Volume 4 Socio-Economic Profile Environmental Quality • Archaeological Resources
HEADWATERS AREA ASSESSMENT
NATURAL RESOURCES HEADWATERS AREA ASSESSMENT
VOLUME 4
PartI: Socio-Economic Profile Illinois Department ofNatural Resources Office ofRealty and Environmental Planning Division ofEnergy and Environmental Assessment 524 South Second Springfield, Illinois 62701
Part II: Environmental Quality Illinois Department ofNatural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Drive, and Waste Management and Research Center, One East Hazelwood Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820
Part ill: Archaeological Resources Steven R Ahler Illinois Department of Natural Resources Office of Scientific Research and Analysis Illinois State Museum Spring & Edward Streets Springfield, Illinois 62706
Rod R. Blagojevich, Governor State of Illinois
Joel Brunsvold, Director Illinois Department ofNatural Resources One Natural Resources Way Springfield, IL 62702
50011997 Printed by the authority of the State of Illinois Other CTAP Publications
The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends • Summary Report • Volume i: Air Resources • Volume 2: Water Resources • Volume 3: Ecological Resources • Volume 4: Earth Resources • Volume 5: Waste Generation andManagement • Volume 6: Sources ofEnvironmental Stress • Volume 7: Bibliography Rock River Area Assessment, technical report The Rock River Country: An Inventory ofthe Region's Resources, general report Cache River Area Assessment, technical report The Cache River Basin: An inventory ofthe Region's Resources, general report Mackinaw River Area Assessment The Mackinaw River Country: An inventory ofthe Region's Resources Annual Report i995, Illinois RiverWatch Stream Monitoring Manual, Illinois RiverWatch PLAN-iT EARTH, Flowing Waters Module PLAN-iTEARTH, ForestModule Forest Monitoring Manual, Illinois ForestWatch Illinois Land Cover, An Atlas, plus CD-ROM Inventory ofEcologically Resource-Rich Areas in Illinois Illinois Geographic Information System, CD-ROM ofdigital geospatial data
All CTAP and Ecosystems Program documents are available from the DNR Clearinghouse at (217) 7811-7498 or TOD (217) 7811-9175. They are also available on the World Wide Web at http://dnr.state.il.us/ctap/ctaphome.htm, or http://dnr.state.il.us/c2000/manage/partner.htm, as well as on the EcoForum Bulletin Board at 1 (800) 528-5486 or (217) 7811-8447.
For more information about CTAP, call (217) 524-0500 or e-mail [email protected]; for information on the Ecosystems Program call (217) 7811-7940 or e-mail at [email protected].
ii About This Report
The Headwaters area is perhaps unique in all ofIllinois. In this area ofapproximately 25 miles by 50 miles in east central Illinois is found the source ofthe Vermilion, Embarras, Sangamon, Mackinaw, Kaskaskia, and Little Vermilion rivers -- rivers and streams that ultimately drain almost one-third of the state. The area is not generally considered "resource rich" in the sense ofvast and complex forest, wetland or prairie ecosystems. It does exert, however, an undue influence on such ecosystems downstream. The streams that originate in the Headwaters area are among the most pristine and scenic in the state.
This report is part ofa series ofreports on areas ofTIlinois where a public-private partnership has been formed. These assessments provide information on the natural and human resources ofthe areas as a basis for managing and improving their ecosystems. The determination of resource rich areas and development ofecosystem-based information and management programs in Illinois are the result ofthree processes -- the Critical Trends Assessment Program, the Conservation Congress, and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force.
Background
The Critical Trends Assessment Program (CTAP) documents changes in ecological conditions. In 1994, using existing information, the program provided a baseline of ecological conditions. I Three conclusions were drawn from the baseline investigation:
1. the emission and discharge ofregulated pollutants over the past 20 years has declined, in some cases dramatically, 2. existing data suggest that the condition of natural ecosystems in Illinois is rapidly declining as a result offragmentation and continued stress, and 3. data designed to monitor compliance with environmental regulations or the status of individual species are not sufficient to assess ecosystem health statewide.
Based on these findings, CTAP has begun to develop methods to systematically monitor ecological conditions and provide information for ecosystem-based management. Five components make up this effort:
I. identifY resource rich areas, 2. conduct regional assessments, 3. publish an atlas and inventory ofIllinois landcover, 4. train volunteers to collect ecological indicator data, and 5. develop an educational science curriculum which incorporates data collection
1 See The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, summary report and volumes 1-7.
iii At the same time that CTAP was publishing its baseline findings, the Illinois Conservation Congress and the Water Resources and Land Use Priorities Task Force were presenting their respective findings. These groups agreed with the CTAP conclusion that the state's ecosystems were declining. Better stewardship was needed, and they determined that a voluntary, incentive-based, grassroots approach would be the most appropriate, one that recognized the inter-relatedness ofeconomic development and natural resource protection and enhancement.
From the three initiatives was born Conservation 2000, a six-year program to begin reversing ecosystem degradation, primarily through the Ecosystems Program, a cooperative process of public-private partnerships that are intended to merge natural resource stewardship with economic and recreational development. To achieve this goal, the program will provide financial incentives and technical assistance to private landowners. The Rock River and Cache River were designated as the first Ecosystem Partnership areas.
At the same time, CTAP identified 30 Resource Rich Areas (RRAs) throughout the state. In RRAs where Ecosystem Partnerships have been formed, CTAP is providing an assessment of the area, drawing from ecological and socio-economic databases to give an overview ofthe region's resources -- geologic, edaphic, hydrologic, biotic, and socio-economic. Although several ofthe analyses are somewhat restricted by spatial and/or temporal limitations ofthe data, they help to identifY information gaps and additional opportunities and constraints to establishing long-term monitoring programs in the partnership areas.
The Headwaters Area Assessment·
The Headwaters assessment area (HAA) is an approximately 1,675 mile2 (1,072,202 acre) area including much ofChampaign County and portions ofFord, Livingston, McLean, Iroquois, Vermilion, Douglas, Piatt, and De Witt counties in central TIlinois. This area includes the headwaters ofthe Sangamon and Embarras rivers and the watersheds ofthe Middle Fork and Salt Fork in the headwaters ofthe Vermilion River. The BAA is composed of32 subbasins from these three major drainage basins.2 These include 24 subbasins in the Vermilion (Wabash) drainage basin, five subbasins in the Upper Sangamon basin, and three in the Embarras/Middle Wabash basin. Two ofthese subbasins the Middle Fork Vermilion River and Embarras River subbasins, were designated as "Resource Rich Areas" (Suloway et al. 1996f because they contain significant natural community diversity. Ecological conditions in the BAA are particularly important to a large region oflllinois because land use practices affecting stream quality in the BAA can have environmental consequences reaching far downstream from the headwaters region.
2 The basins were defined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Board. 3 Suloway, L., Joselyn, M., and P. W. Brown. 1996. Inventory of Resource Rich Areas in Illinois: An Evaluation of Ecological Resources. lDNRlEEA-96/08 167 pp.
iv f 1
s.... , :2700000 .~===...... =====...... ~,ao .... .~======""==="'150U-'"
Dr.lnaglll lY"na from 1:24000 acale WlIterahed bound.rle••• delineated by the UAO.8. W-ter ReRliuro.. Divlalon.
Major Drainage Basins of Illinois and Location of the Headwaters Assessment Area Scale 1:620962 I ."""====="";'.~=====;;;;;;""""=====";;30MI" ·b=====~'&'=====~"b=";"==;,,,,,~"-- I
Subbasins in the Headwaters assessment area. Subbasin boundaries depicted are those determined by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. This assessment is comprised offive volumes. In Volume 1, Geology discusses the geology, soils, and minerals in the assessment area. Volume 2, Water Resources, discusses the surface and groundwater resources and Volume 3, LivingResources, describes the natural vegetation communities and the fauna ofthe region. Volume 4 contains three parts: Part I, Socio-Economic Profile, discusses the demographics, infrastructure, and economy ofthe area, focusing on the two counties with the greatest amount ofland in the area -- Champaign and Ford counties; Part II, Environmental Quality, discusses air and water quality, and hazardous and toxic waste generation and management in the area; and Part III, Archaeological Resources, identifies and assesses the archaeological sites, ranging from the Paleoindian Prehistoric (B.C. 10,000) to the Historic (A.D. 1650), known in the assessment watershed. Volume 5, Early Accounts of the Ecology ofthe Headwaters Area, describes the ecology ofthe area as recorded by historical writings ofexplorers, pioneers, early visitors and early historians.
vii
Table of Contents
Part I: Socio-Economic Profile Summary 1-1 Demographic Trends 1-3 Health Trends 1-17 The Regional Economy 1-29 Agriculture 1-41 Outdoor Recreation ; 1-49 Transportation Infrastructure 1-55 Property Taxes 1-61 References 1-69
Part 1/: Environmental Quality Air Quality 2-1 Water Quality 2-5 Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management.. 2-19
Part 11/: Archaeological Resources Introduction 3-1 Archaeological Resources ofthe Headwaters Area 3-5 Selected References 3-12
ix
, ------.
PART I SOClo-ECONOMIC PROFILE
Contributors
Project Coordinator David Baker
Editors David Baker, Karen Miller
Maps John Bishop, Will Hinsman
Summary David Baker
Demographic Trends Karen Miller
Health Trends Wayne Hartel
The Regional Economy Mark Bonardelli
Agriculture Mark Bonardelli
Outdoor Recreation John O'Conner
Transportation Infrastructure Tom Heavisides
Property Taxes Wayne Hartel
I-iii
Table of Contents
Summary 1-1 Demographic Trends 1-3 Population 1-3 Population Characteristics 1-7 Households and Housing 1-14 Conclusion 1-16 Health Trends 1-17 Mortality Rates 1-17 Major Causes ofDeath 1-18 Infant Mortality and Premature Births 1-22 Teenage and Single Mothers 1-24 Health Care Access 1-26 Conclusion 1-28 The Regional Economy 1-29 Structural Change in the Economy 1-31 Economic Characteristics by County 1-33 Conclusion 1-40 Agriculture 1-41 Production 1-43 Cash Receipts 1-46 Conclusion 1-48 Outdoor Recreation 1-49 State-Owned Recreation Sites 1-49 Champaign County Recreation Sites 1-51 Boating 1-51 Fishing and Hunting 1-52 Conclusion 1-53 Transportation Infrastructure 1-55 Auto Traffic 1-55 Other Traffic 1-58 Conclusion 1-59 Property Taxes 1-61 Tax Revenues 1-61 Property Tax Base 1-63
I-v Tax Rates 1-65 Property Tax Distribution 1-66 Conclusion 1-68 References 1-69
List ofFigures
Demographic Trends Figure 1-1. Headwaters Area Population Trends 1-3 Figure 1-2. Municipalities and Major Highways 1-4 Figure 1-3. Urban Land Use, Headwaters Area 1-7 Figure 1-4. Age Distribution, Headwaters Area 1-8 Figure 1-5. Estimated Mean Age by 1990 Census Tract.. 1-9 Figure 1-6. Education Trends 1-10 Figure 1-7. Educational Attainment by 1990 Census Tract 1-11 Figure 1-8. Per Capita Income 1-12 Figure 1-9. Per Capita Income by 1990 Census Tract 1-13 Figure 1-10. Percent ofPopulation Living in Poverty 1-14 Figure 1-11. Median Value ofOwner-Occupied Housing, in 1993 Dollars 1-16
Health Trends Figure 1-12. Total Mortality Rate 1-17 Figure 1-13. The Major Causes ofDeath in the Headwaters Area 1-18 .Figure 1-14. Heart Disease Mortality 1-19 Figure 1-15. Cancer Mortality 1-20 Figure 1-16. Stroke Mortality 1-21 Figure 1-17. Infant Mortality : 1-22 Figure 1-18. Premature Births as a Percentage ofTotal Births 1-23 Figure 1-19. Percentage ofBirths to Teenage Mothers 1-24 Figure 1-20. Percentage ofBirths to Single Mothers 1-25 Figure 1-21. Staffed Hospital Beds 1-26 Figure 1-22. Number ofDoctors Per 100,000 People 1-27
The Regional Economy Figure 1-23. Changes in Employment and Personal Income 1969-1993 1-29 Figure 1-24. Significant Employment Sectors by 1990 Census Tract.. 1-30 Figure 1-25. Employment Distribution in the Headwaters Area, 1969 and 1993 1-32 Figure 1-26. Earnings Distribution in the Headwaters Area, 1969 and 1993 1-33 Figure 1-27. Major Employers in the Headwaters Area 1-34 Figure 1-28. Champaign County Employment, by Sector 1-37
I-vi Figure 1-29. Champaign County Earnings, by Sector 1-37 Figure 1-30. Ford County Employment, by Sector 1-39 Figure 1-31. Ford County Earnings, by Sector 1-39
Agriculture Figure 1-32. Cropland in Headwaters Area 1-41 Figure 1-33. Agricultural Landcover 1-42 Figure 1-34. Number ofFarms 1-43 Figure 1-35. Com Production 1-44 Figure 1-36. Soybean Production 1-44 Figure 1-37. Hogs and Pigs Inventory 1-45 Figure 1-38. Cattle Inventory 1-46 Figure 1-39. CropCashReceipts 1-47 Figure 1-40. Livestock Cash Receipts : 1-47
Outdoor Recreation Figure 1-41. Significant Natural Resource Areas in the Headwaters Area 1-50
Transportation Infrastructure Figure 1-42. Major Airports, Roads and Railroads 1-56 Figure 1-43. Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the Headwaters Area, 1973-1993 1-58
Property Taxes Figure 1-44. Major Property Tax Districts 1-62 Figure 1-45. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Revenue 1-63 Figure 1-46. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Base 1-64 Figure 1-47. 1981 Property Tax Base by Class ofProperty 1-64 Figure 1-48. 1993 Property Tax Base by Class ofProperty 1-65 Figure 1-49. Average Property Tax Rate 1-66 Figure I-50. 1993 Property Tax Distribution 1-67
List of Tables
Demographic Trends Table 1-1. Population 1-5 Table 1-2. Population Density 1-5 Table 1-3. Incorporated Municipalities, Headwaters Area 1-6 Table 1-4. Median Age 1-8 Table 1-5. 1990 Educational Attainment 1-10 Table 1-6. Number ofHouseholds 1-14
I-vii Table 1-7. Median Household Income 1-15 Table 1-8. Housing Units 1-15
Health Trends Table 1-9. Mortality Rates 1-18 Table 1-10. Heart Disease Mortality 1-19 Table 1-11. Cancer Mortality 1-20 Table 1-12. Stroke Mortality 1-21 Table 1-13. Infant Mortality 1-23 Table 1-14. Percentage ofPremature Births 1-24 Table 1-15. Percentage ofBirths to Teenage Mothers 1-25 Table 1-16. Percentage ofBirths to Single Mothers 1-25 Table 1-17. Hospitals in the Headwaters Region 1-26 Table 1-18. Number ofStafTed Hospital Beds 1-27 Table 1-19. Number ofDoctors per 100,000 Population 1-28
The Regional Economy Table 1-20. 1993 Employment and Personal Income 1-31 Table 1-21. 1993 Total Personal Income 1-31 Table 1-22. Major Employers, Headwaters Area 1-35 Table 1-23. 1991 Private Non-Farm Establishments, Champaign County 1-36 Table 1-24. Champaign County Selected Statistics 1-36 Table 1-25. 1991 Private Non-Farm Establishments, Ford County 1-38 Table 1-26. Ford County Selected Statistics 1-38
Agriculture Table 1-27. Acreage Planted in 1994 1-43 Table 1-28. 1994 Selected Crop yields 1-45 Table 1-29. 1993 Farm Cash Receipts 1-46
Outdoor Recreation Table 1-30. Natural Areas and Nature Preserves in the Headwaters Area 1-49 Table 1-31. BoatRegistrations, 1988 and 1994 1-51 Table 1-32. Hunting Activity 1-52
Transportation Infrastructure Table 1-33. Miles ofRoad in the Headwaters Area , 1-55
Property Taxes Table 1-34. Real Property Tax Revenue 1-61 Table 1-35. Real Property Tax Base 1-63
I-viii Summary
The Headwaters area is perhaps unique in all ofIllinois. In this area of approximately 25 miles by 50 miles in east central Illinois is found the source ofthe Vermilion, Embarras, Sangamon, Mackinaw, Kaskaskia, Iroquois, and Little Vermilion rivers -- rivers and streams that ultimately drain one-third of the state. The area, encompassing most of Champaign and Ford counties, is not generally considered "resource rich" in the sense of vast and complex forest, wetland or prairie ecosystems. It does exert, however, an undue influence on such ecosystems downstream. The streams that originate in the Headwaters area are among the most pristine and scenic in the state.
Although the Headwaters area features no high-profile state parks or other highly visited outdoor recreation sites, it does contain fifteen state-owned natural areas and nature preserves. These sites represent diverse landscapes, including prairies, upland forests, and streams. Several sites are home to rare species. The Middle Fork ofthe Vermilion River Natural Area contains part ofthe only state and federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Illinois. The Headwaters area also contains three county forest preserves which are partially developed for recreational use and provide ample hunting opportunities, particularly for pheasant and deer.
The predominant hind use in the Headwaters area is agriculture. Both Ford and Champaign counties are among the top five counties in percent ofland that is farmed, with nearly 85% ofthe land area in agriculture. The 2000-plus farms in the area produce high yields ofboth com and soybeans. Champaign County currently ranks second in the state for crop cash receipts.
Although most ofthe Headwaters area is rural and agricultural, the metropolis of Champaign-Urbana dominates the central part ofthe area, with 100,000 ofthe area's 187,000 population living in these two cities. Champaign and Urbana grew very rapidly during the baby boom years following World War II, a time when the University ofIllinois became increasingly important to the area. Three interstate highways, Amtrak, and commercial air service connect them to the other metropolitan areas in the state.
The characteristics ofthe populations ofChampaign and Ford counties vary considerably. The population ofFord County tends on average to be older, more wealthy, more rural, and less educated than that ofChampaign County. Their median age is 9 years greater, only half live in urban areas compared to four-fifths, only 12% have college degrees versus 34% in Champaign County. The differing demographics also account for higher than average disease and mortality rates in Ford and lower than average rates in Champaign County. The University of Illinois and the large student population in the Champaign Urbana area explains many of the major demographic differences between the counties.
1-1 The economy of the Headwaters area supports 115,000 jobs and generates $2.5 billion in personal income. The economy is dominated by white collar jobs, 75% in the government, service, and wholesale/ retail sectors. Government, the single largest sector, employs 32,000 people, 17,000 of whom work for the University ofIllinois in some capacity. Although the manufacturing sector is relatively small, it has actually grown significantly (by 62% since 1969) in contrast to the declining manufacturing sector in other areas of the state.
Although farming is economically important, farm earnings have declined by more than 60% in the last 25 years and the number offarms by 23%. The declining importance of farming has had tax implications as well. In Ford County where half the tax base is farm property, tax rates have increased by 167% to compensate for the declining value offarm property.
This part of the Headwaters Area Assessment describes the demographic characteristics and economic structure of the two counties that make up the Headwaters area - Champaign and Ford. 1 It provides a historical perspective as well as a current picture of the human-related resources of the region. The human resources of the Headwaters area provide an important context for future plans to manage and preserve the unique and ample natural resources of the area and those downstream from the Headwaters.
I While the accompanying natural resources assessment emphasizes the watershed as its unit of analysis, socio-economic data are displayed geographically using the 196 census block groups defined by the U.S. Census Bureau to encompass the two counties. Census tracts are small, sub-county level areas delineated by the U.S. Census Bureau for purposes of the decennial census. They are designed to be relatively homogeneous with respect to population characteristics, economic status, and living conditions. In practice they vary considerably in population and size. In the two-county area, the census block groups range from 0 to 7,185 in population and from 28 to 70,590 acres in land area.
1-2 Demographic Trends
The character ofan area is detemrined not only by its natural environment, but also by its human environment -- the size, growth, density, distribution and characteristics of the population living there. The following section describes population growth and distribution, and trends in age, income, education, households, and housing.
Population
Between 1870 and 1990 the combined populations ofChampaign and Ford counties have grown 348%, almost identical to the statewide growth of 350%. Most ofthe increase occurred in Champaign County, which grew 429%, while Ford County was fairly stable with only 57% growth. (Figure 1-1). 1
Although Champaign County grew steadily after 1870, it was after World War IT that population jumped significantly, up more than 130% between 1940 and 1970. This increase could be attributed to the growth ofthe University ofIllinois (which employed 17,000 people in 1990) and Chanute Air Force base in Rantoul.
I--Champaign -Fordl 'SO,O(J() r------,
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000 - - - .
80,000
60,000
40,000 - .
20,000 - .
O+--....--<--t-_t_--t--+---<>---t-_t_--t--t----j 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Figure 1-1. Headwaters Area Population Trends
I Population data was taken from the 1993 Illinois Statistical Abstract.
1-3 Figure 1-2.
Municipalities and Major Highways
1-----4'" Ford IN; Interstates
N us and State Highways
:\,' County Boundaries paxton "GibSon Cily
Champaign
;\\ Fisher '.<.,.1 GiffortJ
N " Thomasboro Scale 1:550000 i o 12 Miles t 51 Joseph
H r ~ ,Sidney ilia Philo ,'f' ~, TOlono;t ;~ ell
Road information from the USGS 1:100,000 digital line graph files, Table 1-1. Population
1990 % ofState County % change, Po ulation Po ulation Rank2 1970-1990 Champaign 173,025 1.5% 12 6% Ford 14,275 0.1% 81 -13% Headwaters area 187,300 1.6% 4% Statewide 11,430,602 100.0% 2.9%
Since 1970 population growth in Champaign County has slowed, while in Ford County it has actually declined 13%.
As of1990, the Headwaters area was home to 1.6% of the state's population (Table I-I). In Champaign County, population is projected to steadily decrease until the tum ofthe century, when it will begin growing again to reach its 1990 levels by 2010. InFord County, population is projected to drop approximately 6.5% by the year 2010?
Urban Population
More than four-fifths ofthe population in Champaign County lives in urban areas (communities greater than 2,500 population), close to the 85% statewide figure? In Ford County, a little more than halflived in urban areas in 1990, a 13% increase from 1970.
Trends in population density are listed in Table 1-2. Overall, the population density ofthe Headwaters area is about three-fifths the statewide average density.
Table 1-2. Population Density (persons per square mile)
1870 1910 1950 1990 Champaign 32.8 52.0 106.4 173.5 Ford 18.7 35.2 32.7 29.4 Headwaters area 28.2 46.5 82.3 126.3 Statewide 45.7 101.5 156.8 205.7
2 Projections and county ranking taken from 1994 State Profile, Woods & Poole Economics, Inc. 'UIbanization data from 1990 and 199311/inois Statistical Abstract.
1-5 Table }-3. Incorporated Municipalities, Headwaters Area
City or City or 1990 villa e villa e Po ulation Champaign Savoy V 2,674 County Sidney V 1,027 Bondville V 354 St. Joseph V 2,052 Broadlands V 340 Thomasboro V 1,250 Champaign C 63,502 Tolono V 2,605 Fisher V 1,561 Urbana C 36,383 Foosland V 132 Ford County Gifford V 845 Cabery V 268 Homer V 1,264 Elliott V 309 Ivesdale V 339 Gibson C 3,396 LongView V 180 Kempton V 219 Ludlow V 323 Melvin V 466 Mahomet V 3,103 Paxton C 4,289 Ogden V 671 Piper City V 756 Pesotum V 558 Roberts V 397 Philo V 1,028 Sibley V 359 Rantoul V 17,212 Royal V 217
Source: Illinois Counties & Incorporated Municipalities, December 1, 1993, Illinois Secretary o/State.
Urban Land Use
Only a small percentage ofthe land in the Headwaters area is urban -- 32,251 acres according to satellite imagery taken between 1992 and 1994, 3.4% ofthe counties' combined land area, less than the statewide percentage rate of5.8%4 In Champaign County urban land comprises 25,638 acres, or 4% of the land, while in Ford County urban acreage is slight, only 6,613 acres (2.1% ofthe county).
Land use information is also available from the U.S. Department ofAgriculture Soil Conservation Service, which has conducted a National Resources Inventory (NRI) in 1982, 1987 and 1992 (Figure 1_3).5 According to the NRI, between 1982 and 1992 urban land use grew 30%, (to 3.5% ofland in the two-county area), compared to a 13.7% increase statewide (to 6.3% ofIllinois' land area).
4 Illinois Landcover, An Atlas, IL Department ofNatural Resources, June 1996. Used here, urban land includes low, medium and high density urban land, transportation, and urban grasslands. S Because different methodologies are used and the data are collected from representative sample points in each state, the NR1 data vary slightly from the satellite data.
1-6 [--FOrd __Champaign I 35.000,...------,
20,000
15,000 -......
10,000
5,000
0+------+------1 1982 1987 1992 Figure 1-3. Urban Land Use (acres)
Most ofthe increase occurred in Champaign County, where urban land use grew 31.5% while urban population grew only 9% during a similar time frame (1980-1990). InFord County, urban acreage increased 15.4%, while urban population declined 1%.
Population Characteristics Age
The population in the two-county area is aging, although not as quickly as it is in the rest ofthe state. Between 1970 and 1990, the percentage ofpersons younger than age 20 dropped from 38% to 29% ofthe area population. The number ofpersons older than age 64, however, rose from 6.6% to 9.5% ofthe population. 6
By 2020, the number ofelderly is projected to increase slightly in Champaign County, from 9% to 13% ofthe population, and to increase by a third in Ford County, from 19% to 25% ofthe population.
Statewide, in 1992 Ford County ranked 17th in percentage ofelderly, while Champaign County was 98th, reflecting in part the large number ofyoung students living there.
