Rural Development in Transitional China the Library of Peasant Studies

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Rural Development in Transitional China the Library of Peasant Studies RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA THE LIBRARY OF PEASANT STUDIES NEW APPROACHES TO STATE AND PEASANT IN OTTOMAN HISTORY Edited by Halil Berktay and Suraiya Faroqui (No. 10 in the series) PLANTATIONS, PEASANTS AND PROLETARIANS IN COLONIAL ASIA Edited by E.Valentine Daniel, Henry Bernstein and Tom Brass (No. 11 in the series) NEW FARMERS’ MOVEMENTS IN INDIA Edited by Tom Brass (No. 12 in the series) CLASS, STATE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN EGYPT Study of the Inverse Relationship between Farm Size and Land Productivity By Graham Dyer (No. 15 in the series) TOWARDS A COMPARATIVE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF UNFREE LABOUR Case Studies and Debates By Tom Brass (No. 16 in the series) PEASANTS, POPULISM AND POSTMODERNISM The Return of the Agrarian Myth By Tom Brass (No. 17 in the series) AN APARTHEID OASIS? Agricultural and Rural Livelihoods in Venda By Edward Lahiff (No. 20 in the series) LATIN AMERICAN PEASANTS Edited by Tom Brass (No. 21 in the series) RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSITIONAL CHINA The New Agriculture Edited by PETER HO JACOB EYFERTH EDUARD B.VERMEER FRANK CASS LONDON • PORTLAND, OR First published in 2004 in Great Britain by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS Crown House, 47 Chase Side, Southgate, London N14 5BP, England This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/. and in the United States of America by FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS c/o ISBS, 920 NE 58th Avenue, Suite 300 Portland, Oregon 97213–3786 Website http://www.frankcass.com/ Copyright © 2004 Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data European Conference on Agriculture and Rural Development in China (6th: Leiden University) Rural development in transitional China: the new agriculture.— (The library of peasant studies ; no. 22) 1. Rural development—China—Congresses 2. Rural development— China—Sociological aspects—Congresses 3. Agriculture and state —China—Congresses 4. China—Rural conditions— Congresses I. Title II. Ho, Peter III. Eyferth, Jacob IV. Vermeer, Eduard B. 307.1′412′0951 ISBN 0-203-49929-8 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-58426-0 (Adobe e-Reader Format) ISBN 0-7146-5549-X (Print Edition) (cloth) ISBN 0-7146-8432-5 (paper) ISSN 1462-219X Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rural development in transitional China: the new agriculture/edited by Peter Ho, Jacob Eyferth, Eduard B.Vermeer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index ISBN 0-7146-5549- X (hardback)—ISBN 0-7146-8432-5 (paperback) 1. Agriculture-Economic aspects-China- Congresses. 2. Rural development-China-Congresses. 3. China-Rural conditions-Congresses. 4. Peasantry-China-Congresses. 5. China-Economic conditions-Congresses. I. Ho, Peter, 1968- II. Eyferth, Jan Jacob Karl, 1962– III. Vermeer, E.B. (Eduard B.) IV. Title. HD2097.R84 2003 330.951′009173′4–dc21 2003011126 This group of studies first appeared in ‘Rural Development in Transitional China: The New Agriculture’ a special issue of The Journal of Peasant Studies (ISSN 0306 6150), Vol.30/3&4 (April/July 2003) published by Frank Cass and Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book. Contents Acknowledgements vi Explanatory Notes vii The Opening-Up of China’s Countryside 1 Jacob Eyferth , Peter Ho and Eduard B.Vermeer Regional Differences in Chinese Agriculture: Results from the 1997 First National 16 Agricultural Census Roberto Fanfani and Christina Brasili Rethinking the Peasant Burden: Evidence from a Chinese Village 44 Li Xiande How Not to Industrialize: Observations from a Village in Sichuan 69 Jacob Eyferth Determinants of Income from Wages in Rural Wuxi and Baoding: A Survey of 22 84 Villages Eduard B.Vermeer The Wasteland Auction Policy in Northwest China: Solving Environmental 111 Degradation and Rural Poverty? Peter Ho Ningxia’s Third Road to Rural Development: Resettlement Schemes as a Last 146 Means to Poverty Reduction? Rita Merkle A Comparative Study of Projection Models on China’s Food Economy 174 Xiaoyong Zhang Social Welfare in Rural China 205 Jutta Hebel Gender Difference in Inheritance Rights: Observations from a Chinese Village 228 Heather Xiaoquan Zhang Local State Corporatism and Private Business 250 Maria Edin Abstracts 265 Author Index 270 Subject Index 277 Acknowledgements The editors are indebted to many people for their support in the gestation of this edited volume. These are the participants at the Sixth European Conference on Agriculture and Rural Development in China (ECARDC) hosted at Leiden University; Anthony J.Saich; Willem Vogelsang; Wim Stokhof and Marieke de Booij. We would also like to thank Tom Brass for his continuous support in bringing out this publication. