana Wisconsin’s Energy Initiative relies designed a State Buildings Energy on creative partnerships to improve have the Conservation Program to fund capital energy efficiency. Wisconsin worked highest need improvements without tapping general with the State’s utility companies to fund budgets. Montana sells general make basic changes to public build- for efficiency obligation bonds to fund energy effi- ings, such as installing new lighting improvements. ciency improvements; the bonds are fixtures, steam traps, and other tech- then repaid through savings in energy nologies. The initiative forecasts a $60 costs. Once the debt is repaid, the million reduction in State spending energy savings can be used to fund over a ten-year period. Energy-effi- new services for Montanans. This pro- ciency improvements funded through gram has been particularly successful the initiative have already resulted in in improving energy efficiency in reduced emissions of carbon dioxide, Montana’s schools. In a partnership sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxides. In with Montana Power Company’s addition, the increased demand for Electric Conservation Purchase energy-efficiency products and servic- Program, Montana replaced and mod- es has spurred employment in the ified lighting fixtures in three buildings State. at Montana State University. The lighting improvements in the library and 5 States Act as Catalysts for Community-Wide Planning, Use of Energy Efficiency

In the early years of State energy Rebuild America partnerships have planning, many States devised their flourished in Connecticut. Stripper policy and planning based on demon- Well funds (compensation from past strations of a particular technology. As oil overcharges on petroleum prod- more comprehensive and integrated ucts) were offered in $150,000 incre- planning evolved, States implemented ments to six communities as incen- broadly scoped efforts that encom- tives for forming Rebuild America part- passed whole communities. In some nerships. In addition, eighteen other States, such as Florida, the role of communities formed partnerships in the State Energy Office evolved over 1997 using a $80,000 SEP grant. time from that of a simple "bank," Energy costs in these communities funding initiatives developed by State are projected to decline by more than energy officials, to that of a market 25%, with a corresponding reduction facilitator. State Energy Offices in air emissions of carbon dioxide, sul- Washington, DC public schools partner designed standards and building code fur dioxide, and nitrogen oxide. with Rebuild America to implement energy guidelines that shaped whole indus- efficiency improvements. tries in and around their States. Strong Nebraska’s State Energy Office leadership from States like Florida cat- developed a Statewide Rebuild alyzed energy efficiency applications America partnership with 10 market- by industry and county or local gov- ing partners and 58 building partners ernment by demonstrating these to address the needs of the State’s measures made good business sense. multi-family housing and commercial buildings. The Energy Office staffs the The strong policies and early suc- program, provides resources, con- cesses of the State Energy Offices tacts building owners, and markets generated the Rebuild America pro- and packages energy efficiency gram, a Federal-State partnership opportunities. No-cost energy audits that emphasizes local community are completed by the Energy Office, leadership in achieving energy sav- and information on applicable financ- ings. Through Rebuild America, ing options is delivered to the building States or local communities band owner with the completed audit rec- together to bring about energy saving ommendations. The Energy Office projects. Rebuild takes its direction then makes follow-up contact to help from local leadership, supports com- determine the implementation rate of munity efforts with some financial and partners. The Nebraska Power Rebuild America works with local commu- planning assistance, and helps organ- District, the State’s largest utility, nities to retrofit multi-family housing. ize public-private teams that make a joined early on as a dedicated mar- program work. keting partner and earmarked significant resources toward saving its cus- Working through Rebuild America, the tomers’ energy and money through Iowa Energy Office used two SEP energy efficiency. grants totaling $350,000 to invest in seven communities that have all com- There are eighteen mitted to reducing energy consump- North Carolina partnerships currently participating in tion by at least 20%. One outstanding Rebuild America, with great diversity partnership, Rebuild Webster City, and innovation. The Asheville Housing has become a model program for oth- Authority has been participating in a ers in Iowa. Rebuild Webster City Rebuild America partnership with the leveraged a small Federal grant into Opportunity Corporation, a non-profit nearly $5 million in retrofits for 20 community action agency serving buildings and was awarded the Buncombe County, to adapt an old Rebuild America Partnership of the 8,000 square-foot school building into Year in 1998. a Head Start center. Rebuild Shelby

6 is working to revitalize its town, using energy To promote energy efficiency as a tool for rural efficiency to augment goals of historic preser- economic development and to cut energy con- vation, job retention, and increased sumption by 30% (5% more than the 25% private investment. required under Rebuild America guidelines), Tennessee’s Department of Economic West Virginia launched a joint effort between Development targeted five communities for its successful Main Street Program, which Community Energy Partnerships under Rebuild brings together community partnerships to America. Up to 100 schools, local government improve and revitalize downtown districts, and facilities, and commercial buildings will be retro- its Energy Efficiency Program. The West fitted for lighting, HVAC improvements, energy Virginia Development Office has a goal of management systems, and more. Communities designating 10 Main Street communities as with populations of less than 10,000 are eligible Rebuild America partners within two years to for participation. improve the competitiveness of downtown business locations. The program would leverage Results: $100,000 in 50-50 matching grants to each of Tennessee estimates the communities will gar- the 10 communities for program planning and ner a return of more than 40 cents in energy implementation support. savings per square foot.

This savings would amount to nearly $900,000 worth of electricity (14.65 megawatts at 6 cents/kWh) over the program’s five-year lifetime.

Rebuild America emphasizes local community leadership in implementing energy-efficiency improvements.

The Rebuild Boston Energy Initiative is an innovative local effort designed to save energy and water in the city of Boston, Massachussetts. Improving energy efficiency in multi-family housing is a primary focus of Rebuild Boston. The program offers technical assistance services to management firms, public, or publicly-assisted multi-family housing developments in Boston to determine areas for potential energy savings. Results: Rebuild Boston has helped to develop three rounds of performance contracting at the Boston Housing Authority that will provide $40 million in investments in over 9,000 units.

Rebuild Boston assesses existing systems and equipment and suggests areas for potential energy savings. 7 Lighting Programs Evolve from Demand Reduction to Improved Equipment Efficiency to a New Emphasis on Daylighting "This program Michigan implemented a pilot pro- ing buildings. The Guam Energy will conserve gram to retrofit exit signs on State- Office recognized this as a strong energy and owned buildings as a means to candidate for significant energy sav- diversify the improve energy efficiency and ings. Focusing on improving lighting island's energy encourage wider implementation of efficiency, the Energy Office devel- energy-efficiency measures. The pro- oped a Commercial Lighting Pilot sources." gram offered rebates to State agen- Program and sought participation of cies for the replacement of incandes- the members of the Guam Hotel and Daniel Pagan, cent and fluorescent exit signs with Restaurant Association. Five hotels Secretary, light emitting diode (LED) models. participated and received grants and Department of More than 670 LED exit signs were engineering support. The results Natural and installed in a total of 17 State facili- reported by the Guam Energy Office Environmental ties, including aircraft hangars, and specifically, Hyatt Regency Resources, armories, prisons, and office build- Guam, were extremely encouraging. Puerto Rico ings. The total annual cost savings resulting from these replacements Results: amounted to nearly $68,000. In addi- The energy-efficient lamps with elec- tion, the new signs greatly reduced tronic ballasts were nearly 33% emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur more efficient than the previous dioxide, and nitrous oxides; the reduc- lighting system. tion in carbon dioxide emissions alone was equivalent to the planting The payback period from the initial of 7.4 acres of trees. installation was calculated at less than two years. Tourism is an integral component of Guam’s economy, providing a valu- As a result of the successful pilot pro- able source of tax revenue and sup- gram, the Hyatt Regency Guam com- porting numerous jobs. However, the pleted an entire retrofit of their lighting tourist industry is a large consumer of fixtures and lamps. energy and drains Guam’s limited This program demonstrated that ener- energy resources. Hotels in particular, gy-efficient commercial lighting is consume a substantial amount of easy to install and profitable. energy in lighting, cooling, and heat-

Significant gains in lighting efficiency can also be achieved in the residential sector. Puerto Rico launched a pilot residential lighting program on the small island of Culebra, population 1,632. In conjunction with the Culebra municipal government and the Polytechnic University, which will monitor the results of the one-year study, the energy office replaced three to five bulbs per home with fluorescent lighting. The fluorescent bulbs were installed in kitchens, living rooms, and bedrooms —the rooms where energy consumption is the greatest. The goal of the program is to reduce energy consumption, improve the environment, and The Guam Energy Office partnered with local hotels to implement a pilot lighting decrease Puerto Rico’s dependence program with great success. 8 on oil-based fuels. The projected sav- Daylighting Retrofit Demonstration ings from the lighting program was Program illustrated the cost effective- estimated at $67 over the life of each ness of active daylighting technologies fluorescent bulb. at the Department of Administration building. The project was purposefully Energy officials are also encouraging located in the building that houses the the use of daylighting to offset the State design engineers and architects need for electric lights. New buildings so that the entire design community can be constructed to maximize solar could become familiar with daylighting orientation, use architectural features, design. As a result of this program, and integrate lighting and controls to the Public Service Commission of optimize the amount of daylight illumi- Wisconsin required the State’s electric nation in work areas. Existing build- utilities to develop an expansive day- ings can be retrofitted with certain ele- lighting promotional program. ments of a daylighting system, such Wisconsin’s daylighting program pro- as automated controls and blinds, to vides an excellent model for improving improve the energy efficiency of the energy efficiency in public and private building. Wisconsin’s State buildings nationwide.

Multi-Family Homes Get Energy Boost in Illinois

Many Illinois homes built around the Results: turn of the century provide quaint Since 1988, Illinois has awarded 30 multi-family rehab project architecture and charm at a cost of grants, affecting more than 500 units of low-income housing. high energy bills. To stem the flow of energy dollars, the Illinois Department When super insulation practices were used, average energy of Commerce and Community Affairs savings are over 70%, compared to buildings that did not created the Illinois Energy Efficient receive super insulation measures. Affordable Housing Program. The program provides super insulation and Residents of a 1,000 square-foot unit saved between $100 and energy renovation work on existing $500 on their annual heating bills. multi-family housing, and also sets standards for new construction of multi-family and single family homes in the State. Savings are significant. In multi-family homes that received super insulation rehab work during the 1996-1997 heating season, average fuel consumption cost $230 per unit. In contrast, in multi-family homes that received simple rehab work without regard for energy savings, fuel costs were $918 per unit —a $688 difference, or $57 per month when spread over the entire year. Even when incremental energy rehab costs of $2,000 per unit are included (amortized over 20 years), the fuel savings per unit is $39 per month. Illinois plans to complete super insulation work on 30 more multi-family build- Multi-family housing in Illinois slated for ings (659 units) in the State. energy efficiency improvements.

