The Chilterns Buildings Design Guide 6 the Scale and Form of New Buildings 28 Structure and Original Features 55 the Ability to Be Repaired and Thermal Mass

CONSERVATION BOARD

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty 2 3

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Foreword Contents

Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Chapter 5 An integral part of the outstanding Chilterns' Nevertheless, pressures for development, both in provided to reach maturity. If these decisions are landscape is its wealth of attractive villages and the AONB and the surrounding area, have poorly made the passage of time will not be kind. Introduction 4 Designing new buildings 23 Conversion of buildings 53 buildings. Many older buildings demonstrate good intensified. Increased housing allocations are The special and distinctive character The location and siting of new development 24 Conversion of farm buildings 53 design and construction practice in relation to placing strains on larger settlements around the This second edition of the Design Guide has of the Chilterns 4 The individual building 27 Openings 55 siting and orientation, the sourcing of materials, margins of the AONB, infilling threatens to destroy therefore been produced to provide updated The Chilterns Buildings Design Guide 6 The scale and form of new buildings 28 Structure and original features 55 the ability to be repaired and thermal mass. The the openness of many villages, the unsympathetic guidance and contribute to the maintenance of the The planning context 8 The 'one-off' design 29 Roofs 55 task of the Chilterns Conservation Board is to conversion of redundant buildings continues to Chilterns' landscape for future generations. Roofs 30 Inside the building 56 ensure the special qualities of the Area of erode rural character. At the same time, the Chapter 2 Chimneys 33 Context and surroundings 56 Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) are conserved framework for controlling development has Sir John Johnson Settlements and buildings in the Walls 33 Other buildings in the countryside 57 and enhanced. The first edition of the Chilterns continued to evolve. Chairman Windows and doors 36 landscape 11 Buildings Design Guide (published in 1999) Chilterns Conservation Board Porches 38 Bibliography 58 Landform 11 provided guidance about the erection of new There is now greater awareness of the need to Access, parking and garages 39 The landscape 12 buildings and the extension and conversion of ensure that developments are sustainable in their Landscape setting 41 Acknowledgements 58 Major land uses 12 older ones. In the same year the annual Chilterns design and construction with more thought being Boundaries 41 The impact of settlements on the landscape 13 Buildings Design Awards scheme was instigated. given to the use of locally produced building New hedges, trees and other planting 43 Further advice 59 Modern development 14 This is still run in conjunction with The Chiltern materials for example. The potential impacts of Paving and other hard surfaces 44 Settlement patterns and village character 16 Society and celebrates projects that have made a climate change are also being addressed with Other small-scale permitted development 45 Villages by general landscape type 59 positive contribution. better insulation, the use of renewable energy technologies and adaptations for severe weather Chapter 4 The Design Guide has been supplemented by a events. Agricultural and other rural series of Technical Notes on the use of flint, brick employment buildings 47 and roofing materials in the Chilterns. In addition The Board decided that a review process should be environmental guidelines for the management of instigated. This has involved a consideration of the Location, siting and scale 48 highways in the Chilterns have been produced. By whole document. The Board is keen to stress that Integration with existing buildings 49 disseminating this information the Board has done design really matters and that it is important to Materials 50 much to promote good design in the Chilterns over get the details right from the outset. The decisions Roof design 51 the past decade, and it is gratifying to see Design made today will produce buildings that will last for Colour 51 and Access Statements making reference to this 100 years or more so we must ensure that we Other agricultural development 51 advice and translating it into more carefully choose materials that will weather well and must constructed and detailed buildings. allow enough space for landscaping that is ISBN - 978-0-9545242-5-8 Published February 2010 Ipsden 2 3

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Foreword Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 1 Introduction historic farm buildings remain, including The Chilterns Area of The Chilterns AONB designation occasional timbered granaries raised on staddle stones. Outstanding Natural Beauty 1.6 The Chilterns were designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in 1965 by the 1.5 Churches are also important in the landscape BARTON-LE-CLAY Government. The primary purpose of the and are often built out of flint, with or without the Hexton The special and distinctive character of the Chilterns addition of dressings in 'clunch' / Totternhoe or designation is the conservation and enhancement M1 of the natural beauty of the landscape, which other stone or brick. In places puddingstone, a Lilley HITCHIN flint and pebble conglomerate, or sarsen stones, includes wildlife, physiographic features and LUTON cultural heritage as well as the more conventional 1.1 A large part of the Chiltern Hills is designated 1.3 The most notable feature of the characteristic large sandstone boulders dug out from the Reading DUNSTABLE concepts of landscape and scenery. It is given in as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) in vernacular buildings in the AONB, both in villages Beds, have been used for foundation blocks or for recognition of the special quality and character of order to conserve and enhance the special and elsewhere, is the consistent use of materials, cornerstones. This range of materials is apparent Whipsnade the landscape, and encourages landowners and qualities of the landscape. especially the flints that occur in both the chalk throughout the Chilterns area and contributes to the unity of the landscape. There is local authorities to manage the area in ways which strata and the overlying clay with flints. Flint is Markyate HARPENDEN no particular architectural style that will ensure its protection now and in the future. 1.2 The Chilterns is a belt of high ground often combined with brick, both in the walls of Grand Union Canal Aldbury is characteristic of the area, but TRING stretching from the River Thames at Goring in older buildings and in boundary walls around Gaddesden rather a mix of styles from AYLESBURY Oxfordshire, north-eastward through gardens. Most vernacular buildings also have tiled HEMEL Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire and into roofs, with the tiles often having been made from different periods all making HEMPSTEAD WENDOVER The Chilterns Conservation Board Hertfordshire, where it almost reaches Hitchin. It local iron clay. Thatch appears relatively use of traditional materials BERKHAMSTED M1 is fringed by substantial settlements, including in different PRINCES M25 infrequently, with notable concentrations in the RISBOROUGH CHESHAM Luton, Dunstable, Hemel Hempstead, northern and southern extremities of the AONB. combinations. 1.7 In 2000, the Countryside and Rights of Way Act CHINNOR Berkhamsted, Chesham, Amersham, Beaconsfield, M40 PRESTWOOD (the CRoW Act) allowed the formation of High Wycombe, Marlow, Henley-on-Thames and 1.4 The use of brick, flint and tiles is Colne Conservation Boards for AONBs, and in 2004 the STOKENCHURCH Chilterns Conservation Board was formally Reading. The hills are formed by an outcrop of characteristic of many of the historic farmsteads, AMERSHAM River Thames WATLINGTON established as the statutory body to conserve and chalk on the north-western side of the London which are important landscape features River Thames HIGH CHORLEYWOOD The Chilterns was designated an Area of Outstanding BENSON WYCOMBE enhance the Chilterns AONB. The Board has a duty basin. The chalk strata have been tilted to create throughout the Chilterns. The largest and often BEACONSFIELD Natural Beauty in 1965. (Hughenden Valley) a dip-slope that rises so gently to the north-west oldest building in the farmstead is usually a to have regard to the purpose of conserving and that it generally has the character of a plateau. timber-framed threshing barn. Other timber WALLINGFORD enhancing the natural beauty of the AONB and the However, it ends abruptly in a steep scarp slope, MARLOW purpose of increasing the understanding and buildings might include hay barns, cart- and M40 N which forms the more dramatic north-western face implement sheds, granaries and livestock housing. enjoyment by the public of the special qualities of River Thames Thames 0 5 10 km of the Chilterns. The plateau is cut by a series of Like the barns these are often clad with black, M25 the AONB, with greater weight being attached to SONNING HENLEY-ON-THAMES COMMON the first purpose. The Board shall also seek to through valleys that divide it into roughly horizontal weather-boarding. From the early 19th GORING M4 0 6 miles rectangular blocks, with many branching dry century, brick and flint farm buildings became foster the economic and social well-being of local valleys further dividing these blocks, to create a more common, and barns in this style often communities within the AONB. varied mix of landscapes. incorporated a number of vertical ventilation slits M4 READING and an owl hole. In a few places other types of 4 5

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

1.8 To help the management of the area and to 1.16 By locating and designing new buildings in 1.11 This Guide provides information on the 1.14 The Objectives of this Design Guide are to: encourage conservation of the special qualities of ways which are sensitive to the character of the following aspects of building in the Chilterns the AONB, a comprehensive management plan for Chilterns, they should become part of the AONB: Raise awareness of the quality of the traditional the AONB, A Framework for Action - was published landscape and complement older buildings. This built character of the Chilterns AONB in 2008. The Management Plan emphasises the guidance is based upon an analysis of: landform, importance of local buildings and villages to the The character of the Chilterns AONB Help identify and protect the distinctive landscape, historical settlement patterns, overall character of the Chilterns and includes The way in which settlements and other traditional built character of the Chilterns AONB characteristic building styles, use of materials and various broad aims and policies applicable to the buildings fit into the countryside and thereby promote local identity anticipated adjustments needed in the light of built environment. The special character of villages Inspire high quality design in new developments climate change. Ways in which new buildings can be which respect the traditional built character of 1.9 The Chilterns AONB falls into 3 counties, 2 sympathetically incorporated into the the AONB 1.17 Whilst buildings in the Chilterns have always unitary authorities, 7 districts and 1 borough. A village/countryside setting Re-establish traditional character in areas of exhibited a range of styles, they have historically major task of the Chilterns Conservation Board is, been constructed using similar, local materials Design features and details of individual the AONB where it has been damaged or eroded therefore, to ensure the effort to conserve and such as timber, flint, brick and plain clay roof buildings and small developments Provide a co-ordinated and integrated approach enhance the Chilterns does not vary from one part tiles. Being locally produced, these materials will Materials for design advice throughout the AONB to another, and between constituent local therefore have only travelled a short distance thus Attractive buildings add appeal to the landscape. Ensure that appropriate development respects planning authorities. One of the primary reasons Landscaping leading to limited environmental impacts from (Bryant’s Bottom) its local context and the wider landscape for producing this document is to ensure transport. Some local employment will also have Attractive new Promote sustainability in design and use of consistency between all of these authorities in been secured. During the last hundred years or so, development is based Scope of this guidance and on location and design Traditional buildings resources, particularly locally produced building promoting elements of good design and the scale of development and the use of principles which are play an important relationship to other design 1.13 This Guide covers all types of new buildings, materials The CRoW Act also includes the following duty: characteristics of buildings which are commonly standardised designs and non-local materials, have sympathetic to the part in the Chilterns which includes housing, employment and guidance produced by the landscape and existing landscape. (Hambleden) found across the Chilterns. agricultural uses and the conversion of buildings for become much more common. The result is that 'Section 85: In exercising or performing any Chilterns Conservation Board character of local various new purposes, as well as the environment many villages are losing their distinctive character functions in relation to, or so as to affect, land villages. (Bledlow, around the buildings. Some of the principles in the and the special sense of place created by older credit HFP Architects) in an area of outstanding natural beauty, a Why has this Design Guide been 1.12 This Guide is one of five documents relating Environmental Guidelines for the Management of relevant authority shall have regard to the The Chilterns Buildings Design produced? to design produced by the Chilterns Conservation Highways in the Chilterns may also be applicable purpose of conserving and enhancing the natural Guide Board. They are: to some developments. It should be noted that beauty of the area of outstanding natural much greater detail on the use of flint, local brick 1.15 The Board has long been concerned about the beauty.' 'Relevant authorities' include local 1) Chilterns Buildings Design Guide and roofing materials is provided in the three detrimental impacts of urbanisation on the special planning authorities. 1.10 The Chilterns Buildings Design Guide provides guidance on ways in which the outstanding and 2) Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Supplementary supplementary technical notes detailed above and qualities of the AONB and believes that the Design Technical Note – Chilterns Flint reference should be made to these when Guide provides useful advice for all those people For details of the Board and its many activities distinctive qualities of the Chilterns AONB can be 3) Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Supplementary considering these particular aspects of a building's interested in development in the area. This please visit the Chilterns AONB website or contact conserved or enhanced when building takes place. Technical Note – Chilterns Brick design. particularly applies to those with limited training the Conservation Board office (see further advice This can include new buildings, extensions, 4) Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Supplementary in design in rural areas or experience of this section). conversions, redevelopment, and alterations to the environment of streets and public spaces within Technical Note – Chilterns Roofing Materials nationally protected landscape. settlements. 5) Environmental Guidelines for the Management of Highways in the Chilterns 6 7

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

buildings. In the past decade or so, the tide has 1.20 By responding to these factors in the location The planning context Development plans 1.27 In the AONB, limitations on development are are unlikely to be acceptable to the local planning begun to turn due to an increasing appreciation of and design of new buildings, they are more likely to reinforced by policies to maintain the Metropolitan authorities which have adopted them as a become part of the built tradition of the Chilterns. National guidance Green Belt, and the Green Belt around Luton and the importance of good design and the need to use 1.24 National planning policy to conserve and supplementary planning document. For planning This does not mean that all new designs must be a Dunstable. Although there is only limited locally-produced materials. This Guide has been enhance 'local distinctiveness' is reflected in applications where this Guide applies considerable copy of buildings from previous eras, or should 1.22 All planning authorities are being encouraged development potential, it is anticipated that there produced to ensure that all new development in planning policy statements, regional spatial weight should be given to it as a material planning utilise only local materials. It gives sufficient to promote high quality design in new will be some opportunity for infilling, the AONB conserves and enhances local character strategies and the development plan documents consideration. flexibility to allow new designs and innovation, developments and to take account of published redevelopment, extensions, conversions and other rather than detracts from it. This fit can often be that make up Local Development Frameworks. This which still respect the distinctive qualities of the guidance and good practice on design. It is small-scale development. These potentially achieved by using traditional building materials Design Guide is intended to supplement and Conservation Areas and Listed area. considered proper to seek to promote or reinforce permissible developments are regulated and that have been locally made. complement the local development plans and Buildings local distinctiveness where supported by clear plan defined by the relevant development plans of the other design guidance produced by local planning 1.18 The primary consideration is: policies or supplementary planning documents on local planning authorities and the application of Who should use this Design Guide? authorities, and does not replace these policies design. The production of this guidance is national planning policy as it applies to the Green 1.30 In conservation areas designated by local To ensure that any new building respects the and guidance. It has been produced to assist consistent with this approach. Belt. planning authorities, and in the case of buildings of natural beauty of the Chilterns, reinforcing the planning authorities in their task of conserving and 1.21 The Design Guide is intended to be used by all special architectural or historic interest – listed sense of place and local character. enhancing the environment of the Area of involved in the development process: owners, 1.23 To accord with Planning Policy Statement 1: buildings – specific design and planning guidance Outstanding Natural Beauty. Use of the Guide in making and policies are likely to apply for some, often 1.19 The Design Guide identifies the primary architects, designers, builders, planning authorities, Delivering Sustainable Development and Planning decisions on planning applications parish councils, and any organisation or individual Policy Statement 7: Sustainable Development in small, changes. In some areas Article 4 Directions features and characteristics which have helped to 1.25 This Guide aims to be consistent with all create the distinctive qualities of the built with an interest in the built environment of the Rural Areas, planning authorities should prepare in the AONB may be in place that require planning applications Development Plans covering the Chilterns AONB 'Traditional' cottages environment in the Chilterns. Chilterns AONB. robust policies on design and key objectives should to be made for small-scale proposals. You should and, as such, local planning authorities may use help to create the ensure that developments respond to their local 1.28 This Design Guide is not a statutory contact your local planning authority for details. this guidance as a supplementary planning unique character This typical 1960s context and create or reinforce local document, but is a material planning consideration document to achieve these aims. This guidance will of the Chilterns. development distinctiveness. In order to achieve this planning in decision making on planning applications. Local be reviewed periodically to ensure this aim is being (Little Missenden) is not in keeping authorities should have regard to good practice and planning authorities will expect all planning with traditional achieved. should seek to promote or reinforce local applications in the AONB to demonstrate how these designs and To check the status of the Chilterns Buildings distinctiveness where this is supported by clear guidelines have been taken into account. Circular use of materials. Design Guide in your area, please contact your plan policies or supplementary planning documents 01/06: Guidance on changes to the development (Hyde Heath) local planning authority. on design. The Chilterns Buildings Design Guide has control system, says that design and access been drafted with this in mind. This approach has statements should explain the design principles 1.26 It is national policy to limit new development been taken to reflect fully the characteristics of and concepts that have informed a development throughout the AONB, and all the local planning the Chilterns AONB, which lies within 13 local and how access issues have been dealt with. authorities have adopted stringent development planning authorities. The Chilterns Conservation restraint policies in their development plans. These Board believes this document is necessary to ensure 1.29 Adherence to the Chilterns Buildings Design policies reflect the national guidelines for the consistency across so many local authority areas. Guide does not mean that development proposals protection of areas of high environmental quality will necessarily be approved. Other planning policy and landscape importance. considerations may make a proposal unacceptable. Proposals which do not fully reflect the guidelines 8 9