6 Age, race and education data from the 1994 State Profile, Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.
1-7 120.000 .,------,
100.000 t------
80.000 +------
60,000
40,000
o Age 0-19 Age 20-64 Age 65+ Figure 1-4. Age Distribution. Headwaters Area
Between 1970 and 1990 median age rose 4.9 years in the combined two-county area (Table 1-4). It rose 5 years in Champaign County and 4.3 years in Ford County. This compares to a statewide median age increase of 4.4 years. The median age in Ford County is nine years higher than in Champaign County.
Table 1-4. Median Age
1970 1980 1990 Champaign 22.7 24.6 27.7 Ford 32.4 33.9 36.7 Headwaters area 23.5 25.4 28.4 Statewide 28.4 29.9 32.8
Figure 1-5 shows age distribution by census tract. The predominantly younger populations are concentrated in Rantoul, Mahomet and Champaign, all in Champaign County, while older populations occur in the northwestern part of the two-county area and in Piper City, in Ford County.
Race and Gender
The area has a moderately-sized minority population, 8%, far below the 18% minority population statewide. Most area minorities live in Champaign County, which has a 9% minority population compared to less than 1% in Ford County.
The percentage of males has dropped somewhat, from 51.8% to 50.4%. Statewide, the proportion of males to females has remained fairly steady at 48.5:51.5. In Champaign
1-8 Figure 1-5.
Estimated Mean Age by 1990 Census Tract • • • • • •
0 Less Than 27 EJ 28 - 32 [J 33 - 36
~ 37 and Over
N Scale 1:550000 o 12 Miles t 90.0" ,------, ao.O%t--r
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
0.0% High School High School College, College Heact.wters Statewide Headwaters Statewide ."'. area Figure 1-6. Education Trends
County, the proportion of males dropped one and a half percentage points between 1970 and 1990; in Ford County it dropped less than one percent. 7 Perhaps the changes in Champaign County reflect in part changes in enrollment at the University ofIllinois (i.e. more female students).
Education
Between 1970 and 1990, education trends in the Headwaters area were consistently ahead ofstatewide trends. More than a third ofthe residents ofChampaign County, home ofthe University ofIllinois, are college graduates, compared to a little over one-fifth statewide.
The census map in Figure 1-7 shows that, not surprisingly, the populations with the highest educational attainment live in the Champaign, Mahomet and Rantoul areas, areas with younger populations. The areas with less education correspond closely to those with an older mean age.
Table 1-5. 1990 Educational Attainment (persons age 25 and over)
Not Completing Completing High Completing Four or Hi School SchoolOnl More Years of Colle e Champaign 12.5% 53.4% 34.1% Ford 22.8% 65.1% 12.1% Headwaters area 13.3% 54.3% 32.4% Statewide 23.8% 55.2% 21.0%
7 Gender data from 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census.
1-10 Figure 1-7.
Educational Attainment By 1990 Census Tract Percentage of those over age 25 who are high school graduates or higher.
'n " "L:..:] , . "
Ford D Less Than 77.2!'Io E3 77.3% - 85.5% D:;':.:;: 85.6% - 94.9% ~ 95.0% and Over
"GheA1J3 n
N Seal e i: 550000 o 12 Miles t 025,000 .-=--=------,
$20,000 f------
$15,000 -'--_r
$10,000
$5,000
$0 Champaign Fo", Headw;:lters area State"""de Figure 1-8, Per Capita Income
Per Capita Income
Despite high education levels, per capita income is slightly lower in the Headwaters area than it is statewide; in 1990 it was $4,067 lower than statewide per capita income,s This can be partially attributed to the smaller incomes of graduate students at the University of Illinois and the lack of industrial employment in the area, Even so, from 1970-1990 per capita income rose 44% in the two-county area: 45% in Champaign County and 35,5% in Ford County, In 1992, of 102 counties, Ford County was ranked 10th in per capita income, while Champaign County was 43rd,
The map in Figure 1-9 shows that the areas with the highest per capita income are generally in the areas around Gibson City, Mahomet and Champaign, although not necessarily within the city limits,
The poverty rate is also higher in the Headwaters area than it is statewide -- 15% compared to 12% -- again a possible reflection of the large school-age population in the area, Between 1970 and 1990, the percentage ofpeople living in povertY' rose 59% in Champaign County, at the same time that employment and earnings rose 44% and 40% respectively, Population, meanwhile, increased 6%, In Ford County, the poverty rate dropped 6% while population was down 13%, However, 5% ofjobs were lost during the two decades, with earnings dropping 23%,
8 Per capita income data from 1994 State Profile, 9 Poverty dala from 1970, 1980, and 1990 Census,
1-12 Figure 1-9.
Per Capita Income By 1990 Census Tract
"
'n~ "L.::J " . "
"
0 Less Than $9,864 0 $9,865 - $12,357 [] $12,358 - $15,466
WJl $15,467 and Over
N Scare 1:550000 o 12 Miles t 16.0% ,------,
14.0%
__ Champaign 12.0% I---L::---i ...... Headwaters area ___ StateW:de 10.0% _Ford
8.0%
6.0% .
4.0% .1------1------1 1970 1980 1990 Figure 1-10. Percent ofPopulation Living in Poverty
Households and Housing Households
Between 1970 and 1990, while total population increased 4%, the number of households in the two-county area increased 26%. The number ofpersons per household dropped from 3.0 to 2.4 persons. Statewide, the number of households increased 20% while the average number ofpeople living in them dropped from 3.1 to 2.710
Table 1-6. Number of Households
1970 1980 1990 Champaign 49,650 59,300 63,910 Ford 5,420 5,800 5,580 Headwaters area 55,070 65,100 69,490 Statewide 3,525,820 4,067,870 4,208,670
10 Household data from 1994 State Profile.
1-14 Table 1-7. Median Household Income (in 1993 Dollars)
1979 1989 Percent chan e Champaign $31,442 $30,913 -1.7% Ford $32,501 $30,051 -7.5% Headwaters area $31,530 $30,847 -2.2% Statewide $36,962 $37,565 1.6%
Between 1979 and 1989 the median income ofHeadwaters area households dropped 2% ($683), compared to statewide growth of 1.6% ($603).11 Household income declined the most in Ford County (7.5%), reflecting the loss ofjobs and earnings in the county.
Housing
Housing units in the area increased by more than one-third between 1970 and 1990, while the number ofvacant units almost doubled. Statewide, units were up almost one-fourth and the number ofvacant units one-half. In the two-county area, the greatest increase I occurred in Champaign County where the number ofhousing units increased by two-fifths I while the number of vacant units almost tripled. 12
Table 1-8. Housing Units
1970 1980 1990 Units Vacanc Units Vacanc Units Vacanc Champaign 49,014 3.4% 62,518 6.6% 68,416 6.6% Ford 5,806 7.0% 6,329 9.3% 6,118 8.4% Headwaters area 54,820 3.8% 68,847 6.8% 74,534 6.8% Statewide 3,703,367 5.4% 4,319,672 6.3% 4,506,275 6.7%
The median value ofowner-occupied housing units (in 1993 dollars) increased 32% between 1970 and 1980, then dropped 13% over the next 10 years (Figure 1-11). The biggest drop occurred in Ford County, down 22% during the ten-year period. Statewide, values rose 34%, with a 2% drop between 1980 and 199013 Over the 20-year period, housing values grew 14% in Champaign County, 6% in Ford County, and 30% statewide.
\l Median household income data from 1980 and 1990 Census. 12 Housing units and vacancies from 1990 and 1993 Illinois Statistical Abstract. 13 Data on median value of housing from 1970 Census and 1993 Illinois Statistical Abstract.
1-15 $100,000
$90,000
$80,000
$70,000
$60,000
$50,000
$40,000
$30,000
$20,000
$10,000
$0 Champaign Ford Headwaters ailla StateIMde Figure 1-11. Median Value ofOwner-Occupied Housing, in 1993 Dollars.
Conclusion
Since 1870 the two counties in the Headwaters area have experienced very different levels of population growth: Champaign County has grown by five-fold, while growth in Ford County has been moderate. Not surprisingly, four-fifths of the population in Champaign County live in urban areas, while only one-half do so in Ford County, Similarly, twice as much land is put to urban use in Champaign County (4% compared to 2%).
The populace is much younger than it is statewide, mostly because ofthe younger make up ofChampaign County, home ofthe University ofIllinois. Champaign County ranks 98th in the state in the percentage of elderly residents. In 1990 the median age of the area was 28.4 years compared to 32.8 years statewide, Education levels have been consistently ahead ofthe state as a whole, once again because ofthe presence ofthe U ofl 'In 1990, 87% ofresidents over 25 years ofage had completed high school compared to 76% statewide, and one out ofthree had completed college, far ahead ofthe statewide number ofone out offive.
In spite ofthese high education levels, per capita income is 22% less than statewide. The lower level can be attributed to the smaller incomes ofstudents at the U of! and the small amount ofhigh-paying manufacturing jobs in the area. Even so, per capita income grew 44% between 1970 and 1990, at the same time that the poverty rate grew 54%, to 15% of the population, above the statewide rate of 12%. All of the increase occurred in Champaign County; poverty dropped in Ford County to 9%.
Following state and national trends, the number of households grew, while average household size shrunk. Median household income in this area dropped 2% between 1979 and 1989, to 78% ofthe statewide median household income; in 1979 it was 83% ofthe statewide median. The largest decline occurred in Ford County.
1-16 Health Trends
The most commonly used measure ofa population's health is the mortality rate -- the number ofdeaths per 100,000 people. Mortality rates are provided for total deaths and by cause ofdeath. Other measures ofhealth are infant mortality rates and premature births, the number ofteenage and single mothers, and access to health care, measured by the number ofhospital beds and doctors per 100,000 people. Health is typically influenced by the demographics and economics ofthe region, as well as by environmental quality.
Mortality Rates1
The mortality rate in the two-county Headwaters area is about 25% below the state average.2 The mortality rate in the area is dictated by mortality in Champaign County, where over 90% ofthe Headwaters area population is located. In 1990, the Champaign County rate was 618 deaths per 100,000 (31 % below state average), compared to the Ford County rate of 1,364 (52% above the state average).
I--Champaign --Ford -Statel
1400 -,------...,
1300 . .
1200 . .
! 1100 i ...8 1000 t··::c···=··::c···:::····::::···~···::=._= 8 900 ~ ...-: 800
700
'600 5OOL-+----.-=::=:::::=:==:=--+-----1 1~ 1965-69 1910-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991·94
. Figure 1-12. Total Mortality Rate
1 Mortality rate data is from Illinois Department ofPublic Health: Division ofHealth Statistics, Vital Statistics 1l1inois, various years. 2 In the discussion of the mortality rates, references to a mortality rate for a particular year is actually a five-year average rate. For example, when citing the 1960 mortality rate it is in fact the 1960-64 average mortality rate.
1-17 The area mortality rate dropped 15% between 1960 and 1979, but has risen 15% since . then. The rate was only 2% lower in 1994 than it was in 1960, while statewide it was 11.5% lower. Within the Headwaters area, the rate declined 2% in Champaign County and rose 18% in Ford County.
Table 1-9. Mortality Rates (deaths per 100,000 people)
1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Champaign 627 636 568 526 542 585 618 Ford 1,152 1,171 1,226 1,251 1,213 1,329 1,364 Region 686 691 628 586 596 642 674 State 1,016 1,020 983 915 882 892 900
Major Causes ofDeath
The three major causes ofdeath, in descending order, are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. During the 1991-1994 time period they accounted for more than 64% ofall deaths statewide and 62% in the Headwaters area. Deaths from both heart disease and stroke have declined in the state and the Headwaters area since 1960, while deaths from cancer have risen considerably.
1960-64 1991-1994
Heart Disease Heart Disease 33% 40%
other othe' 16% 27%
Diabetes ,%
Accidents SImko ... 10"
Figure 1-13. The Major Causes ofDeath in the Headwaters area
1-18 1-- Champaign -- Ford --State I
600 ,------=:=:=:::==1 550 600==_ g.• 460 r·=····=···=····=····=···"""":::::.:::: !-400 8 g 360 ~300 '5 ... 250F==4~
200
150
100 +---+----;----+----+----+----1 1960-64 196~9 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94
Figure 1-14. Heart Disease Mortality
Heart Disease
In 1994 the mortality rate from heart disease was 27% lower in the Headwaters area than statewide, 221 deaths per 100,000 compared to 302. There is a considerable difference in the heart disease mortality rate within the region; in Champaign County it has been well below the state average -- 36% below in 1994, compared to 91 % above the state average in Ford County.
Since 1960 the heart disease mortality rate has declined in the Headwaters area at a slower pace than the state rate -- 18% compared to 32%. The rate in Champaign County declined 21%, while it went up 18% in Ford County.
Table 1-10. Heart Disease Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people)
1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Champaign 243 245 210 182 183 178 192 Ford 485 502 559 528 570 580 577 Region 270 271 242 211 214 209 221 State 446 444 422 381 357 328 302
1-19 I--Champaign --Ford ~Statel
300.0 .,------, - 250.0 ...... ,.,..._...-:
.!! i 200.0 ~ .L ! ~ 150.0 ...... ! 100.0 L:.::::::;:.:::::=--..·"'..·-...... ::::..·::::....::::·:::....::::.. ·~....::::..·:::...... ·
50.0 +---+----+----+----+-----+----1
1960-64 1965-69 1970M 74 1975M 79 1981--65 1986-90 1991-94
Figure 1-15. Cancer Mortality
Cancer
Since 1960, the cancer mortality rate in the Headwaters area has been below the state rate; in 1994 the rate was 156 deaths per 100,000 population, compared to 213 statewide. In Champaign County the rate was 31 % lower than the state rate, while in Ford County it was 29% higher.
The area's cancer mortality rate has increased at a greater pace than it has statewide -- up 56% compared to 22% statewide. The rate in Champaign County has increased 66% since 1960, while in Ford County it was up 37%.
Table 1-11. Cancer Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people)
1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Champaign 88 95 105 107 122 139 146 Ford 200 200 201 247 253 284 274 Region 100 106 114 118 133 151 156 State 168 170 176 187 195 205 213
1-20 I-Champaign ~Ford ~Statel 140
120
100 ~ 2 0 ! 80 0 'Ii 60 ~ 1;• '" 40 ...... •....
20
0+----+----+----+----+-----+----1 1960-64 196~9 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1988-90 1991-94
Figure 1-16. Stroke Mortality
Stroke
Stroke mortality has dropped dramatically since 1960 -- 39% in the Headwaters area and 41% statewide. The most significant decline in the area was in Champaign County, where the rate fell 40%, in Ford County it fell 23%.
The death rate from stroke was consistently lower in the Headwaters area than the state. In 1994 it was 30% below the state average. In Ford County stroke mortality was 50% above the state average and more than double the rate in Champaign County.
Table 1-12. Stroke Mortality (deaths per 100,000 people)
1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Champaign 65 75 62 53 43 41 39 Ford 118 140 110 95 64 84 91 Region 71 82 66 57 45 44 43 State 103 103 98 83 66 60 61
1-21 Mortality and Demographics
The lower mortality rates in the area compared to the state reflects in part the difference in demographic characteristics. For example, the Headwaters area has a lower elderly population than does the state as a whole. The elderly population has been shown to be positively correlated with mortality rates.
Demographics also help to explain some of the differences in health within the region. In Champaign County, which has the lowest mortality rate in the region, the median age is 25% lower than in Ford County and the elderly population is 54% lower.
Infant Mortality and Premature Births3
Another measure ofcommunity health is the infant mortality rate, which has typically been lower in the Headwaters area than it has statewide4 In 1994, there were about 9 deaths per 100,000 population in the area (11% below the state average).
Infant mortality has been declining at a steady rate since 1960, down 60% statewide and 64% in the area.
I--Champaign --Ford --StateI 25.0.------,
20.0
l! ~ 15.0 ~
~ 10.0 -ll
5.0
0.0 -I----t----t----t---t-----t---...j 1960-64 196~9 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1985-90 1991-94 Figure 1-17. Infani Mortality
3 This data is from Illinois Department of Public Health: Division of Health Statistics, Vitat Statistics Illinois, various years. 4 Infant mortality rates are not available for Ford County during certain years when there were very rew infant deaths and a sparse population (i.e., rate is not reliable).
1-22 Table 1-13. Infant Mortality (deaths per 100.000 population) 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1981-85 1986-90 1991-94 Champaign 24.3 22.3 17.0 13.2 9.1 9.3 8.8 Ford 22.4 11.7 19.6 NA 10.0 NA 7.3 Region 24.1 21.3 17.2 NA 9.2 NA 8.7 State 24.5 24.1 20.5 16.3 12.7 11.4 9.8
The Headwaters area has also consistently had a lower percentage ofpremature births (Figure 1-18), 21% below the state average in 1990.' Within the Headwaters area the premature birth rates are typically lower in Ford County. In 1985, for example, the percentage ofpremature births was 32% lower in Ford County.
The premature birth rate has been relatively stable both statewide and in the area. In the Headwaters area it rose 3% from 1960 to 1975, and has dropped slightly since then. 6
l--Champaign --Ford --State\ 9.0,------,
8.0
7.0
6.0
~ J 5.0 ~ +---...... If 4.0 .
3.0 ..
2.0
0.0 +-----+----I----t-----t----t----! 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1965 1990
Figure 1-18. Premature Births as a Percentage ofTotal Births
5 From 1960-1985, the Illinois Department of Public Health defined premature births (in the Vital Statistics of Illinois) as babies born at a weight less than 2501 grams. In 1990, the Vital Statistics Report included the number ofbabies at less than 2599 grams. 6 Premature birth rates are not available for Ford County in 1990 because there were vel)' few premature births and total births (i.e., rate is not reliable).
1-23 Table 1-14. Percentage of Premature Births 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 Champaign 6.4 6.8 7.2 7.2 5.7 7.2 6.5 Ford 4.6 4.6 3.4 4.9 1.8 4.9 NA Region 6.2 6.6 6.9 7.0 5.4 7.1 NA State 7.6 8.3 8.2 7.7 7.2 7.2 7.6
Teenage and Single Mothers7
The rates ofinfant mortality and premature births are influenced by the number ofteenage and single mothers who often have less income and, therefore, less access to health care.
Between 1975 and 1994 the teen birth rate declined both statewide and in the two counties -- about 29% in the state, and 38% in the Headwaters area. Ford County has had the largest decline in teenage mothers, falling 44% since 1975.
The area's teen birth rate has consistently been below the state average, 10% lower in 1994.
I~ Champaign - Ford - State I 22,------,
20
18
16 j ; 14 i 12
10
6
6+------+------t------~ 1975 1980 1985 1990 Figure 1-19. Percentage o/Births to TeenageMothers
1 This data is from I1Iinois Department of Public Health: Division of Health Statistics, Vital Statistics Illinois, various years.
1-24 Table 1-15. Percentage of Births to Teenage Mothers
1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 Champaign 18.7 14.4 10.3 11.4 11.7 Ford 21.0 18.0 8.8 11.2 11.8 Region 18.9 14.6 10.2 11.4 11.7 State 18.4 15.7 12.5 13.1 13.0
Though the percentage ofbirths to teenage mothers has declined since 1975, the percentage ofbirths to single mothers has increased. It jumped 85% statewide, and has more than doubled in the Headwaters area. Even though the rate in the Headwaters area has jumped, the rate for the two-county area has remained significantly below the state average during this IS-year period (26% lower in 1990).
I-Champaign -Ford -Slatel 35.0,------,
30.0
25.0
t 20.0 ~ t···~~ ·~==~-===::~==--'l .r. 15.0 ...... ·:.:....:::..·:::..·=..·::::..
10.0
5.0
0.0+.------+------+------4 1975 1980 1985 1990
Figure 1-20. Percentage ofBirths to Single Mothers
Table 1-16. Percentage of Births to Single Mothers 1975 1980 1985 1990 Champaign U.8 14.4 15.8 24.2 Ford 6.8 10.1 13.7 15.5 Region 11.4 14.1 15.6 23.7 State 17.1 22.5 25.7 31.7
1-25 Health Care Access
A key aspect of health is the availability of health care providers and facilities, specifically the number ofdoctors and staffed hospital beds. The Headwaters area has more hospital beds and doctors per 100,000 people than the state average. In 1993, the number ofbeds per 100,000 people in the Headwaters area was 10% more than statewide, with the majority ofbeds located in two Urbana hospitals. The number ofhospital beds per 100,000 population declined 8% between 1975 and 1985, and has increased 3% since.
Table 1-17. Hospitals in the Headwaters Region (1994)
Staffed Ci Beds Carle Foundation Hospital Urbana 540 Covenant Medical Center Urbana 268 The Pavilion Champaign 38 Gibson Community Hospital Gibson City 82
The Headwaters area had fewer doctors per 100,000 people than the state until 1994. In 1994, there were 239 doctors per 100,000 people, 4% above the state average of229. There is a large variance within the region: Ford County had only 79 doctors per 100,000 people, while Champaign County had 252 doctors per 100,000 people.
10 Headwaters. StateI 700
600
500 ~ 'ii Loo ~ ..!! 300 ] 200
100
0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 Figure 1-21. Staffed Hospital Beds (per 100, 000 People)
1-26 Table 1-18. Number of StatTed Hospital Beds' (per 100,000 people)
1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 Champaign 517 562 474 553 505 Ford 772 757 765 573 590 Headwaters 538 578 497 555 512 State 631 628 579 507 466
In both the Headwaters area and statewide, trends in health care availability have been toward more doctors and fewer hospital beds. Figures 1-21 and 1-22 show that since 1975 the number ofstaffed hospital beds has declined 9% statewide while the number of doctors has increased about 34%. In the Headwaters area there are 5% fewer hospital beds and 76% more doctors since 1975.
10 Headwaters. State I 250,------.,
200 +------,
.!! Q. ~ 150 l! g ~ t 100
50
o 1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 Figure 1-22. Number ofDoctors Per 100.000 People
8 Data on number of hospital beds is from the Illinois Hospital & Health Systems Association.
1-27 Table 1-19. Number of Doctors per 100,000 Population"
1975 1980 1985 1990 1994 Champaign 142 172 214 236 252 Ford 74 66 94 77 79 Headwaters 136 163 205 224 239 State 160 172 205 225 229
Conclusion
The total mortality rate has declined in Illinois and in the Headwaters area. Infant mortality and mortality rates for heart disease and stroke have declined in both the Headwaters area and the state, while cancer mortality has increased significantly.
Mortality rates in the Headwaters area have consistently been below the state average. Champaign County has the lowest mortality in the area and is significantly below the state average. The mortality rate in Ford County is much higher than statewide.
The percentage of births to teenage mothers declined in both the Headwaters area and the state, while the percentage of births to single mothers rose significantly. With respect to health care availability, the Headwaters area is above the state average in staffed hospital beds and number ofdoctors per 100,000 people.
"Data on number ofdoctors is from the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation.
1-28 The Regional Economy
The economy ofthe Headwaters area is characterized by strong government, service and trade sectors. The Headwaters area supports 1.8% ofthe state's employment and generates 1.0% ofits personal income. In 1993, total personal incomel in the area was approximately $2.5 billion with 115,475 persons employed. Champaign County, which has 92.4% ofthe area's population, accounted for 93.9% ofthe area's employment and 94.4% ofthe personal income. Ford County's share ofemployment was 6.1% and its share ofpersonal income was 5.1%.
During the period 1969-1993, the area experienced slightly higher employment growth than did the state as a whole -- 1.1 % average annual growth, compared to 0.9% statewide. In Champaign County, employment was up more than 30%, from 82,145 to 108,424 workers. Employment in Ford County declined by 4.6% to 7,051 workers by 1993.
Personal income -- which includes earnings (wages and salaries minus Social Security deductions), dividends, interest payments, rent and transfer payments -- grew at a faster rate than did employment. Growth averaged 1.0% annually in the Headwaters area, somewhat below the 1.7% rate ofgrowth experienced statewide. Both counties saw increases over the period, but Ford County grew more slowly than Champaign County.
Figure 1-23. Changes in Employment and Personal Income 1969-1993
I Income and earnings discussed in this chapler are reported in 1993 dollars. Source of data: Regional Economic Infonnation System, 1969-1993, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau ofEconomic Analysis.
1-29 Figure 1-24.
Significant Employment Sectors by 1990 Census Tract
Significant is defined as greater than one standard deviation above the mean percentage for the 3-county region
.~ ..~..
0 No Predominant Sector ~otd: 0 Agriculture, Forestry, & Fisheries •
~ Durable & Non-Durable Manufacturing • om Other (see Footnote) :~ BJ Wholesale & Retail Trade ~ Service Industries
N Scale 1:550000 o 12 Miles t
''Other'" includes Public Administration, Construction, Transportation, and Communications and Other, Public Utilities Table 1-20. 1993 Employment and Personal Income
Employment % ofstate income Champaign 108,424 0.8 Ford 7,051 0.05 Headwaters 115,475 1.0 lIIinois 6,482,565 100.0
Some workers commute from Ford County to other counties, as reflected by the positive $32 million personal income residence adjustment2 However, workers commute into' Champaign County for employment, as reflected by a negative personal income residence adjustment. In total, 4.4% of earnings in the Headwaters area are generated by out-of county residents.
Table 1-21. 1993 Total Personal Income (in millions)
Cham ai Ford Headwaters Illinois Sector Earnings 2,414.0 130.3 2,544.4 194,112.3 less contributions 159.1 9.0 168.2 13,509.2 plus residence adjust. -179.7 32.4 -147.4 -336.2 Adjusted Earnings 2,075.2 153.7 2,228.8 180,266.8 Div., Int., & Rent 542.0 53.3 595.3 46,169.9 Transfer Payments 425.9 58.9 484.9 10,222.8 Total Real Income 3,043.1 265.9 3,309.0 263,636.5
Structural Change in the Economy
Over the historical period, the structure ofthe U.S. and Illinois economies changed dramatically. Manufacturing declined in importance, while the service sector grew substantially. In the Headwaters area, the service sector followed the statewide pattern; manufacturing, a relatively small sector, increased its share ofemployment and earnings.