9 Energy Codes Shape State Construction and Economy

Energy codes can guide new con- encourage participation of the State’s struction and renovation work across strong builder’s association. Coupled a State, shape the economy, and also with new building techniques and the provide better health, protection from availability of energy-efficient mort- disaster, opportunities for job growth, gages, the program has spawned a and attractive business development. rash of new energy-efficient houses in Climate and the economy influence Las Vegas, with more builders joining variations in the building codes in dif- the program annually. ferent States. In Minnesota, the Department of Public Service has The State of Hawaii used its Model implemented indoor air quality stan- Energy Code as a guide for voluntary dards and ventilation procedures to design and building compliance in the exhaust appliances and vent and residential sector with great success. refresh indoor air. In Delaware, the In addition, Hawaii has provided train- State Energy Office revised the ing and financial assistance to help State’s commercial and residential replicate its code among its neighbors buildings’ energy codes in 1995. It with similar climates: Guam, has conducted a series of workshops American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and targeted to commercial and residen- the Virgin Islands. A spin-off result is tial builders, code officials, architects, that Guam and American Samoa and engineers in the State. have begun to develop their own "Tropical Code" for climates that are Several States also offer voluntary hotter and more humid than Hawaii’s home rating programs. The Kansas and have more tropical storms. Palau Department of Commerce and and the Commonwealth of the Housing established the Kansas Mariana Islands are interested in this Energy Star Program as a voluntary code, as is the Phillippines. It may accrediting process that provides an have broad applications to Caribbean, energy efficiency ratings system for Central American, and Southeast both businesses and home buyers. Asian nations as well. The rating system will inform home buyers of the expected annual energy Louisiana provided energy code train- costs of their new home. Nevada also ing, code materials, computer soft- uses a voluntary rating code to ware, and technical assistance to Louisiana builders, architects, engineers, and the public. Prior to passage of legislation in 1997, Louisiana was the only State in the Southeast with no energy code for commercial buildings. The State now has a new energy code, supported by a $20 fee on new commercial building plan submissions. Results: Within ten years, compliance is projected to save Louisiana builders $4 million in energy costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 113 million pounds, and save 323 billion BTUs of energy each year.

Mobile display developed by the Advanced Technologies Training Program at the Hawaii Building Technology Conference. 10 Homebuyers in Michigan typically list Michigan, also modeled features that a modern eat-in kitchen, dry base- improve indoor air quality and respi- ment, large living room, and ade- ratory health. The home uses a con- quate closet space among their top tinuous fresh air supply vented and criteria. But the Energy Resources HEPA filtered through a heat Division of the Michigan Department exchanger. Low toxicity sealers, car- of Consumer and Industry Services peting, paints, and caulks were used wanted more -- it wanted a home that throughout the home. Particle board saved energy and modeled healthy was avoided and solid wood cabi- construction choices. Michigan creat- nets, framing, and permanent wood ed the Five Star Home Grant pro- foundations were installed. The home gram and awarded grants for five res- was super insulated, sealed against idences in 1997. The homes all outside contaminants and allergens, showcased energy efficiency. The and fitted with energy-efficient win- "health house" constructed by dows and low-flow plumbing. Terwilliger Homes, Inc. in Davison,

Manufactured Homes Provide Comfort and Affordability in the Northwest

A joint program of the Idaho, heated homes to high efficiency stan- Washington, and Oregon State dards. Partners include the Bonneville Energy Offices (SEOs) is bringing Power Administration, the Northwest The new comfort and energy efficiency to Power Planning Council, 18 manufac- owners of manufactured homes built tured home builders, State Energy Manufactured in those States. Nearly 30% of all new Offices, and utilities. single family housing in the Northwest Housing is constructed in factories and these Results: Acquisition homes must meet Federal Currently, about 60% of new manu- Manufactured Housing Construction factured homes built in the Program and Safety Standards. The SEO pro- Northwest region are certified to gram provides construction standards meet the Super Good Cents or homes cut and guidelines to 16 major manufac- Natural Choice standards. turers in the region who agree to household comply with higher efficiency stan- MAP homes use half the energy of dards for homes using all electric heat homes built to current Federal standards. energy bills (Super Good Cents) or natural gas by about (Natural Choice). Since 1987, the MAP homes cut household energy Oregon Office of Energy has also run bills by about 30%. a separate program involving manu- 30%. facturers, utilities, dealers, and home MAP will save the Northwest buyers of manufactured housing. The region’s utilities 8 megawatts of program, Manufactured Housing electricity annually. Acquisition Program (MAP), requires that utility partners in the region pay manufacturers to build all electrically

11 Whole Building Design Approach Suggests Future Direction for New Building Construction

Pennsylvania adopted a new Results: approach to building construction Using the integrated design, annual when planning its new Department of energy costs were reduced from Environmental Protection headquar- $1.54 per square foot to $0.74 per ters building. They used an integrated square foot. Over the life of the build- design process to develop the building, energy costs are projected to be ing as a system rather than a series reduced by $50,000 annually. of attached components. The goal was to significantly reduce energy The attention given to the connection consumption and operational costs, between building design and worker maximize use of sustainable materi- productivity resulted in a more com- als, and improve the health, motiva- fortable work environment. The tion, and productivity of the occupants improvements in lighting, thermal through an improved environment. To comfort, acoustics, and indoor air meet these goals, the planners com- quality contributed to an estimated bined the latest in energy-efficient 8% rise in productivity and commen- equipment and design, including an surate decline in absenteeism. innovative raised floor system, an individually-controlled heating and air Pennsylvania s integrated approach is conditioning system, careful solar ori- being replicated in a sustainable entation, and a myriad of sustainable development project in Louisiana. building materials such as partitions The proposed project involves the produced from recycled soda bottles. construction of three large office The project team integrated many of buildings in the State Capitol Complex the sustainable materials into the area. The project is slated for ground- lobby’s design as part of a working breaking in 1999. exhibit of green technology to educate visitors and building occupants of the building’s unique design features.

"This will be the model for government buildings and real estate in the future."

Darlene Crawford, Spokeswoman for Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection

The Northeast Mississippi mal storage chiller, a make-up air sys- Community College received funds tem for fume hoods, a natural, envi- through Mississippi’s State Energy ronmentally-controlled air system Program to install energy-efficient which provides a closed HVAC sys- equipment in a new classroom com- tem equipped with a microprocessor- plex. The goal of the project was to based energy management system, create an integrated system of ener- and a wastewater treatment system. gy-efficient measures. The college Initial reports demonstrate a substan- used the latest technologies to equip tial reduction in energy consumption the building, including a photovoltaic in the buildings. system for exterior walkways, a ther-

12 The developers of New York’s Four Times Square project tackled the considerable challenge of constructing a commercially-viable private building in the heart of Manhattan that integrates the highest level of green technology possible. The building is the first spec- ulative office tower to be built in Manhattan since 1988 and its design- ers strive to meet the needs of its corporate tenants while adopting standards for energy efficiency, indoor ecology, sustainable materials, and sound operations. Two key elements of Four Times Square significantly A rendering of the Four Times Square Building in New York City by Fox and impacted the application of the green Fowle Architects. design: the vertical nature of the building (48 stories), and the economic constraints arising from the developer/tenant relationship that often results in competing or conflicting design specifications. The developer is constrained in the implementation of certain measures due to the tenants’ individual plans for occupying and using the space.

The specific goals in developing the Four Times Square project included providing the greatest amount of daylight penetration; installing energy-efficient, low-emission, CFC-free chillers for the HVAC system; on-site energy generation through fuel cells and photovoltaic cells; and superior indoor air quality in the office spaces. In deter- mining the efficiency savings of various measures, the developers used DOE-2 energy simulation modeling software. The analysis was partially funded by a SEP grant and proved critical in getting the tenants "on- board" with several efficiency measures.

13 TransportationTransportation EconomicEconomic IndependenceIndependence andand aa CleanerCleaner EnvironmentEnvironment

OVERVIEW

The United States is currently dependent on imported petroleum for nearly half the nation’s consumption needs and the transportation sector accounts for 66% of total consumption. This dependence led to severe supply disruptions and price shocks during the oil crisis of the 1970’s. In response to this crisis, the Department of Energy developed several conservation activities managed through the State grants programs, including right turn on red and promotion of car pools, van pools, and mass transit. Though the energy crisis abated by the early 1980’s, reducing the nation’s reliance on foreign oil remains a national security issue. In tandem with the drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Department of Energy’s focus has expanded from mandatory conservation measures to encouraging energy-efficient transportation alternatives.

SEP supports the development and deployment of alternative fuels technologies and other creative strategies for improving energy efficiency in transportation. States have played a leading role in demonstrating new transportation technologies through State fleets and refueling networks. Starting in the early 1990’s, States began to adopt innovative approaches to reducing transportation expenditures by limiting work-related driving through telecommuting and alternative work schedules. Through these diverse measures States have made impressive strides in reducing oil consumption and related emissions. All SEP activities, including those highlighted here, seek to increase the use and acceptance of alternative fuels, reduce vehicle emissions, and promote the efficient development of the transportation infrastructure.

States Promote Car Pools and Public Transportation - Fundamental Elements of Every Transportation-Efficiency Program

The city of Gulfport, Mississippi, pro- The West Windsor Township in New motes the use of park-and-ride and Jersey implemented a similar pro- public transportation facilities along gram with initial financing from a the Mississippi Gulf Coast Corridor, a SECP grant. The "Rideshare to the heavily-traveled highway. Free parking Train" project encourages commuters is provided at a historic rail depot for to car pool to the train by providing commuters utilizing a variety of public parking spaces closer to the train facil- transportation options. With assis- ities. The program increased participa- tance from a SEP grant, the city tion in car pools and train ridership. developed marketing materials to promote the use of public transport. Results: Transportation efficiency savings from Vehicle miles traveled were reduced by the program, based on operating and approximately 74,000 miles annually. ownership costs, are estimated at $1.8 million annually. The estimated fuel savings amounted to 3,700 gallons annually. The city of Gulfport, Mississippi, offers free parking at a historic rail depot for commuters utilizing public transport. 14 Florida considers both energy-efficiency and North Carolina seeks to improve energy effi- land-use issues in development of its trans- ciency by encouraging drivers to engage in portation network. Two major projects  simple efficiency practices. The marketing cam- Eastward Ho! and the South Miami Corridor paign "You Have the Power" provides straight- Redevelopment project evaluated population forward advice on how to conserve energy and densities to support mass transit and developed preserve the environment. These tips include integrated light and medium rail and road sys- changing oil and filters regularly, keeping tires tems to encourage multi-modal transport. This inflated, avoiding "jack-rabbit" starts, sharing strategy allows optimum use of land and maxi- rides, and observing speed limits. The program mizes energy efficiency in the transportation recognizes the value of simple, low-cost prac- system. tices that can have a significant effect when multiplied by millions of vehicles. The focus of this campaign on conservation reflects the his- torical development of energy programs from the fundamental tenets of conservation to efficiency and sustainability.