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide buildings. In the past decade or so, the tide has 1.20 By responding to these factors in the location The planning context Development plans 1.27 In the AONB, limitations on development are are unlikely to be acceptable to the local planning begun to turn due to an increasing appreciation of and design of new buildings, they are more likely to reinforced by policies to maintain the Metropolitan authorities which have adopted them as a become part of the built tradition of the Chilterns. National guidance Green Belt, and the Green Belt around Luton and the importance of good design and the need to use 1.24 National planning policy to conserve and supplementary planning document. For planning This does not mean that all new designs must be a Dunstable. Although there is only limited locally-produced materials. This Guide has been enhance 'local distinctiveness' is reflected in applications where this Guide applies considerable copy of buildings from previous eras, or should 1.22 All planning authorities are being encouraged development potential, it is anticipated that there produced to ensure that all new development in planning policy statements, regional spatial weight should be given to it as a material planning utilise only local materials. It gives sufficient to promote high quality design in new will be some opportunity for infilling, the AONB conserves and enhances local character strategies and the development plan documents consideration. flexibility to allow new designs and innovation, developments and to take account of published redevelopment, extensions, conversions and other rather than detracts from it. This fit can often be that make up Local Development Frameworks. This which still respect the distinctive qualities of the guidance and good practice on design. It is small-scale development. These potentially achieved by using traditional building materials Design Guide is intended to supplement and Conservation Areas and Listed area. considered proper to seek to promote or reinforce permissible developments are regulated and that have been locally made. complement the local development plans and Buildings local distinctiveness where supported by clear plan defined by the relevant development plans of the other design guidance produced by local planning 1.18 The primary consideration is: policies or supplementary planning documents on local planning authorities and the application of Who should use this Design Guide? authorities, and does not replace these policies design. The production of this guidance is national planning policy as it applies to the Green 1.30 In conservation areas designated by local To ensure that any new building respects the and guidance. It has been produced to assist consistent with this approach. Belt. planning authorities, and in the case of buildings of natural beauty of the Chilterns, reinforcing the planning authorities in their task of conserving and 1.21 The Design Guide is intended to be used by all special architectural or historic interest – listed sense of place and local character. enhancing the environment of the Area of involved in the development process: owners, 1.23 To accord with Planning Policy Statement 1: buildings – specific design and planning guidance Outstanding Natural Beauty. Use of the Guide in making and policies are likely to apply for some, often 1.19 The Design Guide identifies the primary architects, designers, builders, planning authorities, Delivering Sustainable Development and Planning decisions on planning applications parish councils, and any organisation or individual Policy Statement 7: Sustainable Development in small, changes. In some areas Article 4 Directions features and characteristics which have helped to 1.25 This Guide aims to be consistent with all create the distinctive qualities of the built with an interest in the built environment of the Rural Areas, planning authorities should prepare in the AONB may be in place that require planning applications Development Plans covering the Chilterns AONB 'Traditional' cottages environment in the Chilterns. Chilterns AONB. robust policies on design and key objectives should to be made for small-scale proposals. You should and, as such, local planning authorities may use help to create the ensure that developments respond to their local 1.28 This Design Guide is not a statutory contact your local planning authority for details. this guidance as a supplementary planning unique character This typical 1960s context and create or reinforce local document, but is a material planning consideration document to achieve these aims. This guidance will of the Chilterns. development distinctiveness. In order to achieve this planning in decision making on planning applications. Local be reviewed periodically to ensure this aim is being (Little Missenden) is not in keeping authorities should have regard to good practice and planning authorities will expect all planning with traditional achieved. should seek to promote or reinforce local applications in the AONB to demonstrate how these designs and To check the status of the Chilterns Buildings distinctiveness where this is supported by clear guidelines have been taken into account. Circular use of materials. Design Guide in your area, please contact your plan policies or supplementary planning documents 01/06: Guidance on changes to the development (Hyde Heath) local planning authority. on design. The Chilterns Buildings Design Guide has control system, says that design and access been drafted with this in mind. This approach has statements should explain the design principles 1.26 It is national policy to limit new development been taken to reflect fully the characteristics of and concepts that have informed a development throughout the AONB, and all the local planning the Chilterns AONB, which lies within 13 local and how access issues have been dealt with. authorities have adopted stringent development planning authorities. The Chilterns Conservation restraint policies in their development plans. These Board believes this document is necessary to ensure 1.29 Adherence to the Chilterns Buildings Design policies reflect the national guidelines for the consistency across so many local authority areas. Guide does not mean that development proposals protection of areas of high environmental quality will necessarily be approved. Other planning policy and landscape importance. considerations may make a proposal unacceptable. Proposals which do not fully reflect the guidelines 10 11

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Settlements and buildings in the landscape

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

1.31 This document may also provide a context for 1.34 The Chilterns Conservation Board encourages Settlements and buildings in the landscape Chapter 2 the review of conservation area boundaries and communities across the AONB to produce Village the policies applying to them. In some cases Design Statements and Parish Plans and in doing so appraisals and management proposals have been it would be useful to refer to the findings detailed Landform produced for individual Conservation Areas. These in the Chilterns Historic Landscape 2.1 The environmental features which will identify the particular character of the area Characterisation Project report. contribute to the character of villages and and may include specific design advice. buildings are: 2.3 The underlying chalk geology of the Chilterns creates an escarpment, rising to 265 metres Consultation on the preparation of Village Design Statements and Landform – the topography of the Chilterns running from Goring-on-Thames in the south-west, the Chilterns Buildings Design Parish Plans The landscape with its variety of land uses approximately 70 kilometres north-eastwards to Guide The geographical distribution of villages in Hitchin in Hertfordshire. The steep scarpface faces the landscape to the north-west and the gentler dip-slope south- eastwards to the Thames and London Basin. Much 1.32 In recent years, new approaches have been 1.35 During April and May 2009 a consultation draft The traditional development patterns and of the dip-slope has the appearance of a plateau developed to help local communities identify and of this Design Guide was issued for public special characteristics of villages, groups of and is dissected by valleys on its south-east side. conserve local character in each village. Local consultation. Copies of the document were sent buildings or individual buildings communities can produce their own Village Design out to: local, regional and national bodies, a The architectural features and designs of 2.4 The Chilterns are divided by a series of valleys Statements and Parish Plans. These describe the significant number of interested people, libraries, individual buildings running in a north-west to south-east direction: the distinctive character of individual villages and the local architects, developers and building The use of materials Hambleden, Wye, Misbourne, Chess, Bradenham, surrounding countryside, and identify design companies. All local authorities in the Chilterns The relationship between buildings and the principles which should influence future were consulted. At the close of the consultation spaces between them The charm of local development in individual settlements. period over 400 comments had been received from Landscape types Bulbourne, Gade and Ver. As a result the dip-slope villages is the blend of nearly 40 respondents representing a cross section is divided into areas of plateau and ridges, which their setting and the 2.2 The first step when considering any new 1.33 The concepts were developed and introduced of those consulted. The comments made were all Escarpment are themselves divided by many small, usually dry, traditional buildings. development is to think about what effects it will by Natural England's predecessors the Countryside assessed and responses were prepared and Ridge and Plateau valleys called coombes. This creates a ridge and (Bradenham) have on the Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Commission and Countryside Agency as a means of approved at the Board's Planning Committee. Ver valley topography, sometimes with steep sides, but Because many developments have implications for Valleys helping to conserve and enhance local Following this changes were made to the document generally described as a rolling landscape. the landscape, an appraisal of the detrimental Thames Valley distinctiveness. The Chilterns Buildings Design which was then approved and adopted by the impacts will often be required. Any impacts should Gade Guide provides a wider context for the preparation Conservation Board. The Board has asked that local 2.5 In simple terms there are four components to be carefully considered, avoided where possible, of Village Design Statements and Parish Plans authorities endorse the Guide. Bulbourne the landform of the Chilterns: the scarpface, the which may be adopted by local planning and where unavoidable they should be mitigated or ridge and plateau of the dip-slope, the main valley authorities as supplementary planning documents. compensated for. The starting point should systems and the Thames valley. The landform may For further information about village design therefore be a consideration of what is there at appear immune to impact from development, Chess statements and parish plans please contact your the moment, and the following descriptions of however, the scarpface and ridge are particularly local Parish or District Council. some of the key aspects of the Chilterns and the Hamble Wye Misbourne sensitive to damage and an appreciation of local village types will help. topography can help to improve the location of development and minimise impacts. Thames 10 11

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Settlements and buildings in the landscape

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 2: Settlements and buildings in the landscape Chapter 2: Settlements and buildings in the landscape

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

2.6 There are a number of basic soil types. Chalk is 392 1992). Further landscape characterisation Nature conservation and recreation The impact of settlements on 2.15 The impact of development on the landscape exposed or near to the surface on the scarpface, work has been undertaken at the Joint Character the landscape is highly variable. Some parts of the Chilterns Area level, at a regional level and at both County 2.12 A significant area of land, covering thousands appear to be timeless, and are comparatively free and District Council levels, by the former of hectares in total, is managed primarily for from modern development. In other parts, 2.14 An appreciation of the location, historical Countryside Agency and local authorities. Where nature conservation and recreation by especially along major communication corridors pattern and evolution of settlements in the areas have been the subject of assessment they organisations such the National Trust, Natural and close to large towns outside the AONB, the landscape, and the character that has been are accompanied by a report which may include England and the Wildlife Trusts. This includes impacts of housing, industry, modern technology created, will help when considering how to design information to help minimise, mitigate or woodland, chalk grassland, chalk streams, (e.g. masts and pylons) and the general clutter of and locate new buildings sustainably. This section compensate for impacts. In addition, the Chilterns commonland and parkland. Often the same area is urban areas are more apparent and intrusive. provides a brief history of the current settlement Historic Landscape Characterisation Project has managed for both objectives, including Dunstable The landscape pattern and identifies the main features and produced a report that covers the whole of the Downs, Coombe Hill near Wendover, Hughenden 2.16 Whilst the general nature of the landform and influences which should provide inspiration for AONB. Further details on these documents are Park and Watlington Hill. quality of the landscape is largely consistent 2.7 The appearance of the landscape is based upon available from Natural England and your local new development, helping it to observe the spirit throughout the Chilterns AONB, there is no single, landform and natural features such as rivers and of the traditional built heritage of the Chilterns. planning authority. Designed landscapes unique building style which is characteristic of the woods, and land uses such as agriculture, forestry, Chilterns and found in all parts. Elements of the transport, industry and buildings. These factors Major land uses There are many popular recreation sites especially on Chilterns character, especially in the use of combine to influence the appearance of the 2.13 Throughout the Chilterns there are designed The Chilterns is one of the most heavily wooded areas the scarp ridge, such as the Ivinghoe Hills. materials, can be detected in all settlements landscapes such as parklands and ornamental About two thirds of the countryside and contribute to the character of Woodlands in the country with over 20% woodland cover. (Cholesbury) despite these variations. Chilterns is farmland individual settlements in the landscape. gardens, often laid out by well known garden supporting a diversity designers such as Repton, Brown and Bridgeman. of agriculture including 2.9 Woods and trees feature strongly in the influence on landscape character. There is a 2.17 Generally settlements have remained Parks designed by the 2.8 A comprehensive description of the Chilterns The lack of building stone limited the number of arable, dairying, sheep Chilterns landscape. It appears even more heavily mixture of farming types ranging from cereals, relatively small and compact, and in overall terms great garden designers and small areas of landscape was published by the Countryside grand houses and stately homes, but where they including Capability wooded because of the number of small copses, some root crops, dairying, beef, sheep and an they do not intrude significantly on the landscape. horticulture. (Fingest, Commission in 1992 (The Chilterns Landscape, CCP were built wealthy landowners often invested in Brown and Repton can be hedges, hedgerow and field trees and trees in increasing number of new crops such as maize, There are some spectacular vistas along valleys found throughout the credit John Morris) the parklands and large gardens. Many still survive, gardens and villages. The 'hanging' beech woods on rapeseed and linseed. Generally land can be Chilterns. (Shardeloes) such as Shardeloes, Chequers, Ashridge, the upper slopes of the valley sides are farmed up to the edge of most villages. The blight Mapledurham and Hughenden Manor. particularly characteristic of the Chilterns. The which can occur around some larger towns, where wooded landscape does not stop at the edge of farming is very difficult, is almost absent from the Chalk grassland is a rare and declining habitat, much of most villages, as a considerable number of trees in Chilterns. it is designated for its nature conservation importance. gardens help even 'leafy' suburban housing estates (Ellesborough) to mellow and blend into the landscape. 2.11 The farmland, farm buildings and the long association between local villages and agriculture Farmland have helped to give the area much of its special appeal, and are vital in conserving its rural 2.10 About 60% of the Chilterns AONB is actively character. The key issues affecting the erection of farmed. The mixture of small and large fields, new farm buildings are considered later in this often divided by large and ancient hedges, is a key Guide. 12 13

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2.19 In the twentieth century the three main major historical core and have less defined The present day influence of these standards on the appearance The impact of settlements and factors influencing the growth of local settlements character. and layout of the development. Useful reference development adjacent to the AONB were: the development of roads and railways, the 2.25 Until the late nineteenth century works are The Manual for Streets published by the growth of London and the expansion of local towns 2.22 Some may argue there is little that is locally Department for Transport in 2007 and the development was very gradual and most villages 2.32 Development pressure in surrounding towns is such as High Wycombe, Amersham, Berkhamsted distinctive about them as they resemble towns and Environmental Guidelines for the Management of changed slowly in response to agricultural rather considerable and some of this will inevitably have and Luton. Consequently, the older settlements villages which can be found anywhere in the Highways in the Chilterns published by the than industrial factors. As a result villages tend to an impact on the AONB itself. The boundary of the already on main routes and readily served by country. There are, nonetheless, a small number of Conservation Board and the Highway authorities in exhibit buildings from several ages as their AONB is deliberately drawn to exclude many large railways have faced considerable pressure for older buildings within them which reflect the more 2009. fortunes have fluctuated. Twentieth century settlements such as Henley-on-Thames, High development. traditional character of villages in the Chilterns. development was strongly driven by commuting Wycombe, Amersham, Berkhamsted, Dunstable and Conservation of the quality of the landscape setting 2.29 The present position is that national, regional patterns to major towns and Greater London. Luton, because of their size and urban character. 2.20 During the 1920s and '30s much of the central and the nature of new development are of great and local planning policies severely restrict most Excluding them from the AONB does not, however, Chilterns was referred to as Metroland, although significance in shaping the future of these villages. new development. Small-scale housing proposals 2.26 To many, the archetypal Chilterns village mean they do not have an impact on the the name was often applied to a much wider area. are likely to be the main form of development for comprises brick and flint cottages clustered around designated area. In most cases there are extensive The Metropolitan Railway Company encouraged 2.23 Some villages can relate periods of their the foreseeable future. The current housing a green and tucked away in a small valley. They do views from the AONB, especially from the scarp commuters to move out of London and settle in growth to specific factors such as the creation of a forecasts suggest there will be continuing pressure exist but can be difficult to find in some parts of ridge and valley sides, across neighbouring towns. towns where it was involved in developing large defence establishment, as in the case of Walters for more housing and from people who wish to live the Chilterns. What is more common are buildings The development at the former cement works at suburban housing estates. This period of Ash, near High Wycombe. in an attractive area, within commuting distance of scattered amongst extensive twentieth century Pitstone, the Wendover bypass and housing estates The rate of development development has left a significant and lasting mark London and other major towns. of a lot of settlements in free of major development where small development, not destroying its previous character, around High Wycombe are all examples of how the on many local towns. It represented the first wave 2.24 If this suggests that all modern development the Chilterns was slow settlements add focus and life to the scene. The but altering it with standard designs and typical views from the Chilterns can be affected. and many villages have of major migration from towns and cities to the has diluted the character of the Chilterns, it would twentieth century street patterns, which are 2.30 Older houses with traditional designs, are in retained the character small scale, even intimate nature of much of the Chilterns. It brought with it urban preconceptions be a misleading impression, as some has continued commonly found across the country. great demand and fetch a considerable premium The view from the created by older countryside, has helped to screen most villages, 2.33 This guidance should also be used in of what the countryside should be like, a new to respect the traditional Chiltern location compared to their modern equivalents. Increasingly Chilterns can be buildings. (Penn) many of which are hidden by the landform and connection with proposals for development outside affected by development approach to the promotion of countryside virtues patterns, style and scale of buildings. the market is demanding houses which have heavily wooded landscape. Ridgetop and plateau 2.27 The impact of twentieth century ribbon the boundary which may have an impact on the in surrounding towns. to an urban population and introduced suburban Unfortunately, a great deal has not. character and a traditional appearance, whilst villages, in particular, are often only visible to the development, often along major roads, had a AONB and its setting. (Luton) styles and tastes. offering all modern conveniences. visitor as the settlements gradually emerge through disproportionate effect. A few houses strung along the trees. It is notable how seldom one village can the roadside can give the impression of a 2.21 The mobility offered by widespread car 2.31 This pressure is matched by a growing desire be seen from another. considerable amount of development, losing the ownership has resulted in a more recent and rapid sense of villages hiding in the landscape, and even to protect local distinctiveness, which has often expansion of some villages on the plateau and obscuring the surrounding countryside from view. been undermined by the use of insensitive housing Modern development ridges not served by railways, including Kensworth, designs and layouts. The importance attached to Prestwood, Stokenchurch, Lane End and Woodcote. 2.28 Nationally prescribed highway standards are a the AONB designation is growing significantly as a 2.18 Until the late nineteenth century the In fact, Woodcote was designated as a 'specified' significant influence over the street patterns used reflection of society's wish to conserve the economy of the Chilterns was dominated by village for development by Oxfordshire County for current housing development. These standards environment. It is in this overall scenario that this forestry and agriculture and locally available Council in the 1960s. Recent development has been do not always help to integrate new developments design guidance must be effective, and help to timber, flint and clay products were used for most striking in these settlements which lack a into existing settlements, and lead to roads ensure that new development conserves the construction. dominating the immediate surroundings. Designers existing traditional character of settlements and Most modern development has used standard need to be imaginative to overcome the negative wherever possible enhances it. building designs and materials commonly used throughout the country and does not add to the character of the local area. (Prestwood) 14 15