Employment in government, the major sector in the Headwaters area, declined between 1969 and 1993. However, the decline is exaggerated by the fact that the first and last years ofthe period are extreme years. Calculating the change in employment from 1970 to 1992 indicates that employment remained relatively stable, declining only 1.5%. By 1993, the government sector's share oftotal employment declined to 28%, although it constituted 32,473 employees and $950 million in earnings in 1993, substantially more than the next largest sector, services.
2 Adjustments are made in earnings to transfer 'place-of-work' income to 'place-of-residence' income. A negative adjustment means that more people commute to the county for work; a positive adjustment means that more people commute out ofthe county.
1-31 The service and wholesale/retail sectors both have grown over the historical period, constituting 30,439 and 23,691 workers respectively in 1993, together more than 45% of the workforce. However, while these sectors represent nearly half of the employment in the region, they produce only 36% of the earnings.
The service sector in the Headwaters area increased 3.7% per year, and now represents 26% oftotal employment. Earnings from the service sector increased from 12% oftotal earnings to 22% ($552.9 million) in the region, while statewide it went from 15% to 27%. Although wholesale/retail sector employment grew 2.1% per year, it fell behind services and dropped from second largest employer in 1969 to become the third largest employer in 1993. Wholesale/retail sector earnings increased 1.2% per year over the period and constitute 14% oftotal earnings, or $365 million in 1993.
1969 1993
Flllmlng OtIer F8Im other 5% .% '" .%
olesale, Retail TllIde 16"1'
Figure 1-25. Employment Distribution in the Headwaters Area, 1969 and 1993
Employment in the remaining non-farm sectors increased over the period, with manufacturing showing the largest increase, 62% or 2% annually over the 24 years. Earnings, however, grew more slowly than employment.
In the farm sector, employment has been on the decline and in 1993 represented 2,849 workers, 29% less than in 1969. Mirroring statewide farm trends, Headwaters area farm income fluctuated from year to year, presumably in response to crop yields and commodity prices. Between 1969 and 1993, farm earnings dropped 80% or 6.6% annually. However, when a five-year moving average is used to smooth the fluctuations, farm earnings have actually declined 63%: or 4.8% annually.
1-32 1969 1993
Fanning OIher FlIlmlng OCher 7% 7% '" ...
Govomm~t 3'%
TranspOf1, ulWUes, FIRE 8%
Services 22% Figure 1-26. Earnings Distribution in the Headwaters Area. 1969 and 1993
Economic Characteristics by County
A look at the employment and earnings of the two counties individually reveals some similarities with the state and regional pattern, but also traits unique to each county. The large employers, as listed in Table 1-22, are located in Champaign County; the largest facilities are the University ofIllinois, Kraft Foods, and two major health-care facilities.
Champaign County
In 1993, Champaign County had 115,475 workers with combined earnings of$2.5 billion. From 1969-1993, employment increased 32%, while earnings increased 33%, 1.2% annually, compared to the state rate of 1.3%.
Government is the leading sector, with the University ofIllinois dominating at 17,0003 people. Even so, government lost 19% ofits jobs over the period, but remained a healthy 29% oftotal employment in 1993. Earnings in this sector remained flat over the period and in 1993 constituted $840 million.
Both the service and wholesale/retail sectors grew significantly in terms ofemployment and earnings, but each still remains smaller than the government sector. Services grew the most, 142% in employment, 173% in earnings. Large firms in the service sector are Carle Clinic, with 1,900 workers, and the Covenant Medical Center, with 1,400 workers. The wholesale/retail sector is represented by large companies like Meijer and Sears, major retail outlets. Trade is the third largest sector in the county, with about 22,000 workers generating earnings of $3 34 million in 1993.
3Source: III. Dept. of Commerce & Community Affairs, Illinois Economic Bulletin, September, 1996.
1-33 Figure 1-27.
Major Employers in the Headwaters Area
Location of employers with more than 250 employees.
" Piper ity i,1\'!'
,,~ Ford
}1(1i'~1 -''''¥t Paxton Gibson City
Champaign
(;:'; Fisher Gifford !0j, ij 'U
SCale 1:550000 Thomasboro
12 o Miles
SI. Joseph ill
\' Sidney Philo r Tolono .I\!; Table 1-22. Major Employers, Headwaters Area
Company' City Map Business Classification SIC Employees Le end Champaign County The Carle Foundation Urbana 1 Medical & Surgical Hospital 806 . 1,900 Kraft Foods Champaign 2 Cheese Spreads, Dips, Pastes 202 1,800 Covenant Medical Center UIbana 3 Medical & Surgical Hospital 806 1,447 University ofIIIinois- Urbana 4 Colleges & Universities 822 1,077 Henry Admin. Bldg. Supervalu, Inc. Urbana 5 Warehousing & Storage 422 1,000 Textron Automotive Rantoul 6 Plastics Processing 308 1,000 University ofIIIinois- Urbana 7 Colleges & Universities 822 942 Mumford Hall Parkland College Champaign 8 Junior College 822 800 Department of the Army Champaign 9 National Security 971 700 Addus Healthcare Champaign 10 Home Health Care Services 808 650 Stolle Machinery Rantoul 11 Millwork, n.e.c. 243 640 Deluxe Corporation Champaign 12 Manifold Business forms 276 625 Eagle Wings Industries Rantoul 13 Motor Vehicle Steering Systems 371 550 Cerion Technologies Champaign 14 Aluminium Extruded Products 335 509 Meijer, Inc. Champaign 15 Department Store 531 500 Jones Herff, Inc. Champaign 16 Uniforms & Vestments 238 500 University ofIIIinois- Urbana 17 Colleges & Universities 822 500 West Green Street Sears Roebuck & Co. Champaign 18 Department Store 531 425 Lopax, Inc. Savoy 19 Fast Food Restaurant 581 424 Christie Clinic Assoc. Champaign 20 Medical Center 801 420 University ofIIIinois- Urbana 21 Colleges & Universities 822 400 North Mathew's Avenue Solo Cup Company Uwana 22 Plastic Containers 804 400 University oflllinois- Champaign 23 Psychologist, Psychotherapist 804 400 East Daniel Street Flex-N-Gate Corp. Uwana 24 Motor Vehicle Body Components 371 340 Media IIIini Company Champaign 25 Newspapers, n.e.c. 271 319 University ofIIIinois- Uwana 26 Colleges & Universities 822 300 Mathews Street Ill. Dept. ofMilitary Urbana 27 National Security 971 294 Affairs Professional Impressions Champaign 28 Newspapers, Publishing & 271 260 Printing Schnuck Markets Champaign 29 Grocery Stores, n.e.c. 541 250 University of IIIinois- Champaign 30 Colleges & Universities 822 250 East Springfield Avenue University ofIIIinois- Urbana 31 Amusement & Recreation, n.e.c. 799 250 South Goodwin Avenue University ofIIIinois- Urbana 32 Commercial Physical Research 873 250 North Mathews Avenue University of IIlinois- Champaign 33 Administration of Educational 941 250 East Peabody Drive Programs
4 Source: Dun and Bradstreet, Dun's Direct Access Business Database, New York, 1995.
1-35 Table 1-23. 1991 Private Non-Farm Establishments', Champaign County
Total
Agricultural services, forestry, fishing 69 69 o Miniog 3 3 o Construction 360 358 2 Manufacturing 164 125 39 Transportation and public utilities 184 171 13 Wholesale Trade 247 237 10 Retail Trade 1037 964 73 Finance, insurance & real estate 382 372 10 \ Services 1,430 1,370 60 Unclassified 28 28 o
Finally, while the farm sector is small relative to the other sectors, Champaign County is the fifth largest producer ofsoybeans and ranks fourth in the state in cropland acreage with 530 thousand acres. There were 1,953 farm workers in 1993, a decline of 28%, or 1.4% annually. Farm earnings were volatile, mostly due to fluctuating agricultural prices and extreme weather years. A five-year moving average indicates that farm earnings declined 5% per year between 1971 and 1991.
Table 1-24. Champaign County Selected Statistics
average 1993 average %of 1993 change annual %of Earnings change annual total Em 10 ent 1969-93 chan e workforce million $ 1969-93 chan e Government 31,829 -19.4% -0.9% 29.4% $840.2 1.0% 0.04% 34.8% Services 28,718 142.2% 3.8% 26.5% $586.3 172.6% 4.3% 24.3% Wholesale, 21,987 70.1% 2.2% 20.3% $334.0 36.5% 1.3% 13.8% Retail Manufacturing 10,569 83.1% 2.6% 9.8% $310.0 &3.2% 2.6% 12.&% Trans.,utilities, &,260 42.6% 1.5% 7.6% $192.2 47.0% 1.6% 8.0% &F1RE Other 5,108 41.8% 1.5% 4.7% $118.4 -5.9% -0.2% 4.9% Farming 1.953 -2&.3% -1.4% 1.&% $33.0 -66.1% -4.4% 1.4% TOTAL 108,424 32.0% 1.2% 100.0% $2,414.0 33.0% 1.2% 100.0%
'Source: Private non-fann establishment data from 1994 State Profile, Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.
1-36 35000
30000 __ Govt 25000 __ Services -+-Whlsale, Retan __ Manu OOסס2 __ Trprt, util, FIRE ...... other 15000 __ Farm 1OO00~~~ 5000
o 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 Figure 1-28. Champaign County Employment, by Sector
Although the county has never been a major industrial center, it boasts a couple oflarge factories serving the automotive industry; Textron Automotive with 1,000 employees and Eagle Wings with 550 workers. Other large manufacturers are Stolle Machinery, Deluxe Corporation, Cerion Technologies, and Jones Herff.
1,000,000
900,000
800,000
100,000 --Govf 600,000 --Services 500,000 ___ WhlsaleJRetail __ Manu. i 400,000 __ Trprt. uti!., FIRE --other 300,000 --Farm
200,000
100,000
0 -100,000 L ---.1 1969 1972 1915 1916 1961 1964 1961 1990 1993 Figure 1-29. Champaign County Earnings, by Sector
1-37 Table 1-25. 1991 Private Non-Farm Establishments, Ford County
Total
Agricultural services, forestry, fishing 5 5 0 Mining I 1 0 Construction 52 52 0 Manufacturing 21 15 6 Transportation and public utilities 18 17 1 Wholesale Trade 41 41 0 Retail Trade 108 105 3 Finance, insurance & real estate 36 36 0 Services 106 101 5 Unclassified 3 3 0
Ford County
In 1993 Ford County had 7,051 workers with combined earnings of $130.3 million. From 1969-1993, the number ofworkers decreased 4.6% while earnings declined 22.7%, 1.1% annually.
The only sectors which experienced positive growth in Ford County were services, trade and the "other" sector which includes mining, construction, and agricultural, forestry and fisheries services. The remaining sectors had job losses over the period.
Ford County is predominately agricultural with 84.9% ofthe county in cropland, second highest in the state. Ford County is also home to many commuters who earn income in neighboring counties; it has only 15 establishments with 50 or more workers. In contrast, Champaign County has 207 such establishments.
Table 1-26. Ford County Selected Statistics
average 1993 average. %of 1993 change annual %of Earnings change annual total Em 10 ent 1969-93 chan e workforce million $ 1969-93 chan e Government 644 -49.5% -2.&% 9.1% $13.4 -29.4% -1.4% Services 1,721 72.&% 2.3% 24.4% $26.9 41.6% 1.5% Wholesale, 1,704 24.4% 0.9% 24.2% $27.0 0.7% 0.03% Retail Manufacturing 9&& -27.6% -1.3% 14.0% $26.6 -15.9% -0.7% 20.4% Trans., utilities, 553 -13.6% -0.6% 7.&% $13.& -17.&% -0.&% 10.6% &FlRE Other 545 27.6% 1.0% 7.7% $10.4 4.0% 0.2% 8.0% Farming 896 -32.0% -1.6% 12.7% $12.3 -73.0% -5.3% 9.4% TOTAL 7,051 -4.6% -0.2% 100.0% $130.3 -22.7% -1.1% 100.0%
1-38 1800
1600
1400 _Govt 1200 __ Services __ Whlsale, Retail 1000 __ Manu 800 _ Trprt. util. FIRE __ Other 600 -+-Fann
400
200
0 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 Figure 1-30. Ford County Employment, by Sector
Services and wholesale/retail lead in employment, each with a quarter oftotal employment. Services grew most, up 73%, with 42% growth in earnings. Employment in wholesale/retail grew 24% over the period, but earnings remained flat.
The farm sector has traditionally been very important in this county. In 1969, it was the largest source ofearnings, but by 1993, it became the second-to-the-last source of earnmgs.
-10,000 .L. --.J 1969 1972 1975 1978 1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 Figure 1-31. Ford County Earnings, by Sector
1-39 In addition, government and manufacturing both experienced large declines in employment, 50% and 28% respectively. While not as dramatic as the employment decline, earnings in these two sectors also fell steadily.
Conclusion
The Headwaters area is dominated by Champaign County in terms ofemployment and earnings. The area supports a diverse economy of health-care services, higher education (government), and agriculture. Following state and national trends, the service sector grew significantly in the area between 1969 and 1993. The presence ofthe University of Illinois, a state university, makes this area a large government employer with a substantial source ofearnings.
In terms ofemployment and earnings, Ford County is small with 6% ofthe area's employment and 5% ofearnings; however, many residents work outside of the county. Services and trade provide the most jobs, but farming and manufacturing remain important forces in the local economy.
•
1-40 Agriculture
Agriculture is a very important part ofthe economy in the Headwaters area. About 84% ofland is farmed in these two counties, compared to more than three-fourths ofland statewide. 1 In fact, Ford County ranks second in the state in percentage ofland devoted to cropland (264,250 acres of 311,136 acres) and Champaign County ranks fifth (530,326 acres of638,528 acres).
In Champaign County, the amount ofcropland declined slightly, 3.8%, between 1982 and 1992, while it increased 4.5% in Ford County. Cropland remained virtually unchanged statewide. 2
During the same time period, the number of farms declined 23% overall in the two-county area -- 22% in Champaign County and 24% in Ford County. (Figure 1-34).
600,000 1--;::::==::;------1
soo,ooo _____---1°19821--__-1 D1992
400,000 -1----1
J 300,000
200,000 -1------1
100,000
o-l--L-_- Champaign Fo", Figure 1-32. Cropland in Headwaters Area
1 Department ofNatural Resources. lIIinais Land Cover, An AI/as, June 1996. Agricultural land is dermed as cropland (planted in row crops, small grains orchards, and nurseries) and rural grasslands (fallow fields, pasture, and greenways) and may include a small amount ofnon-faIrn grasslands. 2InfoIlIlation taken from Agricultural Statistics, minois Department of Agriculture, various years.
1-41 Figure 1-33.
Agricultural LandcQver
• Rural Grass
Row Crop
iii! Small Grains
N Scale 1:550000 o 12 Miles t
Sourc.: Land Co••r dalaba•• lor 111\00101991-1995 (lOEHR, 1995) 2,000 _-f--l------lD1982 1,800 L • 1992r------j
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0 Champaign Ford Figure J-34, Number a/Farms
Production Crops
As in the rest ofthe state, com and soybeans are the predominant crops in the Headwaters area (Table 1-27), Due to factors such as weather and market prices, production ofcom fluctuated between 1983 and 1994 from 19 million bushels to 49 million bushels in Champaign County and from 5 million bushels to 21 million bushels in Ford County (Figure 1-35),
Champaign County is the fourth largest soybean producer in Illinois, with about 11 million bushels in 1995 (Figure 1-36), Soybean production fluctuated over the historical period, ranging from 7 million bushels to 13 million bushels in Champaign County and from 2 million bushels to 6 million bushels in Ford County, The production levels ofthe two counties fluctuated in unison,
Table 1-27. Acreage Planted in 1994 (in thousands)
Cham ai Ford Headwaters lllinois Com 294,6 139,6 434,2 11,450 Soybeans 253,7 124.4 378,1 9,530 Wheat 4,6 1.9 6,5 1,100 Hay 5,5 3,3 8,8 900 Total 558.4 269.2 827,6 23,250
1-43 50000-,------.-----, 45000
40000
.., 35000 l30000• -g 25000 ooססj 2 15000
ooסס1
5000 o.J----+--+--+--+--+--+---+---+-+--+----i---l 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Figure 1-35. Corn Production
In addition to com and soybeans, area fanners also planted small amounts ofwheat and hay. Champaign County produced the majority ofwheat and hay in the area.
Trends in com and soybean yields vary among the two counties (Table 1-28), but overall, yields have been at or slightly above the state average. In 1994, com yields ranged from 156 bushels per acre in Ford County to 161 bushels per acre in Champaign County, hovering near the statewide yield of 156 bushels per acre. Soybean yields in the two counties was about 51 bushels per acre, above the statewide yield of 46. As was the experience statewide, the Headwaters area suffered yield losses in the drought years of 1983 and 1988.
14000
12000
10000 -ll ~,• 8000 ~ ~ < ~ 6000 0 '" 4000
2000
0 1983 1995 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 Figure 1-36. Soybean Production
1-44 Table 1-28. 1994 Selected Crop Yields (bushels per acre)
Cham ai Ford Headwaters Illinois Corn 161 156 159 156 Soybeans 51 51 51 46 Wheat 63 64 64 56 Hay (tons) 2.97 2.95 2.96 2.89
Livestock
The Headwaters area has a relatively large inventory of hogs but a small inventory of cattle. In 1994, ofthe 5.4 million hogs and pigs in Illinois, 58,600 head were in the Headwaters area. The hog and pig inventory increased in Ford County, but decreased over the years in Champaign County. The number of hogs and pigs peaked in 1989 in both counties and now stands at 20,800 and 37,800 in Champaign and Ford counties, respectively.
In 1994, there were 17,900 head ofcattle in the area, a small fraction (0.9%) of the 1.98 million in the state. The cattle inventory has declined steadily in Ford County dropping 40% between 1982 and 1994. Cattle inventory was also declining in Champaign County until 1988 when it began an upward trend. In 1994, Champaign County had an inventory of about 11,200 head.
40000 ....------.,..------,
35000
30000
25000
20000 .
15000
10000 - -.
5000
o-l----+---I-+---+---.,e----I--+-t---+---+-t---1 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure 1-37. Hogs and Pigs Inventory
1-45 14000,------,
12000
10000
8000 .
6000
4000 - .
2000
o-!--+---+-+--+---+--<---+-->---+---I----I 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 Figure i-38. Cattle inventory
Cash Receipts
In 1993, total farm cash receipts (the amount received from the sale ofcrops and livestock) for the Headwaters area represented 3.6% ofIllinois total farm receipts. Because ofits $194 million in crop receipts, Champaign County led the area in receipts (Table 1-29). Between 1982 and 1993, farm cash receipts fluctuated slightly due to varying market prices, weather, and acres planted.
In 1993, crop sales accounted for approximately 92% ofcash receipts in the Headwaters area, compared to 72% statewide. The area provides about 4.7% ofthe state's crop receipts. Champaign County ranks second in the state for crop cash receipts.
Table 1-29. 1993 Farm Cash Receipts (in thousand dollars)
Cham ai Ford Headwaters Illinois Crops 193,988 78,121 272,109 $5,834,555 -Corn 112,414 43,220 155,634 2,867,544 -Soybeans 74,823 34,413 109,236 2,301,952 -Wheat 869 388 1,257 181,738 -Other 5,882 94 5,976 483,321 Livestock 11,424 11,331 22,755 $2,247,894 -Cattle 3,920 3,840 7,760 703989 -Hogs&Pigs 5,525 6,446 11,971 1,112,479 -Other 1,979 1,045 3,045 431,426
1-46 300000 ,---,.,------,
250000
200000
100000 .
50000
o -l----+----<~-t--+--t----+--+-+--+---+__I 1982 1984 1988 1988 1990 1992 Figure 1-39. Crop Cash Receipts
Area livestock receipts accounted for 1% of the state's total fann receipts in 1993, and 7.7% ofthe area's receipts. Livestock receipts declined in both counties over the historical period, with each earning about $11 million in 1993 (Figure 1-40).
20000,------..,
18000
16000
14000
i 12000 __ Champaign ~ 10000 ...... Ford
J 8000 6000
4000 .
2000 ,......
0+--+--+--+--+---+--+---+--+---+--+--1 1982 1984 1988 1988 1990 1992 Figure 1-40. Livestock Cash Receipts
1-47 Conclusion
The Headwaters area is a leading agricultural area in the state.
• Ford County ranks second in percentage ofland in crops and Champaign County ranks fifth.
• Champaign County is the fourth largest producer of soybeans in the state.
• Livestock represents a small part oftotal farm receipts.
• Over time, the importance offarming has been declining as reflected in the steadily declining number offaim and farm receipts.
1-48 Outdoor Recreation
While not a center for outdoor recreation, the Headwaters area offers fifteen state nature preserves and natural areas, and three partially developed forest preserves. Sportsmen can fish the area's many small streams and hunt game, including pheasant and deer. The Headwaters area is significant primarily because it is home to the headwaters ofmany important Illinois waterways, most notably the Mackinaw, Vermilion, and Embarras rivers. These rivers are among the most biologically significant streams in Illinois, offering excellent opportunities for wildlife watching, hiking, hunting, fishing, canoeing, and a variety ofother outdoor recreation opportunities.
State-Owned Recreation Sites1
The Headwaters area contains no high-profile state parks or other highly visited outdoor recreation centers. The state-owned lands in the vicinity are undeveloped natural areas or nature preserves, and are directed towards ecosystem protection, not outdoor recreation. These sites represent diverse landscapes, with prairies, upland forests, and streams featured prominently. Several sites are home to rare species. For example, various threatened and endangered mussels and fish are present within the Sangamon River Natural Area. In addition, the Middle Fork ofthe Vermilion River Natural Area is the only state and federal designated Wild and Scenic River in Illinois.
Table 1-30. Natural Areas and Nature Preserves in the Headwaters Area
Acres English Prairie Natural Area 2 Mackinaw River Natural Area 1,707 Sangamon River Natural Area 1,056 Clarence Railroad Prairie Natural Area 18 Clarence West Railroad Prairie 17 Prospect Cemetery Prairie Natural Area 7 Middle Fork ofthe Vermilion River Natural Area 589 Spoon River Natural Area 166 Nettie Hart Woodland Memorial Natural Area 42 Mahomet Site Natural Area 2 Sangamon Phlox Site Natural Area 1 Brownfield Woods Natural Area 164 Trelease Woods Natural Area 60 Prospect Cemetery Nature Preserve 7 Tomlinson Pioneer Cemetery Prairie Nature Preserve 5
1 Unless otherwise noted, information in this section is from IDNR promotional materials, internal documents, and discussions with IDNR personnel.
1-49 Figure 1-41. Significant Natural Resource Areas English Pra ie NA in the Headwaters Area
• Nature Preserves
Natural Areas
Basin Boundary Ford .1 7MarJrinaw River NA _,r (~ ..,"';; . '" l _ ,.. .". _ I {, Clarence West Railroad Prairie NA .... ".: ~~Cl ence RR Prairie NA , ..... --.,1 .~ .... (, • prospect Ce elBr Prairie NA . PROSPECT CEMETERY NP ..... ~~ -- ~ ~ : ~ '"'i. ~::: I!.,.
} Champai g'j;'~ TOMLINSON PIONEER CEMETERY P:AIRIE N:'{ '-~ Scale 1:550000' , ',if I, \ o 12 ) Miles "I -( Nellie Hart Woodland Memorial NA (spoon Rivl NA ~ ;- rSangamon River NA '\ r ~.... "-..... ",," ", '1,Jhomet Sire NA ) ) "',l'Sangamotm/~ Site NA 1 ( : I" 1. Brownfield Woods NA 1 \ I '" ' " Trelease Woods NA • -') J ~ • .... I \ I .... ~ ~ ~ \ ~ \ I \ ,.,_,_ "-. I" I " ..... ~ ... S I '"f .. -~ ( N L...------t------:~J- t " Champaign County Recreation Sites2
The Champaign County Forest Preserve District operates three forest preserves which are partially developed for recreational use.
With more than 1,500 acres, the Middle Fork River Forest Preserve in northeast Champaign County is the largest of the county's sites. The preserve is diversely wooded, featuring scattered relic old-growth oaks. The Middle Fork River runs through the site, which also contains several ponds. Approximately 114 acres are developed, with facilities available for activities including boating, swimming and camping.
Lake ofthe Woods County Park is a 900-acre preserve near Mahomet, a few miles west ofChampaign. The rolling terrain contains a range ofplant habitats, from grasslands to stands ofhardwood forests. The Sangamon River runs through the preserve, which also includes the Lake ofthe Woods and Elk's Lake. Over one-third ofthe preserve is developed. Developments include a museum, a botanical garden, a golf course, three enclosed buildings, and three open-air pavilions.
The Salt Fork River Forest Preserve is near Homer in eastern Champaign County. The preserve contains four distinct woods, a portion ofthe Salt Fork River, the 80-acre Homer Lake, and Collins Pond. The site also includes walking trails, picnic areas, a visitors center, and a boat rental area. Overall, about 118 acres are developed.
Boating
Almost 6,300 boats were registered in Champaign and Ford counties in 1994. Area registrations accounted for about 1. 7% ofthe statewide total, roughly equivalent to the area's share ofthe population, despite the lack ofhigh-profile local boating sites. However, the area's registration growth of 1.9% from 1988 to 1994 was somewhat slower than the statewide rate of2.6%.
Table 1-31. Boat Registrations, 1988 and 1994
1988 1994 Champaign Co. 5,137 5,763 Ford Co. 486 529 Headwaters Area 5,623 6,292
2 Information from Internet home page of the Champaign County Forest Preserve District, World Wide Web address: http://mac.ed.uiuc.edulcourseslEdPsy387-Sp95IPatricia-NorrisIForest-Preserve!