Oregon Telecommuting Program Gains Statewide Participation

Another innovative approach to reduce trans- Washington. The Puget Sound portation energy expenditures is to limit the Telecommuting Demonstration Program, a number of employee trips through measures public-private endeavor sponsored by the such as telecommuting and alternate work Washington State Energy Office, produced schedules. The Oregon Office of Energy has substantive results showing the benefits of helped establish more than 200 telecommuting telecommuting for employers and employees. programs with over 2,000 participants since The Washington study provided a strong 1993. Oregon promotes the concept of model for other State telecommuting projects. telecommuting through several channels. The Office of Energy has developed five pilot Results: telecommuting programs in the public and pri- Greenhouse gas emissions are being cut by vate sectors, produces an array of educational 3.8 million pounds annually in Oregon. Miles materials, conducts extensive outreach to traveled have been reduced by 4.1 million employees and employers, and grants tax cred- miles annually, reducing fuel consumption and its to participating employers. Oregon partners operating costs. with transit districts, university extension programs, and environmental centers to promote The Oregon legislature passed a bill requiring telecommuting programs. all State agencies to adopt telecommuting policies and actively promote this option. Oregon’s programs parallel an earlier telecommuting demonstration conducted in the State of

The Oregon Office of Energy has helped establish more than 200 telecommuting programs with over 2,000 participants since 1993.

15 States Pioneer a Broad Variety of Alternative Transportation Fuels Technology

States have led the drive to develop waste french fry oil to produce and use alternative transportation biodiesel fuel. Benefits from the fuels. Alternative fuels, such as natu- substitution of biodiesel for petroleum Kansas promotes alternative fuel vehicles ral gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and elec- diesel include its biodegradability, at the annual Vehicle Roundup. tricity, reduce consumption of reduced emissions, and safety. imported oil and reduce Idaho’s On-the-Road Biodiesel emissions. Kansas and West Demonstration project uses biodiesel Virginia have integrated bi- to fuel two pickup trucks to show the fuel engine vehicles that use advantages of this fuel over petrole- compressed natural gas in um diesel. Kansas is advancing the their State fleets. The use of solar-powered batteries Nevada State Energy Office through the Solar BikeRayce. is testing a hydrogen/natural Competitors race bicycles that use gas fueled car, and is plan- solar-powered batteries to drive ning to build the world’s first engines. Montana is testing the use fleet of hydrogen/natural gas of biomass lubricants for snowmobiles powered buses. Idaho is to reduce the documented, excessive experimenting with the use of emissions from snowmobile engines.

Clean Cities Programs Link State, Local, and Federal Entities

Successful initiatives to develop alter- (AFVs) that reduce oil consumption native fuels technology at the State and tailpipe emissions. The 2,000- level have often been expanded and plus stakeholder organizations are replicated on a regional level. One committed to significant increases in such initiative evolved into the Clean AFV acquisitions and infrastructure Cities Program, which is co-funded investment over the next five years. through the State Energy Program and the U.S. Department of Energy s Atlanta, Georgia, was designated the Office of Transportation Technology. first Clean City in America in 1993. Clean Cities participants are locally- Clean Cities Atlanta has a multifac- based, government/industry partner- eted program advancing the use of ships, coordinated by the U.S. AFVs including natural gas cabs and Department of Energy to expand the electric school buses. Atlanta capital- use of alternatives to conventional ized on the publicity surrounding the gasoline and diesel fuels. By combin- 1996 Olympic games to promote alter- ing local decision-making with the vol- native fuels. Electric buses transport- untary action of partners, the "grass- ed athletes and spectators to the roots" approach of Clean Cities games and natural gas cars, trucks, departs from traditional "top-down" vans, and buses served as support Federal programs. It creates and car- vehicles during the international event. ries out an effective plan at the local level for establishing a sustainable, Nevada has actively participated in nationwide alternative fuels market. the development of alternative fuel The program had created partner- programs across the State for the past ships in 60 communities throughout decade. This effort has resulted in the the country by the end of 1997, and construction of a network of liquefied the count continues to increase. The natural gas stations, acquisition of nat- Natural gas-powered vehicles reduce Clean Cities have more than 30,000 ural gas-powered street sweepers by emissions and increase the nation's operational alternative fuel vehicles the city of Las Vegas, alternative fuels energy independence. 16 incentive program for private fleets in ordered 67 AFVs: 51 bi-fuel CNG Ford Clark County, and designation of Las Contours, 15 methanol Ford Tauruses, Vegas as the fifth Clean City by the and one electric Ford Ranger pickup. U.S. Department of Energy. The use of alternative fuel vehicles in State and private fleets will reduce West Virginia has shown innovation emissions and oil consumption as well through diverse programs that as increase awareness of the practi- demonstrate the practicality of using cality of such vehicles. compressed natural gas (CNG) as a motor fuel. The State purchased 35 The Gold Coast Clean Cities Coalition bi-fuel automobiles for the State fleet in Florida is working to increase the with financing from a light-duty vehi- number of alternative fuel vehicles in cle grant from the U.S. Department of the State. Through the State’s Stripper Energy and the West Virginia Clean Well funding, the coalition is develop- State Grant Program. The State has ing a network of filling stations and developed a network of CNG filling providing incentives to public and pri- stations to support the growing num- vate entities to convert fleets to alter- ber of bi-fuel vehicles and is testing native fuels. The Coalition has already the O’Green compressor (a new tech- demonstrated significant results. nology) at two stations. Kansas has implemented similar programs. The Results: Kansas Corporation Commission The number of natural gas or electric (KCC) installed CNG tanks on a powered vehicles in use in Florida State-owned automobile and convert- has increased from 540 in 1994 to ed the car to a bi-fuel engine. The more than 1100 currently, and the KCC has also partnered with private fueling network has grown from 8 to companies to open CNG refueling more than 20 stations. stations across the State. Two cities in Kansas have been designated as Clean Cities.

A network of alternative-fuel filling stations is also a priority for Minnesota. With assistance from the State Energy Program, Minnesota has created a network of E-85 filling stations across the State. The State constructed 12 outlets and is actively expanding the use of alternative fuels.

Delaware received financing from the 1996 SEP Special Projects to install a compressed natural gas/propane refueling station in the city of Odessa. The station is one of a growing base of stations designed to support the 214 alternative-fuel vehicles currently operating in Delaware. In addition, the Delaware Clean State Program, along with the Greater Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Clean Cities Program and the North Jersey (New Jersey) Clean Cities Program, received $200,000 in 1997 for a Multi-State AFV Rebate Program for Private Fleets in support of the Northeast Corridor Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Development Project. As part of another Delaware incentive Utah s Salt Lake Clean Cities Coalition is successfully promoting the transition to AFVs. program, the State fleet administrator 17 IndustryIndustry PartnershipsPartnerships forfor IncreasedIncreased ProductivityProductivity

OVERVIEW

Industry is the largest energy-consuming sector in the nation and the largest waste-generating sector. Without significant waste reduction in this sector, nonproductive expenditures on pollution abatement and control could top $200 billion by 2000. Industrial productivity is a national priority and a key economic issue for the States. By leveraging Federal funds through SEP, States can tailor industrial programs to address local needs and as a result, generate sizable cost and energy savings for American industry. SEP activities originated with technical and energy audits to improve energy consumption patterns in industry. These measures have evolved to include pollution prevention solutions, development of new technologies in heat recovery, energy use, and waste management, and support of integrated industrial complexes.

SEP’s activities are often accomplished jointly with programs sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT). Intrinsic to OIT’s programs is its Industries of the Future approach, which targets seven of the most energy-intensive industries for industry/OIT cooperative projects: petroleum refining, chemical, forest products, steel, aluminum, metal casting, and glass. SEP also collaborates with OIT’s NICE3 program (National Industrial Competitiveness through Energy/Environment/Economics). NICE3 provides funding to State-industry partnerships for projects that develop and demonstrate advances in energy efficiency and clean production technologies.

Creative Partnerships Increase Resources for Improving Energy Efficiency The West Virginia in Manufacturing Processes Glass Industry Assistance Many States court industry with tax students work with individual glass Program has incentives, road or water projects, or businesses to improve process effi- enabled small West promises of a strong labor pool. West ciency. Virginia developed an innovative Virginia glass com- approach with the Industries of the Results: panies to have Future (IOF) pilot program. The State The State’s technical help has intro- has invested its backing and universi- duced computer-aided design tech- access to ty talent to maintain and improve the niques to improve the heat transfer professional glass industry that comprises an characteristics of molds, preventing important component of the economy. production losses. engineering In West Virginia, 30 manufacturing businesses employing nearly 6,000 West Virginia s program introduced expertise most people produce glass products. Glass computer-integrated manufacturing often manufacturing is energy intensive. To techniques to increase production improve energy efficiency and the efficiency and provided analyses of associated with bottom line, the West Virginia Fuel ways to reduce energy consumption private and Energy Office of the West Virginia in melting, forming, annealing, and Development Office and the West finishing glass products. laboratories funded Virginia University College of by large Engineering provide energy efficiency technical assistance to individual corporations. glass companies. Through IOF, teams of senior mechanical engineering

18 New York State Energy Research and Development Authority recommended energy efficiency improvements for Summit Research Labs that will save $15,000 annually in energy costs. The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSER- DA) created the Flexible Technical Assistance program  or "FlexTech" to save energy by connecting various contractors with New York businesses, industries, State and local government entities, and institutions. Services are provided on an individual, negotiated, cost-shared basis. The companies participating in the program have experi- enced significant cost-savings. Results: The Bronxwood Dye Co. will save $225,000 each year because it replaced dye vats, redesigned its processes to reclaim waste heat from dryers and boilers, and launched other measures recommended by FlexTech.

The Buffalo Paperboard Co. will save up to $467,000 each year by implementing several practical measures, most with payback periods of less than two years.

Summit Research Labs, a manufacturer of aluminum chlorhydrate, followed FlexTech recommendations and undertook a boiler heat recovery and chemical reactor process improvement project that will save $15,000 each year in energy costs, and increase reactor productivity by 30%.

"This process prevents energy and resource loss from by-products of the aluminum industry by utilizing all components as useful materials in manufacturing industrial and commercial products. These energy and material resources would otherwise be lost as landfill waste with pollution potential."

— John Pickens, Technical Director, Alumitech, Inc., Ohio

Aluminum recycling creates more than two billion useful aluminum recycling by-products. Alumitech then pounds of black dross and saltcake by-products each converts the various by-products into useful finished year in the United States. The aluminum industry usual- materials, delivering them to other industries and com- ly landfills these by-products, wasting raw materials mercial operations. and energy, and causing more environmental headaches. But in 1997, Alumitech, Inc., in Cleveland, Results: Ohio, used $400,000 in NICE3 funds, and more than The process has eliminated the need to landfill wastes, $3.3 million of its own money, to develop and install while creating 20 new jobs and reducing waste by 119 facilities that would separate aluminum, salt, and other

19 Recycling Waste Heat Reduces Energy Consumption

With coordination and financial assis- By leveraging a multi-million dollar tance from the Washington State project, the WSEO can now use efflu- Energy Office (WSEO), the city of ent, waste discharged into the envi- Seattle and Boeing Corporation have ronment, from Metro Seattle’s Renton teamed up to save nearly 2.2 million waste treatment plant to heat and kilowatt hours of electricity and 48 cool Boeing’s Customer Services million gallons of water each year by Training Center. The project offsets transforming waste to useful service. the need for 20 megawatts of new generation capacity.

