FINGERPRINT WHORLD Co-Operation Among Persons Interested SOCIETY in This Field of Personal Identification
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FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol. 35 No.137 October 2009 Quaerite et Invenietis The International Journal of The Fingerprint Society Founded 1974 © Copyright 2009 ISSN 0951-1288 The Fingerprint Society Online www.fpsociety.org.uk THE AIMS OF THE SOCIETY THE CONTENTS To advance the study and application of FINGERPRINT fingerprints and to facilitate the FINGERPRINT WHORLD co-operation among persons interested SOCIETY in this field of personal identification. QUAERITE ET INVENIETIS OCTOBER 2009 Vol. 35 No 137 FOUNDER MEMBER: D.R. Brooker, Consultants COVER Fingerprints of Flags N.J. Hall, S.E. Haylock, M.J. Leadbetter Prof. J. Verbov, MD, FRCP, FRCPCH, FIBiol Patron: Legal Advisor Vacant at this time D.C. Mount (USA) CONFERENCE 2010 Fingerprint Society Annual Conference 163 PRESIDENT: Vivienne Galloway FFS Life Members Leicester Constabulary Fingerprint Bureau, J.E. Berry, BEM, FFS, M.J. Leadbetter, BA (Hons), FFS, ARTICLES Can production and trafficking of illicit drugs 165 St Johns Enderby, Leicester LE5 9BX N, Hall, MFS Steve Haylock (City of London Police) Robert Mackenzie, Brian Moorcroft be reduced or merely shifted Regional Vice-Presidents Peter Reuter F. Rodgers, FFS (USA), B. Dalrymple (Canada), Other Committee Member s G. Farncomb, FFS (Australian Federal Police) Ron Cook (Independent), Steve Haylock (City of R. Plummer, FFS (Southern Australia) London Police), Kevin Kershaw (Greater Manchester Dr G.S. Sodhi (India) Police), Darrien Smith (NPIA), Dr. Raul Sutton Biometric pass of the ports 191 (Academic), John Yarrow (Retired) Hertz Quartz CHAIRPERSON : Martin Leadbetter PO Box 257 , Little Wymondley, Official Publication Herts. SG4 7WW FINGERPRINT WHORLD Those Halcyon Years 194 Published quarterly: SECRETARY: Robert Doak January, April, July, October John Edward Berry.B.E.M. F.F.S Fingerprint Bureau, Humberside Police HQ, Priory Road, Hull HU5 5SF EDITOR: Fiona McBride Scientists reveal secret of girl with 202 MEMBERSHIP SECRETARY : ARCHIVIST: Mervyn Valentine FFS Allison Power Greater Manchester Police, ‘all seeing eye’ Fingerprint Department, 1 Pacific Quay, GLASGOW, Scientific Support Services, G51 1DZ. United Kingdom Fingerprint Bureau, Bradford Park, 3 Bank Street, Clayton, Manchester, M11 4AA SUBSCRIPTION SECRETARY : MISCELLANY 204 Phil Swindells EDUCATION COORDINATOR : Karen Stow Lancashire Fingerprint Bureau, PO Box 77, Hutton, Derbyshire Constabulary, Scientific Support Unit, Preston. PR4 5SB Butterley Hall, Ripley, MERCHANDISE 208 Derbyshire. DE5 3RS WEBMASTER : Richard Case Greater Manchester Police, Forensic ADVERTISING : Steve Mewett REMEMBERING Peter John Horatio Nelson 209 Identification Services, Bardford Park Sussex Fingerprint Bureau, Sussex House, Crowhurst Complex, Bank Street, Clayton, Road, Brighton. BN1 8AF Manchester. M11 4AA CONFERENCE Conference Booking Form 210 MERCHANDISE AND MARKETING : TREASURER: Cheryl McGowan Nick Mitchell Lancashire Fingerprint Bureau, Leicestershire Constabulary, PO Box 77, Hutton, Preston, PR4 5SB Scientific Support, St Johns Enderby, Leicester LE5 9BX Hon. Members and Advisors G. Lambourne, QPM, FFS (UK), M. Carrick (USA), S.G. Durrett, FFS (USA), F. Warboys, OBE, BA, FFS, T. Kent (UK), S. Hardwick (UK), K. Creer, MBE, Produced by Think Digital (Scotland) Ltd NB. With regard to the article ‘Powder Suspensions for the recovery of Fingerprints on wetted non-porous surfaces’ FBIPP, FRPS [email protected] published in vol 35, issue 136 of the Fingerprint Whorld; the Editor apologies for not crediting the Journal of Forensic Identification with first publication in 2008, vol 58, issue 5 pages 600-613. CONFERENCE CONFERENCE SPONSORS / EXHIBITORS AVAILABLE SPONSORSHIP PACKAGES PLATINUM SPONSOR - £5000 Sponsor Benefits: • Company logo on conference website & conference programme • Full-page ad in conference programme VENUE: UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON • Branded item as part of delegate pack • Full page ad in Fingerprint Whorld for a year (4 issues) DATES: 9TH - 11TH APRIL 2010 • Opportunity to present a session • Stall in the Exhibit Area THEME: PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE • Free full registration to conference for two delegates • Verbal recognition at the Gala Dinner Friday the 9th GOLD SPONSOR - £3000 AGM at 11.30am Sponsor Benefits: • Company logo on conference website & conference programme Opening Welcome by the UCL President & Provost, Malcolm Grant at 2pm • Half-page ad in conference programme • Branded item as part of delegate pack • Full-page ad in Fingerprint Whorld for 2 issues Opening Session at 2.30pm Gala dinner reception 7pm Gala dinner • Stall in the Exhibit Area 8pm - silent auction for the benefit of the Robert Levy Foundation Evening's • Free full