1-51 Fishing and Hunting
Hunting license sales in the Headwaters counties were stable between 1987 and 1993 at about 6,000.3 Over 80% ofthis total came from Champaign County. Out-of-state hunters accounted for 5.3% ofhunting license purchases in the Headwaters area, compared to 3.4% statewide. Almost 12% ofFord County's 1993 purchases were for non-residents.
Ford and Champaign counties are two ofonly seven Illinois counties where hunters spent more days pursuing pheasant than deer4 Area hunters accounted for almost 5% ofthe state's pheasant harvest.
Deer was the second most popular game, with almost 23,000 hunter-days. Long gun hunters outnumbered bow hunters, but not by a large margin. Bow hunters spent nearly six times as many days in the field (because ofthe longer season) but harvested just over halfas many deer (because ofthe greater difficulty).
Rabbit, dove, squirrel, and red fox are also popular game. s Fishing license sales in the area have also been fairly stable at about 12,500. Champaign county sales accounted for 90% of the total. The area does not contain any well-known fishing spots, but a number of small streams offer surprisingly good fishing. Smallmouth bass are fairly common. Even so, the area attracts few outsiders; non-Illinois residents account for about 2% oflicense sales in the area, compared to 6% statewide.
Table 1-32. Hunting Activity
Game Hunters Da s Afield Harvest Pheasant 5,120 34,574 25,851 Deer 22,959 1,072 Long Gun 1,018 3,406 699 Archery 910 19,553 373 Rabbit 2,592 16,699 15,615 Dove 1,996 9,499 38,716 Squirrel 8,302 9,657 Fox 1,089 7,078 8,419 Gray 378 1,224 1,238 RedFox 146 1,774 202
'Includes resident hunting, non-resident hunting, 5 day non-resident hunting, and combination hunting/fishing licenses. 4 Hunting data from IDNR's ''Hunter Activity and Wildlife Harvest in Illinois: County Averages for 1989-1993." This report relied on mailed hunter surveys. The authors caution that no adjustments were made to account for known biases inherent to this sampling techoique. , Includes resident fishing, non-resident fishing, 10 day non-resident fishing, and combination licenses.
1-52 Conclusion
The Headwaters area offers local outdoor recreation opportunities, primarily in Champaign County's partially developed forest preserves: the Middle Fork River Forest Preserve, Lake ofthe Woods County Park, and the Salt Fork River Forest Preserve. While the state's fifteen local natural areas and nature preserves are scenic and may attract outdoor enthusiasts, the sites are not developed for recreational use. The area's many small streams and rivers offer decent, iflittle known, fishing opportunities, and pheasant and deer hunting are popular.
1-53
Transportation Infrastructure
A region's transportation infrastructure -- its roadways, airports, waterways, and railways -- enables businesses and residents to move goods and people. Coupled with information regarding demographics and economics, trends in transportation infrastructure and its usage are strong indicators ofthe nature ofa region's development and its suitability for various resource management strategies.
Auto Traffic
Roads
Several major highways cut through the Headwaters area, connecting its main urban center, Champaign-Urbana, to the state's other urban centers. West ofChampaign Urbana, 1-72 connects to Decatur and Springfield. 1-74 connects to Bloomington-Normal, Peoria and the Quad Cities on the west and Danville (and Indianapolis) on the east. To the north I-57 connects to Rantoul and Chicago, and to the south, to Mattoon, Effingham and Mt. Vernon. I-57 also intersects 1-70 for travel to St. Louis.
From 1973 to 1993 miles ofroad in the Headwaters area increased 128 miles, to 3,653 miles. The area has about 2.64% ofthe state's total mileage, and since 1980 the area's annual growth of .15% has been lower than the statewide growth of .19%.1
Ofthe two counties in the area, Champaign County has the largest ofthe road network, with 71 % ofall road-miles. Between 1973 and 1993 Champaign County added 119 miles while Ford added only 10 miles. County roads grew most in Champaign County at the rate of 1.9% annually, followed by municipal roads at 1.4%.
Table 1-33. Miles of Road in the Headwaters Area
1973 1983 1993 Champaign 2,484 2,569 2,602 Ford 1,040 1,045 1,050 Region 3,524 3,615 3,652
1 Mileage data from Illinois Department of Transportation: Office of Planning and Programming; Illinois Travel Statistics, various years.
I-55 Figure 1-42.
Major Airports, Roads, and Railroads
Pi e ify
I-----.;r:;i\ Ford lilt Interstates
N US and State Highways
N Railroads • Paxton .·1 Gibson City • Airports t;. ------~------ Champaign
",- Fisher Gifford
N Scale 1:550000 ' Thomasboro
0 12 Miles t
/j r
Road and rail information from the USGS 1:100,000 digital line graph files. Vehicle Registration
Area residents registered 98,038 passenger cars in 1992,2 with 91.6% ofthose registered in Champaign County. Car registrations have grown at a fairly stable rate of 1.3% annually since 1972, slightly lower than the state average of 1.4%. Annual growth was higher in Champaign County (1.4%), with registrations increasing from about 68,000 in 1972 to almost 90,000 in 1992. In Ford County registrations increased by only sixty cars.
Motorcycle registrations have been more volatile. Between 1972 and 1982, registrations jumped from 3,765 to 7,604 then declined to 4,731 by 1992. Both counties exhibited this pattern, as did the rest ofIllinois. The rapid growth in the 1970's and early 1980's may have been partially due to high gasoline prices. The subsequent decline is probably due to better fuel efficiency in cars, lower gas prices, changing styles, and an aging population.
Registrations for trucks (excluding semis) and buses in the area increased from 15,643 to 28,932 between 1972 and 1992, an annual growth rate on.l%, below the state average of3.4%. In 1992, more than 85% ofthe vehicles in this category were pick-ups, which have been reported separately since 1988. Pick-up trucks are more prevalent in the area than they are statewide, with roughly 4 passenger cars registered for each pick-up truck compared to the statewide car-truck ratio of 5.3: 1. In rural Ford County, however, the ratio is two cars for every truck.
There were 11,283 semis and trailers registered in the two counties in 1992, one and a half times the number for 1972. 3 Like trucks and buses, growth was lower between 1982 and 1992 than it was the previous decade. Of course, semis usually function as long-distance haulers; locally-registered semis may spend little time at "home", while out-of-town semis routinely drive through. How many miles semis drive locally is difficult to determine from available data.
Vehicle-Miles Traveled (VMT)
In 1993, the Headwaters region accounted for an estimated 1,627 million vehicle~miles traveled (VMT), 1. 8% ofthe state total. Champaign County had significantly higher VMT (1,482 million) than rural Ford County (145 million).
Since 1973, annual VMT in the area has grown at an average annual rate of 1.37%, compared to a statewide average of 1.95%4 This growth level has not been constant. Between 1973 and 1980, an era marked by severe oil shortages in 1973 and 1978, the
2 Vehicle registration data from the State of Illinois Office of the Secretary of State; County Statistical Reportfor Motor Vehicle License Uniis and Transactions Received, various years. 3 This figure includes roughly 3,888 "regional" trucks -- mostly semis -- registered through mOT's IRP program, where licensees pay prorated fees based on the percentage of miles driven in Illinois. 4 VMT data from Illinois Travel Statistics.
1-57 1800r------, 1800 ,.,.
1:"0
'000
800
800
Figure 1-43. Vehicle-Miles Traveled in the Headwaters Region, 1973-1993
VMT actually declined by 1.2% annually. Clearly drivers adjusted to high gas prices by driving less. Area VMT did not surpass 1973 levels until 1983, after which increases occurred annually.
Other Traffic
Bus Lines Inter-city service in the Headwaters area is supported by Greyhound hubs at Champaign- . Urbana and Rantoul. This service connects travelers to major Illinois cities in all directions.
Air Traffic The Headwaters area contains several airports, with Champaign-Urbana housing the only primary airport offering commercial commuter service. The number of enplanements at this airport grew from about 92,000 in 1972 to approximately 139,000 in 1993. The number ofenplanements in 1993 is about 30,000 less than it was in 1992. General aviation airports are available at Gibson City and Paxton in Ford County, and one in Rantoul in Champaign County.s
S See Illinois Department ofTransportation, Division of Aeronautics, Jl/inois Airport Inventory, 1993.
I-58 Water
There is no commercial water traffic on any ofthe Headwaters rivers.
Rail
The Headwaters counties have Amtrak passenger rail service at Champaign-Urbana and Rantoul. The line runs north to Chicago and south to the southern part ofthe state and eventually to New Orleans.
Several high density freight rail lines (defined as over 5 million tons offreight per mile) run through this region. The line carrying the largest amount offreight runs through Champaign-Urbana going north to Chicago or all the way to the southern part ofthe state. These lines also carry light density freight (less than 5 million tons) and there are a couple ofadditional lines that carry only light density freight. The light density freight lines typically serve agricultural businesses or connect industrial firms in urban areas to the high density freight network.6
Conclusion
The Headwaters area is well-traversed by major highways allowing convenient travel in all directions. Growth in road-miles was slight, only 4% between 1973 and 1993, while vehicle-miles traveled (VMT) grew 25%. In addition to major interstate travel, the area has access to Amtrak, Greyhound service, and several airports.
6 Rail Density data from IDOT'sIl/inois Rail Plan: 1991-92 Updaie.
1-59
Property Taxes
Property taxes are the major source oftax revenue for local government in Illinois, providing more than 75% of total revenue. I These taxes finance the majority oflocal government services, including school districts, county, township, and municipal governments, and special districts such as fire, park, sanitary, library, and airport.
Property taxes depend primarily on the tax rates and the equalized assessed valuation2 (i.e., tax base) of property in the county. The tax rate is dependent on the amount of revenue sought by the local governments (tax levy), the assessed value of the property (tax base), and the legal maximum tax rate. The tax base is based primarily on the assessed values, which are usually reassessed every four years, and the amount of residential, commercial, and industrial expansion.
Tax Revenues
Property tax revenues in Illinois have increased significantly in the last ten years, after a steady decline during the 1970's and early 1980's. As illustrated in Figure 1-45, property tax revenues declined more than 1% annually from 1971-76 and about .5% a year from 1977-82. However, since then taxes increased more than 3% annually from 1983-88 lind over 2% a year from 1989-93. Real property tax revenues collected in Illinois went from more than $9 billion in 1971 to almost $11.5 billion in 1993.
Table 1-34. Real Property Tax Revenue (Million 1993$)
1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 Champaign 98.9 94.0 98.1 97.1 103.0 110.8 Ford 13.2 14.2 13.7 11.2 11.5 10.8 Region 112.0 108.2 111.7 108.3 114.5 121.6 State 9,283.3 8,616.3 8,149.2 8,450.3 10,673.3 11,496.6
I All property tax data is from Illinois Department of Revenue, minois Property Tax Statistics, various years. 2 Equalized assessed valuations are determined by several factors including: • property is assessed at 33.3% offair market value (except where property is classified); • equalization process is to correct for counties which over- or under assess property; • the amount offarrnland in a county, which is assessed on productivity instead ofrnarket value.
1-61
------~---- Figure 1-44. 2
Major Property Tax Districts 6J Counties, townships, municipalities and 1992 unit school districts and codes.
, :4 N Unit School Districts ------+-----'- Ford :, :\: Township Boundaries , , ------,.., ------r County Boundaries I ""9" :i23 Ii{; , ,,,, :1 ,,,, , , , ' , C~ampaign , '1 ------~~----- , , N , , Scale 1:550000 , I I ,."", 12 , , o Miles , , I 305: : t r------I--{--- , , , ::, , ~ , , -!-!-:-L----l----,-J!;, , -- , , , , , , :7 :: --~, ------r----l-~, I-, -- , 2~ ,:: , 302 :,~i! , 39 3ill 4.------, 3+------ 2+------
o 1111971-76 01977-82 m198~ -1 +-_-L--L ----j -----I .1989-93 -21------1 -3+------1 -4+------.L--' -I -5-'------' Champaign Fo", State Figure 1-45. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Revenue (using 1993 dollars)
In the Headwaters area, property taxes have fluctuated between $108 - $122 million annually. Property tax revenues in the area fell from 1977-82 in both counties, fell slightly from 1983-88 in Champaign County, and from 1983-88 in Ford County; othetwise, revenues have increased. Overall, property tax revenues in 1993 are 8.6% above the 1971 level.
Within the area, Champaign County has had a 12% increase in property tax revenues. Revenues have declined 18% in Ford County.
Property Tax Base
The property tax base in Illinois has declined 14% since 1969, though it has rebounded (28% increase) from the low point in 1985. The tax base in the Headwaters area has declined 44%. The largest decline occurred in Ford County, where the tax base has declined 74% since 1969. The tax base also declined in Champaign County by 38%.
Table 1-35. Real Property Tax Base (Million 1993$)
1969 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 Champaign 2,381.3 1,823.8 1,739.4 1,535.2 1,483.7 1,485.0 Ford 484.6 331.1 286.0 186.8 132.8 125.6 Region 2,865.8 2,154.8 2,025.4 1,722.0 1,616.4. 1,610.6 State 167,167.8 136,664.8 120,426.9 112,565.0 130,952.9 144,468.5
1-63 3-,.------., 2t------
o 1__-1 111969-76 -1 01977-82 131983-88 -2 ==------11.,989-93 -3;------ -4;------1 -5 +- L -6.L------'==------' Champaign Ford State
Figure 1-46. Average Annual Percentage Change in Property Tax Base (using 1993 dol/ars)
Figures 1-47 and 1-48 show the make up ofthe tax base in 1981 and 1993 by the different classes ofproperty. In 1993, residential property provided the largest chunk ofthe state's tax base (50%), followed by commercial (28%), industrial (14)%, and farm property (4.3%). This was not much ofa change since 1981 except that farm property dropped from 12.4% to 4.3% ofthe tax base. Because ofthis decline, residential and commercial properties accounted for a higher proportion ofthe tax base in 1993 than in 1981.
)SResidentiaJ o Farm • Commercial f:alndustrial]
State
Ford
Champaign
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Figure 1-47. 1981 Property Tax Base by Class o/Property
1-64 lEi Residential 0 Farm _ Commercial Ii Industriall
State
Ford
Champaign
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Figure 1-48.1993 Property Tax Base by Class ojProperty
The make up of the tax base varies among the two counties of the Headwaters area because of the different types ofeconomic activity dominating each county. Ford County, for example, is a rural farm community and subsequently obtains a relatively large proportion ofits tax base from farm property, 48% in 1993. The tax base in Champaign County reflects its more urban character, with residential property providing 55% of the taxes and commercial property 30%.
Since 1981, both counties have had more of the tax base come from residential and commercial property and less from farm property. In Ford County the proportion ofthe tax base from farm property fell from 63% to 48%, while the residential property tax base has increased from 22% to 33%. In Champaign County, residential (49% to 55%) and commercial property (22% to 30%) have increased, while farm property has declined from 26% to 12%.
The percentage ofthe tax base from industrial property has always been significantly below the state average in both counties.
Tax Rates
Over the past couple of decades the average property tax rate has risen in the state and the Headwaters area (Figure 1-49). The tax rate is typically expressed in dollars collected per $100 dollars oftax base. Since 1966, the statewide average property tax rate has risen from $4.60 to $8.00 per $100 of tax base -- almost an 80% increase. The tax rate has
1-65 I~ Champaign - Ford ~ State I 9.00 r------x--,
8.00 -_ .
4.00
Figure 1-49. Average Properly Tax Rate
increased 95% in Champaign County and 167% in Ford County, although both counties have been below the state average since 1966 until Ford County topped it in 1988. Ford County also had lower property tax rates than Champaign County until 1986. In 1993, the tax rate in Ford County was 14% above Champaign.
Even within a county, there are significant differences in the tax rate. In Champaign County, for example, the tax rate is $6.37/$100 of tax base in Rantoul, while it is $8.86/$100 in Urbana -- a 39% variance.
Tax rate increases are directly related to a greater need for revenue and/or a significant decline in the tax base. For example, between 1969 and 1993 the tax base in Champaign County declined by almost 38%, while revenue increased 12%. To raise these additional revenues tax rates increased 95%.
Property Tax Distribution
In Illinois, property taxes are used to finance a variety oflocal government services, with the majority going to school districts (Figure 1-50). The remainder goes to municipal (16%), county (10%), and township governments (3%), and to other services (11%) such as fire, sanitary, park, library, and airport services.
1-66
In the Headwaters area, a great percentage goes to schools -- 63% in Ford County and 64% in Champaign County. Ford County is above the state average in tax distribution to both county and township governments, allotting 17% and 10% compared to 10% and 3% statewide. Both counties are also below the 12% state average oftaxes distributed to other government services and the 16% distributed to city governments.
Overall, the distribution of property taxes in the state and the Headwaters area has not changed much since 1980, except for an increase in the amount to schools in Champaign County and to city governments in Ford County.
Champaign Ford
TO'Mlship SchOQI "'" 83" Township." Cow""."
City ""
State 0"'"',"" TCI'NJlShip3"
","001....
Figure 1-50. 1993 Property Tax Distribution'
3 The property tax distributions are based on total property taxes extended, which is the dollar amount of taxes billed to property taxes extended. This is different from the amount collected due to charges against collections such as protest, delinquencies, certificates of error and other changes. The amount collected is typically more than 97% of the amount of taxes extended.
1-67 Conclusion
Property tax revenues have increased in the Headwaters area and the state. A 12% increase in revenues in Champaign County, which represents over 90% ofthe revenues in the area, accounts for the overall rise in revenues. Ford County had an 18% decline in tax revenues.
Property taxes are determined by the tax base and the tax rate. Overall, the tax base has declined and the tax rates have risen in the Headwaters area and the state. The tax base declined 44% in the Headwaters area while the tax rates have more than doubled.
For the state, the majority ofthe tax base is from residential property. This trend holds true for Champaign County which obtains 55% ofits tax base from residential property. Ford County, however, obtains the largest percentage of its tax base from farm property (48%) The other major contributors to the tax base in the area are commercial property (30%) in Champaign County and residential property (33%) in Ford.
For both the Headwaters area and the state, the majority of property tax revenues (63% in Champaign and 64% in Ford) go to school districts.
1-68
------References
Demographics Bureau ofEconomic and Business Research. 1990 and 1993. Illinois Statistical Abstract. Champaign, IL. University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign. Illinois Secretary of State. 1993. Illinois Counties & Incorporated Municipalities. Springfield, IL. U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982, 1987 and 1992. National Resources Inventory. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1970 Census ofPopulation. General Social and Economic Characteristics: Illinois. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1970 Census ofHousing. Volume l. Housing Characteristics for State, Cities, and Counties. Part 15: Illinois. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1970 and 1980. Census of Population. General Population Characteristics: Illinois. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1980 Census ofPopulation and Housing. Summary Characteristics for Governmental Units and Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas: Illinois. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1990 Census ofPopulation and Housing. Summary Population and Housing Characteristics. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department ofCommerce, Bureau ofthe Census. 1990 Census ofPopulation and Housing. Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics. Illinois. Washington, D.C. U.S. Govermnent Printing Office. Woods & Poole Economics, Inc. 1994 State Profile: Illinois. Washington, D. C. Health Trends Illinois Department ofPublic Health. 1960-1970, 1975, 1985,1990. Vital Statistics Illinois. Springfield, IL. Illinois Department ofPublic Health. 1991-1994. Vital Statistician. Springfield, IL. The Regional Economy United States Department ofCornmerce, Bureau ofEconomic Analysis. 1995. Regional Economic Information System, 1969-1993. Washington, D.C. Agriculture Illinois Department of Agriculture. 1994. Agricultural Statistics. Springfield, IL.
1-69
_._----- Outdoor Recreation Anderson, W.L., L.K. Campbell, and D.M. Witzany. 1995. Hunter activity and wildlife harvest in Illinois: county averages for 1989-1993. Federal Aid Projects W-99-R and W-112-R. Springfield, IL. Illinois Department of Conservation. Transportation Infrastructure lllinois Department ofTransportation, Office ofPlanning and Programming. 1973-1993. Illinois Travel Statistics. Springfield, IL. Illinois Department ofTransportation. 1995. Illinois Airport Inventory Report 1995. Springfield, IL. lllinois Department of Transportation. 1992. Illinois Rail Plan: 1991-1992 Update. Springfield, IL. Illinois Secretary of State. 1970-1992. County Statistical Report for Motor Vehicle License Units and Transactions Received. Springfield, IL. Property Taxes Illinois Department ofRevenue. 1966-1993. Illinois Property Tax Statistics. Springfield, Illinois.
1-70 PART II ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Contributors
Air and Water Quality
Project Coordinator Nani Bhowmik
Maps Robert Sinclair
Editor Sarah Hibbeler
Air Quality Donald Gatz
Water Quality Brett Ward
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management
Project Coordinator John Marlin
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management.. George Krumins
2-iii Summary
Air and water quality standards are written primarily to protect human health and welfare. This report examines recent trends in the quality ofthe air, rivers, streams, and lakes within the Headwaters area in central Illinois. It also examines the historical and current location ofsites that may contain environmental contaminants and manufacturing facilities that may emit pollutants.
Air Quality Air pollutant concentrations are reported for the Headwaters area using data from two u.s. Environmental Protection Agency air quality stations in Champaign, Dlinois. None of the pollutants measured in the area from 1991 to 1995--sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter--exceeded their respective federal standards.
Spring, summer, and fall visibility declined substantially from 1950 to 1980. Decreases in visibility coincided with increased use ofelectric power for air conditioning and construction oftall stacks for dispersion ofpower plant plumes. However, given the reductions in sulfur emissions mandated by amendments to the 1990 Clean Air Act, visibility in central Illinois can be expected to improve.
Concentrations and deposition ofmajor ions (Ca, Mg, K, Na, NH.., N03, Cl, 504, and II) in precipitation were measured at a site in east-central TIlinois during 1993 and 1994. Concentrations ofsome ions were higher in 1993 than 1994, while concentrations ofother ions were lower. Deposition fluxes ofall ions were higher in 1993 because ofthe greater precipitation that year.
Water Quality There are more than 2,100 river miles in the Headwaters area. Ofthese, the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) assessed approximately 555 miles (26.3%). While the IEPA identified no trends in the water quality ofthese rivers and streams, approximately 210 river miles are impaired to some degree.
There are 177 lakes in the area, with surface areas ranging from 1 to 170 acres. Lakes monitored in the Vermilion and Sangamon River basins show varying degrees ofsource impairment and some fluctuating trends in water quality. The IEPA did not monitor any lakes within the Embarras River basin portion ofthe Headwaters area.
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management This section examines the historical and current location ofsites that may contain environmental contaminants and manufacturing facilities that may emit pollutants using the following environmental databases as resource material:
2-v • Historical Hazards (HH) • Surface Impoundment Inventory (SII) • Landfills • Superfund • Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
There are 49 towns in the watershed shown in the Historical Hazards database. Each of these towns contains one or more possible sources of pollutants from historical industrial facilities. The databases also show 31 surface impoundment sites, 58 landfills, eight active Superfund sites and 14 TRI sites.
The information from these databases can be used as an important planning tool in the use and protection ofnatural resources in watersheds where Ecosystems Partnerships have formed.
2-vi r
Table of Contents
Air Quality 2-1 Air Pollutant Concentrations 2-1 Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory 2-3 Visibility 2-3 Atmospheric Wet Deposition 2-4 References 2-4 Water Quality 2-5 Overall Use Support 2-5 Rivers and Streams 2-7 Lakes 2-7 Sources ofImpairment 2-9 Rivers and Streams 2-9 Lakes 2-11 Trends 2-12 Rivers and Streams 2-12 Lakes 2-13 Targeted Watershed Approach 2-13 References :. 2-18 Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management.. 2-19 Background 2-19 Assessment of Sites in the Region 2-20 Historical Hazards Database 2-20 Surface Impoundments Database 2-27 Superfund Sites Database 2-30 Landfills Database 2-30 TRI Database 2-34 References 2-45 Appendix: Environmental Databases ofHistoric and Current Pollution Sources A-I
2-vii List of Figures
Water Quality Figure 2-1. General Overview ofthe Headwaters Area 2-6 Figure 2-2. Overall Use Support for Rivers and Streams in the Headwaters Area 2-8 Figure 2-3. Overall Use Support for Lakes in the Headwaters Area 2-10 Figure 2-4. Nonpoint Source Predominated Targeted Watersheds 2-16 Figure 2-5. Combination Point/Nonpoint Source Predominated Targeted Watersheds 2-17
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management Figure 2-6. Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites, Surface Impoundment Sites, and Town in Historical Hazards Database 2-21 Figure 2-7. Champaign-Urbana Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments 2-22 Figure 2-8. Gibson City Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments 2-23 Figure 2-9. Paxton Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments 2-24 Figure 2-10. Rantoul Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites anQ Surface Impoundments 2-25 Figure 2-11. Fisher Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments 2-26
List of Tables
Air Quality Table 2-1. Air Quality Site Directory for the Headwaters Area 2-1 Table 2-2. Daily Maximum I-hour Mean Ozone Concentrations, April-October 2-2 Table 2-3. Concentrations ofParticulate Matter Less Than IO-llm Diameter.. 2-2 Table 2-4. Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide 2-2 Table 2-5. Estimated Stationary Point Source Emissions 2-3 Table 2-6. Concentrations and Deposition ofMajor Ions in Precipitation at Bondville 2-4
Water Quality Table 2-7. Overall Use Support for Rivers and Streams 2-7 Table 2-8. Overall Use Support for Lakes 2-9 Table 2-9. Sources ofRiver and Stream Impairment 2-9
2-viii Table 2-10. Sources ofLake Impainnent 2-11 Table 2-11. Water Quality Trends in the Embarras River 2-12 Table 2-12. Water Quality Trends for Lakes 2-13 Table 2-13. Prioritization ofTargeted Watersheds 2-14 Table 2-14. Watershedsin the Headwaters Area 2-14
Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management Table 2-15. Towns in the Historical Hazards Database 2-27 Table 2-16. Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed 2-28 Table 2-17. Superfund Sites in the Headwaters Watershed 2-30 Table 2-18. Landfills in the Headwaters Watershed 2-31 Table 2-19. TRI Companies in the Headwaters Watershed 2-35 Table 2-20. Total Air Releases for TRI Sites 2-37 Table 2-21. Total Fugitive Air Releases for TRI Sites : 2-38 Table 2-22. Total Stack Air Releases for TRI Sites 2-39 Table 2-23. Recycling Recovery Transfers for TRI Sites 2-40 Table 2-24. Total Transfers to Treatment Facilities for TRI Sites 2-40 Table 2-25. Total Transfers to Energy Recovery Facilities for TRI Sites 2-41 Table 2-26. Total Transfers to Disposal Facilities for TRI Sites 2-41 Table 2-27. Total Transfers to Publicly Owned Treatment and Waste Facilities for TRI Sites 2-42 Table 2-28. Land Releases for TRI Sites 2-42 Table 2-29. Water Releases for TRI Sites 2-43
2-ix
Air Quality
Air Pollutant Concentrations
The Headwaters area lies within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) East Central Illinois Intrastate, Air Quality Control Region (AQCR) 66. Two USEPA air quality measurement stations are located within the area, in Champaign. Air quality data for 1991-1995 from these stations are summarized in Tables 2-1-2-5.