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Settlement patterns and village study carefully this local style, ensuring new route which still follows the foot of the the Grand Union Canal. There are many smaller dry 2.46 Expansion in these areas accelerated in the character development proposals respect this character. escarpment. Most of these settlements are still valleys (coombes) which are characterised by nineteenth century and reflects an era when Examples include Chenies, Little Gaddesden and small in size but reveal their ancient origin and minor roads and smaller hamlets and isolated population pressure drove people onto less Hexton. importance with their impressive churches and farms. productive land, where land prices were lower and 2.34 Nearly all settlements in the Chilterns can be other monuments. more extensive areas of common land existed. As an found in four types of location: in valley bottoms, 2.37 The speed at which new development takes 2.42 Three factors determined the location of indicator of their recent origin, very few of these at the foot of the scarpface, on the ridges and place, which is a development plan issue, can Valleys these villages: the availability of a reliable source villages 'on the tops' have churches more than 150 plateau (where they are often associated with significantly affect the character of a village, of water, better quality agricultural land and years old. common land) and along the north bank of the especially smaller settlements faced with proximity to main communication and trading 2.40 There are a series of broad, but distinctive, River Thames. The names of many villages reflect relatively large development pressure. Particular routes. Many of these villages can trace their 2.47 Some of the hamlets on the plateau, such as valleys all running in a north-west to south-east their location in the landscape (such as Ridge and care is needed, in terms of the pattern of origins back for several centuries, and entries in The Lee and Christmas Common, are little more direction towards the London Basin. These include Bottom), or their form (Common, Green, Row and development and the appearance of new buildings, the Domesday Book are common. Most, if not all, than clusters of cottages and farms, but these are the Hambleden, Wye, Misbourne, Chess, Bulbourne, Many valley bottom settlements mark the site of Street). to avoid 'swamping' the older parts of the have medieval churches, usually built with flint reliable springs and are usually ancient in origin. the exception. Most of the ridgetop villages are Gade and Ver valleys. expanded settlement, thus eroding its character. and bricks with a relatively small amount of (Turville) larger and have a strong linear pattern. Villages 2.35 The way in which new buildings and other stonework. In the case of Little Missenden some of such as Bledlow Ridge, Naphill and Kensworth are 2.41 The valley bottoms are largely given over to become stretched along the valley, as in the case forms of development can be incorporated into the the bricks were plundered from nearby Roman linear in form, and over the years have experienced The escarpment arable farming and the steeper slopes to dairy and of Great Missenden. village will vary slightly according to the type of remains. extensive infilling, creating an unbroken belt of sheep, though in recent years the keeping of village and its location in the landscape. Many of development, sometimes for over two kilometres. A livestock has declined. The tops of the valley sides The plateau the primary development issues, especially those 2.38 Although there are a few isolated buildings, 2.43 Many of these older settlements have a few retain strong associations with common land are often wooded, usually by beech woodlands related to scale and location, are addressed by the the scarpface is too steep for significant historic core, clustered around a green or along a such as Nettlebed, Cholesbury and Whipsnade. The (sometimes known as hangers), which give a sense Some plateau policies in the various development plans, planning settlements to develop. Many relatively small high street. Some have retained their 'nucleated' 2.44 The plateau is characterised by heavy clay linear pattern at Prestwood has been lost as of enclosure. The main communication corridors settlements have policy guidance note for Green Belts and planning pockets of open grassland still survive, and are Examples of flamboyant form, such as Turville and Hambleden. Others have soils, often with substantial quantities of flints. development has swamped the common itself. remained small hamlets, historically ran along these valleys and continue to but several have grown architecture can be policy statements for delivering sustainable often owned by conservation organisations because grown into more substantial settlements and have These areas tend to have extensive networks of Sometimes the present day village is a short do so today. This includes roads, railways and even rapidly in recent years. found in estate owned development (PPS1) and sustainable development of their wildlife importance. Such sites include hedgerows, often ancient, and are intimately distance from the original older settlement, and managed villages. (Bledlow Ridge, in rural areas (PPS7). Watlington Hill, Aston Rowant, Coombe Hill, mixed with woodlands, both small and large. The creating 'endships' such as Church End at Kensworth. (Bradenham) credit Gerry Whitlow) Ivinghoe Beacon, Dunstable Downs and the Barton result is a relatively small scale landscape 2.36 Some individual Hills. These sites provide extensive views to the enclosed by woodlands where long distance views settlements, often estate north across the Vales of Oxford and Aylesbury, and are only glimpsed. villages, developed their own are also visible from a considerable distance from particular design styles based the north and west. 2.45 There are subtle distinctions in the Chilterns' on the use of certain topography between ridges and broader areas of materials and features which 2.39 Most settlement has therefore occurred at the plateau, which have given rise to settlements gave a special and often the foot of the escarpment. Examples of villages in of different character. In general terms, the unique identity. When this location are Ewelme, Great Kimble, ridgetop villages are more linear in form than considering new development Ellesborough and Hexton. Many have ancient those on the plateau. Plateau settlements are in such villages it is very origins and partly owe their location to the Icknield There are a string of settlements, often very ancient generally compact and exhibit suburban important for designers to Way/Ridgeway which was an important trading in origin, nestling at the foot of the escarpment. characteristics. The scarpface and ridge is the most prominent feature (Ewelme) of the Chilterns and runs for over 70 kilometres from Goring-on-Thames to Hitchin. (Aston Rowant, credit Mike Fear) 16 17

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Minor roads up valleys and to plateau Ridgetop villages – loose linear form Examples include: Bledlow Ridge, Naphill and Characteristic qualities Small new housing estate Kensworth The most positive qualities: Wooded entrances to villages Wooded edges to ridge Ridgetop and plateau villages show many similar Ridgetop villages are mainly linear, with a characteristics. prominent main street Often adjacent to commonland Small fields between village and woodland Woodland, hedgerows and topography generally hide the village from its surrounding area Ancient church Unfenced road along ridge, central to village linking areas of common Other less attractive characteristics:

Older houses in large plots, Rapid twentieth century development has built around edge of common created a relatively suburban character Often lack a historic core, with few older Close groups of old Farming on lower valley buildings cottages of various ages side, or in valley bottom Mixture of building styles diffuses the character In plateau villages, most houses do not have a Old workshops and direct view of the surrounding countryside outbuildings at the backs Can have a relatively hard edge between housing and any adjacent farmland and woods Small greens at road junctions 19th Century and later scattered and Manor or other large infill housing along common side Old holloways houses within village down to valley bottom Valley bottom and scarpfoot Characteristic qualities Vulnerability to insensitive development villages – nucleated form Often nucleated with an obvious centre to the Development of gaps and at edges, reducing Series of areas village the sense of enclosure, and obstructing or of common land Farms within and at edge of settlement spoiling views to the backdrop of countryside strung out along Examples include: Hambleden, Turville, Relatively compact layout, restricted by rising ridge valley sides “Improvements” of minor roads, access and Bradenham, Lilley and Ewelme Minor roads and tracks giving Usually have a backdrop of woodland and valley parking necessitated by increased usage, thus access to groups of houses reducing the compact, small-scale character Pond in former pit slopes (brick or marl) Most villages which lie at the foot of the and rural atmosphere escarpment or in valley bottoms share similar Can be visible from elevated viewpoints on the Past encroachment adjacent plateau or scarp Unsympathetic conversions of farms and Cricket pitch and squatting on characteristics. workshops, which are an integral part of the former common Generally partially hidden by trees and other on common village scene land landscape features New housing estates are likely to be of Older buildings are prominent and establish the uncharacteristic layout and design, out of “Unused” common becoming distinctive character scrubbed over or wooded context with their surroundings and Former common woodland unsympathetic to the adjacent village 18 19

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Plateau villages Vulnerability to insensitive development Valley-sides and the scarpface Chilterns to face the river. They are often set in Examples include: Woodcote, Prestwood, South Use of suburban house styles secluded gardens and parks which are more visible Heath, Hyde Heath and Wigginton Mixture of styles dilutes the character 2.48 Villages on valley sides or the scarpface are from south of the river. The large riverside houses and estates have their own, often highly ornate Remnants of dispersed settlement, A hard edge between housing and adjacent scarce, Loosley Row in the Bradenham Valley being marginalised or swamped countryside a very rare example. character, which has few similarities with the rest Over-dominant road layout and highways of the Chilterns. Two villages, Goring-on-Thames infrastructure Thames valley and Whitchurch-on-Thames are historically Excessive infilling which breaks visual links with important as Thames crossing points. the countryside and affects historic character 2.49 The extent of the valley on the north side of the river is relatively restricted and in some places Ribbon development Old hedges and copses the hills rise up from the river itself, notably at buried within housing Goring. The river and views of Berkshire to the 2.50 A characteristic of the period from the 1930s to 1960s was ribbon development, extending south, rather than the Chiltern Hills, dominate the The River Thames forms the south-western boundary landscape. Wealthy people have long favoured this ridgetop villages in particular, effectively into open of the Chilterns, separating the area from the North area and the riverside is characterised by large countryside. This regrettable type of development Wessex Downs to the west and the remainder of houses and estates which turn their back on the has now generally ceased, but has had the effect of Berkshire to the south. Housing estates, developed field by Small fields remaining field over past 50 years or more within settlement giving the appearance of more extensive development in the countryside than actually

Abrupt edge between exists. Examples of ribbon development include farmland and housing Radnage, Hughenden Valley, Bellingdon and Streatley. Other examples of ribbon development occur along the roads leading from the valley bottom to ridgetop villages. Naphill and Bledlow Ridge are affected in this way.

Village character

Farm at edge of settlement 2.51 On page 59 all villages are classified according to their primary character type. Inevitably some settlements demonstrate more than one character type, in which case the predominant one is used.

Victorian/Edwardian rows of villas - Shopping centre, plus parking, pub, petrol A special category is the Thames valley where the early expansion of original settlement station, etc. incorporating some older buildings houses often exhibit a range of styles which are sometimes unusual or even flamboyant. (Whitchurch-on-Thames) 20 21

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Village character

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Thames-side villages Characteristic qualities Vulnerability to insensitive development Designing new buildings Chapter 3 Examples include: Goring-on-Thames, North and The river is the dominant natural and historic Ribbon development linking core of the village feature with a main road South Stoke, Whitchurch-on-Thames, Mapledurham 3.1 The principles set out in this Guide are generally acceptable and have been the most being felt more widely greater consideration will Small and relatively compact settlements Development which reduces the amenity and and Medmenham. intended to assist not only with the design and successful, owe much of their appeal to the way in need to be given to summer cooling (by appropriate Strong historic traditions visual impact of the river siting of new housing, and extensions to existing which they fit into the landscape and reflect the tree planting and building design and orientation Main street usually leads to the river (bridge or housing, but also with a wide range of other building traditions of the area. for example) and the impacts of more frequent former ferry crossing point) buildings, such as village halls, sports pavilions, storm events (e.g. the careful design and Buildings tend to be orientated towards the agricultural barns, rural employment buildings and 3.4 Traditional older buildings in the Chilterns are installation of higher capacity rainwater goods or river other commercial premises. If the building lies small in scale. They are rarely visible from a rainwater harvesting systems). Another key Core of historic buildings, usually with a within a conservation area designated by a local distance, except for their roofs, and 'close to' consideration is the possible impact of medieval church planning authority or is a listed building it is views and building details are important, for both development on existing wildlife, particularly Large Victorian and Edwardian villas facing onto recommended that you seek advice from the local the building itself and the street. protected species and nesting birds. Opportunities the river on the outskirts of the towns and villages planning authority at an early stage, as additional should therefore be taken to build in features for Stately home between road controls may apply. Environmentally sensitive design and biodiversity such as bat and bird boxes and holes and river. Parkland/gardens and the planting of local and native species. front onto river use of materials 3.2 It is all too easy for a new building, poorly Main road under hill located, with an unsympathetic design and Pub and petrol station 3.5 The use of energy efficient and at crossroads inappropriate use of materials, to detract from a environmentally sensitive materials and building neighbourhood, street, village or view. By techniques, combined with high quality locally adherence to some straight-forward principles and distinctive architecture can provide broad based guidelines, new buildings and extensions can environmental benefits expected in an Area of conserve or even enhance their village setting. It is Ribbon development Outstanding Natural Beauty. Greater consideration also vital that the detail is appropriate, avoiding should be given to more passive sustainable features which are ill-suited or uncharacteristic of approaches such as the use of greater levels of the Chilterns traditional building heritage. This insulation (sheep's wool or recycled materials such includes the need for repair or restoration work to as newsprint or plastic for example), the use of be sensitive to the original features of the natural paints or the installation of wood fuelled building. burners. New developments should take advantage of these materials and techniques, where 3.3 Architectural trends, new building techniques appropriate. In particular, the use, or appropriate and the introduction of different materials, have re-use, of locally produced building materials and changed the appearance of buildings from installation of sensitively sited and designed generation to generation, introducing what were renewable energy technologies (solar panels and considered to be modern designs in their time. ground source heat pumps for example) should be Innovative and imaginative architecture must be encouraged. With the impacts of climate change Thames busy with Victorian and later commercial Core of village allowed to continue. Those designs, which are Edwardian and later villas - large gardens, boat house, This building has been designed to fit within its site and has pleasure craft development and boatyard above flood level tennis courts with jetty etc. - Thames most important aspect been orientated to make the most of the available light. (Bix) 22 23

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Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

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3.13 Before any work begins on the site, 3.16 Historically there was often no clear edge The location and siting of new 3.9 Checklist Relationship of new buildings to the The landscape qualities of the site undertake a survey of all existing landscape between town and country. The scatter of cottages development In general terms the location of new buildings landsca pe, neighbourhood and site features, no matter how small. They are all part of and the soft interface between the village and should: 3.11 Checklist the existing landscape and the retention of surrounding woods and fields would have retained 3.6 Most development in open countryside is 3.10 Checklist positive features will help to blend the new the sense that the village was part of the Avoid skylines and prominent spurs Carry out a survey of all the landscape severely restricted by local and national planning Issues to consider when designing any new development more readily into its surroundings, countryside. This characteristic is being lost as qualities and features of the site, policies and is likely to be on a small scale and Avoid open slopes development or extension: and give it the character so highly prized and yet villages have developed in ways which create a identifying those which should be retained located within or on the edge of existing Be in harmony with the landscape when rarely found. The most usual features are trees, hard edge, where they 'turn their backs' on the or removed settlements. considered from all views The setting of the village or individual hedges, small earthworks, walls, fences and ponds. countryside. Designers and planners should try to Retain as many of the positive features as Not extend ribbon development building in the landscape avoid the creation of this hard 'edge'. This can be 3.7 The sensitive siting of a new building is vital possible, especially those which link the site Make maximum use of a site's contours The nature and pattern of development in 3.14 The next stage is to come to a judgement achieved by emphasising the features which create and should result in developments sitting in to the surrounding landscape without major earthworks and the need to the settlement about which features should be designed in and visual links with the surrounding countryside, such harmony with the landscape. Considerable Protect these features during the which should be designed out. A simple starting excavate basements The features which contribute to the as trees, hedges and earthworks. Tall solid fences importance is placed on appropriate planting to construction phase point is to retain as many of these existing and walls appear as a considerable barrier and Make maximum use of existing trees and character of the surrounding settlement ensure new developments are softened, though Take note of any local patterns in terms of features as possible. These are all difficult to tend to create a hard edge, and in the process landscape features and older buildings, or the locality of an this should not be seen as a method by which a replace or would take many years to provide the older building garden size and layout restrict views from the property. poorly designed development can be hidden. In Ensure gardens are big enough to allow same effect if planted or created as part of a new This house uses existing time these buildings should be adding to The location of the site within the some shrubs or trees to mature and help development. Take particular care to give them landscape features to the architectural heritage of the Chilterns. settlement help it fit in. landscape the development protection during the construction phase when (Lower Assendon, The approach should be to ensure that The nature of the site itself and its existing they are vulnerable to damage (see BS 5837 : 2005, Identify local landscape and design features credit John Oldridge) all views of new buildings are attractive landscape features Trees in relation to construction for advice). A which help the building blend in with the in themselves and enhance their The relationship of the site to its neighbours special effort should be made to retain trees and surrounding countryside immediate environment both at close and the street hedges which were part of an old field pattern as quarters and at longer distances. The existing street pattern and the they not only provide a visual link with the relationship of the proposed building to the surroundings, but also a historical link with the 3.8 The characteristics of the road past. If a hedge has been neglected and is settlements described in Chapter 2 3.12 Because the Chilterns AONB is a nationally The materials used and design details of overgrown or has gaps in it, it can be readily normally provide the context for protected landscape, the way in which the new traditional buildings restored with new planting and skilful pruning and building respects the landscape is of paramount considering the location of new laying. The scale and form of the proposed building development. This Guide aims to importance. The immediate landscape around in relation to the site and neighbouring buildings and villages is highly important to local protect and promote the positive 3.15 Often there is an established local pattern to buildings people and it is essential that this 'intimate' characteristic qualities of the Chilterns garden size and general layout, for example long Existing and proposed landscaping, including landscape setting is not spoilt. New development settlements and avoid insensitive and narrow front or back gardens. Retaining this boundary treatment, access roads and must blend into the renowned and much loved development. There may also be pattern is part of helping any new development fit driveways wider scenery of the Chilterns. opportunities to mitigate the impact of into its immediate surroundings. negative or unattractive characteristics. Ensuring new buildings add to the sense of This development makes maximum use of existing landscape features. (Ewelme) place and local character and belong to the Chilterns, rather than lead to intrusive 'anywhere' development 24 25