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support for the conference by the following organizations: the Ford Foundation (Beijing), the CNWS Research School for Asian, African and Amerindian Studies (Leiden), the International Institute of Asian Studies (Leiden), and the Dutch Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (Amsterdam). Explanatory Notes In the articles Chinese (traditional) units are used: 1 mu equals around 1/15 ha 1 Rmb or yuan equals around 1/8 US$ (in 2002) For a good understanding of the articles, it is necessary to give some explanation of the administrative organization of the state and the collective. The Chinese state is divided into two echelons: a national and a local level. The local level includes the province, the municipality or prefecture, and the county. The term ‘collective’ or ‘rural collective’ refers to the successor of the so-called people’s commune that was established in 1958 and disbanded in the mid-1980s. Apart from regional variations, the people’s commune generally consisted of three levels: the commune, the production brigade and the production team. After decollectivization, these were replaced respectively by the township, the administrative village and the natural village or villagers’ group (see figure below). Introduction: The Opening-Up of China’s Countryside JACOB EYFERTH, PETER HO and EDUARD B.VERMEER Peter Ho is Assistant Professor at the Environmental Policy Group of Wageningen University. He has published widely on issues of environment, rural development, institutional change and property rights in China, and is currently working on a monograph entitled Institutions in Transition: Land Ownership, Property Rights and Social Conflict in China. Jacob Eyferth is Assistant Professor for Modern Chinese History at Simon Frazer University, Vancouver. He has been a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Fairbank Center for East Asian Studies at Harvard University and at the Center for Historical Analysis, Rutgers University. Eduard B.Vermeer is Senior Lecturer at the Sinological Institute of Leiden University and Head of the Documentation and Research Centre for Contemporary China. He is a member of several academic advisory committees on China, including the board of the European ChinaAcademic Network at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London University. The Plenum of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party in December 1978 marked the beginning of the economic reforms and the close of collectivism in the People’s Republic of China. With this, China had embarked on one of world history’s largest experiments in social engineering. The mere size of the country and its population (9.6 million km2 and almost 1.26 billion people in 2000) automatically imply a wide regional diversity in sociological, economic, political, ecological and ethnic terms. In addition, China’s rural development had to start from a weak resource base: the average amount of farmland per capita is only one-third of the world average, while its agrarian society features high hidden unemployment, low levels of education and healthcare, rural poverty, and large shortages in water and energy. When the people’s communes were dismantled in the mid-1980s, this was trumpeted as the ‘second land reform’ as opposed to the ‘first land reform’ during the early years of the People’s Republic. After more than three decades, the use right to rural land was once more returned to the tiller through lease. The lease system, termed the Household Contract Responsibility System, was no policy imposed from above, but sprang from the grassroots of rural society. It was the outcome of regional experiments borne out of dire need in the poverty-ridden county of Fengyang in Anhui province. The people’s commune had definitely failed as an economic and administrative unit. In the last four years before the economic reforms in 1978, grain production had stagnated at a level of around 280 million tons [State Statistical Bureau, 1990:12]. By allowing private lease, the state hoped to stimulate farmers’ incentives that had been dampened by years of collectivism. Shortly after the dismantling of the commune system, the grain harvest Rural development in transitional china 2 reached an all-time record of 400 million tons in 1984. The land lease system replaced the commandist and centralist commune system and privatized agricultural operation. 1 It is no overstatement to say that the past two decades in China have witnessed the fastest change ever and anywhere of a rural economy and society. Over 200 million rural inhabitants have been lifted out of absolute poverty, and tens of millions have become wealthier than the average urban resident. Agricultural output has been growing at a much faster pace than food demand, leaving the Chinese population healthier and better fed than in the past. The impressive growth figures of the Chinese economy were, certainly in the 1990s, to a great extent propelled by the rural (industrial) economy.