Table 2-1 lists the two air quality measurement locations, their Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, and the criteria pollutants measured at each (Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, !EPA, 1996). Criteria pollutants are those for which federal air quality standards have been set. Published annual reports from the IEPA (1992-1996) indicate that data for ozone (03), particulate matter with aerodynamic particle diameters smaller than 10 micrometers (PMIQ), and sulfur dioxide (S02) are each available from one of the sampling sites in Champaign. Neither carbon monoxide (CO) nor nitrogen dioxide (N02) was measured at either station.
Table 2-1. Air Quality Site Directory for the Headwaters Area (Sampling sites from USEPA Air Quality Control Region 66, Champaign County)
City name UTM (AIRS code) Address coordinates (kID) E uj ment Champaign Booker T. Washington Elementary N. 4442.017 (0190004) 606E. Grove E. 395.248
Champaign Post Office N. 4441.819 PM10 (0190005) 600 N. Neil E. 394.066
Air quality standards are written to protect human health (primary standards) and welfare (secondary standards). Because health and ecological effects vary according to the nature of the pollutant, standards also vary in terms of averaging times and the metric (maximum or mean) of the measurement. For example, the ozone standard is written in terms of the maximum daily I-hour average concentration, while the particulate matter standard is written in terms of the maximum 24-hour average and the annual mean concentrations.
Table 2-2 gives ozone data for Champaign. Note that ozone was only measured between April and October (the ozone season) of each year. The values listed are the highest 1 hour mean concentrations each year. The values are in the range of 0.081 to 0.104 parts per million (ppm), and none exceeded the standard for ozone.
2-1 Table 2·2. Daily Maximum I-hour Mean Ozone Concentrations, April-October (in parts per million, ppm)
Station 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Champaign-Washington Elementary 0.086 0.094 0.081 0.096 0.104 Note: There were no observed exceedences of the primary standard of 0.12 ppm at this station.
Table 2-3 lists PMlO data for 1991-1995. The highest annual maximum 24-hour mean concentration observed was 75 micrograms per cubic meter Cll-glm3) in 1992, and the 3 lowest was 511l-g/m3 in 1993. Annual mean PMlOconcentrations ranged from 221l-glm in 1993 and 1995 to 311l-glm) in 1992. No exceedences ofthe standards for particulate matter were observed.
Table 2·3. Concentrations of Particulate Matter Less Than IO-I!ID Diameter J (in micrograms per cubic meter. Ilglm )
Station 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Champaign-Post Office Max. 24-hour mean 70 75 51 53 53 Annual mean 30 31 22 25 22 Note: There were no observed exceedences of the annual mean primary standard of 50 IlglmJ or the 24-hour primary standard of 150 llg/mJ at this station.
Table 2-4 shows 802 data, including maximum observed 3-hour and 24-hour concentrations, as well as annual mean concentrations. The maximum 3-hour mean concentrations ranged from 0.035 ppm in 1995 to 0.181 ppm in 1991. Maximum 24-hour mean concentrations ranged from 0.013 ppm in 1995 to 0.070 ppm in 1994. Annual mean concentrations ranged from 0.003 ppm in 1992 and 1995 to 0.005 ppm in 1991. The Champaign station recorded no exceedences of any of the primary or secondary standards for 3-hour mean, 24-hour mean, or annual mean 802.
Table 2·4. Concentrations of Sulfur Dioxide (in parts per million. ppm)
Station 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Champaign-Washington Elementary Max. 3-hr mean 0.181 0.050 0.037 0.118 0.035 Max. 24-hr mean 0.070 0.023 0.022 0.042 0.013 Annual mean 0.005 0.003 o 0.004 0.003 Note: An asterisk CO) indicates that the data did not meet the minimum statistical selection criteria. There were no observed exceedences of the annual mean primary standard of 0.03 ppm, the 24-hour primary standard of 0.14 ppm, or the 3-hour secondary standard of 0.5 ppm.
2-2 Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory
Table 2-5 presents estimated 1995 emissions of five criteria pollutants for Ford and Champaign Counties. The estimated emissions are for stationary point sources only; they do not include emissions from mobile or area sources. The table also shows the percentage of each pollutant's two-county total attributable to each county in 1995. Champaign County accounted for virtually all of the sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and carbon monoxide emissions, as well as the majority of the particulate matter and volatile organic carbon emissions.
Table 2-5. Estimated Stationary Point Source Emissions (Source: minois Environmental Protection Agency, 1996)
Particulate Sulfur Nitrogen Volatile organic Carbon matter dioxide oxides material monoxide Coun TI r % TI r % TI r % TI r % TI r % Ford 903 45 3 0 57 2 694 35 16 3 Champaign 1,119 55 4,768 100 2,857 98 1,262 65 511 97 '·,0.\" +;~14:100w Total i;o22100,'4;nK,:J09 1,256 w .}iqo 527 100
Visibility
Visibility can serve as an index of the concentration of airborne fine particles, especially ammonium sulfate, although atmospheric humidity also affects visibility to some extent The poorer the visibility, the higher the concentration of fine particles. A report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP, 1990) reviewed spatial and temporal variations in visibility in the United States. A map of spatial variations of visibility during the mid-1970s shows that centrallllinois had some of the poorest median midday airport visibility in the contiguous United States--about 10-11 miles. This contrasts with values of 20-45 miles in the Great Plains and values greater than 50 miles over most of the mountainous western United States.
The NAPAP (1990) report also documents seasonal and long-term temporal trends. In 1950, visibility in central Illinois was worse in the first calendar quarter (roughly during winter) than during the rest of the year. By 1980, however, the situation had changed significantly: winter visibility stayed roughly constant, but spring, fall, and especially summer visibility had decreased substantially in central illinois and most of the eastern United States. These trends coincide with increased use of electric power for summer air conditioning and the trend at that time toward construction of tall stacks for dispersion of power plant plumes.
In addition, the NAPAP report documented the high correlation between sulfur emissions and haziness in the northeastern United States, and the trend toward decreasing sulfur emissions in the region since the 1970s. In view of the further reductions in sulfur emissions mandated by the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments, airborne fine sulfate
2-3 concentrations should continue to trend downward, and this should translate into increased visibility in central lllinois in the future.
Atmospheric Wet Deposition
Deposition of materials in precipitation (i.e., wet deposition) has been measured routinely by the National Acid Deposition ProgramlNational Trends Network (NADPINTN) at eight locations in illinois. One of these locations (NADPINTN site IL-ll) is at Bondville, near Champaign. Table 2-6 shows the measured major ion depositions, weighted mean concentrations, and precipitation at this site for 1993 and 1994.
Table 2-6. Concentrations and Deposition of Major Ions in Precipitation at Bondville (Data source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program. 1995-1996) pH Precip Ca Ml! K Na NIL NO, CI SO. H (lab) (lab) (em) Concentration, in ml!/L 1993 0.17 0.025 0.019 0.086 0.39 1.70 0.15 2.66 0.0498 4.30 101.0 1994 0.19 0.026 0.023 0.069 0.44 1.50 0.13 2.26 0.0359 4.45 80.3 2-yr preeip. Wid. mean 0.18 0.025 0.021 0.078 0.41 1.61 0.14 2.48 0.0436 4.36 90.7 DeDosition. in k!!lha 1993 1.72 0.252 0.192 0.868 3.91 17.11 \.54 26.89 0.503 - 101.0 1994 1.55 0.209 0.185 0.554 3.52 12.01 \.05 18.12 0.288 - 80.3 2-yr. mean deposition \.64 0.231 0.189 0.711 3.72 14.56 1.30 22.51 0.396 -- 90.7
Approximately 101 centimeters (em) of precipitation was recorded in 1993, about 20% more than the 80 em measured in 1994. Although concentrations of some individual ions were higher in 1994, as might be expected from the usual inverse relationship between concentration and precipitation amount, concentrations of other ions were higher during 1993. Deposition fluxes of all ions were higher during 1993, because of the greater precipitation that year. .
References illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1992-1996. illinois Annual Air Quality Reports, 1991-1995. Bureau of Air, P.O. Box 19276, Springfield, IL 62794-9276. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1990. Acidic Deposition: State of Science and Technology Report 24, Visibility: Existing and Historical Conditions- Causes and Effects. Washington, D.C. National Atmospheric Deposition ProgramlNational Trends Network. 1995-1996. NADPINTN Annual Data Summaries, 1993-1994. Precipitation Chemistry in the United States. Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
2-4 Water Quality
The Illinois Water Quality Report, 1994-1995 (lllinois Environmental Protection Agency, IEPA, 1996) assesses the water quality conditions of the state's surface and ground-water resources. This report, which satisfies the reporting requirements of section 305(b) of the Federal Clean Water Act, examines water quality in terms of designated uses. The report evaluates trends in stream and lake water quality and describes the numerous programs designed to protect the water resources in lllinois.
In 1993, the IEPA began restructuring its program activities around a priority watershed management process called the Targeted Watershed Approach (TWA). This approach significantly broadens the identification of water quality problems by considering a waterbody's potential for improvement and factoring in existing high quality resources into the geographic targeting process.
This chapter describes the water quality of rivers and streams, lakes, and watersheds in the Headwaters area. Figure 2-1 gives a general picture of these features.
Overall Use Support
The lllinois Pollution Control Board adopted four designated uses for lllinois' waters: General Use, Public and Food Processing Water Supplies, Lake Michigan, and Secondary Contact and Indigenous Aquatic Life Use. Overall use support is based on designated uses and refers to the overall condition of a stream or lake. Following are the five . categories of overall use support:
• Full Support - The water quality meets the needs of all designated uses protected by applicable water quality standards.
• Full Threatened - The water quality is presently adequate to maintain designated uses, but if a declining trend continues, only partial support may be attained in the future.
• Partial SupportlMinor Impairment (Partial Minor) - The water quality has been impaired, but only to a minor degree. There may be minor exceedences in applicable water quality standards or criteria for assessing the designated use attainment.
• Partial SupportlModerate Impairment (Partial Moderate) - Water quality conditions are impaired to a greater degree, inhibiting the waterbody from meeting all the needs for that designated use. .
• Non-Support - The water quality is severely impaired and not capable of supporting the designated use to any degree.
2-5 Sangamon River Basin Vermilion River Basin
(I
2 Wa" Tawn Dlteh ILBPKSOl 3 BIg Four Ditch ILBPKF'02 4 Drummer Cr. IlEVOl 5 s.ngJImon ~. IlE29 8 Sugar Cr. lLB?KKOl 1 Mid. Ft. Vermilion R. ILBPK07 9 Big Four Oltth trib ILBPKOOl 9 81lJegran Cr. ILBPKIOl 10 Upper S.lt ~t1l ILBPJOOl 11 Kerr Cr. ILBPKROl 12 Beaner. ILBPKOOl 13 Spoon Br. ILBPJD02 14 Fl4rv1lkfBr. ILBPJI02 Embarras River Basin 16 Bud-Cr. ILBPKJOl III Knightll 8r. ILBPKFOl n 5.11..... ar. ILBPJC06 ta COIU.on et. ILBPKEOl 19 Stoney 0. lLBPJBOl 20 Gimlet Br. ILBPKDOI 2\ F6lIthll( cr. ILBPJLOl 22 Union Dr. DItch ILBPJMOl 23 Ooo.e Cr. ILEXQl 24 Glenburn O. ILBPKAOI Scale 1:620982 25 c.mpCr. ILEWDl 28 S.lt Ft. Vermrnon R. ILBRl07 27 Salt Ft. YMmII/on R. IlBPJ03 ~O======":'~O ;;!"~======"';30MI" 28 EmbltlT"R, lL.BE14 29 JOrdan Cr. ILBPJAO\ 30 Olive Br.nch ILBPJFOI 0'l",======,l'~' ""~";",=====~"illIG....' .... 31 E. Br. Embarra. R. ILBETOl 32 Jordan SloI.illh lLBESOl
Headwaters Area and Major Rivers and N Basin Boundaries N Streams 1\' Watershed Boundary 1\' Rivers and Streams • Lakes Figure 2-1. General Overview of the Headwaters Area (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) Rivers and Streams
The Headwaters area has a total of about 2,113 river miles (measured at a 1: 100,000 scale). Of these, approximately 555 miles (26.3%) have been assessed by the IEPA. Table 2-7 shows the overall use support for rivers and streams in the Headwaters area, along with a breakdown ofuse support for individual river basins.
Table 2-7. Overall Use Support for Rivers and Streams (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Percent of Use su art River miles total miles Embarras River Basin Full 35.22 16.88 Partial Minor 31.46 15.08 Not Assessed 142.00 68.05 Vermilion River Basin Full 230.29 19.86 Partial Minor 83.36 7.20 Partial Moderate 38.53 3.32 Not Assessed 807.36 69.62 Sangamon River Basin Full 35.91 4.82 Partial Minor 100.04 13.44 Not Assessed 608.66 81.74 Headwaters Area Full 301.42 14.27 Partial Minor 214.86 10.17 Partial Moderate 38.53 1.82 Not Assessed 1,558.02 73.74 ~ell1'ot~ .1,112.8~ l00.QQ"
Figure 2-2 depicts the overall use support for rivers and streams in the Headwaters area.
Lakes
There are 177 lakes in the Headwaters area (1:100,000 scale), for a total surface area of approximately 1,678 acres. Lake surface areas range from I to 170 acres, with an average surface area of 9.5 acres.
Eight lakes in the area were assessed for the Illinois Water Quality Report, 1994-1995 (IEPA, 1996). Table 2-8 gives the name, overall use support, and surface area for these lakes, which are situated in the Vermilion and Sangamon River basins. (Note: The IEPA did not assess any lakes in the Embarras River basin portion of the area.)
2-7 Sangamon River Basin Vermilion River Basin
Embarras River Basin
Scale 1:820982 .'===="""""ii;;;;;;;;===....";"",===,,,,;"'.... •'====",,;,;"====;!li,"'===~46IQ1om~...
Headwaters Area and Full Support N Basin Boundaries N 1'/ Watershed Boundary N Full Threatened IN! Partial Minor Partial Moderate ~ Non-Support
Figure 2-2. Overall Use Support for Rivers and Streams in the Headwaters Area (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) 'I Table 2-8. OveraIl Use Support for Lakes (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Surface Lake name Use su ort area. acres Vermilion River Basin Clear Full 38.5 Crystal Partial Moderate 7.0 Homer Full Threatened 80.8 Long Full 56.6 Mingo Partial Minor 170.0 Sangamon River Basin Champaign Sportsmen's . Nonsupport 3.0 Lake of the Woods Full Threatened 23.2 Spring Partial Moderate 35.0
Figure 2-3 depicts the overall use support for lakes ,in the Headwaters area.
Sources of Impairment
Once the overall use support of an area has been determined, any sources of impairment must be found before the water quality can be improved. Impairment sources are identified only for those waterbodies with less than full support in the Headwaters area.
Rivers and Streams
Table 2-9 shows the sources of impairment for the rivers and streams for different basins in the Headwaters area. In addition, the table shows the magnitude of impairment for each source: high (H), moderate (M), slight (S), or none (N).
Table 2-9. Sources of River and Stream Impairment (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Agri- Urban Land Hydrologic Name (station code)-river miles Industrial Munici al culture runoff dis osal modification Embarras River Basin Embarras R. (BE14)-5.9 N S S N N N Embarras R. (BE19)-7.2 N N S N N S Embarras R. (BE20)-9.3 N N S N N S Embarras R. (BE21)-12.4 N N S N N S Vermilion River Basin Vermilion R. (BP04)-5.3 N N M N N N Salt Fie Vermilion (BPJ03)-8.4 N N H N N N Salt FIc. Vermilion (BPJ07)-3.1 N N M N N N Salt FIc. Vermilion (BPJ08)-2.7 N N M N N N
2-9 Sangamon River Basin Vermilion River Basin
Lake of Mingo~ the WOOd~_-+ Spring·
Homer•
Embarras River Basin
Scala 1:820982 .~""""""==~'."""====~"~="",,==~30MI"
Headwaters Area and Full Support N Basin Boundaries I • • Full Threatened ,\{ Watershed Boundary •T Partial Minor Partial Moderate •• Non-Support
Figure 2-3. Overall Use Support for Lakes in the Headwaters Area (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) Table 2-9. Concluded Agri- Urban Land Hydrologic Name (station code)-river miles Industrial Munici al culture runoff dis osal modification Vermilion River Basin (cont.) Salt FIe Vermilion (BPJ09)-12.9 N H H N N N Salt Fie Vermilion (BPJlO)-IO.1 N N M N N N Salt Fk. Vermilion (BPJl2)-1.2 N N M N N N Saline Br. (BPJC06)-10.3 N H S N N N Union Dr. Ditch (BPJMOI)-7.4 N N H N N N Bluegrass Cr. (BPKIOI)-14.0 N N S H H N Big Four Ditch (BPKP02)-5.3 N N S N N S Sangarnon River Basin Sangamon R. (E28)-14.3 N S S N N N Sangamon R. (E29)-61.6 N N S N N N Drummer Cr. (EYOI)-18.1 S S S N N S Note: The industrial and municipal fields are point source impairments. The remaining fields are nonpoint source impainnents.
There are nearly 35 river miles with source impairment in the Embarras River basin, 81 in the Vermilion River basin, and 94 in the Sangamon River basin.
Lakes
Table 2-10 shows the sources ofimpainnent for lakes in the Vermilion and Sangamon River basins within the Headwaters area. In addition, the table indicates the magnitude of impainnent for each source: high (H), moderate (M), slight (S), or none (N). The IEPA did not assess any lakes in the Embarras River basin portion of the Headwaters area.
2-11 Trends
Rivers and Streams
Another way to examine water quality is through trends. The IEPA analyzes rivers and streams using the Seasonal Kendall trend analysis on selected ambient stream assessment stations throughout the state. Following are some of the objectives behind the trend analysis presented in the Illinois Water Quality Report (IEPA, 1996):
• Evaluate the water quality impact from a point source discharge, and the need for additional wastewater treatment controls.
• Characterize the existing and potential aquatic resource of the receiving stream.
• Determine whether there is a significant biological impact on the receiving stream.
• Identify a recommended stream monitoring site for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) monitoring requirements to determine compliance with water quality standards.
• Identify additional data needs if information is not adequate to achieved the above objectives.
Table 2-11 shows the parameters used in the Seasonal Kendall trend analysis. The analysis was performed at station BEI4, which is located on the Embarras River near Camargo. None of the other stations used in the Seasonal Kendall trend analysis fell within the Headwaters area.
Table 2-11. Water Quality Trends in the Embarras River (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Parameter Trend Water Temperature None Detected Specific Conductance None Detected Dissolved Oxygen None Detected pH None Detected Chemical Oxygen Demand None Detected Total Suspended Solids None Detected Total Ammonia Nitrogen None Detected Nitrate + Nitrite Nitrogen None Detected Total Phosphorus None Detected Boron None Detected Stream Flow None Detected
2-12 Lakes
As with rivers and streams, the water quality of lakes can be examined in terms of trends. According to the IEPA (1996), "lake waterbodies with three or four years of calculated trophic state index (TSI) values were reviewed for trends using a linear regression, nonstatistical analysis." Not all lakes are examined for water quality trends. Table 2-12 shows the trends for the assessed lakes in the Vermilion and Sangamon River basins within the Headwaters area. The IEPA did not assess any lakes in the Embarras River basin portion of the Headwaters area.
Table 2-12. Water Quality Trends for Lakes (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Lake name Trend Vermilion River Basin Clear No Trend Assessment Crystal No Trend Assessment Homer Fluctuating Long No Trend Assessment Mingo Fluctuating Sangamon River Basin Champaign Sportsmen's No Trend Assessment Lake of the Woods Fluctuating Spring No Trend Assessment
Targeted Watershed Approach
Water quality conditions can also be examined from a watershed perspective. The IEPA's watershed monitoring program is known as the Targeted Watershed Approach. Following is an excerpt from GIS Technology Supportfor the Targeted Watershed Approach by Sinclair et al. (1996).
"The Targeted Watershed Approach (TWA) was developed to establish a framework for prioritizing Bureau ofWater program activities with targeted watersheds ..."
"The TWA was conceived and developed primarily to facilitate water quality management planning. Objectives for the utilization of this approach are:
• Identify watersheds with the most critical water quality problems and direct programs and resources to the solution of those problems.
• Direct programs and resources to those watersheds considered to have the highest potential for improvement based on the State's Biological Stream Characterization (BSC) process, and other factors.
2-13 • Protect existing high-quality water resources considered to be threatened (i.e., those waters displaying declining water quality trends but still fully supporting overall use attainment).
• Integrate point and nonpoint source programs activities."
The TWA has three watershed priority categories: point source predominated, combination pointlnonpoint source predominated, and nonpoint source predominated. Table 2-13 further breaks down the categories of prioritization in the TWA.
Table 2-13. Prioritization of Targeted Watersheds (Source: Sinclair et al., 1996)
Categorv* Description Priority I - Waters identified in section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act - Threatened waters - Surface water intakes that currently have Safe Drinking Water Act (SOWA) MCL violations - Ground-water (GW) sources with SOWA monitoring detections over the GW quality standards for Atrazine - Ambient GW monitoring network Nitrate detections over the GW Quality standards Priority 2 - Watersheds with high potential for improvement - Surface water intakes with previous (SOWA) MCL violations - GW sources with SOWA monitoring detections below GW quality standards for Atrazine and Alachlor - Ambient GW monitoring network Nitrate detections of 3-10 ppm Prioritv 3 - Watersheds with lower potential for improvement Priority 4 - Watersheds with suspected nonpoint source impacts as assessed and identified in the Clean Water Act 305(b) report *Note: Priorities 1-3 include point source predominated, combination pointlnonpoint source predominated, and nonpoint source predominated. Priority 4 is nonpoint source only.
There are 31 watersheds in the Headwaters area. Watershed name, identifier (corresponding to the Waterbody Identifier in the Illinois Water Quality Report), acres; square miles, and percent of basin are shown in Table 2-14.
Table 2-14. Watersheds in the Headwaters Area (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency)
Watershed Name identifier Acres S uare miles Percent of basin Embarras River Basin Embarras R. ILBE14 56,144.41 87.73 47.80 Jordan Slough ILBESOI 26,771.01 41.83 22.79 E. Br. Embarras R. ILBETOI 34,547.40 53.98 29.41
2-14 Table 2-14. Concluded Watershed Name identifier Acres S uare miles Percent of basin Vennilion River Basin Salt Fk. Vermilion R. ILBPJ03 97,196.78 151.88 16.05 Salt Fk. Vermilion R. ' ILBPJ07 5,880.59 9.19 0.97 Jordan Cr. ILBPJAOI 16,078.16 25.12 2.65 Stoney Cr. ILBPJBOI 32,837.45 51.31 5.42 Saline Br. ILBPJC06 56,559.79 88.38 9.34 Spoon Br. ILBPID02 26,993.13 42.18 4.46 Olive Branch ILBPJFOI 19,269.70 30.11 3.18 Upper Salt Fork ILBPJGOI 40,607.11 63.45 6.70 Flatville Br. ILBPJI02 6,504.57 10.16 1.07 Feather Cr. ILBPJLOI 9,771.12 15.27 1.61 Union Dr. Ditch ILBPJMOI 9,635.58 15.06 1.59 Mid. Fk. Vermilion R. ILBPK07 110,041.02 171.95 18.17 Glenburn Cr. ILBPKAOI 7,999.34 12.50 1.32 Gimlet Br. ILBPKDOI 2,134.97 3.34 0.35 Collison Br. ILBPKEOI 4,715.54 7.37 0.78 Knights Br. ILBPKFOI 7,589.58 11.86 1.25 Bean Cr. ILBPKGOI 13,027.57 20.36 2.15 Bluegrass Cr. ILBPKIOI 23,361.76 36.50 3.86 Buck Cr. ILBPKJOI 8,446.22 13.20 1.39 Sugar Cr. ILBPKKOI 1l,436.61 17.87 1.89 Big Four Ditch ILBPKP02 53,761.96 84.01 8.87 Big Four Ditch Trib. ILBPKQOI 2,609.86 4.08 0.43 Kerr Cr. ILBPKROI 7,663.20 11.97 1.27 Wall Town Ditch ILBPKSOI 31,653.82 49.46 5.23 Sangamon River Basin Sangamon R. ILE29 242,663.97 379.18 69.54 Camp Cr. ILEWOl 32,584.34 50.91 9.34 Goose Cr. ILEXOI 36,855.14 57.59 10.56 DrummerCr. ILEYOI 36,831.47 57.55 10.56 Iil!adiV~tt!.~XteaTotal. ;~~,f{~.'.""'·';~'~ ,.t' .. ~' >,.~_.", .....:' ,,:.-.:':",' '..:'" "'~, ..... "~):O':_ ~ ...., ' " .. '~ '41;,'.',:\,:_,A>:_>-w:=:.""oo,~i",- ",' ,:1072'173.17',.;.. " '.'_._'_._. .., , .._, .. ,._, "., • '_'.. .·r675.35,..., .. _ " ... _~ .... ' 100.00
No point source predominated targeted watersheds were identified using the IEPA prioritization criteria. The two nonpoint source predominated targeted watersheds in the area are the Embarras River (ILBEI4), a Priority 3 watershed, and the Big Four Ditch (ILBPKP02), a Priority 4 watershed. The one combination point/nonpoint source predominated watershed in the area is the Salt Fork Vermilion River (ILBPJ03), a Priority 1 watershed.