Industrial Parks Create Synergistic Links Between Manufacturers and Promote Energy-Efficient Practices

The concept of sustainable industrial grant and contributions from public planning has arrived, and is flexible and private sources to develop an enough to embrace a variety of ener- industrial park that carefully matches gy-efficient practices and renewable a variety of tenants to the best cycles energy supplies. A good example is of energy and waste streams the Red Hills EcoPlex in Choctaw between businesses. Steam generat- County, Mississippi, a public/private ed by a power plant may go into a partnership between the State, pulping facility, which then channels Choctaw County, Mississippi Lignite its biomass wastes back to the power Mining Co., Tractebel Power, Inc., and plant as fuel. This model development the Tennessee Valley Authority. The minimizes waste and maximizes prof- EcoPlex used a $30 million State its, while creating numerous new jobs.

The Red Hills EcoPlex in Mississippi matches industrial tenants to the best cycles of energy and waste streams between businesses.

20 EducationEducation Today’sToday’s InvestmentInvestment inin TomorrowTomorrow

OVERVIEW

Energy education is a necessary component in our lives at every level, from elementary schooling to on-the- job training. Moreover, energy education plays a critical role in shifting consumer patterns of energy consumption. There is evidence, particularly with recycling, that children can be effective agents of behavioral change within the family. Lessons learned by children are spread to family, friends, and acquaintances, who then perpetuate the cycle by repeating such lessons in other academic, occupational, and recreational set- tings. Older students also learn valuable vocational skills that can provide increased employment opportunities after graduation.

States have a long tradition of conducting energy education activities. Grants to States for education and outreach activities began in 1977, under the auspices of the Energy Extension Service (EES), and continue under SEP.These activities provide information and education services that help energy consumers make informed energy choices. Typical projects include energy audits, school curricula development, professional training programs, radio and television announcements and programs, workshops and seminars, and publi- cations. SEP has demonstrated considerable success in training educators nationwide and developing comprehensive energy curricula.

Energy Education in Schools Develops Awareness in Youth

The National Energy Education The Tennessee Energy Education Development (NEED) Project is a national Network (TEEN) is one State variation of network of students, educators, communi- the NEED program. TEEN promotes ty, industry, and government leaders com- energy education in grades K-12 mitted to developing an energy conscious through classroom instruction and part- and educated society. NEED conducts nerships with community organizations. national training workshops for teachers, TEEN services include training work- develops educational materials for stu- shops for teachers, energy education dents, sponsors a national awards pro- materials for the classroom, presenta- gram for students, and evaluates program tions by energy professionals, and a successes. Several States have developed bimonthly newsletter called Energy NEED Projects or modified variations. The Angles. These services are provided to Rhode Island NEED Project has been teachers and students through SEP coordinated and sponsored by the Rhode funding. Another affiliate of the NEED Island State Energy Office since 1985. program is the Maine Energy Education With funding through the State Energy Program (MEEP). Maine’s program chal- Program, Rhode Island has developed a lenges students from grades 4-8 to comprehensive, impartial energy educa- expand their thinking about energy tion curriculum for grades K-12. Besides issues. The program sponsors several the lessons on energy production, con- interactive events, including the sumption, and efficiency, the student- Statewide Leadership Workshops and directed activities empower students to the Junior Solar Sprint Competition. take active roles in educating others about energy issues and identifying potential 1997 Ohio solutions to energy problems. Bookmark Contest Winner. 21 Nevada has developed a broad ener- energy education, and solar initiative gy education program to address in one program. The emphasis of the education needs across the State. program is on implementation of a The Nevada Environmental/Energy mix of available solar technologies at Education Network (NEE-NET) pro- public schools, coupled with an ener- vides instruction and training for gy education component for school teachers, parents, communities, and children. Contributions to the program professionals. It supports youth pro- are solicited through a "check-off" grams, such as summer camps, mechanism in the utility bill. national workshops, newsletters, stu- Technologies employed in the pro- dent legislative delegates, and inter- gram include: passive solar, light col- state student networking. NEE-NET ored paints and solar screening for Middle school winners of Utah s Annual also disseminates information to the portable buildings, solar desiccant air Energy Debate program. community through a variety of chan- conditioning, and photovoltaic lights nels, including a clearinghouse, the on athletic fields. An interactive solar Learning Resource Center, and a hot- curriculum is included for participating line to answer citizens’ questions. schools, and a CD-Rom and Web site under development. Mississippi promotes awareness of energy efficiency issues among stu- The U.S. Department of Energy, dents through the Energy Patrol pro- through its Boston Regional Support gram. Staff from the State Energy Office, is piloting an on-line education Division train elementary students service called the Northeast Energy and school coordinators in creating Education Network (NEEN). The net- student teams to patrol school build- work is a cooperative effort of educa- ings and conduct walk-through energy tors, utilities, public, private, and non- audits. This activity has led to signifi- profit organizations to create a com- cant energy cost savings for partici- munity of shared resources for energy pating schools and has increased stu- education. The NEEN Web site dents’ understanding of energy-effi- (www.eren.doe.gov/brso) provides on- ciency and management issues. line access to listings of regional events, grant and funding sources, Members of the Energy Patrol team at Florida’s Solar for Schools (SFS) pro- and other regional energy education Wilkins Elementary School in Mississippi gram is demand side management, Web sites. perform a daily room audit.

Students Gain Valuable Skills Learning How to Conduct Energy Audits

The District of Columbia Energy Office (DCEO) formed a Some student teams have partnered with private entities partnership with the District of Columbia Public Schools to to conduct energy audits on small businesses. In addition implement an Energy Audit Training Course at Calvin to strengthening traditional academic skills, such as math Coolidge High School. This program was funded by the and science, this program teaches vocational skills and DCEO through a grant from the Washington Gas Company prepares students for the realities of the workplace. The during the 1996-1997 school year. The course provided New Hampshire Energy Office supports the State’s STEM basic training in energy auditing through classroom instruc- program through SEP funding. tion, guest speakers, and hands-on training in the field. The program also encouraged the placement of students Results: in summer internships and jobs in related agencies. STEM teams report energy savings of $10,000 to $40,000 annually. New Hampshire’s Savings Through Energy Management (STEM) program teaches students how to conduct energy Students learn valuable academic and vocational skills, audits on their own schools. STEM participants learn to which better prepare them for the workplace. identify energy problems in the school, find solutions to reduce energy consumption, and quantify savings Energy audits are provided to small businesses that could achieved through correcting these problems. The students not afford audits otherwise. Energy-efficient practices are present their findings at the local school board meeting. encouraged in small businesses, reducing energy consumption and stimulating the local economy. 22 Funding from State Energy Program Enhances Technical Training Programs

The energy office in Hawaii encourages the The California Energy Commission increased use of energy-efficient technologies (CEC) implemented a training program by sponsoring training courses, workshops, and for large production builders in expositions. In cooperation with public and pri- California and Nevada. The CEC part- vate sector partners, these events educate and nered with the Building Industry Institute promote the efficient use of energy by commer- and ConSol to improve builders’ under- cial, industrial, and government end-users. standing of and compliance with energy codes. The training is comprised of a The Energy Programs Office in Alaska devel- half-day classroom session and a half- oped a program to educate residential builders day session on the builders site; follow- and general consumers on the available meth- up sessions are conducted three to six ods and technologies for building energy-effi- months later. cient homes appropriate for Alaska’s climate. In addition to training builders, the Alaska Results: Craftsman Home Program (ACHP) created voluntary energy efficiency guidelines for new More than 1,300 participants from 170 residential construction. Members from the building companies have engaged in State’s real estate, financing, and building the training to date. Nebraska Energy Office industries have teamed with the University of employee and student intern Alaska, the State s energy office, and several These builders account for 31% of the complete a blower door test in government agencies to manage the ACHP. market share in California/Nevada. an apartment in a housing Started with funding under the SECP, the authority in Chadron, Nebraska. ACHP is now self-sustaining. The improvement in energy efficiency in homes built by the partici- Results: pants during training is estimated at ACHP homes consume up to 80% less energy 96,000,000 KBTUs (Kilo British Thermal than conventional Alaskan homes. Units), or $800,000 annually.

Alaska’s State legislature requires general contractors to receive training equivalent to the ACHP to obtain a residential construction certificate.

States Develop Creative Tools for Consumer Information

The Conservation Update was established in Arizona developed an innovative program to address energy and January 1985 as an information exchange and tech- water conservation issues while providing social service information nology transfer tool for State Energy Program man- and a referral program for senior homeowners. Senior volunteers agers and other interested parties in the States and are trained by an energy program administrator to give conserva- U.S. Territories, including national laboratories, pri- tion information to program participants and install donated energy- vate companies, and individual consumers. The efficient materials in homes. Staff from the State Energy Office pro- Conservation Update is produced monthly by the vide technical expertise and administrative oversight to ensure both Kentucky Division of Energy. The newsletter pub- cost-effective conservation methods and a safe and healthy envi- lishes short articles from the State Energy Offices ronment for senior homeowners. This free service is available to and the U.S. Department of Energy describing exist- senior homeowners and disabled homeowners of any age. ing and new programs, soliciting ideas, and sharing reports, studies, and evaluations. By listing a con- Results: tact person for each article, readers have the oppor- Arizona has serviced over 20,000 homes since the inception of tunity to follow up on items of specific interest. the program in 1985. Conservation Update is available on the Internet at the following address: Senior homeowners report a reduction in individual utility bills by http://www.eren.doe.gov/events/cu/. $120 to $240 per year.

23 AgricultureAgriculture AdvancedAdvanced ConservationConservation PracticesPractices BenefitBenefit thethe EnvironmentEnvironment

OVERVIEW

Agriculture is a key component of the nation’s economy and the largest economic sector in many States. Profit margins are often narrow because of weather and market fluctuations; this makes farmers extremely sensitive to changes in energy prices and supply. Energy costs in the agricultural sector exceed $15 billion annually. By reducing energy consumption and implementing efficiency measures farmers can greatly increase the competitiveness of American agricultural products. Such measures will minimize the environmental impact of energy consumption including pollution, soil erosion, and groundwater depletion. SEP works through the existing rural networks established by States, other Federal agencies (primarily, the U.S. Department of Agriculture), and local community groups to improve efficiency in agriculture. States promote conservation measures, conduct energy audits, and assist in the deployment of energy-efficient technologies. The innovative approaches developed by States such as no-till farming, photovoltaic-powered sensors for water pumping, and efficient irrigation practices, are saving money and time for farmers. Without SEP funding, these technologies might otherwise be out of reach for the individual farmers.