Recommended publications
  • Draft Resettlement Plan
    Draft Resettlement Plan July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 CNY= CNY6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – affected households APs – affected persons AV – administrative village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – feasibility study HD – house demolition LA – l and acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LCG – Longde County Government LCPMO – Longde County Project Management Office LEF – l and-expropriated farmer L&RO – Land and Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – monitoring and evaluation NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Provincial Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development Office PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – project resettlement office RIB – Resettlement information booklet RP – resettlement plan SES – socioeconomic survey SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan
    Resettlement Plan April 2020 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project (Xiji) Prepared by the Ningxia Department of Transport of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Government for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank. This is an updated version of the draft originally posted in July 2016 available on https://www.adb.org/projects/documents/prc-ningxia-liupanshan-rural-roads-xiji-rp. This Resettlement Plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Updated Resettlement Plan April 2020 Jiangtai–Xitan–Pingfeng Road Project of Xiji County of Guyuan City in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, PRC Prepared by Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region CURRENCY EXCHANGE (According to the exchange rate on May 1, 2016) Monetary Unit: CNY CNY1.00 = US$0.1433 US$1.00 = CNY6.9787 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DI – Design Institute EA – Executing Agency FS – Feasibility Study IA – Implementation
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan (Draft)
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 CNY= CNY6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – affected households APs – affected persons AV – administrative village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – feasibility study HD – house demolition LA – land acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LCG – Longde County Government LCPMO – Longde County Project Management Office LEF – land-expropriated farmer L&RO – Land and Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – monitoring and evaluation NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Provincial Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development Office PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – project resettlement office RIB – Resettlement information booklet RP – resettlement plan SES – socioeconomic survey SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized
    Documentof The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. 16390-CHA STAFF APPRAISAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized CHINA QINBA MOUNTAINS POVERTY REDUCTION PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized May 15, 1997 Public Disclosure Authorized Rural and Social Development Operations Division China and Mongolia Department East Asia and Pacific Regional Office CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (As of March 1997) Currency Unit = Yuan (Y) $1.00 = Y 8.30 Y 1.00 = $0.12 FISCAL YEAR January I - December 31 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES I meter (m) = 3.28 feet I kilometer (km) = 0.62 miles I hectare (ha) = 15 mu I ton (t) = 1,000kg = 2,205 pounds ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 8-7 Plan - National Seven-Year Plan for LGPR - Leading Group for Poverty Reduction Poverty Reduction (1994-2000) MCH - Maternal and Child Health AATP - Applied Agricultural Technology MOA - Ministry of Agriculture Program MOF - Ministry of Finance ABC - Agricultural Bank of China MOL - Ministry of Labor ACWF - All-China Women's Federation NCB - National Competitive Bidding ADBC - Agricultural Development Bank of NER - Net Enrollment Ratio China OGR - On-time Graduation Ratio CAS - Chinese Academy of Sciences PADO - Provincial Poor Area Development CWHRDC - China Western Human Resources Office Development Center PLG - Project Leading Group EPB - Environmental Protection Bureau PMO - Project Management Office ERR - Economic Rate of Return QEP - Qinba Education Program FCPMC - Foreign Capital Project Management QHP - Qinba Health Program Center RAP - Resettlement Action Plan FRR - Financial Rate
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan (Draft)
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY 1.00 = US$ 0.16243 US$ 1.00 = CNY 6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development Office PCG – Pengyang County Government PCPMO – Pengyang County Project Management Office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Town/township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. (iii) In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan (Draft)
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 = CNY6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition JCG – Jingyuan County Government JCPMO – Jingyuan County Project Management Office LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Town/township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Forage Plants In