Figure 2-4 depicts the nonpoint source predominated watersheds, and Figure 2-5 shows the combination point/nonpoint source predominated targeted watersheds.
2-15 Sangamon River Basin Vermilion River Basin
Embarras River Basin
Scale 1:820962 ''====="",;,;''....====..:'''"""====,,,,;301111...
',=====";"::--====!i";""'===~4'& Uonori...
Headwaters Area and ~ Priority 1 N Basin Boundaries 1\' Watershed Boundary Ilill Priority 2 ~ Priority 3 == Priority 4
Figure 2-4. Nonpoint Source Predominated Targeted Watersheds (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) Sangamon River Basin
l \ I I \ \ I f,\ " , \...1 <...."\ \ Embarras River Basin Scale 1:620962 'b====d":"'====~"~====~30MI" 'b'====~'~.====~"i"",,===dQQomI1"
Headwaters Area and Priority 1 N Basin Boundaries 8 Priority 2 ,II• • Watershed Boundary •~ Priority 3 II Priority 4
Figure 2-5. Combination PointlNonpoint Source Predominated Targeted Watersheds (Source: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency) References lllinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. Illinois Water Quality Report, 1994 1995. lllinois E~vironmental Protection Agency. Springfield, n... Sinclair, R.A., B.R. Ward, and Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. GIS Technology Support for the Targeted Watershed Approach. Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 600. Champaign, IL.
2-18 Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management
This section of the Watershed Assessment examines the historical and current location of sites that may contain environmental contaminants and manufacturing facilities that may emit pollutants. The aim of the report is to help major stakeholders develop goals and strategies for the use and protection of natural resources in watersheds where Ecosystems Partnerships have been formed. The reader is encouraged to review The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, Volume 5 (ENR, 1994), which provides in-depth background information about waste generation and management trends in Illinois.
Background
Toxic waste is literally poisonous waste. This refers to chemicals or compounds that can harm the environment, and the lifeforms that inhabit it, including humans. Hazardous waste is the most general class, and includes toxics and other chemicals which may be flammable, explosive, radioactive, etc.
For more than two centuries the Industrial Revolution that brought prosperity to many continued with little regard for the physical and biological environment. The very industries that provide economic well-being may cause pollution and adversely affect public health. This basic concern was not comprehensively addressed in the United States until the 1970s, when several major pieces of legislations, including the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), were enacted.
"In J976, Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to protect human health and the environment from the improper management of solid and hazardous waste. RCRA attempts to control most chemical hazardous wastes generated in this country through a manifest and recordkeeping system which tracks the movements of hazardous waste from generation to final disposal. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with the responsibility of putting into effect this federal hazardous waste management program which places upon the original generator primary accountability for environmentally sound disposition of the waste" (American Chemical Society, 1986).
A benefit, probably unforeseen at the time, was that environmental data collected for the government's use would become readily available to the general public. Fortuitously, this was contemporaneous with the personal computer revolution, and now the average citizen has the means to acquire, manipulate, analyze and share important environmental information gleaned from government databases.
2-19 The report draws upon the following environmental databases as resource material:
• Historical Hazards (HH) • Surface Impoundment Inventory (SIl) • Landfills Database • Superfund • Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)
The older a database, the more likely it is to contain out-dated entries. With minor exceptions, the data is shown verbatim; some of the entries with errors are mentioned in the text. See the Appendix for a more detailed discussion of each of these databases and a list of contacts for further information.
Assessment of Sites in the Region
.Specific potential sources of waste generation and disposal in the Headwaters river watershed are discussed below.' See the maps, Figures 2-6 - 2-11, for geographic locations of these sites.
Historical Hazards Database
It is estimated that "approximately 90% of hazardous waste disposal since the 1800s has been unregulated" (Colten, 1990). Since World War II both the quantity and types of hazardous chemicals used and produced by industry has grown rapidly. The changing urban landscape only adds to the confusion about how, where, and to what extent, hazardous wastes still affect locales. Frequently, both solid and liquid wastes were dumped on-site or landfilled along with municipal refuse. Few, if any, records were kept by manufacturing firms about specific disposal practices prior to RCRA in 1976. In many cases these practices created potential risks and liabilities for buyers and sellers of real estate.
There are 49 towns in the watershed shown in the Historical Hazards database (see Table 2-15). Each of these towns contains one or more possible sources of pollutants from historical industrial facilities. 2
On the tables used in this section, if a field is blank, no datum was available: if a field has a "0," the datum was reported to be zero.
2 Though detailed analysis is beyond the scope of this report, general information on the Historical Hazards Database is in the Appendix. A sample Historical Hazards report with order form is available from WMRC. See the Appendix for contact information.
2-20 Figure 2-6. Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites, Surface Impoundment Sites, and Towns in Historical Hazards Database in therIeadwaters Watershed
,I L if ~,,':r '~' • I I. .. _.L.,~-1 ir' EDGAR CO. I '., I·", I )I,r·; J, .... I f,· . I
@ Unpennitted Landfills 8 TRI Sites
6 Permitted Landfills * Towns in Historical Hazards Database , ~ "Other" Landfills* \l Surface Impoundments
0 Superfund Sites
Scale 1:620962
1,'======'~'=====;;;;;;;;';;'=====""';310MU. ! "'There is no information about permissions N , '5 30 listed in the source tables - see teltl j Figure 2-7. Champaign-Urbana Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed
ign Urbana
o Unpermitted Landfills o Permitted Landfills & "Other" Landfills' o Superfund Sites N 0:0 TRI Sites 'V Surface Impoundments N. Railroads 'N Major Roads "0 Municipal Boundaries o Watershed Boundary "There is no Information about permissions in the source tables· see text Figure 2-8. Gibson City Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments . in the Headwaters Watershed
Gibson City
\1
® Unpermitted Landfills [;] Permitted Landfills &. "Other" Landfills' N a Superfund Sites (I TRI Sites 'il Surface Impoundments b/. Railroads 'N Major Roads '0 Municipal Boundary o Watershed Boundary 'There Is no information about permissions In the source tables - see text Figure 2-9. Paxton Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, ·TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed
® Unpermitted Landfills l:J Permitted Landfills & "Other" Landfills' N o Superfund Sites 0:- TRI Sites g Surface Impoundments IY. Railroads 'AI Major Roads "0 Municipal Boundary o Watershed Boundary "There is no information about permissions in the source tables - see text Figure 2-10. Rantoul Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed
o
Rantoul
o Unpermitted Landfills o Permitted Landfills &. "Other" Landfills' N o Superfund Sites 0:- TRI Sites 'V Surface Impoundments IY. Railroads 'N Major Roads -0 Municipal Boundary o Watershed Boundary 'There is no information about permissions in the source tabies • see text Figure 2-11. , I Fisher Vicinity Landfills, Superfund Sites, TRI Sites and Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed
® 0
Fisher
® [J 0
~ f7
0.93 o 0.93 Miles i
® Unpermitted Landfills [J Permitted Landfills 8. "Other" Landfills' N o Superfund Sites o TRI Sites 'g Surface Impoundments &. Railroads 'N Major Roads '0 Municipal Boundary o Watershed Boundary "There is no information about permissions in the source tables - see text Table 2-15. Towns in the Historical Hazards Database, Headwaters Watershed
Argenta Cissna Park Gifford Newman Sibley Arthur Colfax Horner Ogden Sidell Atwood Danville Hoopeston Onarga Sidney Bement DeLand Hume Paxton St. Joseph Broadlands Decatur LeRoy Potomac Tolono Buckley Fairmount Lexington Rankin Tuscola Catlin Farmer City Loda Rantoul Urbana Cerro Gordo Fisher Mansfield Ridge Farm Villa Grove Champaign Georgetown Milford Rossville Westville Chrisman GibsonCity Monticello Saybrook
Surface Impoundments Database
A surface impoundment is a lined or unlined lagoon used for the storage of liquids alone or mixed with solids, usually uncovered. The Surface Impoundment Inventory shows 31 impoundment sites in the watershed (see Table 2-16) - the largest number (15) being sewerage systems. Since these data were collected in 1980, some of these impoundments may no longer exist, and new ones may have been built. It should be noted that the land at a former impoundment site may be contaminated even though the surface impoundment itself has been filled and possibly covered.
Surface impoundments can pose a significant risk to groundwater in shallow aquifers, because Illinois is in a humid region where precipitation amounts are generally greater than evaporation. This means that eventually some impounded liquid will either overflow, drain into the ground, or need to be drained off deliberately (Pishkin, 1980).3
3 Contact the IEPA or DNR for details on specific impoundments. The DNR Office of Mioes and Mioerals has ioformation on oil aod gas impoundments; IEPA may have information on other types.
2-27 Table 2-16. Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed
NPDES* Permit SIq Land Owner Number Code SICt Description Alfred Arends 0211 Beef cattle feedlots R R, Melvin, IL 60952
Camelot Utilities Inc ILOO4538I 4952 Sewerage Systems 2335 Sanders Road, Northbrook, IL 60062
Central Soya Company Inc ILOO354I6 2075 Soybean Oil Mills Box 112 Rt 47 & 9, Gibson City, lL 60936
Clifford-Jacobs Forging Co 3462 Iron and steel forgings POBox 757, Champaign, IL 61820
Commander Dept Of The Air Force IL0027073 4952 Sewerage Systems Chanute Air Force Base, Rantoul, IL 61866
Eastons Truck Stop 4952 Sewerage Systems 1-74 & Oakwood, Oakwood, IL 61858
Ed Rasmus 0211 Beef cattle feedlots Rural Route, Paxton, IL 60957
Flo-Con Systems Inc 2541* Mobile Homes* 1404 Newton Dr POBox 1070 Champaign, IL 61820 Ford Co Nursing Home Committee 4952 Sewerage Systems 343 W Center St, Paxton, IL 60957
Illinois Central Gulf Railroad ILOO04545 4011 Railroads, Line-Haul 233 North Michigan, Chicago, IL 60601 Operating
Illinois Power Co ILOO04057 4911 Electric Services 500 So 27th St, Decatur, IL 62525
J Johnson & M Brown 0191 General Farms, Primarily Unknown Crop Melvin Coulter 0211 Beef cattle feedlots Rural Route, Paxton, IL 60957
Merle Flessner 0211 Beef cattle feedlots R R, Thawville, IL 60968
Oakwood Waterworks IL0050903 4941 Water Supply Oakwood, IL 61858 R A Galt IL0036081 0211 Beef cattle feedlots 1122 North State, Monticello, IL 61856
2-28 Table 2-16. Surface Impoundments in the Headwaters Watershed (continued)
NPDES* Permit SICt Land Owner Number Code SICt Description Ronald Warfield 0211 Beef cattle feedlots R R, Gibson City, IL 60936
Sangamon Valley Public Water Dist IL0046141 4952 Sewerage Systems POBox 285, Mahomet, IL 61853
St Joeph Sanitary District IL0023086 4952 Sewerage Systems St Joseph, IL 61873 Stokely-Van Camp Inc 2033 Canned Fruits, Vegetables, 310 West 10th St, Gibson City, IL 60936 Preserves, Jams, and Jellies Urbana-Champaign Sanitary Dist IL0031500 4952 Sewerage Systems POBox 158, Urbana, IL 61801 Village of Fisher IL0021026 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Fisher, IL 61820 Village of Rantoul IL0022128 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Rantoul, IL 61866
Village of Rantoul IL0022136 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Rantoul, IL 61866 ¥Village President IL002264I 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Dwight, 1L 60420
Village President IL0023060 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Savoy, 1L 61874 Village President IL0023655 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Oakwood, IL 61858
Village President and Board IL0024414 4952 Sewerage Systems Village Hall, Mahomet, IL 61853 Vistron Corp IL0050229 2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers POBox 628, Lima, OH 45802 Water Department 4941 Water Supply
Main Street, Villa Grove, IL 61956 . White Heath Water Works 4952 Sewerage Systems White Heath, 1L 61884 *NPDES - NatIOnal Pollutant DIscharge ElImmatlOn System tSIC = Standard Industrial Classification . :f: Information probably incorrect - Vesuvius USA, a valve manufacturer, now owns Flo-Con. ¥ Information probably incorrect - Dwight is not within the watershed.
2-29 Superfund Sites Database
There are eight active Superfund sites in the watershed (see Table 2- I7). They are still under investigation and none are on the National Priorities List. Note that the Chanute Air Force and Villa Grove landfill Superfund sites apparently are also included in the landfill database (see Table 2-18). More infonnation may be available from the WMRC, IEPA or USEPA.
Table 2-17. Superfund Sites in the Headwaters Watershed
NPL EPA ID Site Name Status Description ILD980794929 Dunavan Oil No N/A ILD984779710 Galesville Chemical No N/A Co. ILT180014748 Motor Oil Refining No The Dunavan Oil site is an abandoned 5 acre Co./Dunavan Oil storage and transfer facility for waste oils, solvents, painrs [sic] and inks. The site contains 37 storage tanks and seven surface impoundments. ILD982070807 Oakwood Gasoline No 311-funded clean-up of gasoline spill. Rp Spill takeover replacement of leaking underground tank connection, cleanup of creek, installation of a collection truck & sump.
ILD097325351 Prairie Paint & No N/A Adhesives ILD020355616 Thomas Garage Serv No N/A IL1570024157 US Air Force Chanute No Candidate for base closure, Oct 1 1993--high Air Force Base likelihood of NPL placement
, ILD980677942 Villa Grove Multi Co No N/A Crawford Ldfl
Landfills Database
Landfills have been by far the most common means of disposal for solid waste. There are 58 landfills recorded in the watershed - 11 permitted, 40 unpennitted and 7 "other." The "other" category has blank spaces in the "permit" and "illegal" columns in the source tables.
Most of the unpennitted landfills are indicated to as containing "non-hazardous" waste; however, the tenn "hazardous" has various meanings in different contexts. Some of the unpermitted landfills are classified as open or random dumps. These may be minor in
2-30 Table 2-18. Landfills in the Headwaters Watershed
Legal !EPA Site Name City Description Type Permit Status* 418030003 Bade, Herman #1 Villa Grove 16N 09E 14 Landfill No CNFC 418030004 Bade, Herman #2 Villa Grove 16N 09E 02 Landfill No CFC 198220001 Blacker, Herman #1 Urbana 20N 09E 32 Landfill No CFC 1130950001 Bradd Saybrook 23N 06E 28 Landfill Yes 0
538100003 Brawner Paxton 23N 09E 14 Open No Dump 1478050001 Brazelton, Jerry Monticello 19N 06E 29 Landfill No CFC 1838110004 Brooks, Austin Armstrong 12N 14W 12 Landfill No CNFC 538030001 Central Soya Co Inc Gibson City 23N 07E 10 Landfill No CFC 199999999 Champaign Asphalt Co Urbana 20N 09E 31 Landfill C 198170001 Chanute Air Force Rantoul 12N 09E 12 Landfill No I Base
1838110001 Cornell Potomac 21N 12W 15 Landfill No CFC 1478050002 Custom Can Deland 19N06E 15 Landfill No CNFC 1479999999 Darwin Musick Sangamon 19N 06E 29 Open A Twp Dump
198070002 East Bend Township East Bend 22N 08E 27 Landfill No
198270006 Ficklin, Gordon Urbana 19N 09E 05 Landfill No CNFC
198140001 Fiscus Ogden 19N 14W 09 Landfill No CFC 190150001 Flo Con Systems Inc Fisher 22N 07E 36 Secured No 0 Containers
530100001 Foster, Stanhope Gibson City Land Yes 0 Application
198020002 Gray, James Champaign 19N 08E 01 Landfill No CNFC 198240001 Hartman, Ernest St Joseph 19N IOE 22 Landfill No CFC 198070001 Hedrick, Everett Mahomet 22N 08E 31 Landfill Yes CNFC 199999999 Henry Mathews Somer Twp 20N 09E 31 Open No A Dump, Landfill
2-31 Table 2-18. Landfills in the Headwaters Watershed (continued)
Legal !EPA Site Name City Description Type Permit Status* 198230001 Homer Municipal Homer 18N 14W 05 Landfill No 1479999999 Ill. Dept. Of Trans. Blue Ridge 20N 06E 3 Open A Twp Dump
1838000001 L & N Railroad Danville 21N 13W 25 Landfill No 198070003 Malloch Fisher 22N 08E 31 Open No Dump 1838030001 Meadowlark Farms Danville 19N 12W 21 Landfill No
198120001 Miller Champaign 20N 07E 21 Landfill No 0 190650003 Molloy Rantoul Open No Dump 418030001 Multi-County Landfill Villa Grove 16N 09E 01 Landfill Yes 0 198020003 Munds.Robert Champaign 19N 08E 01 Landfill No CFC
1138060001 Nickrent, Clearence Saybrook 23N 06E Landfill No CFC 1838110003 Obenland, Herman E Rankin 21N 13W 03 Landfill No CFC
199999999 Old Champaign Dump Urbana 19N 09E 6 Open C Dump
199999999 Old Urbana Dump Urbana 19N 09E 8 Open C Dump
190450001 Parkhill Mahomet 20N 07E 15 Landfill No CNFC 538100001 Paxton Municipal #1 Paxton 23N 10E 29 Landfill No CFC 538100002 Paxton Municipal #2 Paxton 23N 09E 13 Landfill Yes 0 418030002 Phipps, Harold Villa Grove 16N 09E 14 Landfill No CNFC 1838180001 Pridemore, Ray Oakwood 19N 13W 31 Landfill No CNFC 198110001 Rantoul Municipal Rantoul 22N 09E 24 Landfill Yes 0 1479999999 Rex Morfey Sangamon 20N 06E 25 Open A Twp Dump
1838030002 Richter, Harold Fithian 19N 13W 26 Landfill No CNFC 198270004 Russel J. Powers Champaign 19N 08E 05 Landfill No 198240002 St Joseph Municipal St Joseph 19N 10E 15 Landfill No CNFC
2-32 Table 2-18. Landfills in the Headwaters Watershed (continned)
198260001 Tolono Municipal Tolono 18N 08E 25 Landfill No CFC
299999999 Toops Ashmore l2N 10E 21 N/A C Twp 538030002 Tucker,Thomas Gibson City 23N 07E 10 Landfill No CFC 198270003 Tull #1 Urbana 19N 09E 10 Landfill No CFC 198270002 Tull #2 Urbana 19N 09E 03 Landfill No 0 198270005 Urbana Landfill Urbana 19N 09E 16 Landfill Yes CFC 198270007 Urbana Landfill #2 Urbana 19N 09E 10 Landfill Yes CFC 198270010 Urbana Landfill #3 Urbana 19N 09E 09 Landfill Yes 0 198270001 Urbana Municipal Urbana 19N 09E 09 Landfill Yes CFC 198220002 Victor Treat Somer Twp 20N 09E 32 Landfill No 1838110002 Vincent Kaufman Potomac 22N 13W 34 Landfill No 198020001 Whetzel Construction Champaign 19N 08E 01 Landfill Yes CNFC Co 1838110005 Williamson, Charles Rantoul 21N 14W 03 Landfill No C
* Status: A - Active, C- Closed, CC - Closed Final Cover, CNFC - Closed No Final Cover, I Inactive, 0 - Operational
extent, and contain only household waste, or demolition debris from buildings and roads. These landfills and dumps must be examined on a case-by-case basis in order to assess any potential risk they may pose: .
Though other environmental problems are associated with landfills, one of the most serious is water from rain or snow leaching contaminants from waste inside the landfill into the surrounding soil. Many landfills, especially unpermitted ones, have no barrier or liner to prevent this. These contaminants may then be transported into shallow aquifers, wells, streams and rivers. These leachates can contaminate drinking water and adversely affect the environment in general. The possible range of contaminants is large, ranging from VOCs (volatile organic compounds) from discarded cleaning or painting compounds, heavy metals leached from household or vehicle batteries, oil from discarded machinery, and pesticides, to name but a few. Additionally, organic waste, such as discarded food, can provide a breeding ground for undesirable bacteria, and may attract unwanted wildlife. Flooding of landfills can expose refuse and mobilize contaminants.
4 For more information contact WMRC or the !EPA Regional Offices. The entire study area is in IEPA Region 4. See the Appendix for details.
2-33 TRI Database
The Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) covers releases of compounds from manufacturing facilities to air, land and water. Underground injection is also covered as a separate caategory. There are 14 unique TRI sites in the watershed (see Tables 2-19 - 2-29).
The following discussion highlights some of the chemicals released. As noted in the Appendix, considerable expertise is required to determine whether or not they pose a threat to resources in the watershed. Once in the environment, external factors or chemicals may act on or interact with these compounds.
The first TRI site is Advanced Filtration Systems, Inc., in Champaign. They produce filters for liquids. They reported two chemicals as stack and fugitive air releases, dichloromethane - the legal label name for methylene chloride - and methylenebis(pheynlisocyanate), which is also called diphenylmethane diisocyanate. Dichloromethane has a number of industrial uses, including plastics processing, and as a blowing agent in foams. Two uses of methylenebis(pheynlisocyanate) are for the preparation of polyurethane resin and spandex fibers, and bonding rubber to rayon and nylon.
The second site is Baltimore Aircoil Co. They produce air conditioning equipment, including condensers. Phosphoric acid was the only reported air release in the categories examined. Phosphoric acid is used in a wide variety of industrial processes, and in 1991 was the 7th highest-volume chemical produced in the U.S.
The third site is Bell Helmets. They produce bicycle helmets. Reported air releases include acetone, dichloromethane, glycol ethers, methyl ethyl ketone, styrene and toluene. In addition to other manufacturing uses, these compounds might be used as solvents or cleaners. Of th.ese, only acetone was still being reported in 1993.
The next TRl site is Central Soya Co., Inc. They produce food additives and soybean products. They reported sulfuric acid and chlorine releases to water in 1988 and 1989, respectively. These are the only releases shown in the categories chosen.
Clifford-Jacobs Forging Company, the fifth TRI site, reports chromium, nickel and related compounds as the only releases shown in the chosen categories. Uses might include alloying or plating elements in forging and related processes. They apparently have a surface impoundment (see Table 2-16).
The sixth TRI site is Colwell Systems, Inc. They employ 550 in the printing industry. The only reported release in the chosen categories was 1,1, I-trichloroethane as an air release in 1987. 1,1, I-trichloroethane can be used for cleaning precision instruments or metal degreasing.
The next TRl site is Combe Labs in Rantoul. They produce pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and toiletries. They reported acetone releases in 1991-1993.
2-34 Table 2-19. TRl Companies in the Headwaters Watershed
Name Contact Person TRI ID *SIC Codes: *Emp. (1993) (Primary) Advanced Filtration Sys. Inc. Charles J. 61 820DVNCD3206F 3569 150 3206 Farber Dr. McMurray Champaign, IL 61821 (217) 351-3073 Baltimore Aircoil Co. Bruce R. Schehlein 60957BLTRRRR2PO 3444 150 350 Baltimore Rd. P.O. Box 317 (217) 379-2311 Paxton, IL 60957 Bell Sports Inc. Nick Riddle 61 866BLLHLROUTE 3949 1000 Rte. 136 E. (217) 893-9300 Rantoul, IL 61866 Central Soya Co. Inc. Charles A 60936CNTRLRT479 2075 150 Rts. 47 & 9 Box 112 Janiszewski Gibson City, IL 60936 (217) 784-8261 Clifford-Jacobs Forging Co. Brent Beazly 61820CLFFRNORTH 3463 130 2410 N. 5th (217) 352-5172 Champaign, IL 61821
Colwell Sys. Inc. 61820CLWLL201KE 2759 550 201 Kenyon Rd. Champaign, IL 61820 Combe Labs. John C. Williams 61866CMBLBBOX97 2844 270 200 Shelhouse Dr. Box 979 (217) 893-4490 Rantoul, IL 61866 Disk-Tee Inc. 61821DSKTC1401I 1401 Interstate Dr. Champaign, IL 61821 Eagle Wings Ind. Inc. David Hunt 61866GLWNG400SH 3465 475 400 Shellhouse Dr. (217) 892-4322 Rantoul, IL 61866 Flo-Con Sys. Inc. 61 843FLCNSRT136 Rt. 136 E. Fisher, IL 61843
Meadow Gold Dairies Inc. Dairy Roger Slagle 61820BRDNN70lKE 2023 200 701 Kenyon Rd. (217) 398-2300 Champaign, IL 61820
Rantoul Prods. Textron Joseph Skamel 61 866RNTLP300SH 3714 1100 300 Shellhouse Rd. (217) 892-9200 Rantoul, IL 61866
*Source: Harris Selectory ®
2-35 Table 2-19. TRI Companies in the Headwaters Watershed (continued)
Name Contact Person TRI ID *SIC Codes: *Emp. (1993) (Primary) Stolle Corp. Caradco Co. 61866CRDC 201EV 2431 737 201 Evans Dr. Rantoul, IL 61866 Vesuvius USA Corp. 61843FLCNS I03NO 3494 135 Rte. 136 E. Fisher, IL 61843
*Source: Harris Selectory ®
Number eight on the list is Disk-Tec, Inc. Freon 113 and diethanolamine were reported in 1987 and 1989-91, respectively. Nothing else is reported in the chosen categories since then.