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to avoid 'bolting' on new estates, often in the form Space between buildings The individual building of culs de sac, which are usually perceived as a separate and detached part of the village. It is 3.22 Despite a complex historical layering of many difficult for this type of development to contribute 3.21 The space between buildings should be different periods (as shown in the Chilterns HLC) much to local character or to the sense of place, positively designed as part of the overall the primacy of brick and emerging use of flint from since its form and layout rarely reflects the development, including space within individual the seventeenth century onwards produced what character of building in the rest of the village. The plots and any shared areas. It is important to plan many people consider to be the archetypal Department for Transport published the Manual for the layout and density so as to accommodate green Chilterns brick and flint cottage. This was Streets in 2007 which contains useful advice about space provision and strengthen the network of generally a simple construction of one and a half the need for both internal and external green spaces and links. The designer should aim to storeys with low roof and dormers, constructed connectivity when considering street patterns. make roads and parking areas within the overall development subordinate to gardens, buildings and from locally made red brick, flint and clay tiles, Appropriately designed variety in the types of houses shared space. This will help to create a people sometimes with an oak timber frame. The buildings Multiple plots site, whether they are so called suburban style can have a pleasing visual effect whilst providing the friendly area, especially for children. This can be were rarely more than one room deep and adopted 'executive homes’ or smaller more affordable mixture of housing needed to maintain balanced achieved through the use of alternative road a 'T' or 'L' shape in order to minimise the span of market, rented or social housing. The main priority communities. (Great Missenden) 3.18 Large-scale building of new estates will be surfacing, narrowing road width, or even avoiding the roof. They are numerous and virtually all rare in the Chilterns AONB. More common will be must be to ensure the buildings relate well to one 3.20 The use of a mixture of terraced, detached a distinction between the road and a pavement by settlements still retain buildings of this style. In the development of sites which can accommodate another, as well as to neighbouring plots within a and semi-detached houses with some linking not using kerbs. many ways it is these simple cottages which create a small number of houses. Because of the general wider context. features, such as garden hedges or walls can the character of villages in the Chilterns, into Sensitive siting of a shortage of housing land there is a tendency to try new building is Street pattern overcome the effect of which the new development must fit. and build as many dwellings as possible on the 3.19 There has been a recent trend to try to needed to avoid incorporate houses with a range of superficial buildings floating in an disrupting the 3.23 Factors which can affect the appearance of 3.17 A fundamental guiding principle, not always design features within one unrelated fashion. All relationship to the building the street. (Ewelme) easy to follow in practice, is that new development, in order to market these buildings, although development should be integrated with the village them as individually designed. This of differing types, should Shape, scale, bulk and proportions and its existing street pattern. This means trying practice has usually resulted in a utilise complementary disjointed and unattractive mixture designs and materials. Roof size and shape of houses, for example, some with Sensitive selection of Chimneys Tudor style half-timbering, others surfacing for shared areas, Walls and variable garden sizes with brick and flint and some with Materials, colours and textures herring-bone brick work. and shapes can also help to avoid an over rigid Number, shape, size and pattern of windows Repeated designs geometric layout. and doors do not allow the Disguising houses of the same size and Porches development to blend type with a mixture of superficial Garages and parking areas into a village where features can make the development Even small gardens can irregular patterns are appear disjointed and usually fails to add greatly to the Landscaping, walls and hedges more common. achieve the desired effect for the attractiveness of a (Chalfont St. Giles) whole development. (Loosley Row) building. (Ewelme) 26 27 Older villages and hamlets tend to blend into the Chapter 3: Designing new buildings countryside because of irregular orientation and a Chapter 3: Designing new buildings less regimented street pattern. (Bradenham) Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide to avoid 'bolting' on new estates, often in the form Space between buildings The individual building of culs de sac, which are usually perceived as a separate and detached part of the village. It is 3.22 Despite a complex historical layering of many difficult for this type of development to contribute 3.21 The space between buildings should be different periods (as shown in the Chilterns HLC) much to local character or to the sense of place, positively designed as part of the overall the primacy of brick and emerging use of flint from since its form and layout rarely reflects the development, including space within individual the seventeenth century onwards produced what character of building in the rest of the village. The plots and any shared areas. It is important to plan many people consider to be the archetypal Department for Transport published the Manual for the layout and density so as to accommodate green Chilterns brick and flint cottage. This was Streets in 2007 which contains useful advice about space provision and strengthen the network of generally a simple construction of one and a half the need for both internal and external green spaces and links. The designer should aim to storeys with low roof and dormers, constructed connectivity when considering street patterns. make roads and parking areas within the overall development subordinate to gardens, buildings and from locally made red brick, flint and clay tiles, Appropriately designed variety in the types of houses shared space. This will help to create a people sometimes with an oak timber frame. The buildings Multiple plots site, whether they are so called suburban style can have a pleasing visual effect whilst providing the friendly area, especially for children. This can be were rarely more than one room deep and adopted 'executive homes’ or smaller more affordable mixture of housing needed to maintain balanced achieved through the use of alternative road a 'T' or 'L' shape in order to minimise the span of market, rented or social housing. The main priority communities. (Great Missenden) 3.18 Large-scale building of new estates will be surfacing, narrowing road width, or even avoiding the roof. They are numerous and virtually all rare in the Chilterns AONB. More common will be must be to ensure the buildings relate well to one 3.20 The use of a mixture of terraced, detached a distinction between the road and a pavement by settlements still retain buildings of this style. In the development of sites which can accommodate another, as well as to neighbouring plots within a and semi-detached houses with some linking not using kerbs. many ways it is these simple cottages which create a small number of houses. Because of the general wider context. features, such as garden hedges or walls can the character of villages in the Chilterns, into Sensitive siting of a shortage of housing land there is a tendency to try new building is Street pattern overcome the effect of which the new development must fit. and build as many dwellings as possible on the 3.19 There has been a recent trend to try to needed to avoid incorporate houses with a range of superficial buildings floating in an disrupting the 3.23 Factors which can affect the appearance of 3.17 A fundamental guiding principle, not always design features within one unrelated fashion. All relationship to the building the street. (Ewelme) easy to follow in practice, is that new development, in order to market these buildings, although development should be integrated with the village them as individually designed. This of differing types, should Shape, scale, bulk and proportions and its existing street pattern. This means trying practice has usually resulted in a utilise complementary disjointed and unattractive mixture designs and materials. Roof size and shape of houses, for example, some with Sensitive selection of Chimneys Tudor style half-timbering, others surfacing for shared areas, Walls and variable garden sizes with brick and flint and some with Materials, colours and textures herring-bone brick work. and shapes can also help to avoid an over rigid Number, shape, size and pattern of windows Repeated designs geometric layout. and doors do not allow the Disguising houses of the same size and Porches development to blend type with a mixture of superficial Garages and parking areas into a village where features can make the development Even small gardens can irregular patterns are appear disjointed and usually fails to add greatly to the Landscaping, walls and hedges more common. achieve the desired effect for the attractiveness of a (Chalfont St. Giles) whole development. (Loosley Row) building. (Ewelme) 28 29

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings These styles of cottage with consistent scale, form and Chapter 3: Designing new buildings materials can be found throughout the Chilterns and Chilterns Buildings Design Guide exhibit many design features which are now considered Chilterns Buildings Design Guide to be traditional. (The Lee, Hambleden, Stonor) Detailed design considerations degree norm. This is one of the reasons why every effort should be made to restrict the height quality or innovative nature of bungalows can appear to be an inappropriate of the building and the bulk of the roof. If the the design may provide the building design. It will almost invariably be out of terrace is on a slope, the individual houses should special justification. The 3.24 Great care and attention to detail is needed scale with the countryside and neighbouring be stepped. This is a useful way of allowing design should be truly to ensure buildings enhance, rather than spoil, the buildings. An 'L' shaped or rectangular building is buildings to follow the contours, however, it is not outstanding and ground- landscape of the Chilterns AONB. Use of 'off the likely to be less bulky than one with a large, recommended in other instances where sites are breaking, for example in its shelf' designs and/or inappropriate standard square floor plan. level as the stepping leads to a contrived use of materials, methods of materials should be avoided. It is always advisable Try to identify those features which are characteristic appearance. construction or contribution to of traditional buildings in the village. (Turville, to seek pre-application advice from your local 3.29 The overriding rule is to adjust the bulk, protecting and enhancing the planning authority. credit Richard Bossons) layout and orientation of the building to fit the site The 'one-off' design environment (PPS7). The scale and form of new without major ground works, ensuring a relatively One off designs 3.25 Checklist low roof height. This can help to achieve more 3.32 Therefore, for such buildings to fit into the should be sensitive buildings 3.31 This guide is intended to help conserve and interesting designs and layouts, possibly using split- Chilterns AONB they should be sympathetic to their to the local area enhance the Chilterns landscape by promoting and enhance the Identify the main architectural features of levels. Care should be taken to avoid the spread of surroundings and the defining characteristics of the landscape and 3.26 It is important to consider how the scale and locally distinctive building traditions. However, this the traditional buildings in the immediate the ground floor footprint beyond the roofline. local area and will need to demonstrate the immediate setting. area of the proposed new building, and form of a proposed new building will affect its does not mean that there is no place for appropriate use of local building materials (Marlow above, contemporary and innovative architecture or more interpret these in the design visibility in the landscape, and its relationship to Terraces wherever possible. With current uncertainty about Berkhamsted and interesting designs which demonstrate adherence Goring below) When building between existing properties, nearby buildings. It is essential that the building is the likely impacts of climate change it would be designed to fit the site. to the basic principle of being in harmony with sensible to incorporate respect the size, shape and siting of adjacent 3.30 Until the nineteenth century terraces were their site and the surrounding buildings and renewable energy provision buildings relatively uncommon. They were usually short, of 3.27 New houses should have a simple form and a countryside. By their very nature such designs are (particularly solar hot water, Avoid excessive earth works – step buildings about five dwellings or less and constructed of pitched roof with a central ridge. Extensions can be likely to come forward rarely, though should still solar photovoltaics [PV], down slopes instead brick, sometimes in combination with flint. added to buildings of this shape without creating a be of the highest standard. They should therefore ground source heat pumps and Take care over the treatment of doors and Terraces are usually balanced in appearance and complicated and messy structure. More detailed only be built in exceptional circumstances where it wood fuel boilers for both windows which can dramatically alter the this should be maintained when additions are being advice on the way in which existing buildings can can be shown that, whether in the open heat and power), increased appearance of a building considered. The construction of unusual end of be sympathetically extended can be obtained from countryside or a settlement, they enhance the levels of insulation and In multiple plots, use traditional design styles terrace structures, dormers and porches should be your local planning authority. landscape and immediate setting rather than innovative design features to and features to create a consistent design avoided particularly where they do not exist detract from local character. They should also reduce the impacts of summer theme, but avoid repeated designs and already. New terraces should also be short, and 3.28 Buildings with a large deep plan often sit demonstrate the highest principles of sustainability heating (building orientation, geometric patterns awkwardly on a sloping site and usually require in terms of design, use of materials and renewable tree planting and installation Consider mixing types of housing, (terrace, substantial ground works. Rather than adopting this energy provision for example and should have the of reflective glazing) and semi, detached, linked) as this adds variety approach, the design and layout of the building ability to be repaired and renewed when potential storm events in a development and the settlement, whilst should be changed to fit more comfortably on to necessary. (permeable surfacing, larger using consistent designs and materials the site, by 'stepping' down the hill. A house with a The Board supports the Government's policy which gutters and drainpipes and Use simple building layouts at right angles or deep plan, exceeding 7 metres, is likely to appear stresses that isolated new dwellings in the water collection and recycling parallel to the road as a large 'boxy' building. It is likely to have an countryside will require special justification for facilities). These principles planning permission to be granted. The exceptional Avoid deep floor plans, which create large expansive shallow pitched roof, less than the 40 should apply to all new roof spans, often unacceptably shallow in buildings. pitch Terraces were commonly constructed from the mid nineteenth century onwards. (Aldbury) 28 29

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3.38 A residential development where all the roofs slightly rough texture necessary to allow them to Roofs Restrict the use of rooflights, however if are identical and appear to be arranged in a weather. Other colours rarely fit in with their (see the Chilterns Roofing Materials used they should be recessed and split into geometric pattern will be conspicuous and out of surroundings. Supplementary Technical Note for more small panes (to help avoid light reflection), place, especially where they do not have detailed advice) kept low on the roof and placed on the rear chimneys. The designer should aim to break up 3.42 Concrete tiles and clay pantiles elevation of buildings potentially dull roofscapes by using the correct should not be used. 3.33 Checklist Roof mounted solar renewable energy clay tiles (hand-made with double cambers) and The buildings fit together because the roof pitches installations (hot water and PV) should be the inclusion of chimneys in the design. If some and use of plain red clay tiles is consistent. 3.43 Thatch is still found in many parts of Use a pitched roof with central ridge kept low on the roof and prominent The roof of this relatively large cottage is kept in (Little Missenden) proportion by the use of a double roof with central variation is required then slate could be introduced the Chilterns, but is no longer common. It Avoid flat roofs elevations of buildings should be avoided for small and subservient extensions. A mixture of valley gutter. (Coleshill) 3.40 The traditional plain red clay tile continues is exceptional for thatch to be used on a Dormer windows should be kept low on the gabled ended, half-hipped and hipped roof styles Avoid roofs with unequal pitches to be used widely. During the mid-nineteenth modern building, and particular care is roof. They should be small and designed to should be avoided. Gabled ended roofs were the Full gabled roofs with plain uncoloured century slate was introduced as a roofing material needed to avoid the building becoming an let in light rather than to create additional most common building style, and half-hipped mortared verges and third round ridges are and used extensively in villages which expanded oddity, out of keeping with most of the space in an attic room structures relatively scarce. A simple break in the preferred. Hipped and half-hipped roofs are rapidly from that time. A common feature is the buildings in the area. roofline can create the desired effect. less common Use black painted cast metal and not uPVC use of clay ridge tiles on a slate roof. for external guttering and pipework Roof pitch should be at least 40 degrees for 3.39 The materials and colour of a roof are key Bargeboards clay tiles and most slate roofs 3.41 The characteristic plain red clay tiles should elements of any individual building and Shape, size and materials be used whenever possible, although slate roofs Thatched roofs should only be used where streetscape, and are especially important when are common and familiar. The texture of roofing 3.44 During the nineteenth century boxed locally common elevated views of the building or village are materials is also a consideration. Natural roofing eaves and bargeboards were introduced Thatched roof pitches should be up to 55 3.34 The shape of roofs is often overlooked as an possible, such as from the scarp ridge. Consistent materials such as clay tiles and natural slate are as a design feature, and are now widely degrees important aspect of building design. Their shape, colouring and use of materials helps to soften the slightly textured and weather readily. Smooth and used. They are appropriate for Victorian Consider using a double roof with valley size, pitch and colour can all have a significant A traditional brick and flint cottage with small dormer view of the village and ensure new development shiny roofing materials, including some clay tiles, buildings but can spoil other older Boxed eaves and windows and plain clay tiled roof. (Watlington) gutters and parallel ridges for larger roofs to impact. matches older buildings. buildings if added, and should be avoided if a new bargeboards have been artificial and some imported slates, lack the used since the1850s. minimise their bulk building is being designed to reflect a traditional They can add to the Thatch should have a pitch of up to 50–55 degrees. Slate has been commonly used since the Use plain red clay tiles whenever possible or 3.35 Traditionally, houses were rarely more than cottage design. Bargeboards were generally not character of a new Unequal main pitches should be avoided. The use mid-nineteenth century. The roof pitch is often more Thatch can be found across the Chilterns but it is no slates as an alternative two storeys in height. The upper storey often used shallow than for clay tiled roofs. (Great Kingshill) longer as common as it once was. (Ipsden) used on brick and flint cottages which had building if used with great care. Too often part of the attic with small dormer windows, which of flat, nearly flat, or very steep roofs are at mortared verges. Those which exhibit ornate Clay tiles and slates should have a slight they do not. (Chenies) helped to restrict the height of the ridge and keep variance with all other forms of vernacular texture to help weathering styling can be intrusive and incongruous, and the bulk of the building low. architecture in the Chilterns. should be avoided. Concrete tiles and pantiles should not be used 3.36 A pitched roof with plain clay tiles, or 3.37 With larger, deep two-storey buildings there Avoid using bargeboards and deep sometimes slate, is traditional to the area, as are is a tendency to create a bulky roof with a high projecting boxed eaves on 'traditional gable-ended, and to a much lesser extent, half- ridge that is out of scale. There are many examples cottage' designs hipped roofs. Tiled roofs should have pitches of at of how older traditional buildings have overcome Bargeboards on new cottages can appear as an Do not use bargeboards with highly least 40 degrees, whilst slate can be as low as 30 this problem by using a double roof with parallel unnecessary design detail. ornamental 'alpine styling' degrees, although this can appear rather flat. ridges and a central valley gutter to reduce the (Great Kingshill) bulk of the building. 30 31