Irrigation Practices and Groundwater Depletion Pose Major Efficiency Concerns for Agriculture

There are more than 8,000 active irriga- Inefficient irrigation practices, however, tion pumps in New Mexico, serving the were draining up to two feet of water per $1 billion agricultural economy. To year from aquifers used to irrigate Grand Many reduce irrigation costs, the State part- Prairie rice fields, threatening nearly measures nered with the University of New Mexico 721,000 acres of this rich agricultural in 1988 to field a team of irrigation ana- area. To stem the flow, the Arkansas are simple lysts who could evaluate each farm’s Energy Office awarded $725,000 in oil changes pumping plants, conveyances such as overcharge funds to the Grand Prairie ditches or piping, and field applications. Irrigation Project. The project organizes that pay The State team evaluates the farm farmers in the area to create water for operation and calculates efficiency boundaries, then designs ways to better themselves measures. The team then makes recom- use surface runoff and to irrigate. mendations for repairs, replacement, or Simultaneously, some water is diverted within one design changes to save energy and from the Arkansas and White Rivers to year... money. Many measures are simple supplement groundwater supplies. changes that pay for themselves within one year, such as using surge irrigation Results rather than a steady flow of water, lining The project reduces farmers’ irrigation ditches with concrete to prevent loss, or costs and saves both the White River even reducing the size of fields to con- and Bayou Metro Irrigation Districts an serve water. estimated $4 million annually.

Arkansas farms produce nearly 42% of It also creates opportunities for waterfowl the nation’s rice crop, and Central habitat restoration and development. Arkansas’ Grand Prairie region produces the lion’s share of that rice. 24 No-Till Crop Cultivation Reduces Soil Erosion and Provides Energy Savings

Another major concern for farmers is decreases the number of passes the yearly loss of topsoil due to wind across a field from eight to only three and water erosion. To address these or four. Even though no-till farming issues, the Florida Energy Office and can increase yields, the cost of exper- Suwannee River Resource Conser- imenting with new technologies can vation and Development Council often discourage a farming family. worked together to develop a no-till However, the financing provided by farming procedure. No-till farming this program allows many farmers to sharply reduces soil loss because get the equipment needed to start less than 10% of the soil surface is using this new technology. SEP funds enable farmers to apply disturbed. In addition, the process advanced procedures such as no-till farming.

Photovoltaic Fencing Offers a Cost-Effective Alternative to Traditional Fencing Systems

Photovoltaic powered electric fencing enables farm families to more easily systems are being monitored in the shift cattle from field to field. The Commonwealth of the Northern practice of rotating grazing animals Mariana Islands, on the islands of more often also protects grasslands Saipan, Rota and Tinian. Electric from erosion. Photovoltaic fencing fencing is much cheaper than barbed- saves farmers time and money and wire fencing for the farmer and reduces environmental damage.

Improved Trawling Efficiency Generates Big Savings for Commercial Fishing

The Gulf of Mexico produces more than 160 Results: million pounds of shrimp each year, driving a The SPECTRA fibers delivered a minimum of $1.5 billion industry for shrimpers, marketers, 15% more shrimp, with an average of 10-15% grocers, and restaurants. These delicacies better fuel efficiency. come at a price, however. Gulf shrimp trawlers consume more than one-third of all diesel fuel These netting improvements built on burned in U.S. waters; a poor catch combined Louisiana’s earlier contribution of the "Easy with high fuel costs could easily wipe out a fish- Rig" rigging system, another project developed ing family’s low profit margin. The State of with SEP grants in the early 1990’s. Using Texas partnered with Texas A&M and the existing equipment, the "Easy Rig" system Marine Advisory Service to test hi-tech fibers improved fishing fleet diesel fuel efficiency by for shrimp netting. The team was searching for 21 to 43%. Fishing families that use the sys- a synthetic fiber that would be lighter, more tem save up to $1,000 annually. durable, and smaller, allowing trawlers to be more fuel efficient. Several fibers were tested for more than a year, with SPECTRA synthetic fibers delivering the best results.

Improved fibers for shrimp netting delivers greater yield and increased fuel efficiency. 25 FinancialFinancial IncentivesIncentives ReducingReducing BarriersBarriers toto ImplementationImplementation

OVERVIEW

SEP financing programs are designed to stimulate the investment of non-Federal funds in energy efficiency. SEP allows States to use grant funds to offer energy efficiency loans and rebates and requires the con- sideration of energy efficiency in procurement practices. Many States have effectively launched loan programs, rebates, and procurement practices that have a significant impact on their energy budgets. These programs serve a broad range of beneficiaries, including small and large businesses, schools, hospitals, local governments, and individual citizens. The availability of SEP funds removes financial barriers to implementation of energy-efficiency improvements and provides working capital for these projects.

As a result of the mandatory requirement for States to incorporate cost-effective, energy-efficient purchases into their procurement standards, States now consider energy implications as part of their purchasing decisions. An increasingly popular approach to improving energy efficiency and reducing costs is the energy performance contract, which is developed with a specialized energy services contractor. The collaborative venture with private industry enables facilities to reduce energy-related operating costs without incurring up-front costs to the State or building owner. Revolving loan programs are another example of creative financing that use a limited amount of funds while providing maximum benefits for energy conservation and efficiency.

Revolving Loan Programs "Recycle" Loan Dollars "The projects have reduced our consump- To effectively use limited funds and to Municipalities and the Wyoming provide maximum benefits for energy County Commissioners Association to tion of natural conservation and efficiency, many install energy conservation retrofits. gas and elec- States have developed revolving loan programs. These programs "recycle" The range of revolving loan programs tricity, as well loan dollars by consistently replenish- continues to expand and States have as improving ing the original funds with interest branched out in several directions, the living envi- payments. They are highly successful providing opportunities tailored to mechanisms for offering low-cost meet the needs of each community. ronment for monies for energy efficiency meas- Through a partnership with our patients. ures. Idaho was the first state to uti- PowerSouth and the U.S. Department lize petroleum violation escrow (PVE) of Agriculture Rural Development, This program funds to begin a revolving loan pro- Alabama has established a revolving is a gram. Since the inception of Idaho’s loan program to help small, rural gov- loan program in 1987, 1,542 loans ernments in upgrading equipment and win-win have been granted with total project buildings to energy-efficient levels. In costs of almost $11 million and annu- Tennessee, the Local Government situation." al energy savings valued at $3.6 mil- Energy Loan Program offers low-inter- lion. The success of such early pro- est loans to municipal and county – David Lyon, grams spurred the rapid proliferation governments for energy efficiency Business Manager, of revolving loan programs. Wyoming projects in existing public schools and Independence Mental also used PVE funds to commence government-owned buildings. Health Institute, Iowa its revolving loan program, which provides funds to members of the Wyoming Association of 26 Tennessee has also developed a Louisiana’s $13 million revolving loan Small Business Energy Loan Program program provides low-interest mort- to help private companies increase gages for new, highly energy-efficient energy efficiency, retrofit existing build- homes and low-interest loans to ings, and improve operations. Maine homeowners for energy improve- has shown innovation in establishing a ments in existing homes. The calculat- revolving loan program in conjunction ed savings per program participant with its small business energy audit are estimated at $300-$600, with a program to aid small businesses to reduction in emissions equal to 7,300 increase their energy efficiency. pounds of carbon dioxide annually and annual savings of the equivalent Significant gains in energy efficiency of 51,000 cubic feet of natural gas. In can often be achieved by improving the Virgin Islands, a subsidized operations at large industrial complex- energy loan program enables home- es. To promote increased efficiency in owners, renters, businesses, and non- the industrial sector, Indiana created profit organizations to implement sev- an Industrial Energy Efficiency Fund eral energy-efficient measures, that provides zero-interest loans to including installation of photovoltaic manufacturers to finance the pur- systems, lighting retrofits, and chase of energy-efficient equipment. upgrading air conditioning. Promotional poster for Virgin The revolving loan program also Islands subsidized energy loan. reaches into the residential market.

Schools and Hospitals Benefit from Revolving Loan Programs

Many States have developed loan cooling needs in all the buildings. The programs to improve energy efficiency loan will be repaid through energy in schools and hospitals. The savings within an estimated five years Alabama STAR (Savings Through and future energy savings will finance Analyses and Retrofits) Program pro- the operational and educational vides financial assistance to schools needs of the schools. and hospitals for installation of energy efficiency improvements. Through the The Energy Bank Partnership in Community Energy Loan Program South Carolina also maximizes ener- (CELP), Maryland provides low-inter- gy efficiency in school districts, as well est loans to assist in energy-efficient as State agencies, and public and upgrades with the goal that the ener- non-profit facilities by providing energy gy savings will ultimately pay for the audits, financing options, monitoring, upgrades. In tandem with the State’s and training. Iowa’s Energy Bank was effort to improve education, the CELP developed to provide a financing allocates funds for a number of mechanism for the installation of ener- school projects to improve energy effi- gy management improvements in ciency. For the schools of Prague, schools, hospitals, and local govern- Oklahoma, an interest-free SEP loan mental buildings. Since its inception, financed the installation of energy- the Iowa Energy Bank Program has efficient lighting, high efficiency heat- installed more than $114 million in ing, ventilation and air conditioning energy improvements, directly benefit- units, and a centralized computer ing 515 participants, and saving tax- system to monitor the heating and payers $16.5 million annually.

27 Breadth of Nebraska’s Loan Program Ensures Long-Range Benefits

Nebraska’s Dollar and Energy Saving Loan ments include, upgrading furnaces, air condi- Program seeks to advance energy efficiency tioning, windows, and insulation. Agricultural with an eye to long-term sustainability. The pro- loans generally focus on improving irrigation gram, created in 1990 under the SECP and systems. The Dollar and Energy Saving Loan continued under SEP, draws from a loan pool of Program has generated positive results by tai- $19.9 million of oil overcharge funds. The scope loring a self-sustaining program that is con- of Nebraska’s program is unique in its breadth: sumer- and lender-friendly. it provides low-cost energy loans to residential, small business, commercial, nonprofit, industri- Results: al, agriculture, and government energy con- Nearly 12,000 projects have been financed sumers. Because the funds are continually since the inception of the program, spanning reused, the original capital has been preserved, most areas of Nebraska’s economy. These yielding a greater number of beneficiaries. loans benefit 97% of Nebraska’s counties.

The Nebraska State Energy Office created a The breadth and diversity of Nebraska’s loan statewide information and low-cost financing program ensure a statewide progression toward network and works with 325 financial institutions greater energy efficiency. to promote the program. The low-interest loans finance home, building, transportation, and system improvements. Popular home improve-

States Buying and Contracting Practices Incorporate Energy Efficiency

State buying practices have been The use of performance contracting is influenced by the mandatory require- another innovative approach to ment for States to incorporate cost- financing energy efficiency improve- effective, energy-efficient purchases ments. An energy performance con- into their procurement standards. tract, developed with a specialized These purchases include, building energy services contractor (ESCO), materials, office supplies and equip- enables the reduction of energy-relat- ment, and fleet vehicles. States now ed operating costs without any up- routinely consider energy implications front costs to the State. New York as part of purchasing decisions and uses performance contracting to have incorporated performance con- improve energy efficiency in the tracting practices. State’s school system. In less than three years, New York provided assistance to 89 school districts, with an estimated annual energy cost savings of $10.8 million. ...New York provided assistance to 89 school districts, with an estimated annual energy cost savings of $10.8 million.