The ninth TRI site is Eagle Wings Industries, Inc. They employ 475 and manufacture automotive parts, using stamping, painting and welding processes. Reported releases include glycol ethers and a variety of metallic compounds, including chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese and nickel.
The next TRI site is Flo-Con Systems. According to information the author was given in a telephone conversation with an employee, Flo-Con has been owned by Vesuvius USA for the last 7 years, or since about 1990. Vesuvius USA is the last TRI site on the list, and apparently is at the same address as Flo-Con.
For the eleventh site, Meadow Gold Dairies, Inc., only ammonium nitrate solution is shown as a release in 1993, though small amounts of ammonia were released in 1991. Ammonium nitrate was the 14th highest volume chemical produced in U.S. in 1991.
The twelfth site is Rantoul Products - Textron. They produce automotive parts and accesories, including instrument panels and decorative trim. Significant amounts of acetone and methyl ethyl ketone continued to be released up through 1993.
The next site is Stolle Corporation Caradco Co. They produce doors. They report releases of acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and manganese on an irregular basis.
The last site is Vesuvius USA, a maker of valves. They released 1,I ,I-trichloroethane up through 1991.
Over the entire watershed, the TRI data indicate no releases to underground injection, and no transfers to "other" facilities.
2-36 Table 2·20. Total Air Releases for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Advanced Dichloromethane 13945 30353 Filtration Sys. Inc. Methylenebis 500 500 500 56 38 38 (Phenylisocyanate) Baltimore Phosphoric Acid 6196 4680 3397 3818 Aircoi1 Co. Bell Sports Acetone 10335 11786 69134 42407 6962 3237 40000 Inc. Dichloromethane 16335 13305 10886 Glycol Ethers 20147 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 94125 91501 90632 66471 14555 Methyl Isobutyl 14332 Ketone Styrene 10446 21071 37006 1440 Toluene 6270 26832 27853 16918 Clifford-Jacobs Chromium 250 250 250 Forging Co. Nickel 250 250 250 Colwell Sys. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 34034 Inc. Combe Labs. Acetone 567 506 755 Disk-Tee Inc. Diethano1amine 250 250 Freon 113 6508 Eagle Wings Chromium 250 250 5 Ind. Inc. Compounds Cobalt Compounds 250 250 5 5 5 Copper Compounds 250 250 5 5 5 Glycol Ethers 250 250 Lead Compounds 250 250 250 5 5 Manganese 250 250 250 250 250 Compounds Nickel Compounds 250 25 5 5 5 Meadow Gold Ammonia 5 Dairies Inc. Dairy Rantoul Prods. Acetone 28200 28700 11700 21167 19000 34000 Textron Methyl Ethyl Ketone 10000 17900 12100 13380 15600 13100 Methylenebis 71 4 8 7 (Phenylisocyanate) Toluene 32250 Stolle Corp. Acetone 10000 Caradco Co. Methvl Ethvl Ketone 17150
2-37 Table 2-20. Total Air Releases for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs) (continued)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Vesuvius USA I,Ll-Trichloroethane 31415 27331 28013 30254 45775 Corp.
Table 2-21. Total Fugitive Air Releases for TRI Sites in tbe Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 IAdvanced Dichloromethane 2092 4553 Uoiltration Sys. Inc. Inc. Methylenebis 250 250 250 18 15 15 (Phenylisocyanate) lBell Sports Acetone 4091 0 0 0 0 0 0 nco Dichloromethane 16335 13305 0 Toluene 3597 0 0 0 Clifford-Jacobs Chromium 250 250 250 Uoorging Co. Nickel 250 250 250 Colwell Sys. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 34034 nco Combe Labs. Acetone 1 1 5 Disk-Tec Inc. Diethanolamine 250 250 [Meadow Gold Ammonia 5 Dairies Inc. pairy ~antoul Prods. Acetone 7200 5700 2500 8219 9600 17000 ~extron Methyl Ethyl Ketone 10000 11000 8700 10611 13000 10000 Methylenebis 5 0 0 2 (Phenylisocyanate) Toluene 32000 fStolle Corp. Acetone 10000 Caradco Co. Methyl Ethyl Ketone 16900 lVesuvius USA 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 6283 5466 5602 6050 11444 Corp.
2-38 Table 2-22. Total Stack Air Releases for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (lbs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Advanced Dichloromethane 11853 25800 Filtration Sys. Inc. Methylenebis 250 250 250 38 23 23 (Phenylisocyanate) Baltimore Phosphoric Acid 6196 4680 3397 3818 Aircoil Co. Bell Sports Inc. Acetone 6244 11786 69134 42407 6962 3237 40000 Dichloromethane 0 0 10886 Glycol Ethers 20147 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 94125 91501 90632 66471 14555 Methyl Isobutyl 14332 . Ketone Styrene 10446 21071 37006 14403 Toluene 2673 26832 27853 16918 I,--ombe Labs. Acetone 566 505 750 Disk-Tee Inc. Freon 113 6508 Eagle Wings Chromium 250 250 5 nd. Inc. Compounds Cobalt Compounds 250 250 5 5 5 Copper Compounds 250 250 5 5 5 Glycol Ethers 250 250 Lead Compounds 250 250 250 5 5 Manganese 250 250 250 250 250 Compounds Nickel Compounds 250 250 5 5 5 Rantoul Prods. Acetone 21000 23000 9200 12948 9400 17000 Textron Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0 6900 3400 2769 2600 3100 Methylenebis 66 4 8 5 (Pheny!isocyanate) Toluene 250 Stolle Corp. Methyl Ethyl Ketone 250 Caradco Co. Vesuvius USA 1,1, I-Trichloroethane 25132 21865 22411 24204 34331 Corp.
2-39 Table 2-23. Recycling Recovery Transfers for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Bell Sports Inc. Acetone 61550 0 0 0 0 0 C Toluene 6839 0 0 L1ifford-Jacobs Chromium 0 0 0 0 6200 Forging Co. Chromium Compounds 4577 423~ Nickel 0 0 0 0 6200 Nickel Compounds 4577 423~ Eagle Wings Chromium Compounds 0 0 37449 47190 4949C nd. Inc. Cobalt Compounds 0 0 28087 35393 37066 Copper Compounds 0 0 56174 70785 7413" Lead Compounds 0 0 32768 41291 4324 Manganese 0 o 205972 259545 27181~ Compounds Nickel Compounds 0 0 56174 70785 74132 Meadow Gold Phosphoric Acid 0 16000 Dairies Inc. Dairy Rantoul Prods. Acetone 4697 7600 9000 Textron Methyl Ethyl Ketone 645 1500 1200
Table 2-24. Total Transfers to Treatment Facilities for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Advanced Dichloromethane 0 3587 Filtration Sys. Inc. Methylenebis 250 (Phenylisocyanate) Bell Sports Inc. Acetone 0 82656 41929 15923 0 0 0 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 53881 24957 0 Toluene 0 14824 6347 Clifford-Jacobs Chromium 3000 8900 0 0 0 Forging Co. Nickel 2800 9000 0 0 0 Combe Labs. Acetone 1152 818 750 Disk-Tee Inc. Freon 113 6067 Vesuvius USA 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 6613 Corp.
2-40 Table 2-25. Total Transfers to Energy Recovery Facilities for TRl Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (lbs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 ~ell Sports Inc. Acetone 0 0 0 0 5921 9341 0 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 0 0 13748 lEagle Wings Ind. Lead Compounds 0 0 0 250 250 Inc.
Table 2-26. Total Transfers to Disposal Facilities for TRl Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (lbs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Bell Sports Inc. Acetone 0 0 0 0 0 0 17595 O-Xylene 19550 Clifford-Jacobs Chromium 13660 3300 19650 0 0 lForging Co. Chromium 0 2775 Compounds Nickel 17400 5400 20800 0 0 Nickel Compounds 0 2775 lEagle Wings Ind. Glycol Ethers 0 250 Inc. Lead Componnds 250 250 0 0 0 Nickel Compounds 250 0 0 0 0 Stolle Corp. Manganese 2900 Icaradco Co. Compounds
2-41 Table 2·27. Total Transfers to Publicly Owned Treatment and Waste Facilities for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs) .
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Bell Sports Inc. Ethylene Glycol 11684 LJifford-Jacobs Chromium 2 2 2 2 5 Forging Co. Chromium 5 5 Compounds Nickel 2 2 2 2 5 Nickel Compounds 5 5 Disk-Tee Inc. Diethanolamine 21000 38000 21000 Eagle Wings Chromium 0 5 0 0 0 Ind. Inc. Compounds Copper Compounds 0 0 0 5 5 Glycol Ethers 750 250 Lead Compounds 250 5 5 0 0 Manganese 0 0 0 5 5 Compounds Nickel Compounds 250 5 5 5 5 Meadow Gold Ammonium Nitrate 2000 Dairies Inc. (Solution) Dairy
Table 2-28. Land Releases for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 l'-"1ifford-Jacobs Chromium 250 1400 1250 268 1031 forging Co. Chromium 1173 Compounds Nickel 750 1200 1070 268 1031 Nickel Compounds 1173 Flo-Con Sys. Inc. Aluminum (Fume 11179 Or Dust)
2-42
------Table 2-29. Water Releases for TRI Sites in the Headwaters Watershed (Ibs)
Year Name Chemical 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Central Soya Chlorine 250 Co. Inc. Sulfuric Acid 250 lEagle Wings Cobalt Compounds 5 Ind. Inc. Copper Compounds 5 Lead Compounds 250 Manganese 250 Compounds Nickel Compounds 5
2-43
References
American Chemical Society, 1986. RCRA & Laboratories. Washington DC: Department of Government Relations and Science Policy.
Colten, Craig E. 1990. "Historical Hazards: The Geography ofRelict Industrial Wastes." Professional Geographer, 42(2): 143-156.
ENR, 1994. The Changing Illinois Environment: Critical Trends, Volume 5: Waste Generation andManagement. Illinois Department ofEnergy and Natural Resources. ILENRJRE-EA 94/05(5).
Goidel, Eun-Sook and Jim Craig. 1993. "Changes in Reported TRl Releases and Transfers." Pollution Engineering, March 1, 1993: 45.
Harris Selectory ®, 1996. "1996 lllinois Manufacturers Directory on Disc - (20+Emp)", Release 7.0 - IL, ©1995 Harris InfoSource International.
Lewis, Richard J., Sr. 1993. Hawley's Condensed ChemicalDictionary. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Mehnert, Edward and Mary J. Mushrush. 1991. Statewide Inventory ofLand-BasedDisposal Sites: FY '88 Update. Champaign, IL: HWRIC. HWRIC RR-041.
Pishkin, Rauf, 1980. Inventory andAssessment ofSurface Impoundments in Illinois. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency. 4/80 SO Job No. 8943.
USEPA, 1987. "Title III Fact Sheet." United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1987 718-872 - 1302/1280.
USEPA, 1992a. CERCLA/SuperjundOrientationManual. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPN542/R-92/005.
USEPA, 1992b. Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form R and Instructions, Revised 1992 Version. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 745-K-93 001.
USEPA, 1995. 1993 Toxics Release Inventory Public Data Release. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 745-R-95-010.
USEPA, 1996a. "Download." USEPA World Wide Web Page: www.epa.gov/superfundloerr/imprnlproducts/cursites/reports.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA, 1996b. Pre-publication version of "40 CFR Part 372, Advance Notice ofProposed
2-45 Rulemaking (ANPR)." USEPA World Wide Web Page: www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/anprpre.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency. OPPTS-400106; FRL-5387-6.
USEPA, 1996c. "Issues Paper #3." USEPA World Wide Web Page: www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/trip3v6.htm. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
2-46 Appendix
This appendix contains infonnation about the databases used in the Hazardous and Toxic Waste Generation and Management section of Part IV, "Socioeconomic Profile, Environmental Quality, Cultural Resources, and Historical Accounts."
Environmental Databases of Historic and Current Pollution Sources
The content of the databases used in the creation of included maps, tables and text is described in some detail. They are listed in roughly chronological order which incidentally roughly corresponds to their environmental importance. Because the databases are large and complex, only the most relevant environmental information contained in them is examined. It is important to note that some of this data, particularly the TRI data, is available in many fonnats and is widely distributed. Included tables are not intended to single the chosen facilities out; this data is put forward merely as an example.
Assessing Environmental Risks with these Databases
There is much value in all the databases used in these reports. However, data is simply numbers and words on a page or in a computer database, and takes technical knowledge in order to analyze and interpret. Only after becoming familiar with the context and reasonable uses of the data can the user come to an understanding of its worth.
Whether a toxic substance has an impact on lifeforms is based on many factors. They include toxicity of the chemical; amount and duration of exposure; whether, how fast, and under what conditions the chemical degrades or combines with other chemicals; bioconcentration of the chemical in the food chain; the environmental medium to which the chemical has been released; and other factors.
Specifically, it may be very difficult, if not impossible to come to concrete conclusions about the environmental risk posed by toxic and hazardous materials based on the information in these databases alone. Based on all the facts and uncertainties, environmental engineers, or other qualified experts, must look at the full range of complex and interrelated issues in order to draw specific conclusions. Even with expertise, this data may only give an indication of potential problems, leading to further investigation and infonnation gathering before conclusions can be reached.
The interpretation process involved in the creation of databases can also introduce
A-I limitations and errors. In a GIS 1, sometimes features that are in actuality areas are modelled as points. Features and attributes can be mismatched and approximations in data collection may occur. Results of any database search should be verified by field work and/or additional research.
Historical Hazards (HH) Database
WMRC's Historical Hazards (HH) database is based on what is believed to be the best available source of industrial practices prior to the 1970s: the Sanborn fire insurance maps. This data spans the years 1887 to 1950. Illinois State Museum staff under contract to WMRC interpreted and digitized this information and maps into a GIS.
If a particular location listed in the HH data has an apparent potential environmental problem associated with it, the only sure way to see if contamination exists is to do field work including on-site testing. An HH report's primary utility is that it provides a good starting point for this field work.
The main limitations of the HH database result from WMRC's use of the information for a role it was never intended -the productio'n of reports used by environmental consultants doing Phase. 1 assessments in connection with Responsible Property Transfers (RPTs). The originally-required scope was fire insurance information for urban areas, and therefore, the database lists only possible sources of pollutants from industrial facilities, based on research into historical industrial practices and occupational health literature. It should be emphasized that not every historical site with the potential to cause contamination was identified in this process.
Surface Impoundment Inventory (SII) Database
A surface impoundment is a lined or unlined lagoon used for the storage of liquids alone or mixed with solids, usually uncovered. The five use categories are: industry, agriculture, mining, municipal, and oil and gas. The majority are used in the oil and gas industries, with municipal being the next most common. The last update to the georeferenced database used by WMRC was done in 1980, and the status of particular sites may have changed in the interim.
Funding for the Surface Impoundment Assessment which produced the Inventory was provided by the USEPA pursuant to Section 1442(b)(3)(C) of the Safe Drinking Water Act, enacted in 1974. The following agencies provided data: the IEPA, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Liquid Waste Control Association and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.
"The surface impoundment file is a reformatted version of the 1980 inventory of surface impoundments compiled by the Illinois Environmental Agency (IEPA) and
lGIS stands for geographic information systems, and is a computer-based technology used to create databases, and analyze and output data in the fonn of maps, tables, etc.
A-2 contains data for impoundments used for disposal, storage, and/or treatment of liquids. . .The data for sites in the surface impoundment file were not updated because compilation of this file was a one-time effort by IEPA" (Mehnert, 1990). There are 5062 sites listed, with each site averaging 1.5 impoundments.
The main limitation of this database is its age. Current information for mining impoundments may be available from the DNR Office of Mines and Minerals, and for other sites, from the IEPA.
Landfills Database
This database was compiled from 1984 through 1989. Some limited updating was done in 1993. It includes permitted and unpermitted sites. Unpermitted landfills include the classes: random dumps, open dumps, abandoned sites, or other. Some unpermitted landfills are exempt, and others may be illegal. The database includes data from IEPA, Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (NIPC), and county governments. There are 3430 sites listed.
Limitations of this database include inconsistent coverage over the state because not all county governments reported, and the fact that some landfills are referenced by legal descriptions alone, not latitude and longitude. The legal descriptions place the landfill within an approximate one-square-mile area.
Superfund Database
Enacted on December 12, 1980, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was the progenitor of many important environmental laws. On October 17, 1986, CERCLA was amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). The common and inclusive name for these laws and other related ones has become known as Superfund.
"The purpose of the Superfund Program is to address threats to human health or the environment resulting from releases of hazardous substances from abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has the primary responsibility for managing activities under the Superfund program" (USEPA, 1992a).
CERCLA and National Priority List (NPL) data are part of the Superfund. In early 1996 many sites were taken off the active list; these became the Archive Listing. According to text files accompanying the data release, the Archive Listing "lists all sites that were previously listed as contaminated or were suspected of being contaminated, but have subsequently been cleared of contamination or are no longer suspected of contamination. This report was previously called the 'Transition Site!Event Listing'... [The Active sites] report lists all Superfund sites/incidents, addresses, and Congressional districts, and the remedial, removal, and community relations events associated with each site/incident" (USEPA, 1996a).
A-3 The Superfund database used here is a federal listing which includes only the 445 active sites. Discussion on the Archive sites is not included because they are no longer considered hazards. The Illinois EPA maintains a separate list of contaminated sites, not discussed here, which is wider in scope.
Toxies Release Inventory (TRI) and TRI Expansions
"One part of the new SARA provisions is Title III: the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act [EPCRA] of 1986. Title III establishes requirements for Federal, State, and local govemments and industry regarding emergency planning and 'community right-to-know'reporting on hazardous and toxic chemicals.
The community right-to-know provisions of Title III will help increase the public's knowledge of and access to information on the presence of hazardous chemicals in their communities and releases of these chemicals into the environment.
Title III has four major sections...Section 313 is the toxic chemical release reporting emissions inventory" (USEPA, 1987). This is commonly referred to as the Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI.
Under the TRI data are collected "annually on the types and quantities of more than 300 toxic chemicals released and transferred to all environmental media by manufacturing facilities within the United States pursuant to the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act of 1986" (Goidel, 1993). Covered are manufacturing releases to air, land, water and underground injection.
The TRI data release used in these reports includes data starting in 1987 (the very first year) up through 1993, and is vast in factual scope and detail. There are 1921 TRI facilities listed for the state of Illinois, with a total of 70 tables for each facility, some of which contain more than 50 fields. The TRI data can be downloaded from the U.S. EPA's World Wide Web page (see Appendix) in a variety of formats, including ESRI's ARC/INFO GIS format. The TRI data is used by a wide variety of groups and individuals, from industrial and environmental engineers involved in pollution prevention to citizens groups.
Analysis of this data involves in-depth knowledge of computer-based technologies, including GIS to identify facilities in arbitrary geographic areas, and for the study of trends from year-to-year, possibly experience in a database management system (DBMS). These prerequisites may limit the usefulness of the database to the average citizen.
The Pollution Prevention Act
"The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) of 1990 expanded TRI to require reporting about quantities of TRI chemicals managed in waste and about source reduction activities
A-4 undertaken to eliminate or reduce those quantities. Under the PPA, source reduction is considered the preferred approach to managing waste" (USEPA, 1995). Source reduction is further discussed in the "TRl and Pollution Prevention" section of this report. The waste management hierarchy is source reduction first, then recycling, energy recovery, and treatment and disposal, respectively. "Although the total quantity of TRl chemicals is increasing, some movement up the waste management hierarchy is seen in increased recycling and decreased release and disposal" (USEPA, 1995)"
EPA's 33150 Program
The 33/50 Program, an extension of TRl, "is a voluntary pollution prevention initiative that targets 17 high-priority TRl chemicals for reductions in releases and transfers ...The program derives its name from its reduction goals: an interim goal of a 33% reduction in the 1992 reporting year and an ultimate goal of a 50% reduction in the 1995 reporting year, as measured against 1988 data. These goals include all releases, as well as transfers to offsite locations for treatment and disposal. Transfers for recycling and energy recovery are not included because they were not reportable in 1988" (USEPA, 1995). Many of these 17 chemicals are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are among the most-commonly released chemicals.
TRI and Pollution Prevention
The value of TRl data to measure progress in Pollution Prevention (P2), and the expansion of TRl data collection to include more chemicals and chemical use are complex issues, surrounded in controversy.
One important source of uncertainty is the question of the exactness of the data collection and therefore its reliability. Because of the broad scope of TRl, and its recent proposed and realized expansions, the reliability of the data is only as good as the familiarity of a facilities' management and employees with the complex and changing rules and regulations involved. At the center of this issue is the fact that estimations are allowed in data collection.
The facility can use one of four methods to estimate releases when filling out the required "TRl Reporting Form R." Each has a letter code that designates which "method...applies to the largest portion of the total estimated release quantity" (USEPA, 1992b). The estimates are made on: monitoring data or measurements; mass balance calculations; published emissions factors; and engineering calculations or judgement.
Probably the most common means of addressing estimation issues is materials accounting (sometimes called "mass balance" or "input/output" accounting). In simplest terms, it is examining the "amounts of a toxic chemical coming into the facility, amounts transformed in products and wastes, and the resulting amounts leaving the facility site" (USEPA, 1996b). TRl does not currently require this potentially important quantitative information to be reported, but is considering doing
A-5 so, as explained below. Many facilities already collect this infonnation for internal use in order to estimate "fugitive" emissions, which are emissions that escape - they "disappear." This is especially true of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which readily evaporate or volatilize.
The EPA does remain finnly committed to expanding the public's Right-to-Know, because it considers Right-to-Know "to be among the most effective strategies for improving environmental performance" (USEPA, 1996c). The EPA believes that reporting rules need to be expanded to overcome these difficulties, so that clear and concise infonnation, knowledge, and environmental assessments can be extracted from these data. This is evident by the recent expansions of the TRI.
One proposed expansion of the TR1 is the TRI-Phase 3 project, begun in 1993, in which the EPA continues to move the TRl forward with regards to materials accounting. Even though the EPA is, in this case, considering use of non-TRl statutory authorities it is still referred to here as a TRI expansion. Environmental stakeholders generally claim the data collected would be valuable and important,but they are opposed by many industry stakeholders who say the reporting creates a burden, and the data may reveal trade secrets and is of little value to the public. Some industry stakeholders claim that this expansion does not even fall under EPA's mandate.
In November, 1994, as part of a TR1 expansion, 286 chemicals and chemical categories were added to the list, most notably pesticide ingredients. In June, 1996, another major expansion was proposed, which, if enacted, will include the addition of seven new industrial categories: metal mining, coal mining, electric utilities, commercial hazardous waste treatment, petroleum bulk terminals, chemical wholesalers, and solvent recovery services. These are in addition to the 20 other industrial categories which already report.
One of the major reasons the TRI is considered a public policy success story is Pollution Prevention (P2). The idea of P2 is simply to reduce pollutants at the source, by analyzing and altering facilities' production processes and associated waste streams. The collection and use of TRl data has focused much internal attention by facilities and external attention by environmental stakeholders on waste reduction programs. This can create a win-win situation where not only can the facility reduce pollution, but also save substantial amounts of money through reductions in raw materials, waste disposal, labor, paperwork, and oversight.
A prime resource for P2 are experts who work at WMRC and IEPA. They help Illinois companies by examining manufacturing processes and waste streams and suggest ways to reduce or eliminate toxic releases. Detailed pollution prevention case studies are available from the WMRC.
A-6 Contacts for Additional Information
TRI Regional and State Contacts: • USEPA Region V: Thelma Codina (SP-14J) TRI Program Manager Pesticides and Toxics Branch 77 W. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, IL 60604 Voice: (312) 886-6219 FAX: (312) 353-4342
• Illinois: Joe Goodner Office of Chemical Safety Illinois Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 19276 2200 Churchill Road Springfield, IL 62794-9276 Voice: (217) 785-0830 FAX: (217) 782-1431
For Pollution PreventionlEnvironmental Engineering: • Tim Lindsey Waste Management and Research Center One East Hazelwood Drive Champaign, IL 61820 Voice: (217) 244-9940 FAX: (217) 333-8944 e-mail: [email protected]
• Mark Gerberding IEPNOffice of Pollution Prevention Voice: (217) 785-8797
For Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA):
• Main office, Springfield: Voice: (217) 782-5562 TDD: (217) 782-9143
• Region 4 2125 South First Street Champaign, IL 61820 Voice: (217) 333-8361
A-7 For further details on the databases used in this report contact:
• George F. Krumins Waste Management and Research Center One East Hazelwood Drive Champaign, IL 61820 Voice: (217) 244-5776 FAX: (217) 333-8944 e-mail: [email protected]
Online Resources
For those with access, the Internet provides a convenient way to receive news, information and data. Listed are a few related World Wide Web pages:
• Illinois Critical Trends Assessment Program: dnr.state.il.us/ctap/ctaphome.htm • Toxics Release Inventory: www.epa.gov/opptintr/tri/ • Superfund Home Page: www.epa.gov/superfundl • U. S. EPA Region 5 Home Page: www.epa.govlRegion5/ • Search the Federal Register of the Government Printing Office: www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs/aces/acesI40.html • Envirofacts Querying Capability; search seven different EPA databases: www.epa.gov/enviro/html/eCquery.html • Waste Management and Research Center (WMRC): www.hazard.uiuc.edu/wmrc/
WMRC Information Services
The Waste Management and Research Center (formerly Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center - HWRIC), a division of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) serves the citizens of Illinois through four programs: Information Services, Pollution Prevention, Research, and Laboratory services.
Information Services includes reports, factsheets, and brochures; literature searches of WMRC's in-house library and article citation databases; computer databases including GIS databases used for environmental reports.