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Dormer windows appearance of the roof. Investigate other means of Chimneys Walls introducing attic light, for example by means of (see the Chilterns Flint and Chilterns gable end windows where appropriate. 3.45 Traditional cottages sometimes had dormers 3.49 Checklist Brick Supplementary Technical Notes for more detailed advice) to make use of the roof space. They were usually 3.48 At present small-scale domestic wind turbines gabled, small, restricted in number and sited low will often need planning permission and early Wherever possible chimneys should be 3.53 Checklist down on the roof, occasionally breaking the eaves contact should be made with the local planning incorporated into designs line (less common nowadays). Cheeks and gables authority. Such turbines (usually about 1kW If the house doesn't have an open fireplace, Use red/orange brick where this is prevalent tended to be plain rendered, occasionally lead was capacity) will normally need to be attached to a consider incorporating the central heating used for the former, brick and flint for the latter. gable wall and project above the roof in order to flue or soil stack/vent pipe in a chimney Do not use other colours of brick unless Tile-hanging or wood or wood-effect cladding are produce any electricity. However, with the Traditionally chimneys often had detailing as there is a distinct local tradition not traditional. If dormers are used at all, they turbulence caused by the house it is attached to a monument to the bricklayers skill. This is Avoid using bricks with 'sharp' edges should respect these simple rules. The roof New houses without a chimney look strangely bare, and other buildings, trees and obstacles locally the especially prominent in traditional estate Use bricks with texture to help weathering materials and pitch should match that of the main drawing attention to the bulk and uniformity of the Other forms of dormer window can add to the appeal power produced is likely to be limited. Despite villages roof. (Walters Ash) Use an appropriate brick bond whilst roof. Window-frames should usually match, but be of a roof, in these cases cat-slide and double-pitched being small-scale, roof-mounted turbines are likely Do not use fake or moulded ridge stacks dormers have been used. (Bockmer End) avoiding the use of stretcher bond smaller than those used on the main elevation, to disrupt the appearance of a building unless they often prominent and flamboyant features of the Flint should be fractured or knapped with although where sashes are being employed, attic are very carefully positioned. cottages belonging to traditional estates. casements would be just as appropriate. Cat-slide 3.50 Until comparatively recently chimneys were a the dressed face exposed Rooflights, solar panels and small- standard feature of all houses in rural areas, most Use appropriate lime mortars or flat lead covered dormers may be a useful 3.51 Many people would argue that a fireplace is a of which had more than one chimney. They are The careful use of addition for the architect trying to get more space scale wind turbines traditional part of any house in the countryside, Only use colour banding where it is locally dormer windows can add attractive features in their own right and add in the roof, but where a traditional cottage look and a valued part of rural living is having an open dominant and use variations of red brick – significantly to the may not be appropriate. However, close attention interest to almost any type of building. They were avoid other colours appearance of a building. 3.46 Rooflights and solar panels need to be fire or stove. In recent years houses have been (Greenfield, Watlington) should still be paid to the local context. carefully used and positioned to avoid disrupting designed without an open fireplace, and thus the Consider using glazed 'headers' to provide the appearance of a building. They can be house has not had a chimney. This has a detail accommodated on relatively modern buildings but surprisingly dramatic effect on the appearance of Consider using different materials for front care is needed to limit the number, and ensure the building. As such, designers should consider and side elevations (e.g. brick to front and they are well positioned on the roof – for example, incorporating an open fireplace in new houses. brick and flint to sides) by making sure they are not too high. Do not use pre-cast flint blocks or token flint Consideration should be given to the siting of solar 3.52 If a real fireplace and working chimney is not panels panels away from the building, if space allows and a feature of the house, consideration should be Hanging wall tiles, colour washing and the installation can be sufficiently well screened. given to housing the central heating flue or a soil weather-boarding should be avoided, unless stack/vent pipe in a chimney rather than simply characteristic of the locality 3.47 They should be located away from the front exposing a short length of piping. A blank Consider using weather-boarding stained or prominent elevation of the building. On older unadorned roof will always look out of place in the black for garages and other out-buildings – properties new rooflights and solar panels may be countryside and without a chimney can appear to use wide boards difficult to incorporate without spoiling the be bulky and over bearing.

Solar panels on the front elevation of a Chimneys are often prominent features, not just of building can spoil the overall appearance the roof but of the gable wall, with large external of a roof. (Great Missenden) chimney breasts. (Medmenham) 32 33

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The use of flint is the association with the same locally produced, allowing water ingress and leading to damage to Weather-boarding was more commonly used for most commonly 'mellow' red brick. It was nearly always fractured 3.58 The traditional materials of local brick, plain both bricks and flints as well as any mortar core. adopted technique of outbuildings and may be a useful design detail for creating the appearance or knapped (dressed) and used in smaller sizes. red clay tiles and flint are very durable and give a Traditional lime mortars are made with sand and garages, for example. Traditionally the sawn of a 'Chilterns cottage'. Large pieces were rarely used and almost never in familiar character to a building. In contrast, many lime and their use helps to improve the bond with planks used for weather-boarding were wider than The flint should usually the round except for ornamental purposes. modern materials lack an appropriate colour and clay bricks and flints. The subtle texture of lime the narrow boards sometimes used today. be fractured or mortar enhances the visual qualities of any wall it knapped with the texture, thus retaining their 'newness', and fail to 3.55 Until bricks were imported to the area, weather with age and exposure to the elements. is used for. The elasticity and porosity of lime dressed surface being Mixing materials and styles visible and the flint locally produced bricks were used which were mortar allows a wall to breathe, moisture to should be laid in lime nearly all red, ranging from those with orange 3.59 Red brick should be used. Other colours such evaporate and fine cracks to 'heal'. Its use is mortar. (Medmenham) tinges to nearly purple. Generally they were as yellow, grey, brown or salmon pink have never ecologically friendly, and even allows a wall to be 3.63 Mixing 'images' of past architectural details in handmade and a mellow red in colour, with been used widely and should not be used, unless demolished and reconstructed in the future an attempt to create a false sense of history and rounded edges, rather than the sharp and hard they are a notable local feature. Hand-made bricks without any loss of material. to give an anonymous building instant character edge of modern machine made bricks. It was are still available and made in the Chilterns, and such as: medieval leaded lights, mock Georgian common to use bricks of slightly different colours locally produced modern machine made bricks, 3.61 For repair work such as repointing, very front doors, ornamental bargeboards and Tudor to provide ornamental detail. Such combinations which replicate the appearance of hand made careful consideration needs to be given to whether half-timbering almost never achieves the desired 3.54 For centuries, locally produced 'red' bricks were subtle, and not based on dramatically bricks, are widely available. It is important to the work is necessary and intervention should be effect and should be avoided. The designer should were the basic building blocks used in the contrasting colours. Glazed headers were often achieve a better quality finish with appropriate the minimum necessary to retain flint and refer to a local Village Design Statement or Chilterns. Flint has also been a basic building used to create decorative patterns. detailing. brickwork in a safe and sound condition. If the Conservation Area Appraisal, if one exists for the The use of glazed material for centuries but it was only towards the building is listed then consent may be required village, which will help to identify local design headers to create end of the eighteenth and into the nineteenth 3.56 Inevitably in a woodland area, timber has 3.60 The colour, thickness, profile and texture of before attempting any repairs (contact your local styles and details. The appearance of a decorative pattern centuries, that it was much more commonly used, been extensively used for construction. Timber mortar joints and the bond chosen all affect the authority Conservation Officer). Repointing is buildings can be was relatively often for domestic construction and usually in framing, using hardwood species, especially oak, is final appearance of a wall. A strong cement based generally only needed when the mortar has clearly 3.64 Only use materials which are traditional to attempts to provide new and modern but significantly affected common. (Watlington) by great variations in no longer practiced widely, nor is weather- mortar is inappropriate as its use will result in failed and is powdery, loose and crumbling or has the Chilterns. Materials with colours and textures 'traditional' cottages, builders have simply added design features, boarding, which was the normal construction shrinkage cracking around bricks and flints, eroded away through weathering or decay. Avoid alien to the Chilterns such as stone from other pre-cast concrete flint blocks or other token flint materials and scale. technique for barns and other 'industrial' buildings. using cement-rich mortars as they set too hard and areas, yellow brick, plastic, or brightly coloured panels to conventional modern designs, or used (Speen) Nevertheless the use of sustainably sourced timber remain intact during any movement of the wall cement and concrete based products cannot help bright red brick with hard edges and a smooth for construction and finishes is encouraged. thus tearing the flint and bricks which surround to blend a new building with the countryside or finish. These, too, fail to create the desired effect them. Specialist contractors should be employed the traditional character of local villages. and should be avoided. Ill-considered pointing also 3.57 Since the beginning of the twentieth century and they should try and achieve as close a match Particular care is needed when using ornamental mars the appearance of brick and flint. the range of building materials in common use in texture and composition as possible (see the detailing such as coloured brick banding and expanded enormously. There is no longer a reliance Chilterns Flint and Chilterns Brick Supplementary unusual window shapes. on locally produced materials. Highly coloured Technical Notes for more detailed advice). bricks and concrete tiles, which owe little to local 3.65 The modern practice of ad hoc use of several tradition, have sometimes displaced the familiar 3.62 Tile hanging, lime rendering, lime washing different types of building material gives an red bricks, clay tiles and flint. and timber weather-boarding are occasionally unbalanced and hybrid appearance to a building found, but were not used widely for houses. and development. Recently, as the market

Inappropriate use of standard designs and materials do not add to the character of settlements. (Hyde Heath) 34 35

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Windows and doors 3.68 Traditionally, windows were slightly taller appearance and provides adequate protection from than they were wide. If a wider opening was the elements. required, the glazing was divided into separate 3.66 Checklist casements or sashes to give the same vertical 3.70 Large windows in the form of patio doors and emphasis. The key is the subdivision of the window picture windows look out of place in older Elevations should have a greater proportion in a symmetrical way, with regular arrangement of buildings and the traditional balance of wall to of solid wall to window areas of glass and thin glazing bars. Although there window is lost. Patio doors and larger window Windows should be slightly taller than wide has been a tendency to use larger panes of glass openings should be designed to avoid using large with small panes of glass than before, a well balanced design can still be panes of glass and generally confined to the rear Glazing bars should be thin achieved. or screened parts of the building. Windows should be recessed with the outer Traditional leaded light windows are occasionally or sub-frame and sill painted black or encountered often in conjunction with iron casements. 3.69 Recessing the windows into their opening (by 3.71 The windows used in an extension should another dark colour where appropriate Stick on lead strips do not achieve the same effect. (Aldbury) approx 5–15 cms), painting the outer or sub-frame match and be in proportion to those of the main Large windows and patio doors should be and sill black or another appropriate dark colour building. A mixture of window sizes, styles, colours confined to the rear or screened parts of the 3.67 The elevational appearance of a building is (as was done traditionally) and painting the and materials disrupts the appearance of the house and should be divided by glazing bars strongly influenced by the positioning, size and woodwork white usually gives an attractive building and should be avoided. Similar principles A wide variety of designs is available, but careful White paint is the most appropriate finish detailed design of the windows. The traditional selection is required to ensure that windows enhance apply to windows in conversions and the use of for timber windows: staining is not a proportional dominance of solid wall over window the appearance and complement the character of the coloured staining (often a honey colour) should be Front doors on adjacent properties that are in keeping traditional finish and should not be used opening should be borne in mind, and the building and neighbouring properties. This is especially avoided in all instances. with their locality. (Little Missenden) important in terraces where the use of different except in the case of weather-boarded subdivision of glazing given careful thought. window designs can disrupt their appearance. elevations, where frames should be stained Traditional window frames are, contrary to (Harpsden, Watlington and Chalfont St. Giles) 3.72 Aluminium and PVC doors and windows are 3.74 There are no 'traditional' or painted black common belief, still available and are economic to not suitable as replacements in older buildings, front door styles in the Wooden frames should be used in install. and can spoil the intrinsic qualities of the building. Chilterns. In general, those preference to PVC or aluminium which spoil For listed buildings and in conservation areas there using simple, rural designs the appearance of older houses, especially is likely to be strict control on the appearance of work well, particularly when in terraces where all properties have new and replacement windows. The local planning taking account of the local identical windows, are unsustainable and authority should be contacted for further advice. context, and are generally lack local distinctiveness constructed of timber, with PVC doors should be avoided 3.73 An important issue to consider when installing little or no glazing and few Front doors should be wood, designed to fit or replacing windows is energy conservation. This ornaments. Georgian style in with the local context and with little or is one of the benefits sometimes put forward for front doors often look out of no glazing. Fan lights should not be PVC, but equally effective wooden alternatives are place, and those with large incorporated into the door itself available, which are both more aesthetically glass panels are unlikely to Neo-Georgian style front doors should be pleasing and environmentally sustainable. It can enhance the appearance of avoided also be more cost-effective to repair wooden the building. frames than to replace them with PVC. Simple front door design. (Great Missenden) Unusual shaped window openings and use of PVC Simple rural front door design. frames rarely complement traditional buildings and (Hambleden, should be avoided. (Great Missenden) credit Richard Bossons)

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Porches 3.76 All types of porch and canopy are to be found 3.78 If an older building or terrace of houses has Access, parking and garages 3.80 Car ownership in the Chilterns is amongst the and the introduction of kerbs and hard surfacing in the Chilterns, ranging from those which serve a never had a porch or canopy and it is proposed to highest in the country, and is still growing. It is not should be avoided unless there is a tradition of useful purpose (keeping out the weather for add one solely for decorative purposes, then uncommon for households to have two or even using such materials in the area. 3.75 Checklist 3.79 Checklist example) to those which are for little more than consideration should be given to abandoning the three cars. Some have more. They are not only a ornamentation. In many older properties, porches proposal. If the porch or canopy is for functional source of pollution when used but can spoil the 3.83 A recent, and often unfortunate, trend has For new buildings consider adding a porch or Parking areas/driveways should be located at and canopies form an integral part of the overall purposes, constructing it in the same materials as immediate setting of the house and street. been to allow the front of the house, and thus the canopy as it can create interest, especially design. Generally, they are very simple and mirror the main house, and, if it is a porch, fitting it with the side of buildings street, to become dominated by large garages, on a flat fronted detached building, though it the main building. In some instances they are either the original door or one similar will help it to Drives down the side of the building, with 3.81 To help reduce the visual pollution caused by driveways and parking areas. In this way attractive should not be added to a traditional building elegantly detailed and can add considerable blend in. The roof pitch should be as close to that the garage located to the side or rear of the cars and reflected light, it is important to reduce houses are spoilt, often by the removal of a or a terrace of houses simply for interest to the building. This is particularly true of of the main roof as possible. dwelling, help to reduce the prominence of the prominence of vehicular access and parking traditional front boundary wall and streets become ornamentation some Victorian and Edwardian buildings. the garage and parked cars areas which can become visually dominant in dominated by the car, rather than buildings, The design of the porch should mirror the Avoid creating parking areas which dominate developments of multiple dwellings. Space which boundaries and gardens. main building 3.77 It is important that the porch or canopy the front of the building, in full view of the is designed solely for parking large numbers of cars The porch must be in proportion to the matches the main building, whether it is a new street is inefficient and often unattractive. It is often 3.84 A very large number of houses have garages house house or an extension to an older property. It A drive-through archway incorporated as part more effective to provide parking spaces through a which are never used for cars, instead becoming The materials and roof pitch should match should be constructed using the same materials as of the dwelling with garage to the rear can combination of on-plot, off-plot, and on street storage areas. As cars have become less prone to the existing building the main building. be effective where appropriate. If larger shared parking areas rust, many people prefer to leave their cars in the This shows that adequate driveway rather than keeping them in the garage. Front gardens should not be turned into are necessary, they should contain no more than 10 on-site parking provision spaces, should be sited so as to minimise their has not been achieved. parking areas (Naphill) visibility both from outside and within the Consider alternatives to standard garages development and should be designed as a space such as 'cart shed' designs which is capable of fulfilling a variety of needs, Integral garages should be avoided The porch should closely match the characteristics of one of which is parking, and incorporate soft the main building in terms of proportions, design and Avoid building large double garages landscape planting and other features to break-up use of materials. Although it works above (Nettleden), with pyramid shaped roofs, dormers or it is only partially successful below (Watlington), the space. where greater thought given to the bulk, design and rooflights materials could have produced a better result. Avoid large garage courts, especially if they 3.82 New development must be designed to are isolated from the main building respond to the character of the surrounding area, Do not set garages forward of the main which may indicate the need for front boundary dwelling treatments and soft landscape planting. It may Screen parking areas also give rise to the need for new open or play space. Care should be taken so that the need to Keep visibility splays to a minimum Poorly designed provide access and parking is not given priority porches can mar over such other requirements of the development. the appearance of the building Hard and soft landscape materials should complement those traditionally found in the area 38 39