28 Illinois Successfully Implements Pilot Energy Performance Contracting Program

Faced with the need to replace aging, inefficient these improvements totaled more than $20 building stock and growing pressure to reduce million and was funded through private, tax- operating budgets, Illinois developed a pilot ener- exempt financing. gy performance contracting program. Under the program, energy performance contracts were Results: implemented at seven State facilities, including two The ESCOs guaranteed energy savings of mental health facilities, two college campuses, one more than 27% of the facilities’ utility expen- correctional facility, a school, and an administration ditures for the base year. building. Energy conservation methods for the pilot program included optimization/control strategies The success of the pilot program has encour- and capital improvements, such as lighting, boilers, aged expansion of performance contracting chillers, energy management systems, and vari- in Illinois. able air volume systems. The investment in

North Dakota Rebate Program Helps Keep Disaster Victims Warm

While States generally develop their plans in the Results: context of long-term goals, they are often The NDSEP project granted 3,800 vouchers for required to be flexible and respond to rapidly- replacement heating systems to residents. changing conditions. The North Dakota State Energy Program (NDSEP) demonstrated this The rebates provided much needed financial fast response following record flooding along assistance to the disaster victims while also the Red River, concentrated at Grand Forks, ensuring lower energy costs and greater energy and considered the worst disaster in State histo- efficiency in the future for those beneficiaries. ry. Through a PVE-funded Energy Efficient Rebate Project, the NDSEP extended $250 rebates to homeowners required to replace sub- merged heating systems, if they installed furnaces with efficiency ratings of 90% or greater.

Appliance Rebate Program in Virgin Islands Initiated in Wake of Hurricane Hugo

The destruction wrought on the Virgin Islands efficient appliances through increased sales. by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 spurred the need for The rebate program has had a significant effect residents to replace many appliances. The in lowering energy consumption in the Virgin Virgin Islands Energy Office seized the opportu- Islands and reducing residential energy bills. nity to encourage the purchase of energy-efficient appliances and created the Pay$ Rebate Results: Program. Previously, use of energy-efficient The energy office has issued more than 8,500 appliances was rare and these items were in rebate checks to date. short supply in the Virgin Islands. This program provides financial assistance to consumers of The energy savings of one rebate cycle is esti- energy-efficient appliances and lighting and mated at 8,534 barrels of oil, or 49.5 billion water conservation products. It also gives retail- BTUs, per day. ers an incentive to increase stocks of energy-

29 UtilitiesUtilities ProgressiveProgressive SolutionsSolutions DiversifyDiversify ElectricityElectricity SourcesSources

OVERVIEW

Electricity accounts for approximately one-third of the nation’s total energy consumption and is an essential fuel for U.S. residents, industry, and transportation. However, the prohibitive cost of electricity distribution to many areas of the nation has encouraged energy suppliers to turn to renewable technologies. Renewable energy sources  such as the sun, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and hydropower  comprise a unique component of the nation’s energy portfolio because they offer customers a clean, environmentally- friendly alternative to conventional electricity sources. Renewable technologies reduce the nation’s dependence on foreign energy and increase the number of domestic jobs. Renewable energy currently comprises nearly 10% of total U.S. energy production and is forecast to displace more than one quad of primary energy by 2010.

SEP supports the development of alternative electricity sources and renewable technologies. States use SEP funds to develop reliable and cost-effective renewable technologies. By establishing the credibility and cost-effectiveness of these technologies, States have made alternative electricity sources a realistic option for many consumers. The State-led drive to expand the use of renewable resources has spurred utilities to integrate renewable sources into their energy portfolios. States are joining forces with Federal and utility partners in using renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaics to meet off-grid power needs in sensitive environmental areas. SEP also increases consumer knowledge of electricity supply alternatives. As a result, consumers are increasingly receptive to "green pricing"  paying a premium for renewable energy.

Utilities Partner with Ratepayers to Bring Renewables to the Grid

Utility customers across the nation are project would have been out of reach for the increasingly supporting the development utility, which also used a $50,000 SEP grant ...many of "green" power supplies and many con- to partially fund the generator. The green sumers have agreed to pay a premium for rate premium plus a 1.5 cents/kWh Federal consumers "green" power. In Michigan, ratepayers of renewable energy production incentive have Traverse City Power & Light agree to pay makes the wind generator’s 5.5 cents/kWh a green rate premium of 1.58 cents/kWh amortized operating cost competitive with agreed to (roughly $7.58 per month for an average electricity available from the municipal pay a residential household) to support the wind power pool. premium turbine supplying their homes with electricity. The turbine is the first utility-scale Results: for wind generator in Michigan. The 600 kW Each Traverse City "green rate" customer "green" generator turbine uses a variable blade helps avoid burning three tons of coal pitch mechanism to take maximum advan- every year. power. tage of the winds blowing off Lake Michigan. The turbine produces 1.1 to 1.2 The consequent reduction in air-polluting million kWh annually and powers approxi- emissions amounts to 10,000 pounds of mately 200 average Traverse City homes. carbon dioxide, 60 pounds of sulfur dioxide, Without the premium rate, the $650,000 and 40 pounds of nitrogen oxides annually. 30 States Support Testing and Application of Renewable Energy

State Energy Offices are teaming with According to the Union of Concerned Federal and utility partners to test Scientists, if the majority of Texas’ promising energy supply alternatives wind power potential were captured it in high-value situations. The demon- could supply most homes in the strations resolve market barriers and United States with electricity. technological bugs. The Wyoming Energy Office is testing several small Virginia passed ground-breaking leg- This home employs integrated solar roof grid-connected photovoltaic arrays at islation in 1993 offering one of the panels. sites on the University of Wyoming most far reaching incentive programs campus, using nearly $1 million in for manufacturing photovoltaic pan- funds and the expertise from the els. The incentive is performance University and partners, Pacificorp and based and provides up to $0.75 per Advanced Photovoltaic Systems. In watt for photovoltaic panels manufac- Beverly, Massachusetts, a 15-year- tured in Virginia and sold through old 100-kW photovoltaic system is December 31, 2001. The program, now the site of the Solar Now Project. administered by the Virginia Since 1995, many Massachusetts Department of Mines, Minerals, and teachers and students have attended Energy, has been instrumental in renewable energy education seminars bringing high technology companies at the site, sponsored by Solar Now. including Solarex and Solar Building Educators and utilities want to expand Systems to Virginia. To date, these opportunities for high-value solar appli- companies have made approximately cations during utility restructuring. $32 million of capital investment in Virginia and employ 80 people. Texas is the largest energy user in the United States and the sixth largest energy consumer in the world. When the State discovered to its shock that it had become a net energy importer by the late 1980’s, it began testing several renewable technologies, first with public utility and State and Federal funds and now with private utility partnerships. The Lower Colorado River Authority and Texas General Land Office developed a 35-MW wind farm in the Delaware Mountains of west Texas that supplies more than 12,000 homes in central Texas with power, plus funnels additional revenues to the State’s school fund. Many small solar arrays serve irrigation or cattle watering pumps across the State, while the city of Houston has installed more than 1,000 solar-powered school zone warning lights. Additional supplies from Texas’ abundant solar and biomass resources could easily meet the State’s energy needs in the future, and utilities and the State Energy Office continue to explore that robust potential.

This 115 kW PV system in Utah s Glen Canyon Recreation Area powers Dangling Rope Marina on Lake Powell. 31 Remote Solar, Off-Grid Electricity Supplies Provide Alternatives in Isolated Areas

To promote self-sufficiency and pre- Several State parks in Utah will bene- vent expensive distribution costs, fit from the installation of solar and State Energy Offices are developing solar/propane hybrid energy supply off-grid power supplies for remote systems. At Yuba Lake State Park, the communities. In the Republic of U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Palau, energy officials have installed Energy and Resources Planning more than 200 photovoltaic home (OERP) has been working with the lighting systems across the island Utah Division of Parks and nation, sometimes providing the fam- Recreation to install a series of small ilies first light, or replacing kerosene photovoltaic systems to power 18 lamps. States are also pioneering cabana shelters. The same team will projects designed to provide power design and install a photovoltaic sys- within the National Park system. tem at Red Fleet State Park that will These remote applications power free the park from the grid. At Goblin services in peak visitor periods, but Valley State Park, a batch type solar can be idled in the off-season with- thermal collector will be installed that out prohibitive base-load juggling or will supplement current water heating long-term investment in distribution for showers. In Canyonlands National systems. These off-grid tests provide Park, the OERP leveraged funds from valuable information on how alterna- the Federal government, the State of tive power supplies function in real- Utah, and the private sector to devel- world conditions. This information op a photovoltaic/gas microturbine benefits community planners who hybrid electricity supply system to want a more sustainable energy sys- serve the Needles District Visitors tem and helps planners in develop- Center. In each case, solar power will ing countries find solutions for off- replace expensive, noisy, and pollut- grid needs. ing fossil fuels.

Results: The system at Yuba Lake will displace 205 gallons of diesel fuel.

Red Fleet’s photovoltaic system will offset the burning of 3,800 pounds of coal each year and avoid $6,356 in end-of-the-line fees.

Goblin Valley’s solar system will eliminate the need to burn 246 gallons of propane annually.

The hybrid system at Canyonland’s National Park will reduce operating costs and eliminate the burning of approximately 20,600 gallons of Goblin Valley State Park in Utah s Red Rock County utilizes solar collectors to heat water. diesel fuel per year.

These projects will give Park and State personnel enough experience with the technology to allow them to build it into the planned cross country and biathlon venue at Utah’s Soldier Hollow for the Winter Olympics in 2002.

32 Geothermal Technologies Produce Myriad of Benefits

Geothermal energy technologies cap- Results: ture the earth’s heat to warm and cool The annual operating costs of the buildings, heat water, and generate heat pump system are nearly 60% “...utilizing electricity. Similar to solar applications, lower than the conventional system. geothermal technologies are particu- geothermal larly useful in remote locations. The Installation of the ground source heat energy can four communities comprising the pump has resulted in annual energy Hamlin School District in South savings of nearly $24,000 for the reduce electricity Dakota are small and remote, making school district. them excellent candidates for geo- consumption thermal. The State of South Dakota Geothermal energy displaces tradi- supported the installation of a ground tional sources of electricity generation up to 75%.” source heat pump in the Hamlin and reduces related emissions. School District to reduce electricity consumption and operating costs. Geothermal heat pumps use electricity to move heat, not to generate it, and utilizing geothermal energy can reduce electricity consumption up to 75%. Though the initial cost of the geothermal system was slightly higher than the conventional system, the long term energy savings are significant.

Installation of a geothermal heat pump requires drilling two boreholes which are 4 inches in diameter and range from 125 to 450 feet deep.

33 SustainabilitySustainability andand DisasterDisaster ReliefRelief IntegratedIntegrated ApproachesApproaches forfor ComprehensiveComprehensive DevelopmentDevelopment

OVERVIEW

Sustainable development is defined as "development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland Report, 1987). By applying sustainable practices to planning, communities maximize resources, create efficient infrastructures, and protect and increase their energy independence. An additional unique opportunity to apply sustainable practices is mani- fested in a community’s response to natural disasters: communities can rebuild or even relocate in a manner that increases energy and resource efficiency and enhances their ability to more effectively cope with calamities.