    Ma et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019) 15:65 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0333-0 RESEARCH Open Access Changes in traditional ecological knowledge of forage plants in immigrant villages of Ningxia, China Ying Ma1, Binsheng Luo1, Qiang Zhu2, Dongxing Ma3, Qi Wen4, Jinchao Feng1 and Dayuan Xue1* Abstract Background: Ecological migration serves as an important measure for poverty eradication as well as for the protection, inheritance, and utilization of traditional ecological knowledge. This study investigated and cataloged the traditional forage plant resources and recorded the associated traditional knowledge of immigrant villages in Hongsibu District of Ningxia, China. The diversity of traditional forage plant resources and the changes in associated traditional ecological knowledge were compared among ecological immigrant villages from different emigration areas, with a hope of providing a reference for forage development, the conservation of wild forage plant resources, and the development of regional animal husbandry. Methods: From March 2018 to May 2019, a field investigation was conducted in six villages in Ningxia. Through the snowball technique, a total of 315 immigrants were interviewed using various methods, including semistructured interviews and key person interviews, which included opportunities for free listing. The changes in the utilization of traditional forage plants were compared between the ecological migrants and the original inhabitants, and the causes underlying the changes were analyzed. In addition, the major forage plant species in the research area were investigated and evaluated. Results: (1) The six investigated villages reported 224 traditional forage plant species that belong to 42 families and 150 genera. Compared with their original living areas, the number of traditional forage plant species used in the immigrant villages decreased with the increase in the relocation distance.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan (Draft)
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY 1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 = CNY 6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DRO – District Resettlement Office FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation MOU – Memorandum of Understanding NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHARTD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Town/township Resettlement Office YCG – Yuanzhou District Government YZPMO – Yuanzhou District Project Management Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. (iii) In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan (Draft)
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS 1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 = CNY6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – Feasibility Study HCG – Haiyuan County Government HCPMO – Haiyuan County Project Management Office HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation NDRC – Ningxia Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Provincial Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguards Policy Statement of ADB TRO – Township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter mu – 666.7 m² NOTES (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. (ii) This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. (iii) In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project (Haiyuan)
    Resettlement Plan April 2019 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project (Haiyuan) Prepared by the Ningxia Department of Transport for the People’s Republic of China and the Asian Development Bank. This Resettlement Plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Updated Resettlement Plan April 2019 Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Zhengqi–Jiucai–Sikouzi Road Subproject of Haiyuan County of Zhongwei City in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS Currency unit – () 1.00 = $0.16243 $1.00 = 6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DRO – District Resettlement Office FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated
    [Show full text]
  • Resettlement Plan: Tongxin County
    Resettlement Plan (Draft) July 2016 PRC: Ningxia Liupanshan Poverty Reduction Rural Road Development Project Prepared by the Transportation Department of Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS CNY1.00 = US$0.16243 US$1.00 = CNY6.1565 ABBREVIATIONS AAOV – Average Annual Output Value ADB – Asian Development Bank AHs – Affected Households APs – Affected Persons AV – Administrative Village CRO – County Resettlement Office DI – Design Institute DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey FS – Feasibility Study HD – House Demolition LA – Land Acquisition LAB – Land and Resources Bureau LAR – Land Acquisition and Resettlement LEF – Land-Expropriated Farmer L&RO – Land & Resources Office MOU – Memorandum of Understanding M&E – Monitoring and Evaluation NDRC – National Development and Reform Commission NHAR TD – Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Transport Department PADO – Poverty Alleviation and Development office PPTA – Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PRA – Participatory Rural Appraisal PRO – Project Resettlement Office RIB – Resettlement Information Booklet RP – Resettlement Plan SES – Socioeconomic Survey SPS – Safeguard Policy Statement of ADB TCG – Tongxin County Government TCPMO – Tongxin County Project Management Office TRO – Town/township Resettlement Office WEIGHTS AND MEASURES km – kilometer m² – square meter NOTE In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This resettlement plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 507 Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Inter-cultural Communication (ICELAIC 2020) A Case Study of Ningxia Paper Cuts Culture Yinping Lv1,* Rui Huang2 1School of Foreign Language, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan, Ningxia 756000, China 2College of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610207, China * Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Yellow River, known as the Mother River in China, is ranked as the root of Chinese traditional culture. The Yellow River runs through Ningxia province and has great influence on its culture. Culture in Ningxia is only one little part in the grand Yellow River culture. The Yellow River provides not only living materials for the localities, but also nurtures the local culture, and influences many special cultures along the river. Paper-cutting is one of the local intangible heritage cultures, which is famous and popular for patterns cut by the common people and some inheritors. Theme of each pattern shows the Yellow River culture in its unique artistic language. This paper aims to illustrate cultural values of the papercuts in Ningxia province according to the papercut patterns' categories, features of humanities spirit in papercut culture from the traditional and modern perspectives, exploring the spiritual life and the idea of the localities by general introduction of the papercuts in the north and south part of Ningxia. Finally, a conclusion is drawn that new innovative ways are adopted for papercut culture' development in the new era. Data in the paper are collected by authors themselves and afforded by the intangible culture inheritors in Ningxia Province.
    [Show full text]