registration to conference for 1 delegate entertainment by the UCL Jazz Society SILVER SPONSOR - £1000 Saturday the 10th Sponsor Benefits: • Company logo on conference website & conference programme Workshops and Seminars throughout the day Galton exhibition and lecture • Half-page ad in conference programme Vendor exhibition throughout the day Panel discussion - "Because your worth • Half-page ad in Fingerprint Whorld for 2 issues it: professional standards and compentacy" 3pm Evening Entertainment • Stall in Exhibit Area • Free non-residential registration to conference for 1 delegate Sunday the 11th CORPORATE SPONSOR - £500 Current student research Sponsor Benefits: Closing session • Company logo on conference website & programme • Stall in Exhibit Area • Free non-residential registration to conference for 1 delegate For further information please go to www.fpsociety.org.uk/events/london2010 or email [email protected] UNIVERSITY SPONSOR - £500 The booking form for the conference is on page Sponsor Benefits: • Link on website to your forensic programme • Stall in the University Area • Free non-residential registration to conference for 1 delegate page 163 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 35 No 137 October 2009 FINGERPRINT WHORLD Vol 35 No 137 October 2009 page 164 ARTICLE trafficking. The general impression is that such programs have been ineffective. Certainly it is the case that the world drug trade has continued to flourish even as the rhetoric of control has CAN PRODUCTION AND TRAFFICKING OF ILLICIT sharpened during the last quarter century and as the flow of funds for suppression has increased. DRUGS BE REDUCED OR MERELY SHIFTED? This paper focuses on cocaine and heroin for two reasons. First, cocaine and heroin are Peter Reuter generally believed to account for the bulk of the income that flows to developing countries from illicit drugs, though the evidence is very soft; there are no systematic estimates of the flows from School of Public Policy and Department of Criminology, University of Maryland other drugs such as methamphetamines and marijuana. Second, compared to drugs that are Drug Policy Research Center RAND more widely used (in particular marijuana), cocaine and heroin produce particularly intense psychological and physical effects on users; cocaine use results in a form of psychological addiction by producing a high that encourages pursuit of more intense intoxication, whereas ABSTRACT heroin use produces an actual physical dependence (Kleiman, 1992). For example, opiates account for approximately 70 percent of all treatment demand in Asia, followed by 64 percent in The production of cocaine and heroin, the two most important drugs economically, has been Europe and 62 percent in Australia. They are the principal vector for the spread of HIV in a concentrated in a small number of poor nations for 25 years. A slightly larger number of developing number of countries. Cocaine is the biggest problem drug in the Americas, accounting for 58 nations have been affected by large-scale trafficking in these two drugs. This paper reviews what percent and 40 percent of total drug treatment in South America and North America, respectively. is known about drug control programs and considers non-traditional options. The usual array of programs for suppressing drug problems, enforcement, treatment, harm reduction and prevention The paper begins by providing a description of how consumption, production and have been assessed almost exclusively in wealthy nations. Although treatment has been shown trafficking are distributed among countries. The following section offers some hypotheses about to be costeffective, it is of minimal relevance for reducing the drug problems of nations such as why both production and trafficking are so concentrated in so few countries. It then describes the Afghanistan, Colombia, Mexico or Tajikistan, which are primarily harmed by production and ways in which governments have attempted to reduce both production and trafficking and trafficking rather than consumption. Efforts to reduce drug production and trafficking have summarizes what is known about the effectiveness of the different methods used. It concludes not been subject to systematic evaluation but the best interpretation of the available evidence is with comments about some major research questions. that they have had minimal effect on the quantities produced or trafficked. It is reasonable to conclude that international drug control efforts can do more to affect where these 1. ILLICIT DRUG TRENDS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES drugs are produced rather than the quantity. If that is the case, and given that spreading a This section provides background on the levels and trends in cocaine and heroin specific level of production or trafficking to more rather than fewer nations probably decreases consumption; it shows which countries