Flexibility and leveraging characterize SEP’s support of sustainable practices in the States. As part of the formula grant, States are required to develop emergency plans to deal with energy supply interruptions, focusing on reducing energy use and encouraging the use of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. In recent years the scope of SEP has expanded to accommodate the varied needs of States, including adoption of integrated energy plans and incorporation of energy efficiency in economic designs. SEP sustainability projects often involve innovative partnerships among Federal, State, and local entities. The following examples provide a sam- pling of many successful SEP-driven partnerships.

Growth Through Integrating Sustainable Energy Policies

Many States develop guidelines or regula- Individual facilities or practices in Kansas tions that help planners at the city, county, and Colorado demonstrate that sustainable and State level plan communities for more planning has arrived, and is flexible enough sustainable resource use. Montgomery to embrace a variety of energy-efficient prac- County, Maryland, and the Arkansas tices and renewable energy resources. Energy Office are two entities that use sus- Kansas provided a different model of syner- tainability as the watchword for future gistic systems with its Ecohouse and Energy growth. In Montgomery County, officials from Space exhibits in the Wonderscope used new county energy guidelines to Children’s Museum in Shawnee. The approve a window redesign in the county Ecohouse is a dome-shaped, energy- government building and a complete energy efficient structure constructed only of recy- saving plan for the large new county swim cled materials and using solar and wind center. These measures resulted in energy power. In the Energy from Space exhibit, savings of $750,000 in 1990, and officials children enter a simulated underground facil- expect increased energy savings of ity and use computers to control solar-pow- $150,000 each year. Arkansas’ Energy ered satellites and operate motors from Office has encouraged State planners to "space." Colorado’s Office of Energy use its annual "Energy Data Profile" as an Conservation has pioneered the use of information tool, enabling businesses, State Smart Places computer software to allow officials, and institutional planners to com- developers, builders, utilities, and State or pare current energy supplies with historic county officials to project energy use, traffic Children learn about energy consumption data and future projections. patterns, and other resource needs of com- efficiency, solar, and wind The detailed information helps officials plan munities while they are in the planning power at the Ecohouse a using sustainable development principles. stages. The program builds general data into dome-shaped building made a powerful "looking glass," enabling partici- entirely of recycled materials. pants to see the results of developments under various assumptions. 34 A promotional mailer for the Ecohouse and Energy from Space exhibits in the Wonderscope Children's Museum in Shawnee, Kansas.

Swains Island Residents Demonstrate Energy Independence

Many places in the world remain without elec- In 1995, the Territorial Energy Office installed a tricity, due to their remote locations, poverty, or 120-amp-hour photovoltaic system to supply lack of electrical infrastructure or utility provider. lighting to the one-room school and medical Small, stand-alone systems, such as solar clinic, and power a radio transmitter and vac- arrays, small-head hydro, wind generators, or cine refrigerator. Island dwellings remain with- ocean wave action generators, could power the out power. The Energy Office maintains the most critical needs, such as irrigation pumps or photovoltaic system, and is considering communication devices, for the most isolated expanding it in 1999 or 2000. communities. The 27 residents of Swains Island, American Samoa, were among those without Results: electricity, cut off from the main American Swains Island uses reliable solar photovoltaics Samoan Island of Tutulia by 200 miles of South to serve educational and medical needs of its Pacific seas. Government supply boats visit only remote location. three to four times each year, so Swains residents must be self-sufficient. They are proud of The project is replicable and cost-effective for their reliance on locally grown foods such as remote locations or developing countries with- taro, breadfruit, coconuts, bananas, mangos, out a utility infrastructure. papayas, and guava, supplemented by fish from the reef surrounding their tiny 2-square-mile coral atoll. They collect drinking water through rainwater catchment systems.

35 Natural Disasters Catalyze a Move to Sustainability

Sustainable planning and practices not Following a devastating ice storm that only can help meet the needs of isolat- resulted in State and Federal disaster ed communities, but soften the blow declarations in Northeastern New Many States when disaster strikes. Many States York, the State energy office labored have used disasters as an opportunity, to ensure stable and adequate fuel have used choosing to implement sustainable supply lines. Working with State, energy policies during rebuilding. In Federal, and local emergency officials redesigning their communities, States, and private vendors, the energy office disasters counties, and cities have applied sus- supplied gasoline, heating oil, and tainable principles to increase their propane to tens of thousands of farm- energy efficiency and self-sufficiency. ers, residents, and businesses. as an Several States also employ sustainable planning regulations as a way to The community of Pattonsburg, opportunity, ward off natural disasters. Missouri, had to decide whether to remain in the same location or switch choosing to After suffering huge economic losses to a new site after being flooded out in Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Florida in 1993. Choosing to plan for the implement officials teamed up with the Federal future, the small town used a $12 mil- Emergency Management Agency to lion Federal grant to move to a more sustainable energy develop a variety of strategies govern- secure location and rebuild itself ing new development, redevelopment along energy-efficient lines. The city policies during following disasters such as hurri- added a new lifetime learning center, rebuilding. canes, and building code modifica- a more efficient telecommunications tions to existing structures. Under the facility, and designed the layout of the guidelines, Floridians can apply tac- town to place residential areas no tics such as relocation, stronger build- more than a 5-minute walk from ing codes and enforcement, retro- stores and shopping malls. The com- fitting, economic diversification, edu- munity incorporated solar power and cation, and planning. These strategies biomass energy for its needs, and re- favor sustainable practices and engineered an old hat factory to oper- renewable energy sources. ate using waste heat from an adjoin- ing grain mill.

Environment Takes Center Stage in Sustainable Planning

Cutting pollution and saving energy often go The financial benefits of good environmental hand in hand modifying processes or prac- stewardship were clear  10 of the busi- tices often result in better efficiency and an nesses recognized in 1997 embrace a "zero improved environment. That was the experience emission" goal simply to make themselves in Pennsylvania, where Governor Tom Ridge more competitive. recognized 45 organizations in 1997 with the Governor’s Award for Environmental Residents of the Virgin Islands make use of Excellence. The businesses, institutions, munic- Federal grants coordinated by the Virgin ipalities, and environmental groups recognized Islands Energy Office to upgrade their solar- in 1997 collectively saved $79 million in costs, powered reverse osmosis water purification returned 22 to 73% on their investments, and system. Fresh water is at a premium on the enjoyed an average payback period of 2.1 islands; using renewable energy to rid their years on their environmental or energy process water of impurities improves both their health investments. In addition, they prevented 27.5 and environment, while saving precious ener- million gallons of liquid waste, 15.1 million tons gy dollars. of solid waste, and 18.8 million tons of air emissions from entering the environment. 36 Recycling Industrial By-Products Saves Energy and Money

Modifying processes saves energy, and so In Arkansas, the "swap meet" concept has risen to does recycling the material at hand. In new environmental heights. The State Economic Tennessee, the State’s Energy Division coor- Development Commission publishes a handbook dinated a recent conversion by Panoply called "Manufacturers Exchange." The publication Corporation of Lexington. The company helps industries to learn of each other’s wastes, by- installed new equipment that captures and products, excess capacity, surplus materials, and reuses the wood dust by-product of its custom equipment for possible exchange. Industrial partici- plywood manufacturing process. The wood pants profit through lower energy and waste costs dust is burned to produce steam for other on- and the environmental benefits are multifold. site uses. Results: This recycling effort is saving the company an estimated $42,000 annually in energy costs, and an additional $5,000 annually in waste hauling and disposal fees.

Payback will take slightly more than two years.

37 LookingLooking AheadAhead

Twenty years of State energy grant programs goal is achievable as States continue to deploy have produced significant, tangible results. The cost-effective and advanced energy efficiency cornerstones of program success are highly and renewable programs and technologies leveraged Federal grants (typically $4 or more of through State-Federal partnerships. State other funding is leveraged for every of $1 of Energy Offices are responding to major chal- DOE funding) through partnerships with State lenges on the horizon. States are providing reli- agencies, communities, and private entities. able and impartial energy information to help Program flexibility has allowed the program to consumers understand the process of utility adapt to restructuring and evaluate energy options in Our near term goal ... will result changing State selecting new electricity providers. In addition, energy needs, States are beginning to shape a variety of public in saving .71 quads of primary the availability benefit programs related to utility restructuring. energy and of new energy $510 billion in efficiency and More rigorous Clean Air legislation targets pose energy costs renewable another challenge for States. SEP support for energy tech- development of advanced transportation tech- and will nologies, and nologies and cleaner fuels and implementation to economic, of progressive conservation methods will enable reduce environmental, States to achieve the new emission goals. carbon emissions by and national security Documenting SEP activities, almost all of which 1.515 million concerns. lower greenhouse gases, will help States meet Success can their goals as well as comply with legislative metric tons. also be attrib- requirements. States are working with the U.S. uted to sound Department of Energy to apply new methods, management practices that emphasize perform- such as the WinSAGA computer program, to ance and results, streamlined administrative improve data collection and produce compre- operations, effective communication channels, hensive, explicit results. Improved documenta- and a history of collaborative problem-solving. tion enables States to share results nationwide As the new millennium approaches, the State and speeds replication of successful projects. Energy Program will continue to capitalize on Many more success stories like the ones sum- these strengths to meet both State and national marized in this document will emerge in the energy objectives. coming years to define the evolving character of the State Energy Program. Imagine an America in which every home is energy efficient, every car runs on clean fuel, From its original focus on conservation meas- every community is a sustainable community, ures 20 years ago, to increasing emphasis on and businesses and industries are competitive in deploying advanced efficiency and renewable international markets. Picture a future when con- energy technologies, the State Energy Program trolling energy costs and recycling waste byprod- is looking ahead to a future defined by sustain- ucts into energy is routine and when reliable, ability. State Energy Offices are the catalysts for diverse energy sources promote our national implementation of national policy. Additional security by reducing dependence on foreign sup- energy challenges loom ahead and States have pliers. This SEP vision is closely tied to the the experience, ability, and commitment to turn nation s well-being. future obstacles into opportunities. The State Energy Program will be there to assist States to Our near term goal to achieve this vision is to galvanize local and regional solutions to our increase energy savings across all our customer nation s energy challenges. sectors by 30 percent by the year 2010. This will result in saving .71 quads of primary energy and $510 billion in energy costs and will reduce carbon emissions by 1.515 million metric tons. This

38 39 DirectoryDirectory ofof StateState EnergyEnergy OfficesOffices andand U.S.U.S. DepartmentDepartment ofof EnergyEnergy OfficesOffices