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

3.85 Garage accommodation should be designed to Landscape setting Boundaries Boundary hedges complement the allow a car to be properly parked and has to be buildings and safe and convenient, otherwise it will not be used. contribute to the 3.89 Checklist 3.90 Brick walls, possibly incorporating flint and However, this does not mean that it has to rural character of half round cappings, fences and hedges are the dominate the scene. If vehicle access and parking the lane. (Lee Common) traditional forms of property boundary in the is considered from the outset, it can become an Hedges and walls are preferable to fencing Chilterns. Older properties are often enclosed by a integral part of site planning and the design of new and in many cases hedges are preferable to wall using similar materials to the house itself. In buildings or conversions. walls some villages, especially estate villages, walls, Woven 'larchlap' panel and close board railings, fences and hedges can be specific to the 3.86 Driveways are usually less dominant if they fences should not be used location creating a distinct sense of place. are sited to the side of the main frontage of a Do not use concrete blockwork building and if they do not run directly into a Entrance gates should be simple and visibly 3.91 Walls can be used to 'tie buildings together' garage or parking area. As a norm they need be no permeable and ornamental railings should be creating visually attractive linkages, as well as Inventive design and wider than three metres. Garages themselves can be functional and attractive. (Goring Heath, credit Paul Sargeantson) avoided imagination is needed delineating boundaries, screening and enclosing The garden wall to ensure the correct Avoid 'gardening' the road verge one area from another. As with walls for buildings, matches the house. 3.87 Rather than automatically proposing a double car ports with the appearance of a cart shed or discuss this in detail with the local planning and (Little Missenden) balance is achieved Don't treat the spaces between buildings as the details of brick colour and texture, of pointing to prevent the car and garage with each new house, consider whether small barn may be more attractive in some highway authorities. This will be especially simply 'leftover' – design them into the whole and the use of flint, needs to be carefully chosen parking areas becoming there are more appropriate alternatives. Covered circumstances and remain practical. The garage, relevant for developments away from busy development to be in keeping with the traditions of the area. intrusive. (Wigginton) stores and other outbuildings can be highways. Specific reference should be made to the Retaining walls need particular care. Concrete grouped around an open courtyard, Environmental Guidelines for the Management of Locally common, locally sourced native blockwork for boundary walls, and paving flags laid reminiscent in scale and character to a Highways in the Chilterns and The Manual for species are preferred for landscaping, to retain banks are not appropriate in the small farmyard or workshop. Parked cars Streets. especially within and adjoining open Chilterns. can be further screened and protected by countryside. Avoid fast growing exotic hedges, trellis or pergolas. species, especially cypress and laurel Don't use too many different surface 3.88 Standard highways guidance can materials and avoid the use of highly result in large visibility splays and turning coloured concrete paviors heads which are out of keeping with Limit the area of asphalt Elaborate entrances older parts of the village and tend to Ensure any surfacing materials are porous are usually more result in the road dominating the scene. suburban than Don't use concrete kerbs, fake cobbles and It is possible to use reduced rural in character patterned concrete which are suburbanising and should be avoided. specifications without compromising features (Ipsden) safety and to design the space to relate Consider bound gravel finishes in place of to the surrounding buildings and asphalt areas environment rather than specifically vehicle movement. The designer should

This wall is an attractive feature in its own right. (Hailey) 40 41

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

This wall is an attractive feature in its own right. (Hailey) 42 43

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Native hedges and timber post Chilterns Buildings Design Guide and rail to rural boundaries Good practice Garages and sheds Boundary treatment and surface forming small courtyard New hedges, trees and other on appropriate species can be obtained from the materials planting Conservation Board and local authority staff. Existing mature trees retained 3.99 If a neat hedge that remains dense throughout 3.92 Waist-high timber fences such as picket 3.95 If the location of a building is right and the the year is required, a single-species planting of fences or post and rail fences where adjacent to site planning has been sensitively carried out there beech, hornbeam, holly or yew is suitable. Often farmland, are in keeping with most village or should be no need for new planting to screen a exotic species such as cypresses and other conifers rural surroundings, can be supplemented by a building from view. Screening alone should in any are planted in order to obtain a quick screen hedge using locally common native species and event be avoided since it usually suggests that without consideration of the fact that they will are the form of enclosure preferred by the other more basic considerations have been continue to grow quickly after they have achieved Board. Simple metal bar railings were Drive and entrance Screening no wider than necessary with shrubs neglected. However, in some instances it is the desired height, causing maintenance, root characteristic of large houses and estates, but with simple timber gates appropriate to plant trees or shrubs. penetration and shading problems as well as ornamental railings are urban and out of place looking out of place. Frontage similar to rest of street in rural areas. The strong geometric shapes of Beech hedge 3.96 Tree and shrub planting may be required to close board fencing, larchlap or other solid Bound gravel or similar provide shelter for a new building, or to link a new 3.100 The planting of good hedges and trees from fences, are too dominating and are for driveway. No kerbs building visually with existing woodland for the outset of a development will provide a cumbersome on slopes. They are also prone to example. Planting should leave sufficient space framework for gardens and open spaces in the wind damage and rot and require regular Poor practice Cypress hedges look out of place and can quickly get around a building to allow trees scope to mature, future. They should be considered as an important out of control. There are more appropriate native maintenance to avoid looking tatty and are Blockwork wall and conifer to avoid inconvenience caused by tree roots or species. Detatched double garage way of integrating a development into its therefore not appropriate. hedge along rural boundary with narrow awkward overhanging branches, and to prevent an obstacle surroundings and providing Green Infrastructure, spaces to either side to expansion should the need arise. (see bibliography for further information) whether eventually grow very large are not planted too 3.93 Entrance, and any other, gates should be Conifers rapidly it be in a village or in the open landscape. With close to buildings or where they will obscure views, simple and visually permeable, either matching becoming too large 3.97 Existing native trees and shrubs should always good design these features can benefit wildlife, be and trees that will remain small will not be the boundary fencing or typical farm gates in be retained to assist the integration of a new attractive and provide a sense of security for the dwarfed by buildings. Trees can be long-lived and the area, and timber should be used as it is Simple and permeable building into its surroundings. owners without creating a sense of hostility to expensive to maintain to maturity and maintenance more attractive than tubular steel. Ornate, high gates can still be others. Further information on this matter is is therefore vital. It is advisable to seek specialist and solid gates and entrances incorporating obtained and should 3.98 The use of locally thriving, native species is detailed in Natural Security, a leaflet which can be advice about planting and maintenance, and be used where possible. security systems are out of place in the usually the most successful way to ensure that a obtained from Hertfordshire County Council. essential in the case of surveys or work to existing (Harpsden above and countryside. Britwell Salome, new hedge or group of trees fits in. Species or mature trees. Contact your local authority for credit Richard Bossons Large expanse commonly found in hedgerows throughout the 3.101 The positions for tree planting should be more advice. 3.94 It is not traditional for gardens to be open to of asphalt and Paul Sargeantson) Chilterns include hawthorn, hazel, blackthorn, carefully considered. These may be to give shelter, the road unless they are very narrow. In High brick wall Large concrete kerbs beech, yew and hornbeam, with lesser numbers of to screen or break up unsightly views, to give some villages and usually in the open many other native shrubs such as holly, dog rose, height and visually soften rooflines or add points of countryside, grass verges are common. Ornate gates spindle, wild privet and elderberry, and trees such interest within a street. The choice of species It is inappropriate for these to be taken as beech, ash, oak and wild cherry. Further advice needs to be appropriate so that trees that will over by adjacent properties and Wide drive/entrance Lack of continuity for 'gardened' with manicured flower beds Mature tree removed ‘Gardened’ verge front boundary treatment and close-mown grass, as this introduces an inharmonious suburban character. 42 43

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Paving and other hard surfaces 3.104 A large expanse of any one surfacing 3.107 Concrete paviors, fake cobbles and Other small-scale permitted conditions attached. Where the building is listed, This permitted material should be avoided in residential and patterned concrete should be avoided as they are a or is within a Conservation Area, additional development has had development a detrimental impact other small developments. If a sizeable area of suburban detail. Natural clay or stone paviors are restrictions may also apply. In some cases, Local 3.102 This is an aspect of development which is on the wider hard-standing is required it can be visually broken preferred. authorities will have applied Article 4 Directions to landscape. (Fawley) often given inadequate attention, resulting in up by, for instance, defining the access to 3.110 Checklist control certain small-scale works and the widespread use of asphalt, concrete and even individual buildings in a different material from 3.108 Where asphalt is used, consideration should Conservation Board is supportive of such action brightly coloured concrete block paviors more the shared driveway, or by having a low step to be given to the use of a surface dressing such as Ensure that any change takes account of its where it is considered that this is appropriate. often associated with supermarket car parks. keep cars in their defined places. However, the appropriately coloured aggregates, to define context and is appropriate to the locality Whatever is ultimately proposed it should be use of too many types of surfacing can easily look estate roads and other areas of public highway. Ensure that renewable energy installations 3.112 However, where a planning application is limited in extent and porous to allow storm water overdone and unattractive. There are also various products which use a clear are sited out of the public's view not required and development can take place and run off to filter through to the ground below. binder with natural aggregates to give a surface without the formal approval of the local planning Greater use should therefore be made of natural Avoid the use of insensitive lighting 3.105 The general absence of building stone in the that looks like gravel but is almost as hard-wearing authority, the Conservation Board is concerned finishes including grass. installations Chilterns has meant that alternative materials are as asphalt. Gravel and bound gravels should be that such permitted development may have Design small-scale extensions to fit with the commonly used. The exception is the use of considered where there is less heavy use, as these damaging impacts on the AONB and fail to 3.103 It is possible to minimise the area needed current building and preferably place them Denner Hill Setts, produced from sandstone are more attractive. conserve or enhance its natural beauty. For 3.114 The tranquillity of the Chilterns AONB is for hard surfacing and thus create a more people at the rear boulders which are found near High Wycombe. example, the change of windows and boundary under threat from noise as well as light pollution. friendly area, by removing the standard division Avoid the use of 'off the shelf' designs for They were used extensively in the nineteenth 3.109 Detailed advice on roads can be obtained treatments (fence, wall or hedge for example) in This is exacerbated by the insensitive use of between highway and pedestrian pavement, if garden buildings Care should be taken century, and small quantities can be still be from your local highway authority. The Chilterns one house in a short terrace can have a disastrous external lights, particularly security lights, which safety considerations allow. This is most likely to with the installation sourced for re-use. In some conservation areas, Conservation Board and the local Highway Limit the amount of domestic paraphernalia impact on all the other adjoining houses. Owners tend to spill light out from a property into the of renewable be appropriate in small developments away from where York stone or similar stone paving has been Authorities have produced the Environmental and always ensure that it is discreetly sited of such properties are encouraged to ensure that countryside. Greater thought should be given to technologies and busy public highways. prominent elevations used, this should be retained and extended Guidelines for the Management of Highways in the any changes they wish to implement are in keeping the type of lighting installed, its intensity, the should be avoided. whenever possible. Likewise, where a village or Chilterns. These Guidelines should be applied 3.111 Any new development in the AONB will have with their immediate neighbours and the locality. direction that lighting installations face and the (Great Missenden) street has stone setts or kerbs, the same should be whenever works are being considered within the an impact on the built environment, and this Guide Apart from the incremental damage such changes length of time that the used for new development. There may be other highway. aims to provide advice on how to minimize that can have, the Board is also concerned at the lights are on. The Board specific materials traditional to a certain location, impact by ensuring it is of the highest quality and impact that permitted development will have on recommends that if external and their continued use will reinforce the local enhances local distinctiveness. Some development, the edge of settlements and within the public lighting is installed it should identity of the area. such as changes to windows, some renewable domain. only light a specific area energy installations, changes to boundary such as a drive or parking 3.106 Wide concrete kerbs with a high upstand treatment the inclusion of lighting, the building of 3.113 Where the installation of renewable energy area of a building and not are a suburbanising element and unnecessarily conservatories, small extensions and garden technologies is permitted development those the wider countryside. harsh in rural situations. Discrete road and path structures and incorporation of domestic installing the equipment should ensure that Directional cowls should be edgings using bricks or other small unit paving, at paraphernalia, may not necessarily require wherever possible it is placed at the rear of a fitted to stop or limit light a similar level to the main surface should be used planning permission (always check with the local property and out of the public's view. This is spillage, lights should be where necessary. planning authority). However, conditions relating particularly important with regard to the directed downwards not Avoid large expanses of a single surfacing material, this could have been broken up with alternative to these may have been applied in respect of installation of domestic-scale wind turbines and upwards, lower wattage materials and more planting. (Penn Street) developments that have taken place, and similarly consideration should also be given to bats and bulbs should be used (this new developments might well have relevant birds in the local area and their flight paths. More traditional surfacing materials have reduces both pollution and much less impact and are usually more permeable. (Little Missenden) 44 45

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 3: Designing new buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

energy demand) and lights should be fitted with equipment such as swings and climbing frames, instances open views from properties are Agricultural and other rural employment buildings Chapter 4 timers and passive infra-red detectors to ensure which affect the integrity of the original building. maintained, and in these cases such equipment that they are only on when needed. Further Wherever possible such equipment should be should be designed to fit in with the local context information is available from the Institute of limited and preferably removed when not in use. and the use of natural materials such as wood is Lighting Engineers. However, in many instances it is recognised that particularly encouraged. this is not possible and greater consideration will 3.115 Many extensions to dwellings and some new therefore need to be given to the siting of such 3.117 Greater consideration should also be given to 4.1 Checklist buildings which offer increased flexibility in use. 4.5 Chilterns' farm buildings have steep roofs, low buildings do not require planning permission. facilities to lessen their impact on the wider the siting of satellite dishes and aerials and gas and Many traditionally constructed buildings are unable eaves and are generally modest in size. Examples of these small additions are countryside. Many items of domestic clutter will other utility boxes and where possible these should New agricultural and other rural to meet new standards and it is recognised that Farmhouses and barns may be larger. Building conservatories and garden buildings such as sheds. be placed in rear gardens out of the public's view be placed on less prominent facades and could be employment buildings should be well sited many farmers are faced with the need to erect groups are often tightly packed. The overall Some key principles for new buildings will still and with appropriate planting they will be less coloured or painted to match the part of the and in sympathy with their surroundings new stock buildings or storage facilities. Although appearance is dominated by walls and roofs with little evidence of windows and doors. apply. For example roofs and ridgelines should be visible and this is welcomed. However, in some building on which they are placed. Maintain or find suitable alternative uses for traditional buildings may not be appropriate for kept subservient, walls should be indented rather older agricultural buildings modern agriculture they may be suited to alternative uses and local employment generation 4.6 Some old buildings are still in use for than follow existing walls, windows should match Avoid sensitive locations and isolated, will be one key way of ensuring the retention of agriculture, although most of them are no longer the main building and poorly designed elements of ridgetop and prominent sites the existing building (flat roofs for example) should such buildings. suitable. The maintenance of such buildings is Link buildings to the wider landscape be removed where appropriate. When undertaking important whether in use for agriculture or for Consider more complex designs to improve 4.3 When considering the design of new some other purpose. Finding a suitable use, which such development owners should take account of A typical Chilterns the appearance of new buildings the design and materials of the building being agricultural and other rural employment buildings will successfully conserve the character of such farmstead with a extended and appropriate examples locally and Use 'cut and fill' only where absolutely it is not suggested that they directly imitate buildings, is often difficult. However, before tightly packed necessary earlier forms and styles. Rather, they should be proposing a new building for employment uses group of buildings. should try and ensure that any extensions are (Smalldean Lane, consideration should be given to the sensitive located to the rear of the property out of the Align buildings parallel to contours well sited and designed to be in sympathy with the Saunderton) public's view. The addition of PVC conservatories is Use subdivided roof and wall structures to character and appearance of their surroundings. not considered to be appropriate. Other small reduce mass 4.4 Farmsteads in the Chilterns are often isolated garden buildings such as sheds should also be Integrate new buildings with existing groups of buildings, sometimes dominated by a located to the rear of the property and should buildings preferably be designed to fit with other buildings multi-purpose barn. Farmhouse, barn and other Use traditional building materials in the locality rather than being 'off the shelf'. buildings were typically built at various times as Ensure that materials, designs and colours resources allowed and arranged to form a enable new buildings to complement the 3.116 The edges of some settlements are open to sheltered yard. Livestock accommodation and character and appearance of existing nearby the countryside and many forms of permitted implement sheds were built around the central buildings development have an impact on a wide area, space to create an enclosure, for security and particularly if there are limited numbers of trees shelter from the weather. Farmsteads were located and hedges. The re-use of buildings for residential 4.2 In recent decades there have been significant adjacent to better land near sources of water. purposes often brings with it associated domestic changes in farming practices. Changes are Valley bottoms and the foot of the escarpment clutter including washing lines and children's play The consistent treatment and pleasant appearance of the boundary of this development could be lost if changed reflected in differing requirements for new farm were, as a consequence, favoured places to build. under permitted development rights. (The Lee) buildings. Generally, there is now a need for large 46 47

