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Pour Obtenir Le Diplôme De Doctorat Vitalités Linguistique Et Religieuse THESE Pour obtenir le diplôme de doctorat Spécialité Sciences du Langage - Linguistique Préparée au sein de l’Université de Rouen Vitalités linguistique et religieuse chez les Néwar bouddhistes de la vallée de Kathmandu Présentée et soutenue par Frédéric MORONVAL Thèse soutenue publiquement le 15 décembre 2017 devant le jury composé de Mr Salih AKIN MCF HDR, Université de Rouen-Normandie Codirecteur de thèse Mr Philippe CORNU PR, Université Catholique de Louvain Rapporteur Mr Foued LAROUSSI PR, Université de Rouen-Normandie Examinateur Mme Annie MONTAUT PR, INALCO Paris Rapporteur Mr Gérard TOFFIN Directeur de Recherches, CNRS CEH Paris Codirecteur de thèse Thèse dirigée par Salih AKIN (Dylis EA7474) et Gérard TOFFIN (UPR299) 1 Illustration de 4e de couverture : monogramme (kutakshar) en alphabet néwar ranjana, représentant le mantra de Kalachakra, divinité du bouddhisme tantrique. Source : http://www.sangye.it/altro/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/kalach1.jpg (consulté le 07.08.2017) 2 SOMMAIRE TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS .............................................................................................. 5 REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................. 9 NOTES SUR LA PRONONCIATION ET L’ORTHOGRAPHE ............................................ 11 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 15 1.1 PERTINENCE D’UNE ETUDE SUR LA LANGUE ET LA RELIGION ................... 15 1.2 CAS DES NEWAR DU NEPAL ................................................................................... 17 1.3 QUESTIONS DE RECHERCHE ET HYPOTHESES .................................................. 19 1.4 POINT SUR LA RECHERCHE .................................................................................... 20 2. CADRE THEORIQUE ........................................................................................................ 25 2.1 VITALITE LINGUISTIQUE ......................................................................................... 25 2.2 VITALITE RELIGIEUSE .............................................................................................. 48 2.3 RELATION LANGUE-RELIGION .............................................................................. 54 3. LE NEPAL ........................................................................................................................... 79 3.1 GEOGRAPHIE PHYSIQUE .......................................................................................... 80 3. 2 GEOGRAPHIE HUMAINE ......................................................................................... 83 3. 3 PÔLES D’IDENTITES CULTURELLES .................................................................... 85 3.4 POLITIQUE RELIGIEUSE DE L’ETAT ..................................................................... 93 3.5 ECONOMIE .................................................................................................................. 95 3.6 HISTOIRE POLITIQUE DE LA VALLEE DE KATHMANDU ................................ 98 3.7 RELIGIONS ................................................................................................................. 106 3.8 LANGUES .................................................................................................................. 119 4 LES NEWAR ...................................................................................................................... 121 4.1 SOCIETE, RELIGION BOUDDHISTE ET LANGUE NEWAR ............................... 121 4.2 HISTOIRE DU NEWARI ET DE SA DEFENSE ...................................................... 130 5. ENQUETE DE TERRAIN PAR QUESTIONNAIRE ....................................................... 181 5.1 RECUEIL DES DONNEES ......................................................................................... 182 5.2 ANALYSE DES DONNEES ....................................................................................... 207 5.3 BILAN DE L’ANALYSE DES DONNEES ................................................................ 289 3 6 OBSERVATIONS DE TERRAIN ...................................................................................... 297 6.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 297 6.2 LANGUE ECRITE : LITTERATURE ........................................................................ 303 6.3 LANGUE ORALE ....................................................................................................... 331 6.4 ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA LANGUE ......................................................................... 340 6.5 BILAN DE LA SITUATION DE LA LANGUE ......................................................... 367 6.6 ACTIVISME BOUDDHISTE ...................................................................................... 377 6.7 ORGANISATIONS POLITIQUES NEWAR .............................................................. 412 6.8 BILAN DES OBSERVATIONS DE TERRAIN ......................................................... 420 7 SYNTHESE ........................................................................................................................ 431 7.1 ELEMENTS D’UNE CONSTRUCTION IDENTITAIRE NEWAR .......................... 431 7.2 VITALITE DU NEWARI ............................................................................................ 433 7.3 VITALITE DU BOUDDHISME ................................................................................. 441 7.4 LANGUE ET RELIGION : CONCLUSIONS ET PERSPECTIVES ......................... 446 ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. 457 ANNEXE 1 : DEUX QUESTIONNAIRES COMPLETES .............................................. 457 ANNEXE 2 : VITALITE DU NEWARI ET AUTRES LANGUES TIBETO-BIRMANES ............................................................................................................................................ 476 INDEX DES AUTEURS CITES ........................................................................................... 478 INDEX DES PRINCIPALES NOTIONS .............................................................................. 480 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................................. 481 TABLE DES MATIERES ..................................................................................................... 523 RESUME ................................................................................................................................ 532 4 TABLE DES ILLUSTRATIONS CARTES Carte 1 Localisation du Népal sur le globe .............................................................................. 79 Carte 2 Localisation du Népal en Asie du Sud ......................................................................... 80 Carte 3 Népal physique ............................................................................................................ 81 Carte 4 Népal, principales villes et rivières .............................................................................. 82 Carte 5 Népal, densité démographique (2001) ......................................................................... 84 Carte 6 Népal, ethnies .............................................................................................................. 86 Carte 7 Newa Dey Daboo, carte du projet de Népal fédéral (détail)...................................... 416 PHOTOS Photo 1 Alphabet bhujinmol .................................................................................................. 136 Photo 2 Alphabet golmol ........................................................................................................ 137 Photo 3 Alphabet pachumol ................................................................................................... 138 Photo 4 Alphabet hinmol ........................................................................................................ 139 Photo 5 Alphabet litumol ....................................................................................................... 140 Photo 6 Alphabet kunmo ........................................................................................................ 141 Photo 7 Alphabet kwenmol .................................................................................................... 142 Photo 8 Alphabet prachalit ..................................................................................................... 143 Photo 9 Alphabet ranjana ....................................................................................................... 144 Photo 10 Slogan pour la langue et l'autonomie néwar sur un mur de Bhaktapur .................. 162 Photo 11 Asha Archives, manuscrit bouddhique enluminé ................................................... 304 e Photo 12 Roman Yohma Shatru (1973), 1 de couverture...................................................... 307 Photo 13 Roman Yohma Shatru (1973), p.40 ......................................................................... 307 Photo 14 Traité de culture néwar Garbhadekhi marnoparânta sammako samskâr (couverture) ................................................................................................................................................ 312 Photo 15 Nepal Bhasa Parisad,
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