Alabama Connecticut Idaho Department of Economic and Office of Policy and Management Idaho Department of Water Community Affairs 450 Capitol Ave., MS#52 CPD Resources P.O. Box 5690 Hartford, CT 06134-1441 1301 N Orchard Montgomery, AL 36103-5690 (860) 418-6416 Boise, ID 83706 (334) 242-5292 (208) 327-7900 Delaware Alaska Department of Administrative Illinois Alaska Housing Finance Corporation Services Department of Commerce and P.O. Box 101020 410 Federal St., Ste. 2 Community Affairs Anchorage, AK 99510 Dover, DE 19901 325 W Adams St., Rm. 300 (907) 338-6100 (302) 739-3611 Springfield, IL 62704 (217) 785-7500 American Samoa District of Columbia Territorial Energy Office DC Energy Office Indiana Office of the Governor 2000 14th St., NW, Ste. 300 E Department of Commerce American Samoa Government Washington, DC 20009 Indiana Commerce Center Pago Pago, AS 96799 (202) 673-6700 One N Capitol Ave., Ste. 700 011 (684) 699-1101 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2288 Florida (317) 232-8940 Arizona Department of Community Affairs Arizona Department of Commerce Florida Energy Office Iowa 3800 N Central Ave., Ste. 1200 2555 Shumard Oaks Blvd. Department of Natural Resources Phoenix, AZ 85012 Tallahassee, FL 32399-2100 Wallace State Office Building (602) 280-1402 (850) 488-2475 502 E 9th St. Des Moines, IA 50319-0034 Arkansas Georgia (515) 281-6682 Arkansas Energy Office Georgia Environmental Facilities One State Capitol Mall, Ste. 4B-215 Authority Kansas Little Rock, AR 72201 Equitable Building, Ste. 2090 Kansas Corporation Commission (501) 682-1370 100 Peachtree St., NW 1500 SW Arrowhead Rd. Atlanta, GA 30303 Topeka, KS 66604 California (404) 656-5176 (785) 271-3350 California Energy Commission 1516 9th St., MS-1 Guam Kentucky Sacramento, CA 95814 Guam Energy Office Department of Natural Resources (916) 654-4204 P.O. Box 2950 663 Teton Trail Agana, GU 96910 Frankfort, KY 40601 Colorado 011 (671) 477-0538 (502) 564-2184 Governor’s Office of Energy Conservation Hawaii Louisiana 1675 Broadway, Ste. 1300 Department of Business, Economic Louisiana Department of Natural Denver, CO 80202-4613 Development & Tourism Resources (303) 620-4292 P.O. Box 2359 P.O. Box 94396 Honolulu, HI 96804 Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9396 (808) 587-3807 (504) 342-4500

40 Maine Nebraska Northern Mariana Islands Department of Economic and Nebraska Energy Office Department of Public Works Community Development P.O. Box 95085 P.O. Box 340 State House Station #59 Lincoln, NE 68509-5085 Saipan, CM 96950 Augusta, ME 04333-0059 (402) 471-2867 011 (670) 322-9229 (207) 287-2656 Nevada Ohio Maryland Nevada State Energy Office Ohio Department of Development Maryland Energy Administration 1050 E William, Ste. 435 P.O. Box 1001 45 Calvert St., 4th Floor Carson City, NV 89710 Columbus, OH 43216-1001 Annapolis, MD 21401 (702) 687-5975 (614) 466-2480 (410) 260-7655 New Hampshire Oklahoma Massachusetts Governor’s Office of Energy and Oklahoma Department of Commerce Division of Energy Resources Community Services P.O. Box 26980 Leverett Salstonstall Building 57 Regional Dr. Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0980 100 Cambridge St., Rm. 1500 Concord, NH 03301 (405) 815-6552 Boston, MA 02202 (603) 271-2611 (617) 727-4732 Oregon New Jersey Oregon Office of Energy Michigan New Jersey Board of Public Utilities 625 Marion St., NE Department of Consumer and Two Gateway Center Salem, OR 97310 Industry Services Newark, NJ 07102 (503) 378-4040 G. Mennen Williams Building, 4th (973) 648-2026 Floor Pennsylvania P.O. Box 30004 New Mexico Department of Environmental Lansing, MI 48909 New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Protection (517) 373-7486 Natural Resources Department Rachel Carson State Office Building, 2040 S Pacheco 16th Floor Minnesota Santa Fe, NM 87505 P.O. Box 2063 Department of Public Service (505) 827-5950 Harrisburg, PA 17105 121 7th Place E, Ste. 200 (717) 787-7116 St. Paul, MN 55101-2145 New York (612) 297-2545 New York State Energy Research and Puerto Rico Development Authority Department of Natural and Mississippi Corporate Plaza W Environmental Resources Mississippi Department of Economic 286 Washington Ave. Extension Puerta de Tierra and Community Development Albany, NY 12203-6399 P.O. Box 9066600 P.O. Box 850 (518) 862-1090 San Juan, PR 00906-6600 Jackson, MS 39205-0850 (787) 723-3636 (601) 359-6600 North Carolina Department of Commerce Republic of Palau Missouri P.O. Box 25249 Bureau of Public Works Department of Natural Resources 430 N Salisbury St. P.O. Box 100 Palau P.O. Box 176 Raleigh, NC 27611 Koror, PW 96940 Jefferson City, MO 65102-0176 (919) 733-2230 011 (680) 488-1281 (573) 751-6654 North Dakota Rhode Island Montana Office of Intergovernmental Department of Administration Department of Environmental Quality Assistance Rhode Island State Energy Office P.O. Box 200901 14th Floor, State Capitol Building One Capitol Hill Helena, MT 59620-0901 600 E Boulevard Ave. Providence, RI 02908 (406) 444-6697 Bismarck, ND 58505 (401) 222-6920 (701) 328-2094

41 South Carolina Washington State Energy Office Department of Community, 1201 Main St., Ste. 820 Trade and Economic Development Columbia, SC 29201 P.O. Box 43173 (803) 737-8030 Olympia, WA 98504-3173 (360) 753-2200 South Dakota Governor’s Office of Economic West Virginia Development West Virginia Development Office 711 E Wells Ave. Building 6, Rm. 645 Pierre, SD 57501-3369 State Capitol Complex (605) 773-5032 Charleston, WV 25305-0311 (304) 558-0350 Tennessee Department of Economic and Western Caroline Island Community Development, Energy State of YAP Division Office of Planning and Budget Rachel Jackson Building P.O. Box 471 320 6th Ave. N, 6th Floor Kolonia, YAP, WC 96943 Nashville, TN 37243-0405 (615) 741-2994 Wisconsin Wisconsin Division of Energy and Texas Intergovernmental Relations State Energy Conservation Office Department of Administration Capitol Station P.O. Box 7868 P.O. Box 13047 Madison, WI 53707-7868 Austin, TX 78711-3047 (608) 266-8234 (512) 463-1931 Wyoming Wyoming Business Council Utah Energy Section Office of Energy Services Herschler Building, 1st Floor 324 S State St., Ste. 500 122 W 25th St. Salt Lake City, UT 84111 Cheyenne, WY 82002 (801) 538-8690 (307) 777-6420 Vermont Department of Public Service 112 State St., Drawer 20 Montpelier, VT 05620-2601 (802) 828-2811

Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Energy Office Old Customs House 200 Strand St. Frederiksted, St. Croix, VI 00840 (809) 772-2616

Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy 202 N Ninth St., 8th Floor Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 692-3200

42 U.S.U.S. DepartmentDepartment ofof EnergyEnergy OfficesOffices

Regional Support Offices U. S. Department of Energy Headquarters Atlanta 1000 Independence Avenue, SW U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585-0121 730 Peachtree St., NE, Ste. 876 Atlanta, GA 30308 Office of Building Technology, (404) 347-2837 State and Community Programs, EE-40 Boston (202) 586-1510 U.S. Department of Energy JFK Federal Building, Rm. 675 Office of State and Community Boston, MA 02203-0002 Programs, EE-44 (617) 565-9700 (202) 586-4074

Chicago Office of Energy Efficiency and U.S. Department of Energy Renewable Energy, EE-1 1 S Wacker Dr., Ste. 2380 (202) 586-9220 Chicago, IL 60606 (312) 353-6749 Office of Industrial Technologies, EE-20 Denver (202) 586-9232 U.S. Department of Energy 1617 Cole Blvd. Office of Utility Technologies, Golden, CO 80401 EE-10 (303) 275-4826 (202) 586-9275

Philadelphia Office of Transportation U.S. Department of Energy Technologies, EE-30 1880 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Ste. 501 (202) 586-8027 Philadelphia, PA 19103-7483 (215) 656-6950

Seattle U.S. Department of Energy 800 Fifth Ave., Ste. 3950 Seattle, WA 98104 Regional Support Offices (206) 553-1004 Seattle Chicago

Boston

Philadelphia

Atlanta Denver

* Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are in the Atlanta Region.

* American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, the Republic of Palau, and the Western Caroline Island are in the Seattle Region. 43 IndexIndex ofof ProjectsProjects byby StateState

Alabama...... 4, 26, 27 Missouri...... 36 Alaska...... 23 Montana...... 5, 16 American Samoa...... 35 Nebraska...... 6, 23, 28 Arizona...... 23 Nevada...... 10, 16 (2), 22 Arkansas...... 24, 34, 37 New Hampshire...... 22 California...... 23 New Jersey...... 14, 17 Colorado...... 34 New Mexico...... 24 Northern Mariana Islands...... 25 New York...... 13, 19, 28, 36 Connecticut...... 6 North Carolina...... 6, 15 Delaware...... 10, 17 North Dakota...... 29 District of Columbia...... 6, 22 Ohio...... 19 Florida...... 4, 6, 15, 17, 22, 25, 36 Oklahoma...... 27 Georgia...... 16 Oregon...... 11, 15 Guam...... 8 Pennsylvania...... 12, 17, 36 Hawaii ...... 10, 23 Puerto Rico...... 8 Idaho...... 5, 11, 16, 26 Republic of Palau...... 32 Illinois...... 9, 29 Rhode Island...... 21 Indiana...... 27 South Carolina...... 27 Iowa...... 6, 27 South Dakota...... 33 Kansas...... 10, 16 (2), 17, 34 Tennessee...... 7, 21, 26, 27, 37 Kentucky...... 23 Texas...... 25, 31 Louisiana...... 10, 12, 25, 27 Utah...... 17, 22, 31, 32 Maine...... 21, 27 Vermont...... 5 Maryland...... 27, 34 Virgin Islands...... 27, 29, 36 Massachusetts...... 7, 31 Virginia...... 31 Michigan...... 8, 11, 30 Washington...... 11, 15, 20 Minnesota...... 10, 17 West Virginia...... 7, 16, 17, 18 Mississippi...... 12, 14, 20, 22 Wisconsin...... 5, 9 Wyoming...... 26, 31

44 Acknowledgements

This publication would not have been possible without the information supplied by the State Energy Offices and DOE Headquarters and Regional Support Offices. Staff of these organizations supplied descriptions of more than 200 of their most effective projects, as well as photographs. In addition, valuable contributions were made by DOE program managers and staff associated with the State Energy Program, including the National Association of State Energy Officials, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This document was prepared for the Office of State and Community Programs of the U.S. Department of Energy.

For more information about the State Energy Program, inluding an electronic version of this document, please visit our Web site at: http://www.eren.doe.gov/buildings/state_and_community/sep.html

NOTICE

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof.

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