Chapter 3: Designing new buildings Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide energy demand) and lights should be fitted with equipment such as swings and climbing frames, instances open views from properties are Agricultural and other rural employment buildings Chapter 4 timers and passive infra-red detectors to ensure which affect the integrity of the original building. maintained, and in these cases such equipment that they are only on when needed. Further Wherever possible such equipment should be should be designed to fit in with the local context information is available from the Institute of limited and preferably removed when not in use. and the use of natural materials such as wood is Lighting Engineers. However, in many instances it is recognised that particularly encouraged. this is not possible and greater consideration will 3.115 Many extensions to dwellings and some new therefore need to be given to the siting of such 3.117 Greater consideration should also be given to 4.1 Checklist buildings which offer increased flexibility in use. 4.5 Chilterns' farm buildings have steep roofs, low buildings do not require planning permission. facilities to lessen their impact on the wider the siting of satellite dishes and aerials and gas and Many traditionally constructed buildings are unable eaves and are generally modest in size. Examples of these small additions are countryside. Many items of domestic clutter will other utility boxes and where possible these should New agricultural and other rural to meet new standards and it is recognised that Farmhouses and barns may be larger. Building conservatories and garden buildings such as sheds. be placed in rear gardens out of the public's view be placed on less prominent facades and could be employment buildings should be well sited many farmers are faced with the need to erect groups are often tightly packed. The overall Some key principles for new buildings will still and with appropriate planting they will be less coloured or painted to match the part of the and in sympathy with their surroundings new stock buildings or storage facilities. Although appearance is dominated by walls and roofs with little evidence of windows and doors. apply. For example roofs and ridgelines should be visible and this is welcomed. However, in some building on which they are placed. Maintain or find suitable alternative uses for traditional buildings may not be appropriate for kept subservient, walls should be indented rather older agricultural buildings modern agriculture they may be suited to alternative uses and local employment generation 4.6 Some old buildings are still in use for than follow existing walls, windows should match Avoid sensitive locations and isolated, will be one key way of ensuring the retention of agriculture, although most of them are no longer the main building and poorly designed elements of ridgetop and prominent sites the existing building (flat roofs for example) should such buildings. suitable. The maintenance of such buildings is Link buildings to the wider landscape be removed where appropriate. When undertaking important whether in use for agriculture or for Consider more complex designs to improve 4.3 When considering the design of new some other purpose. Finding a suitable use, which such development owners should take account of A typical Chilterns the appearance of new buildings the design and materials of the building being agricultural and other rural employment buildings will successfully conserve the character of such farmstead with a extended and appropriate examples locally and Use 'cut and fill' only where absolutely it is not suggested that they directly imitate buildings, is often difficult. However, before tightly packed necessary earlier forms and styles. Rather, they should be proposing a new building for employment uses group of buildings. should try and ensure that any extensions are (Smalldean Lane, consideration should be given to the sensitive located to the rear of the property out of the Align buildings parallel to contours well sited and designed to be in sympathy with the Saunderton) public's view. The addition of PVC conservatories is Use subdivided roof and wall structures to character and appearance of their surroundings. not considered to be appropriate. Other small reduce mass 4.4 Farmsteads in the Chilterns are often isolated garden buildings such as sheds should also be Integrate new buildings with existing groups of buildings, sometimes dominated by a located to the rear of the property and should buildings preferably be designed to fit with other buildings multi-purpose barn. Farmhouse, barn and other Use traditional building materials in the locality rather than being 'off the shelf'. buildings were typically built at various times as Ensure that materials, designs and colours resources allowed and arranged to form a enable new buildings to complement the 3.116 The edges of some settlements are open to sheltered yard. Livestock accommodation and character and appearance of existing nearby the countryside and many forms of permitted implement sheds were built around the central buildings development have an impact on a wide area, space to create an enclosure, for security and particularly if there are limited numbers of trees shelter from the weather. Farmsteads were located and hedges. The re-use of buildings for residential 4.2 In recent decades there have been significant adjacent to better land near sources of water. purposes often brings with it associated domestic changes in farming practices. Changes are Valley bottoms and the foot of the escarpment clutter including washing lines and children's play The consistent treatment and pleasant appearance of the boundary of this development could be lost if changed reflected in differing requirements for new farm were, as a consequence, favoured places to build. under permitted development rights. (The Lee) buildings. Generally, there is now a need for large 48 49 Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings New farm buildings – good practice Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings Roof pitch reflects Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Scale and form broken up older buildings Chilterns Buildings Design Guide to reduce impact and add Retain mature trees interest re-use of an existing building. Some former 4.9 Modern farm buildings often consist of large 4.13 Cutting and filling may also be employed Scale, design and Integration with existing agricultural or other rural buildings can be single-span structures with a steel frame and a when building at right angles to a slope and may New planting to provide materials reduce the buildings converted to employment use without affecting backdrop and interest, impact of new buildings shallow pitched roof. In more open, prominent or be unavoidable on restricted sites. When long their architectural integrity. helps reduce scale of sensitive locations in the AONB such buildings can buildings are aligned at right angles to the slope, new buildings have a damaging impact on the landscape. It may a stepped construction should be used which will 4.16 The relationship between a new building and Location, siting and scale therefore be necessary to design a building with a avoid an excessively high gable at one end and existing buildings is important. Livestock buildings Materials more complex form. will subdivide an otherwise continuous length of are best sited close to feed and straw storage throughout are dark or neutral, roof. facilities. New or additional waste storage 4.7 Within the AONB there are some sensitive non-reflective 4.10 New buildings should be sited to enable facilities may also need to be considered. locations where the siting, design and appearance and similar to adequate access and should be based on a circular 4.14 Subdividing the walls and roof of a building of a new farm or employment building will be older buildings flow of traffic, though care should be taken to will help to reduce its apparent mass and thus its 4.17 Most new farm developments will be sited critical if assimilation into the surrounding Additional buildings using traditional avoid creating a wind tunnel. dominance in the landscape. In a typical livestock near existing buildings which is usually desirable. landscape is to be achieved. Examples of such Timber barn continues designs and materials building this can be achieved using a suitably To help integration, it is preferable to align new locations are sites that are close to listed to be dominant 4.11 Chilterns' farmsteads are commonly sited in coloured concrete block, brick or brick and flint buildings with the dominant axis of existing buildings, ancient monuments or Conservation Smaller buildings the bottoms of valleys. However, if used to best wall, with stained Yorkshire boarding (spaced buildings. In most cases earlier buildings will have Areas. Such sites are best avoided if at all placed near older buildings and retain advantage, sloping ground can help reduce the boards) above and a coloured profiled-sheet roof been orientated to reflect existing topography and possible. courtyard space apparent size and visual impact of large modern covering. Other ways of reducing the apparent are likely to suit the landscape setting in which Poor practice buildings. Cutting and filling should always be mass include expressing structural elements on they are located. As well as reducing visual impact 4.8 Isolated new buildings should also be avoided, Pale reflective roofs Buildings exposed approached with caution. It should not be adopted the exterior, the addition of lean-to's, overhanging by relating rooflines, there are practical benefits. particularly for employment use as this will tend to at shallow pitch to longer distant views Large doors unless there are clearly identified advantages eaves and dark-coloured roofs. For other kinds of Groups of buildings arranged in parallel rather encourage an increasing number of journeys, often Mature trees lost and brightly coloured inappropriate screening which could not be matched by a different site. building, such as grain stores, the problem is more than at right angles should assist with access and Here the new building by car. When unavoidable, an isolated new building planted Cutting and filling carries the risk that disruption difficult to resolve. In such cases other buildings the movement of machinery and livestock. Care integrates well with should be reduced in scale and bulk and preferably Farmhouse dwarfed the existing buildings. by new buildings will be caused to the natural lie of the land. It and landscape features will need to be taken into should be taken so that a new building will not be sited in a dip or depression in the landscape or (Upper Assendon, should only be considered when it is clear that this account. inhibit future expansion. credit Richard Bossons) set against a hillside to reduce its visual impact. Large, unrelieved would not happen. Ridgetop sites or sites that are prominent from expanses of light coloured cladding 4.15 Earthworks associated with new buildings, public viewpoints should be avoided. Careful siting 4.12 If a building is aligned parallel to the for example mounds or 'cut and fill' slopes should in relation to existing mature trees will help settle Old barn contours, limited cutting and filling may achieve be carefully integrated into surrounding a building into the landscape. Good site planning becoming the required platform. If the span of a proposed landforms. They should also be managed. Grass should ensure that not all new buildings need derelict, setting Part of courtyard building is significant it will be worth considering a seeding or appropriate shrub and tree planting additional planting to link them successfully with being lost built on and multiple span, stepped structure, to reduce should be carried out in order to link a proposal the wider landscape. Linking is not the same as balance of Large tubular excavation and filling. The stepped appearance with its surroundings. screening. Furthermore, a poorly designed building space is lost steel gates and shadow lines at the eaves will help to reduce replaced is not made acceptable by screening. The aim of Inappropriate traditional timber the apparent size and dominance of the roof. use of concrete good design should be to integrate a building into gates its surroundings, not to screen a building totally Older buildings re-roofed, blockwork from view. change of roof pitch, different materials, Large shed adjacent to inappropriate openings added small scale historic buildings is out of scale 48 49 Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings New farm buildings – good practice Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings Roof pitch reflects Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Scale and form broken up older buildings Chilterns Buildings Design Guide to reduce impact and add Retain mature trees interest re-use of an existing building. Some former 4.9 Modern farm buildings often consist of large 4.13 Cutting and filling may also be employed Scale, design and Integration with existing agricultural or other rural buildings can be single-span structures with a steel frame and a when building at right angles to a slope and may New planting to provide materials reduce the buildings converted to employment use without affecting backdrop and interest, impact of new buildings shallow pitched roof. In more open, prominent or be unavoidable on restricted sites. When long their architectural integrity. helps reduce scale of sensitive locations in the AONB such buildings can buildings are aligned at right angles to the slope, new buildings have a damaging impact on the landscape. It may a stepped construction should be used which will 4.16 The relationship between a new building and Location, siting and scale therefore be necessary to design a building with a avoid an excessively high gable at one end and existing buildings is important. Livestock buildings Materials more complex form. will subdivide an otherwise continuous length of are best sited close to feed and straw storage throughout are dark or neutral, roof. facilities. New or additional waste storage 4.7 Within the AONB there are some sensitive non-reflective 4.10 New buildings should be sited to enable facilities may also need to be considered. locations where the siting, design and appearance and similar to adequate access and should be based on a circular 4.14 Subdividing the walls and roof of a building of a new farm or employment building will be older buildings flow of traffic, though care should be taken to will help to reduce its apparent mass and thus its 4.17 Most new farm developments will be sited critical if assimilation into the surrounding Additional buildings using traditional avoid creating a wind tunnel. dominance in the landscape. In a typical livestock near existing buildings which is usually desirable. landscape is to be achieved. Examples of such Timber barn continues designs and materials building this can be achieved using a suitably To help integration, it is preferable to align new locations are sites that are close to listed to be dominant 4.11 Chilterns' farmsteads are commonly sited in coloured concrete block, brick or brick and flint buildings with the dominant axis of existing buildings, ancient monuments or Conservation Smaller buildings the bottoms of valleys. However, if used to best wall, with stained Yorkshire boarding (spaced buildings. In most cases earlier buildings will have Areas. Such sites are best avoided if at all placed near older buildings and retain advantage, sloping ground can help reduce the boards) above and a coloured profiled-sheet roof been orientated to reflect existing topography and possible. courtyard space apparent size and visual impact of large modern covering. Other ways of reducing the apparent are likely to suit the landscape setting in which Poor practice buildings. Cutting and filling should always be mass include expressing structural elements on they are located. As well as reducing visual impact 4.8 Isolated new buildings should also be avoided, Pale reflective roofs Buildings exposed approached with caution. It should not be adopted the exterior, the addition of lean-to's, overhanging by relating rooflines, there are practical benefits. particularly for employment use as this will tend to at shallow pitch to longer distant views Large doors unless there are clearly identified advantages eaves and dark-coloured roofs. For other kinds of Groups of buildings arranged in parallel rather encourage an increasing number of journeys, often Mature trees lost and brightly coloured inappropriate screening which could not be matched by a different site. building, such as grain stores, the problem is more than at right angles should assist with access and Here the new building by car. When unavoidable, an isolated new building planted Cutting and filling carries the risk that disruption difficult to resolve. In such cases other buildings the movement of machinery and livestock. Care integrates well with should be reduced in scale and bulk and preferably Farmhouse dwarfed the existing buildings. by new buildings will be caused to the natural lie of the land. It and landscape features will need to be taken into should be taken so that a new building will not be sited in a dip or depression in the landscape or (Upper Assendon, should only be considered when it is clear that this account. inhibit future expansion. credit Richard Bossons) set against a hillside to reduce its visual impact. Large, unrelieved would not happen. Ridgetop sites or sites that are prominent from expanses of light coloured cladding 4.15 Earthworks associated with new buildings, public viewpoints should be avoided. Careful siting 4.12 If a building is aligned parallel to the for example mounds or 'cut and fill' slopes should in relation to existing mature trees will help settle Old barn contours, limited cutting and filling may achieve be carefully integrated into surrounding a building into the landscape. Good site planning becoming the required platform. If the span of a proposed landforms. They should also be managed. Grass should ensure that not all new buildings need derelict, setting Part of courtyard building is significant it will be worth considering a seeding or appropriate shrub and tree planting additional planting to link them successfully with being lost built on and multiple span, stepped structure, to reduce should be carried out in order to link a proposal the wider landscape. Linking is not the same as balance of Large tubular excavation and filling. The stepped appearance with its surroundings. screening. Furthermore, a poorly designed building space is lost steel gates and shadow lines at the eaves will help to reduce replaced is not made acceptable by screening. The aim of Inappropriate traditional timber the apparent size and dominance of the roof. use of concrete good design should be to integrate a building into gates its surroundings, not to screen a building totally Older buildings re-roofed, blockwork from view. change of roof pitch, different materials, Large shed adjacent to inappropriate openings added small scale historic buildings is out of scale 50 51

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4.18 Where existing buildings are under-utilised or 4.23 When deciding the type and colour of Roof design Other agricultural development redundant, consideration should be given to either materials to employ in a new building it will be siting new buildings within the perimeter of important to study older buildings nearby. The aim Silage clamps 4.26 The pitch of a roof should where practicable existing ones or re-using them for a suitable should be to ensure that the new building be chosen to complement local examples, alternative use. If existing walls can be kept, or complements the character of nearby buildings and 4.31 The location of a clamp should be considered although, as a general rule, a lower pitch will retained in a modified form, a similar appearance integrates well into the landscape. The shape and carefully in the context of the surrounding reduce the visual impact of a large modern to the original building may be achieved. size of components and how they are applied, and landscape. Where possible clamps should be built building. For most modern farm buildings with a the colour and texture of materials, should reflect into sloping ground so that excavated spoil can be sheet roof covering, the usual pitch is 15 degrees. 4.19 In many cases the farmhouse will be the those occurring locally, or be capable of serving as used to form banks though these should be the Roof design must allow for snow and wind loads dominant building in a farm group. It is therefore an acceptable alternative. The Chilterns' mix of red minimum possible and should be graded to form a which periodically, even in the Chilterns, can be important that new buildings are well related to brick, clay tiles, grey slates, flint and black natural-looking transition with the surrounding considerable. the farmhouse, particularly if the farmhouse, or weather-boarding will provide the appropriate land. any adjoining building, is listed. A new building guide. The use of standard designs and non-local 4.27 The material chosen for the roof covering should not dominate the farmhouse or unduly alter It is important to ensure that any extensions are building materials for new employment buildings is A more appropriate colour on the roofs would have Waste storage should be textured to enable weathering to take helped these new buildings integrate more effectively. the character or appearance of its immediate designed to be in keeping with existing buildings, as not appropriate in the AONB. Careful consideration can be seen in the middle of this picture. place. Consideration should be given to subdividing (Little Tring) setting. If possible a new building should be sited will need to be given to the design and materials to (Upper Assendon) the roof of large buildings in order to break up the 4.32 Most slurry and liquid waste is stored in on the far side of the farmhouse, as seen from ensure that new employment buildings can be apparent mass and thus reduce the impacts on the circular, vitreous-enamelled, steel containers. If public viewpoints. assimilated into the surrounding landscape. 4.29 Traditional materials are typically brown (or Materials landscape. slurry stores are not carefully sited they can be shades of red and orange), grey or black in colour intrusive, largely because of their simple geometric 4.20 It may not always be acceptable to site a new 4.24 In particularly sensitive locations traditional and do not reflect much light. Any modern materials outlines. By using natural topography and the The landscape impact 4.22 Although the use of traditional building Colour building in or around an existing farmstead either materials should be employed in ways that are used should reproduce these characteristics. A dark screening afforded by buildings, the visual impact of this agricultural materials is preferable on visual and sustainability development is for visual or for practical reasons. Before locally distinctive. For smaller buildings the use of roof will counteract the effect whereby more light, of a store may be significantly reduced. widespread. (Ewelme) concluding that the only available choice is to build grounds, it is recognised that functional such materials and methods will be expected. For 4.28 The choice of colour for the materials used in for more of the day, is reflected from a roof with a remotely from the farmstead, consideration should considerations may restrict their application in larger buildings, the roof in particular will be a new building will be a matter of detailed relatively lower pitch. This effect gives a lighter be given to the repair, modification and re-use of connection with new agricultural buildings. difficult to clad in traditional materials if it is to consideration. Asbestos cement sheet was the appearance than the chosen colour suggests. Darker an existing building. Grants may be available for However, a wide range of modern materials is comply with modern standards of design and choice of roof covering for many farm buildings walls and a darker roof will also help a building repair and restoration in suitable cases. available in various colours, profiles and textures construction. Consideration should therefore be constructed in the recent past. This material settle into the landscape by avoiding the tendency that may serve as satisfactory substitutes. Timber given to breaking larger buildings up into smaller resulted in a roof that, immediately following to appear to float or hover. 4.21 Careful consideration needs to be given to and wood products may be stained in a wide range components if this is achievable. construction was conspicuous, but which gradually any redevelopment of an existing employment site of suitable colours to enhance the appearance of a darkened as moss and lichen growth occurred and 4.30 Most manufacturers of fibre cement and steel and the development should result in no greater building in its setting. Given the choice of modern 4.25 In other sensitive locations it may be other weathering processes took place. These roof coverings offer a wide range of colours applied impact on the AONB comparative to the existing materials and colours now available, the use of necessary to build some, or all, external masonry changes gradually gave a more subdued and at the factory. Standard corrugated steel roof sheets site. Clearly any new development should conserve grey fibre cement roof cladding or poor quality walls in natural materials. In such cases an inner natural appearance when viewed from a distance. are a common form of roof covering which may be and enhance the natural beauty of the AONB. concrete block for walls is not acceptable. wall can be constructed using concrete blocks. This Fibre cement is the successor to asbestos cement. acceptable. Corrugated 'iron' is likely to be arrangement will provide a smooth internal finish Fibre cement sheets do not seem to change in the acceptable in suitable cases because, like any other and a load-bearing wall if required. same way. Therefore, when modern roofing steel sheet, it can be coated. materials are used, councils will expect coloured sheeting to be incorporated. 50 51

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Chapter 4: Agricultural and other rural employment buildings Chapter 5: Conversion of buildings