A-8 Among other uses, reports are frequently requested by environmental consultants involved in Phase I assessments for responsible property transfers (RPTs)2.
2 In January, 1990, the Illinois Responsible Property Transfer Act went into effect. If buyers of real estate exercise "due diligence" and they buy contaminated property, they might possibly avoid the potentially devastating costs of remediation. This means if the buyer conducts an environmental assessment or review of the property's past uses, prior to acquiring title, they may not be culpable. The exact legal definition of "due diligence" is beyond the scope of this report.
A-9
PART III ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 3-1 Archaeological Resources ofthe Headwaters Area 3-5 Selected References, Headwaters Area 3-12
List ofFigures
Figure 3-1. All Archaeological Components 3-14 Figure 3-2. Unidentified Prehistoric Archaeological Components 3-15 Figure 3-3. Paleo-Indian Archaeological Components 3-16 Figure 3-4. Unidentified Archaic Archaeological Components 3-17 Figure 3-5. Early Archaic Archaeological Components 3-18 Figure 3-6. Middle Archaic Archaeological Components 3-19 Figure 3-7. Late Archaic Archaeological Components 3-20 Figure 3-8 Unidentified Woodland Archaeological Components 3-21 Figure 3-9. Early Woodland Archaeological Components 3-22 Figure 3-10. Middle Woodlano Archaeological Components 3-23 Figure 3-11. Late Woodland Archaeological Components 3-24 Figure 3-12. Mississippian Archaeological Components 3-25 Figure 3-13. Upper Mississippian Archaeological Components 3-26 Figure 3-14. Protohistoric Archaeological Components 3-27 Figure 3-14. Unidentified Historic Archaeological Components 3-28 Figure 3-16. Historic Native American Archaeological Components 3-29 Figure 3-17. Historic Colonial Archaeological Components ; 3-30 Figure 3-18. Historic Pioneer Archaeological Components 3-31 Figure 3-19. Historic Frontier Archaeological Components 3-32 Figure 3-20. Historic Early Industrial Archaeological Components 3-33 Figure 3-21. Historic Urban Industrial Archaeological Components 3-34 Figure 3-22. Historic Postwar Archaeological Components 3-35
List of Tables
Table 1. Chronological Framework for Illinois Culture History 3-2 Table 2. Archaeological Resources in the Headwaters Area 3-7
Archaeological Resources in the Headwaters Assessment Area
Introduction
Illinois has long been the subject of archaeological research. This interest stemmed initially from recognition of a rich and complex record ofhuman settlement and cultures in and near the major river valleys in the state. More recently it has been recognized that smaller streams, uplands, and headwater areas have an equally long, though perhaps not as complex, record of prehistoric and historic use. Study of cultural resources in upland and headwater areas can provide valuable information that may complement or otherwise enhance our knowledge ofcultural developments that took place in the major river valleys.
Over the past century, archaeologists have developed a framework of cultural history for the 12,000 years ofhuman occupation that has been documented in the state (Table I). In the process of constructing this framework, archaeologists have developed and contributed to a still-growing body of knowledge about human culture and earth history. Using interdisciplinary and evolutionary approaches, archaeological research has contributed to our understanding of both present and past climate, plant and animal communities, and landscapes. In our present framework, Illinois culture history has been divided into a series oftemporal periods. Each period is associated with fundamentally different cultures and ways of life, as indicated by the material culture or artifacts which are the remains of human habitation. The basic unit of study in archaeological research is the site--a location where artifacts are found. Documentation of sites associated with various temporal periods and study of the distribution of sites on the landscape provides opportunities to refine our understanding ofthe past and to investigate how human cultures have developed and adapted to changing environmental and social conditions.
To the best ofour present knowledge, human history in Illinois begins with the arrival of Native Americans during the terminal stages of the last glaciation. During the Paleo Indian period, people lived in environmental conditions very different from any found in the state today. This initial period of human settlement was characterized by coniferous forests and the presence of several animal species that are either extinct (mammoth and mastodon, for example) or which now inhabit regions farther north. Paleo-Indian sites as a rule are rare, small, and have few artifacts. Paleo-Indian people appear to have been hunters and gatherers that were completely dependent on seasonal availability of resources for their survival.
3-1 Table I. Chronological Framework for Illinois Culture History
Period Sub-Period Calendar Years (Dates indicate beginning ofperiod)
Postwar A.D. 1946 Urban Industrial A.D. 1901 Early Industrial A.D. 1871 Frontier A.D. 1841 Pioneer A.D. 1781 Colonial A.D. 1650 Historic A.D. 1650 Protohistoric A.D. 1500 Upper Mississippian Oneota A.D. 1400 Mississippian A.D. 900 Late Woodland A.D. 300 Middle Woodland 200 B.C. Early Woodland 1000 B.C. Woodland 1000 B.c. Late Archaic 3000 B.C. Middle Archaic 6000 B.C. Early Archaic 8000 B.C. Archaic 8000 B.c. Paleo-Indian 10000 B.C. Prehistoric Indeterminate
3-2 During the Archaic period, more modem climatic conditions prevailed, with plant and animal communities found at or near their present distributions. During this period (8000-1000 B.C.), Native Americans continued their hunting and gathering practices, but by the end ofthe period were cultivating several native plants for seeds, and systematic horticulture was being practiced. In and near many of the larger stream valleys, more permanent communities were developed during the Middle Archaic sub-period. These more substantial sites served as bases from which people embarked on hunting and gathering trips into upland or other settings for the purpose ofacquiring specific types of resources. The Archaic period began with the advent ofmore modem climatic conditions. Between 6000 and 2000 B.C., there was a period of markedly warmer and drier conditions which led to the establishment ofprairie vegetation communities in the interior of the state, especially in the Headwaters Area. During this time of warmer and drier conditions, Native American settlements appear to be found closer to streams or other permanent water bodies.
Characteristics of the Woodland Period include greater dependence on cultivated plants, long-lasting villages often associated with construction of mounds that served as cemeteries, elaboration oflong-distance trade networks, and widespread use of pottery vessels. During the Middle Woodland sub-period, mound construction and long-distance trade was most elaborate, resulting in a period of pan-regional social integration associated with indications of social differentiation. During the Late Woodland sub period, com became a food staple for the first time, and the bow-and-arrow became the weapon of choice, largely replacing the spear thrower.
During the Mississippian Period we see the development of socially and economically complex societies. There was strong emphasis on cultivated crops, especially com, beans, squash, and a host of indigenous plants that are now regarded as weeds. A powerful elite social class oversaw construction ofmonumental public works projects, including plazas and large earthen mounds in the center of larger towns. Mississippian culture spread throughout the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries and into the southeastern United States. Artistic styles and cultural materials associated with Mississippian cultures are found in virtually all portions of the state. This cultural adaptation affected many people located well outside of its original heartland in the central Mississippi River valley.
In general, Upper Mississippian and Protohistoric cultures are poorly documented. Most sites ofthese time periods appear to be concentrated in major river valleys, but there is some indication of dispersed communities in upland and small valley settings. Some elements of Mississippian culture, such as intensive gardening, persist into later times, but the social differentiation and large-scale earthwork construction diminishes greatly by A.D. 1400.
From the late 17th century, French missionaries, traders and explorers offer the first
3-3 I
I
written accounts ofNative American lifeways in Illinois. From these accounts comes the identification of specific Native American tribes and more detailed documentation of everyday life. Historical documents also provide information about European and Euro American lifeways on the frontier. Few sites are recognized for the Colonial Historic sub-period, but increasing European and Euro-American influences and settlement provide more cultural material and sites associated with the Pioneer Historic sub-period.
The increasing Euro-American presence also resulted in greater conflicts between Native Americans and European settlers. The conflicts culminated in the early 19th century with the Black Hawk War, after which tribes were required to move west across the Mississippi River. By the beginning of the Frontier Historic sub-period, Native American settlements in Illinois are generally absent, and Euro-American settlement has spread throughout the state, even into upland and headwater areas.
Written history does not adequately record many aspects of daily life; instead, written histories often focus on singular events or persons. We have learned that archaeological investigations can provide insight into past cultural behavior that supplements and expands upon knowledge gained from written historic records. Increasingly, archaeologists are exploring the combined written and material record ofthe past two centuries to provide a more comprehensive interpretation ofhuman history, including both Native American and Euro-American cultures.
3-4 ,------
Archaeological Resources of the Headwaters Area
When compared with other regions in Illinois, archaeologists have conducted comparatively little work in the Headwaters Assessment Area Watershed (HAAW). This is not surprising, given the focus in the preceding section on cultural developments that took place in major river valleys. Virtually all ofthe research to date has consisted of identifYing and documenting sites through systematic and nonsystematic surveys. Some ofthe earliest systematic surveys performed in the HAAW were the Historic Sites Surveys ofthe early 1970s (Drolet and Clouse 1974; Phillips and Clouse 1975). A variety of small- and medium-scale highway construction projects have contributed greatly to our current understanding of site distributions and site density. The largest single systematic survey conducted in this area was performed for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in preparation for the proposed Middle Fork (Vermilion River) Reservoir in Vermilion County (Carmichael 1976; Riley et al. 1975). While the reservoir was never impounded, survey ofthe flood basin and surrounding uplands resulted in documentation of over 200 sites. Another large project was survey of the Middle Fork River Forest Preserve, located upstream from the proposed Middle Fork Reservoir in Champaign County (Murphy 1978). Recently, the University of Illinois Public Service Archaeology Program has conducted several small- to medium-scale surveys (e.g. Adams 1996) in the vicinity of Champaign-Urbana, and sites continue to be documented.
Based on information recorded in the electronic data base ofthe Illinois Archaeological Survey site files as of March 27,1997,824 archaeological sites have been recorded in the HAAW (Figure I). These range in age from Paleo-Indian through the Postwar Industrial periods. While this figure may seem large, it is important to know that relatively few of these sites have been assigned to specific temporal periods. Most are recorded simply as unidentified historic or unidentified prehistoric sites. In addition; records of surveyed areas maintained with the site files indicate that less than 2% ofthe total HAAW area has been subjected to systematic archaeological survey. Our current understanding of site distributions in the HAAW is therefore tenuous.
When it comes to information obtained from systematically excavated sites, our knowledge is even more attenuated. Excavation has been limited to a few sites that nonetheless shed important light on our understanding of some time periods. Excavated sites will be discussed in appropriate paragraphs below.
The overall site distribution generally follows major and minor streams in the HAAW, though several sites, especially those with later Historic components, have little obvious relationship to the present-day distribution of surface water resources. Several sites have more than one cultural unit or time period represented. These separable units are called "components." The total number ofrecorded components is 939 (Table 2). Ofthese, just over half (50.7%) are unidentified or culturally indeterminate prehistoric sites (Figure 2)
3-5 because no temporally or culturally diagnostic artifacts have been found on them.
Only five Paleo-Indian components (0.5% of total components) are recorded in the HAAW (Figure 3). These show no clustering in any portion of the watershed area. Sites with components assignable to an undifferentiated Archaic period (Figure 4) account for 127 of the recorded components (13.5%). These sites produced artifacts assignable to the Archaic period (8000 to 1000 B.C.), but could not be associated with any more specific subperiod (early, middle or late) within this broad time span. The distribution of these sites is similar to the unidentified prehistoric sites (Figure 2). More specific temporal assignment was available for 23 (2.4%) sites with Early Archaic components (Figure 5), 15 sites (1.6%) with Middle Archaic components (Figure 6), and 35 sites (3.7%) with Late Archaic components (Figure 7). It is interesting that the number of Middle Archaic components is lower than other Archaic subperiods represented. This subperiod (6000 to 3000 B.c.) corresponds closely to a time when climatic conditions were warmer and drier than today. Prairie vegetation probably became established in the region during this time span and the lower number ofarchaeological sites dating to this period may reflect less favorable conditions for human occupation.
3-6 Table 2. Archaeological Resources in the Headwaters Assessment Area Watershed. Period Sub-Period Calendar Years Number of (Dates indicate beginning of period) Components
Postwar A.D. 1946 4 Urban Industrial A.D. 1901 10 Early Industrial A.D. 1871 14 Frontier A.D. 1841 3 Pioneer A.D. 1781 1 Colonial A.D. 1650 1 Native American A.D. 1650 I Historic Unidentified A.D. 1650 61 Protohistoric A.D. 1500 0 Upper Mississippian Oneota A.D. 1400 0 Mississippian A.D. 900 42 Late Woodland A.D. 300 35 Middle Woodland 200 B.C. 21 Early Woodland 1000 B.C. 10 Woodland Unidentified 1000 B.C. 55 Late Archaic 3000 B.C. 35 Middle Archaic 6000 B.C. 15 Early Archaic 8000 B.C. 23 Archaic Unidentified 8000 B.C. 127 Paleo-Indian 10000 B.C. 5 Prehistoric Indeterminate 10000 B.C. 476
Total 939
3-7 Sites with undifferentiated Woodland period components (Figure 8) account for 55 (5.9%) ofthe recorded components. As with the Archaic period, some sites were assignable to more specific subperiods. Early Woodland sites (Figure 9) are difficult to identifY, resulting in poor representation in many regions in the state. Early Woodland sites account for only ten (1.1 %) of the recorded components. Middle Woodland components (Figure 10) are slightly more numerous, accounting for 21 (2.2%) ofthe reported components. Late Woodland sites (Figure II) are even more numerous, with 35 components recognized (3.7%). There is a spatial cluster of Late Woodland sites in the Middle Fork Vermilion River valley near the eastern margin ofthe HAAW. This cluster may be associated with the Collins site complex, which has been interpreted as a major Late Woodland and Mississippian ceremonial complex based on excavations conducted during the early 1970s (Douglas 1970, 1973, 1976). Three sites in this complex (II-V IS, 82, and 394) have been placed on the National Register ofHistoric Places as an archaeological district (Collins National Register District).
Mississippian components (Figure 12) are still more numerous, accounting for 42 (4.5%) ofthe recorded components. This increase in Mississippian components relative to Late Woodland components is surprising, given that the Mississippian period in general is characterized by population aggregation in major river valleys. The substantial representation of Mississippian sites may be related to continued importance of the Collins site complex in the local settlement system. No sites have been recognized that contain either Upper Mississippian (Figure 13) or Protohistoric (Figure 14) archaeological remains. This absence is consistent with trends in population distributions throughout the Midwest for these latest prehistoric periods.
Collectively, Historic period components account for 95 (10.1 %) ofthe recorded components. Almost two-thirds (n = 61; 6.5%) ofthe Historic period components are undifferentiated and cannot be assigned to a specific temporal subperiod (Figure 15). Only one site (0.1%) is identified as Historic Native American, (Figure 16), but this site has regional significance as the Grand Village of the Kickapoo (l1-MI-21). Test excavations were conducted at this village and an associated Kickapoo fort (l1-MI-5) in the 1950s and early 1960s (Brigham 1960). The cultural material recovered from this site has provided data for two master's theses (Berkeson 1992; Smith 1978), both of which have provided valuable insights into early Historic Native American lifeways. Nearby, but umelated to the Kickapoo village, is the single site in the HAAW assigned to the Historic Colonial period (Figure 17). This site (l1-MI-6) is the location ofa battle where the Fox were defeated by combined French and Indian allied forces in 1730. William Brigham conducted test excavations at the site in the I 940s and in 1962, according to the Historic Pioneer components (Figure 18) Historic Frontier components (Figure 19) are few in number (one and three, respectively), and they cluster near the present location of Champaign-Urbana. lAS site file data. More recently, Stelle (1992) of Parkland College
3-8 has conducted limited test excavations at the site.
Historic Pioneer components (Figure 18) and Historic Frontier components (Figure 19) are few in number (one and three sites, respectively), and they cluster near the present location ofChampaign-Urbana. This paucity ofsites reflects low historic settler population densities in the upland prairies of Illinois until after expansion of railways and establishment oftowns as economic and service centers. Almost all sites assigned to later Historic subperiods -- Historic Early Industrial (14 or 1.5%), Historic Urban Industrial (10 or 1.1 %), and Historic Postwar (4 or 0.4%) -- cluster near the Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area (Figures 20 through 22). Historic assemblages are under-represented partially because they were not systematically documented in the early Historic Sites Surveys. More recently, archaeologists have recognized the contribution that these sites can make to our understanding ofhistorical and social processes, and they have been more systematically documented.
Little formal analysis has been conducted on these site distribution data, either in terms of Historic or Prehistoric period settlement patterns. In spite ofthis lack offormal analysis, examination ofthe composite site distribution ofall sites documented in the HAAW (Figure I) compared to any specific temporal period (Figures 2-22), suggests possible avenues for future investigation. Gross correlations may be made between site locations and specific environmental parameters such as distance to permanent surface water, economic centers, transportation corridors, etc. that are assumed to be of importance to both historic or prehistoric occupants ofthe area. These types of general analyses may lay the ground work for more formal predictive models for site locations or other types ofsettlement system analyses. It is clear from the density of sites recorded in the Middle Fork Reservoir area (east-central portion ofall maps) that the region was continuously occupied for the last 12,000 years, in spite ofmajor changes in both social and physical environments over this time span. The only possible exceptions to this observation are the latest prehistoric periods (Upper Mississippian/Protohistoric) dating between about A.D. 1400 and A.D. 1650. The archaeological signatures of sites dating to these time periods are difficult to define, and the apparent absence ofsites assigned to these components may be more an effect ofour current state of knowledge about this period oftime than the absence of regional occupants.
The density of sites recorded in the Middle Fork Reservoir area indicates that even in these headwater and upland settings, there is good potential for encountering archaeological sites of virtually all time periods. This is especially true for areas within or adjacent to permanent stream valleys but should also hold true for uplandlheadwater areas as well. Wherever systematic survey ofcontiguous blocks has covered more than 25 or 30 acres in this region, archaeological resources have almost always been found. Finally, this region, like others in the state, has been subjected to differential use and modification through time. Because ofdifferences in hunter-gatherer versus later horticultural and agricultural adaptive strategies, Archaic period sites are more likely to
3-9 be found in upland settings away from pennanent streams than are either Woodland, Mississippian, or Historic period sites. One transfonnation of the landscape that significantly affects our ability to document sites and understand settlement pattems is the rapid and dense accumulation of sediment in flood plains as a result of historic agricultural practices. In even minor tributary streams, historic alluvium often completely covers the latest prehistoric ground surface, obscuring sites and affecting current interpretations of both historic and prehistoric settlement and land use. Archaeological site surveys should account for both prehistoric settlement patterns and historic transfonnations of the landscape that affect our current understanding of these patterns.
3-10 Acknowledgments
Dr. Dale Henning and Dr. Michael Wiant provided comments on draft versions of this summary report. The illustrations were prepared by Dr. Erich Schroeder using the ARC/INFO Geographic Information System program and data from the Illinois Archaeological Survey site files. Nicholas Klobuchar, site file manager, provided additional information on specific sites and their attributes, site distributions, and surveyed areas. I fully acknowledge their assistance, without which this report could not have been completed. Errors ofomission or fact in this report, however, are the sole responsibility of the author.
I,
3-11 Selected References for Archaeological Resources in the Headwaters Assessment Area Watershed
Adams, Brian. 1996. Archaeological Reconnaissance of 160 Acres for the University of Illinois Pell Farm Divestiture in Champaign County, Illinois. Illinois Historic Preservation Agency Archaeological Survey Short Report, Document No. 7731. Public Service Archaeology Program Project No. 95-19, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Berkeson, Alice. 1992. Cultural Resistance of the Prairie Kickapoo at the Grand Village, McLean County, Illinois. Master's Thesis, Department of History. Illinois State University, Normal.
Brigham, William B. 1960. The Grand Kickapoo Village and Associated Fort in the Illinois Wilderness. In Indian Mounds and Villages in Illinois, edited by E. A. Bluhm, pp.91-100. Illinois Archaeological Survey Bulletin 2. University ofIllinois, Urbana.
Carmichael, David. 1976. Archaeological Survey of Uplands Adjacent to the Middle Fork of the Vermilion River, East-Central Illinois. Appendices I, II, and III. Report submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Louisville District by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Celmer, Gaile C. 1976. Archaeological Survey of the Grand Prairie in East-Central Illinois. In Preliminary Report o/the 1976 Historic Sites Survey: Archaeological Reconnaissance o/SelectedAreas in the State 0/Illinois. Part I, Section A, pp. 45-55. Report submitted to the U. S. National Park Service and the Illinois Department of Conservation. Illinois State Museum Society, Springfield.
Douglas, John G. 1970. Salvage Archaeology in the Middle Fork Reservoir: Excavations at the Collins Site. Report submitted to the Illinois Department of Conservation by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign.
----- 1973. Salvage Archaeology in the Middle Fork Reservoir: Excavations at the Collins Site and Indian Springs Mound, 1971-1972 (interim report). Manuscript on file at the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
----- 1976. Collins: A Late Woodland Ceremonial Complex in the Woodfordian Northeast. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
3-12 Drolet, Robert and Robert A. Clouse. 1974. An Archaeological Survey of the Iroquois River Drainage and Selected Portions of the Vermilion River Basin. In Preliminary Report ofthe 1973 Historic Sites Survey: Archaeological Reconnaissance ofSelected Areas in the State ofIllinois. Part I, Section B, pp. 112-124. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation.
Murphy, Susan. 1978. Archaeological Survey and Literature Search of the Middle Fork River Forest Preserve, Champaign County, Illinois. Report submitted to the Champaign County Forest Preserve by the Department of Anthropology, University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Phillips, James A. And Robert A. Clouse. 1975. An Archaeological Survey of the Iroquois and Vermilion River Valleys. In Preliminary Report ofthe 1974 Historic Sites Survey. Archaeological Reconnaissance ofSelected Areas in the State ofIllinois. Part I, Section A, pp. 120-138. Report prepared by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and submitted to the U.S. National Park Service and Illinois Department of Conservation.
Riley, Thomas J., Michael Michlovic, and Shaun Sullivan. 1975. The Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Middle Fork Reservoir Floodpool Area. Report submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Louisville District by the Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Smith, Charles R. 1978. The Grand Village of the Kickapoo: An Historic Site. M.S. Thesis, Department of History. Illinois State University, Normal.
Stelle, Lenville J. 1992. History and Archaeology: The 1730 Mesquakie Fort. In Calumet and Fleur-de-Lis: Archaeology ofIndian and French Contact in the Midcontinent, edited by J.A. Walthall and T.E. Emerson, pp. 265-307. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
3-13 5 0 510151111•• 5 0 5 10 15 20 ICIlomol.ra o Archaeological site ( n = 832) lAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3-{. All archaeological components. 6 0 6 10 16 Mil" 6 0 6 10 15 211 lIlfomel... I o Archaeological site ( n =481) JAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3-2. Unidentified Prehistoric archaeological components.
------5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 20 IGlomote.. I o Archaeological site ( n =5) lAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3~. Pal~dian archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15Mlin 5 0 5 10 15 20 IQIomell.. ! o Archaeological site (n = 127) JAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3-4. Unidentified An:haic archaeological components. -:;:
5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. I 5 0 5 10 15 2D IGlomlle" o Archaeological site (n =24) lAS Database: April 21. 1997 , . -.
Figure 3-5. Early Archaic archaeological components. ;
& 0 & 10 1& Mil.. & 0 & 10 15 20 IOr.molo.. ! o Archaeological site (n = 15) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-6. Middle Archaic archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15MU.. 5 0 5 10 15 III lIllomet... ! o Archaeological site ( n = 36) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3.::{. Late AIchaic an:haeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 2D ICIlomol." I o Archaeological site ( n = 55) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-8. Unidentified Woodland archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 ..11.. 5 0 5 10 15 2D IGlomol'" ! o Archaeological site ( n = 10) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-9. Early Woodland an:haeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 20 IGlomot." I o Archaeological site (n = 21) lAS Database: April 21, 1997 .., • <:;
Figure 3-10. Middle Woodland an:haeological components. i'·
o Archaeological site ( n =35) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-4 1. Late Woodland an:haeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil•• 5 0 5 10 15 2lI IGlomlllll 1 o Archaeological site ( n = 42) lAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3-t2. Mississippian archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 IS Mil.. 5 0 5 10 IS 20 IGlomll'" I o Archaeological site ( n = 0) lAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 343. Upper Mississippian archaeological components. 5;""':'!i~0~~g!;5~;;;;;;~'~0~E"~1~5 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 2lI IGlomet,.. o Archaeological site ( n = 0) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-14. Protohistoric archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil" 5 0 5 10 15 20 ICIlom'I'" I o Archaeological site (n = 61) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-15. Unidentified Historic an:haeological components. ,:,
"
6 0 6 10 16 Mil.. 6 0 6 10 16 20 IQlomot'" I o Archaeological site (n =1) lAS Database: April 2I. 1997
Figure 3-16. Historic Native American archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 20 MII.mot." I o Archaeological site ( n =I) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3"'/7. Historic Colonial an:haeological components. & 0 & 10 1& Mil" & 0 5 10 15 2D IGlomoto" I o Archaeological site (n = 1) lAS Database: April 21. ~997
Figure 3-48. Historic Pioneer m:haeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 2ll IQlomot... I o Archaeological site ( n = 4) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-19. Historic Frontier archaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mlle. 5 0 5 10 IS 20 Illiomll"" I o Archaeological site ( n =18) IAS Database: April 21. 1997
Figure 3-20. Historic Early IndustriallllChaeological components. 5 0 5 10 15 Mil.. 5 0 5 10 15 2lI IIIlomotero ! o Archaeological site (n = 14) lAS Database: April 21, 1997
Figure 3-2.1. Historic Urban Industrial archaeological components. · ' S 0 5 10 15 Mila & 0 S 10 IS 211 IGJOIlllleIi I o Archaeological site ( n =7) lAS Database: April 21. ~997
Figure 3-22. Historic Postwar archaeological components.
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