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SANA GUTHI and the NEWARS: Impacts Of SANA GUTHI AND THE NEWARS: Impacts of Modernization on Traditional Social Organizations Niraj Dangol Thesis Submitted for the Degree: Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education University of Tromsø Norway Autumn 2010 SANA GUTHI AND THE NEWARS: Impacts of Modernization on Traditional Social Organizations By Niraj Dangol Thesis Submitted for the Degree: Master of Philosophy in Indigenous Studies Faculty of Social Science, University of Tromsø Norway Autumn 2010 Supervised By Associate Professor Bjørn Bjerkli i DEDICATED TO ALL THE NEWARS “Newa: Jhi Newa: he Jui” We Newars, will always be Newars ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I regard myself fortunate for getting an opportunity to involve myself as a student of University of Tromsø. Special Thanks goes to the Sami Center for introducing the MIS program which enables the students to gain knowledge on the issues of Indigeneity and the Indigenous Peoples. I would like to express my grateful appreciation to my Supervisor, Associate Prof. Bjørn Bjerkli , for his valuable supervision and advisory role during the study. His remarkable comments and recommendations proved to be supportive for the improvisation of this study. I shall be thankful to my Father, Mr. Jitlal Dangol , for his continuous support and help throughout my thesis period. He was the one who, despite of his busy schedules, collected the supplementary materials in Kathmandu while I was writing this thesis in Tromsø. I shall be thankful to my entire family, my mother and my sisters as well, for their continuous moral support. Additionally, I thank my fiancé, Neeta Maharjan , who spent hours on internet for making valuable comments on the texts and all the suggestions and corrections on the chapters. Last but not the least; I would like to thank all of my international friends for their valuable support and comments on the texts produced. The friends in Nepal also should be thanked for their support during my fieldwork. Tromsø, November 2010 Niraj Dangol iii ABSTRACT This thesis entitled “SANA GUTHI AND THE NEWARS: Impacts of Modernization on Traditional Social Organization” tends to highlight on the traditional social organization being practiced by the Newar people of Kathmandu valley of Nepal since the ancient times. Newar people are regarded as the indigenous population of Nepal inhabiting the Kathmandu valley since the pre-historic times. For the study, a locality named Panga of Kirtipur city has been chosen which is inhabited mainly by the Jyapu castes of Newar people who are traditionally agriculturists according to the caste division formed during the 14 th century. Guthi, the traditional social organization, can be classified into various categories according to their functionalities among which, Sana Guthi is regarded most popular and the important one. Among the various functions performed by the Sana Guthi, death rituals are regarded extremely important from religious as well as social point of view. During death, numerous religious rituals have to be conducted properly by the family as well as Sana Guthi in order to ensure the soul to rest in peace. Not only death rituals, various religious festivals also have to be conducted by the Sana Guthi. In this study, two of such festivals conducted by Shree Bhairabnath Ta: Guthi of Panga have been studied in details. The study has been conducted in relation to modernization; for which the changes that have occurred or occurring these days have also been observed closely. Impacts of modernization are leading to the change of such rituals. Not only rituals, modernization is leading the whole society towards a new dimension. So, basically this study aims to identify the impacts of modernization on Newar Communities and such traditional social organizations being practiced by them. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Dedication .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................... iii Abstract ................................................................................................................................ iv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1-10 1.1 Focus of the Study ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Background for the Study............................................................................................. 1 1.3 Research Question and Objectives of the Study .......................................................... 3 1.4 Theoretical Discussions ................................................................................................ 3 1.4.1 Conceptualizing Tradition and Modernity ............................................................ 3 1.4.2 Tradition vs. Modernity ......................................................................................... 5 1.4.3 Traditional Culture and Modernization ................................................................ 6 1.4.4 Focus on the Case ................................................................................................. 8 1.5 Organization of the Thesis ........................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER II: METHODOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ........................................................ 11-20 2.1 The Approach ............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Area of the Study ........................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Panga – Locality at a Glance ................................................................................ 14 2.2.2 Shree Bhairabnath Ta: Guthi at a Glance ............................................................ 15 2.3 Nature and Sources of Data ....................................................................................... 15 2.4 Data Collection tools and techniques......................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Interviews ............................................................................................................ 16 2.4.2 Participant Observation ...................................................................................... 16 2.4.3 Group Discussion ................................................................................................. 16 2.4.4 Secondary Data Sources ...................................................................................... 17 2.5 Obstacles and Challenges in Data Collection ............................................................. 17 2.6 Myself as a Researcher – Being an Insider, acting as an Outsider ............................ 18 CHAPTER III: THE NEWARS: SOCIETY AND CULTURE ................................................ 21-38 3.1 Nepal – A country of Diversity .................................................................................... 21 3.2 The Newars – An Indigenous Community of Nepal ................................................... 21 3.3 The History of Newars in Kathmandu Valley ............................................................. 22 3.4 Modernization Process in General ............................................................................. 25 3.5 Settlement Patterns of Newar Society ....................................................................... 26 3.6 Hierarchical Caste System: Society Formation ........................................................... 27 3.7 Jyapu Caste – The Urban Peasants ............................................................................ 29 v 3.8 Cultural Aspects of the Newars .................................................................................. 29 3.8.1 Newari Language (Nepal Bhasha) ....................................................................... 30 3.8.2 Newari Cuisines ................................................................................................... 30 3.8.3 Traditional music, dances and costumes ............................................................ 31 3.8.4 Religion and Social Organizations ....................................................................... 31 3.8.5 Festivals and Rituals ............................................................................................ 32 3.9 Life Passage Rituals of the Newars ............................................................................ 33 3.9.1 Birth ..................................................................................................................... 33 3.9.2 Puberty Rites ....................................................................................................... 34 3.9.3 Marriage .............................................................................................................. 36 3.9.4 Jankoo ................................................................................................................. 37 3.9.5 Death ................................................................................................................... 37 CHAPTER IV: GUTHI – AN INTEGRAL PART OF NEWAR SOCIETY ............................... 39-46 4.1 Meaning and its Origin .............................................................................................
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