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Consideration should also be given to additional 4.36 However, for a horticultural enterprise there crucial importance from a landscape point of view Conversion of buildings Chapter 5 landscape measures such as small-scale land may be no alternative to a polythene tunnel. and can help to mitigate adverse impacts. The modelling and, if appropriate in that location, tree Tunnels must often be sited in full light away from extent to which site planning can mitigate the planting. Most slurry store manufacturers now offer buildings or trees. It is not possible to address potentially intrusive effects of polythene tunnels a choice of colours. matters of materials or colour in the case of a will vary from case to case. In prominent positions, polythene-covered structure, though innovative visible from public viewpoints, polythene tunnels 4.33 Earth-banked lagoons and above ground alternatives (colour or texture for example) will will be inappropriate. If structures are temporary 5.1 Checklist 5.3 Most traditional buildings do not lend 5.5 Farmsteads provided a focus for development middens are sometimes used for waste storage. help to lessen any impact particularly in they should be removed once their use has themselves easily to conversion, especially to of most villages and hamlets in their formative From a landscape point of view they must be connection with permanent structures. Location, finished. Do not radically alter the appearance of a residential use, as they have very specific forms stages. There are still many working farms, and designed to avoid abrupt links with their siting, orientation and landscaping are therefore of building relating to their original function. Often the spatial numerous former farms now converted to other surroundings because they could be visually Ensure extensions reflect the design of the requirements for the proposed new use cannot be uses, most of which retain their traditional prominent. original building readily accommodated within a building buildings and appearance. Farm houses are usually constructed for a different purpose. This has led to individual dwellings set back from the road, and Undertake appropriate protected species some unsuccessful conversions which were based are frequently enclosed by barns, other buildings Outdoor feed and grain bins surveys and incorporate bird and bat boxes Successful conversion on significant changes to the original layout and and walls. where possible of farm buildings insertion of inappropriate new features, especially involves minimal 4.34 Outdoor feed and grain bins are normally Retain existing openings and limit the window openings. If a proposal is to be successful 5.6 The traditional brick, and brick and flint alteration to their constructed from galvanised steel and can be number of new openings the building's appearance should not be radically buildings can still be found on most farms, nearly appearance. conspicuous owing to the high reflectivity of the This has been Do not break roof slopes with dormer altered and any extensions should match that of all of which are constructed using the red brick material from which they are made. However, successfully achieved windows or roof lights the original building. familiar throughout the Chilterns. A large number in this case. (Harpsden) these bins could be colour treated to lessen the Retain as much of the original structure as visual impact. Wherever possible large bins should possible be visually linked with other buildings, or simply Conversion of farm buildings Where possible ensure materials replicate screened by them. They should not be located in General characteristics and design those of the existing building positions prominent from public viewpoints. issues Limit the sub-division of both internal and Polytunnels external spaces 5.4 The quality of traditional farm buildings across 5.2 It is inevitable that over the years some the Chilterns is extremely high and they contribute 4.35 Polythene-covered tunnels have become buildings will become ill-suited or incapable of significantly to the character of the area. Many common for horticulture and for other uses. They being used for the purposes for which they were also provide roost sites for some protected species are sometimes used as lambing shelters since they originally built. In the Chilterns, changing of birds and bats and it is recommended that provide low cost, effective accommodation. From a agriculture, a dynamic economy, considerable appropriate surveys are undertaken to establish landscape point of view, however, such structures social change and the ever present development their presence or otherwise. Opportunities should are often inappropriate, particularly in sensitive pressure has resulted in farm buildings, in be taken to include bird and bat boxes and roosts settings. In the Chilterns AONB councils will particular, changing their use. Other buildings such where appropriate. therefore expect alternative, more appropriate Should any conversion take place at sites like this it would be important to retain the integrity of the roofs and as mills, schools and even chapels have buildings for livestock. walls. (Ipsden) also been converted. 52 53

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Chapter 5: Conversion of buildings Chapter 5: Conversion of buildings

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Conversion of farm buildings of timber framed barns with distinctive black Openings Structure and original features Roofs – good practice Local and traditional Mature trees retained and stained weather-boarding survive. Most barns have materials used throughout provide setting for new buildings New buildings are sympathetic to their gable-ended roofs, though some have double half- 5.13 The total demolition and rebuilding of the setting, taking account of the form, scale hipped roofs with plain 'red' clay tiles, and low 5.10 The intrusion of unsuitable new openings into 5.15 Where the conversion works involve the repair and materials of the existing buildings Sense of enclosure walls of old buildings defeats the purpose of the reinforced eaves. Many barns incorporate projecting gables or farm buildings is perhaps one of the most obviously of a roof, any interesting irregularities in both conservation exercise. To preserve both a building's alignment and materials that the passage of time Walling is an appropriate threshing porches and are sometimes flanked by damaging effects of unsympathetic conversion. history and its integrity it is desirable to retain as means of enclosure lean-tos. Traditionally, farm buildings did not have many has added, should be left, providing they are using traditional materials doors or windows and adding to them is one of the much of the original structure as possible. Where consistent with good building practice. All too building work is needed, such work should be 5.7 The traditional courtyard arrangement is still easiest ways of eroding the original character. often these subtle distortions of shape, that are Timber barn carried out in materials which match those of the part of the charm of old buildings, are removed in remains dominant identifiable in most cases. It has become less original building. Traditional materials, especially dominant over time as most farmers have erected 5.11 Breaking into the roof slopes with dormer reconstruction work and replaced by new, straight roof tiles, should be re-used if possible. Limited new Alterations respect form, large, standard modern agricultural structures windows or roof lights is particularly destructive, as edged materials. openings scale and materials of it introduces features which are alien to the original building adjacent to the older buildings. 5.14 External features such as hoists, pigeon holes 5.16 Dormer windows usually only occur in houses. Original openings traditional farm barn. Small windows inserted into and stone steps should be retained. Rainwater retained 5.8 The conversion of farm buildings for residential the gable end might be appropriate in some cases. Their introduction into otherwise plain and simple goods are not traditional on agricultural buildings Mature hedges retained and other uses is common throughout the roof forms or other types of buildings being Traditional farm gate retained but if they are absolutely necessary, the use of or replaced in similar style Chilterns, and raises several specific issues of 5.12 Retention of existing openings and, where considered for conversion, such as barns, storage black metal varieties is recommended. Similarly, design. Perhaps the most common form of farm possible, the original doors and windows, will make buildings and warehouses, mills and chapels, is not Courtyard kept open, surface the existing plan form and internal features may material is permeable and appropriate building conversion has been from redundant both aesthetic and economic sense. Where timber recommended. Similarly, the provision of Poor practice be important and should be researched and New buildings do not reflect local timber barn to residential units. Local planning has to be replaced, simple forms and regard to the prominent rooflights should be avoided, although recorded, if possible, when proposals for traditions, they are too tall, with policies allow for changes of use with residential original design, such as the size of lintels and exceptions may be made in special circumstances steeper roofs, inappropriate conversion works are being drawn up. Mature trees lost and development being considered as a last resort, if at all. Advice doorframes, will be necessary. Traditionally, timber where it can be shown that there is no other exposed to long distance views materials and dominant setting will have been left to acceptable way to light an internal space, the Over-designed courtyard layout on changes of use should be sought from the local which leads to loss of openness planning authority. Reference should also be made weather naturally or more location is on a rear and unobtrusive elevation and recently would have been a suitable type is chosen (for example those that Small gardens around edge to publications such as Conversion of Traditional lead to suburbanisation Farm Buildings - A Guide to Good Practice (English creosoted. A dark oak are flush with the roof). Conifer hedge cuts staining of new timbers, farmhouse off from Heritage). Many rooflights added original courtyard therefore, is usually best. 5.17 Raising the roof height is considered to be an 5.9 Many agricultural barns possess strong visual Aluminium or PVC extension of the building, as it can significantly Large, non-traditional windows will never be affect its size and appearance, and may therefore dormer added forms. The conversion of barns into dwellings may Significant number not always be the best way to retain this quality. sympathetic. Window be inappropriate. Whenever possible, the original of new openings Alterations do not respect The insertion of new windows, addition of frames in black weather- roofing materials should be used where repairs and the form, scale and materials boarded elevations should additions are being proposed. If this is not possible, of the original buildings chimneys, roof lights and all the other Ornate gates and requirements for a new house could, unless be black painted or there are often sources where matching tiles or pillars have Boundary hedge replaced stained. Any distinctive suburbanising effect handled with the utmost skill, damage the integrity by formal enclosure that estate colours should be is inappropriate of these structures. Farm buildings often have complex and interesting Roadside facade punctuated retained. roof shapes, which should be retained. (Fingest, credit Peter Goodearl) by many inappropriately Bolt-on conservatory Flues added above roofline and designed windows intrudes into on outside facing roofslopes courtyard space 54 55

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Chapter 5: Conversion of buildings Chapter 5: Conversion of buildings

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

These buildings are all 5.18 Satellite dishes, which need to be positioned scheme. Disused machinery or other equipment, in sympathy with their Other buildings in the 5.24 Public Houses are one of the notable features for maximum reception and not with any regard to such as threshers and mill wheels, could also be setting and use designs countryside and attractions of the Chilterns and a very large and materials which any elevational appearance of the property, are retained and preserved, rather than discarded. number are attractive buildings in their own right. are traditional in the not favoured. Likewise television aerials should be A common problem is the way in which car parks, Chilterns. (Knotty placed inside a roof space, where possible. 5.22 In practice, a wide range of other forms of Green and Chenies) Context and surroundings smoking shelters, timber decking, gas heaters, buildings are found in rural areas. Obvious exterior lighting and general clutter can spoil the Inside the building examples include granaries, village halls, schools, appearance of the pub building and its general 5.20 However sensitive the details of the churches, mills, shops and other commercial setting. Passing trade may be more attracted to a conversion, the effect will be spoiled if there is a premises, and even bus shelters. There is likely to pub and beer garden if the car park is not an 5.19 Wholesale sub-division of the, often clutter of unsuitable additions. The division of be very little new development of these types of eyesore. There is an obvious appeal to the image spectacular, open interiors of barns can destroy or yards and paddocks by walls or fences, the buildings in the Chilterns AONB. Small scale of a rose covered cottage, which is what many hide much of the architectural interest. Using construction of garages and greenhouses, the development may be acceptable and involve the Chilterns pubs actually are. Such an enduring scene stand-alone pods or galleries, and allowing part of addition of domestic clutter such as climbing Examples of other buildings conversion of buildings and occasionally small new is not usually enhanced by some forms of children's the ground floor to extend into double height, frames and washing lines, and the siting of hard- to be found in the structures. The basic design principles set out play equipment (plastic trees and dinosaurs for thereby leaving some significant part open to the standings must all be minimised if a detrimental countryside include earlier in this Guide should also be adopted for example). These should be replaced by less roof, are ways of overcoming this. Where internal suburban effect is to be avoided. Garages should, bridges (Great Missenden), post boxes (Hailey) and these buildings. obtrusive alternatives that are available which are features of interest have survived, such as stall where possible, be accommodated in existing railway stations (Chinnor). just as popular with children. In addition, divisions or grain bins, thought should be given to buildings rather than be new, freestanding 5.23 A more common issue is the appearance and advertising should be designed to be sympathetic their preservation and integration in the overall structures in a farmyard setting. design of existing commercial premises, such as to the building and its surroundings. garages and pubs/diners, often 5.21 Consideration should be located prominently on roadsides. Pubs do not need a given to the repair and restoration Whilst new building may rarely be an lot of inappropriate of other traditional buildings in issue, the appearance of many advertising to be the farmstead group (historic successful. existing business premises could be (Little Marlow) Dutch and pole barns for improved. For example, the example), alongside the appearance of many garages and conversion itself, to enable petrol stations can be amended to slates can be obtained. The use of modern comprehensive preservation and a fit in more sympathetically with the substitutes is not recommended. Chimney stacks more attractive form of landscape. The need to be visible for are a feature of domestic dwellings, and their development which retains their trading purposes is acknowledged, addition to former agricultural buildings can cause Chilterns character. but advertising and other features problems and detract from original character. should be designed to be in Metal flues, painted matt black, may be a better character with the locality and solution, especially on weather-boarded barns. The integrity of the interior of this attract attention through good Great care should be taken to site them as building has been protected by the design. unobtrusively as possible. sympathetic addition. (Harpsden, credit Richard Bossons) 56 57

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Bibliography Acknowledgements Further Advice Villages by General Landscape Type

Scarpfoot Chilterns Conservation Board, Chilterns Area of DCLG, Planning Policy Statement 12 – Creating This Design Guide has been published by the For any new development proposal you should Plateau/Ridge Outstanding Natural Beauty Management Plan strong safe and prosperous communities through Chilterns Conservation Board which would like to initially contact a Development Control Planning Askett, Britwell Salome, Butlers Cross, Drayton Ballinger, Beacons Bottom, Beamond End, 2008-13 A Framework for Action, 2008 Local Spatial Planning, London 2008 express its thanks to the following members of an Officer in the Planning Department at your local Beauchamp, Ellesborough, Ewelme, Great Kimble, Bellingdon, Binfield Heath, Bledlow Ridge, Advisory Group who have given extensive help and council. Additionally, if your proposal involves a Hexton, Little Kimble, Sharpenhoe, Whiteleaf Buckland Common, Cadmore End, Chartridge, Chilterns Conservation Board, Chilterns Buildings Department for Transport, The Manual for Streets, advice: listed building or is in a Conservation Area, you Checkendon, Cholesbury, Christmas Common, Design Guide, Chilterns Flint: Supplementary London 2007 should contact a Conservation/Listed Buildings Valley Bottom Crays Pond, Coleshill, Downley, Dunsmore, Frieth, Technical Note, 2003 Jackie Ambrose (Dacorum Borough Council) Officer. You will also need to contact your Local Aldbury, Bradenham, Bryants Bottom, Chenies, Gallowstree Common, Great Hampden, Great English Heritage, Conversion of Traditional Farm Richard Bossons (Architect and Conservation Board Building Control Service. Dagnall, Great Gaddesden, Great Missenden, Kingshill, Hawridge, Hudnall, Hyde Heath, Chilterns Conservation Board, Chilterns Buildings Buildings – A Guide to Good Practice, London 2006 Planning Committee co-opted member) Hambleden, Hughenden, Latimer, Little Missenden, Ibstone, Jockey End, Kensworth, Lacey Green, Design Guide, Chilterns Brick: Supplementary Rebecca Coy (Wycombe District Council) Details of all the councils that cover the Chilterns Lower Assendon, Markyate, Middle Assendon, Lane End, Lee Common, Lilley, Little Gaddesden, Technical Note, 2006 Institution of Lighting Engineers, Guidance notes Roger Emmett (Conservation Board member, AONB can be obtained from the Chilterns Nettleden, North Dean, Pheasants Hill, Radnage, Little Hampden, Little Kingshill, Little Oxley, for the reduction of obtrusive lighting, London, Wycombe District Council) Conservation Board. Saunderton, Skirmett, Stonor, Turville, West Loosley Row, Lower Sundon, Nettlebed, Northend, Chilterns Conservation Board, Chilterns Buildings 2005 Simon Odell (Hertfordshire County Council) Wycombe Naphill, Nuffield, Penn Street, Potten End, Design Guide, Chilterns Roofing Materials: Paul Sargeantson (Local builder and Britwell The Board will also be able to provide details of Prestwood, Ringshall, Rotherfield Peppard, Supplementary Technical Note, 2006 Landscape Institute, Green Infrastructure - Salome Parish Council) suppliers, practitioners and other useful contacts. Russells Water, St Leonards, South Heath, Speen, Thames Connected and multifunctional landscapes, ILE Victoria Thomson (Wycombe District Council) This list may change from time to time, so it is Stokenchurch, Stoke Row, Streatley, Studham, Goring-on-Thames, North Stoke, Mapledurham, Chilterns Conservation Board, Bedfordshire County Position Statement, London, April 2009 Barbara Wallis (Conservation Board member, Little recommended that you check it regularly if you Studley Green, The Lee, Upper Sundon, Walters Medmenham, Mill End, South Stoke, Whitchurch-on- Council, Buckinghamshire County Council, Marlow Parish Council) undertake projects at different times. Ash, Wheeler End, Wigginton, Winchmore Hill, Thames Hertfordshire County Council and Oxfordshire Natural England, Green Infrastructure Guidance, Whipsnade, Whitchurch Hill, Woodcote County Council, Environmental Guidelines for the NE176, London, 2009, see All photographs are by the Chilterns Conservation For further information and advice contact the Management of Highways in the Chilterns, 2009 www.naturalengland.org.uk Board unless otherwise acknowledged. All drawings Chilterns Conservation Board at the following This list does not include all villages in the AONB are by Bronwen Thomas and all design work has address: and is used to show examples of settlements that The Countryside Commission, The Chilterns been undertaken by Glyn Kuhn (Polar Design). occur in each landscape type throughout the Landscape, (Ref CCP392) Cheltenham 1992 ODPM/DCLG, Planning Policy Statement 1 – The Lodge, 90 Station Road, AONB. Delivering Sustainable Development, London 2005 Chinnor, Oxon., OX39 4HA CONSERVATION BOARD DCLG, Environment Agency, Guidance on the permeable surfacing of front gardens, London 2008 ODPM/DCLG, Planning Policy Statement 7 – Tel: 01844 355500 Fax: 01844 355501 Sustainable Development in Rural Areas, London Email: [email protected] DCLG, Circular 01/06 – Guidance on changes to the 2004 Website: www.chilternsaonb.org development control system, London 2006 Walter Rose, The Village Carpenter, Cambridge Radnage, a typical valley bottom village University Press 1937 (reprinted 1973 by EP Publishing Ltd., East Ardsley, Wakefield, Yorkshire) 58 59

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Bibliography Acknowledgements Further Advice Villages by General Landscape Type

Chilterns Buildings Design Guide

an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty