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Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed by WILLIAM P

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Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed by WILLIAM P ISWS/RI-107/87 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION 107 STATE OF ILLINOIS ILLINOIS DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed by WILLIAM P. FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM C. BOGNER, and NANI G. BHOWMIK ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY CHAMPAIGN 1987 REPORT OF INVESTIGATION 107 Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed by WILLIAM P. FITZPATRICK, WILLIAM C. BOGNER, and NANI G. BHOWMIK Title: Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed. Abstract: One of the end products of erosion is the accumulation of sediment in lakes and reser- voirs, which results in the degradation and impairment of use of these water bodies. Lake Decatur, a water supply reservoir in the Upper Sangamon River watershed in east-central Illinois. has lost one-third of its storage capacity to sedimentation since its construction in 1922. The lake has been surveyed six times (in 1931-1932, 1936, 1946, 1956, 1966, and 1983) for the purpose of determin- ing sediment accumulation rates. This report includes information on the history of the lake and on the physical and geological characteristics of the Upper Sangamon watershed. Changes in reser- voir storage capacity over time and the temporal, spatial, and geotechnical variations in sediment deposition are analyzed. Also presented is an analysis of the relative contribution of sediment from various areas of the watershed. Over the period 1922-1983 Lake Decatur lost 9100 acre-feet of storage capacity through the accumulation of 9,830,000 tons of sediment. On the average each acre of watershed delivered 21.4 tons of soil to the lake over this 61-year period. Rates of sediment accumulation have generally decreased over time. The 15% of the watershed area nearest the lake contributed approximately one-half of the sediment in the lake. Reference: Fitzpatrick, William P., William C. Bogner, and Nani G. Bhowmik. Sedimentation and Hydrologic Processes in Lake Decatur and Its Watershed. Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Report of Investigation 107, 1987. Indexing Terms: Bank erosion, erosion, hydrographic surveying, hydrology, Lake Decatur, lake sedimentation, particle size, reservoir sedimentation, sedimentation, trap efficiency, unit-weight density, Upper Sangamon River. STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. JAMES R. THOMPSON, Governor DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES DON ETCHISON, Ph.D., Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION Don Etchison, Ph.D., Chairman Walter E. Hanson, M.S., Engineering Seymour O. Schlanger, Ph.D., Geology H. S. Gutowsky, Ph.D., Chemistry Robert L. Metcalf, Ph.D., Biology Judith Liebman, Ph.D. University of Illinois John C. Guyon, Ph.D. Southern Illinois University STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION RICHARD G. SEMONIN, B.S., Chief CHAMPAIGN 1987 Printed by authority of the State of Illinois (4-87-300) CONTENTS PAGE Abstract ......................... ...... 1 Introduction ....................... ...... 1 Scope ......................... ...... 2 Acknowledgments .................... ...... 2 Dam and reservoir .................... ...... 3 History of Decatur waterworks ............. ...... 3 Decatur dam and reservoir ............... ...... 5 Pre-dam valley topography ............. ...... 6 Shoreline usage and recreation ........... ...... 6 Water quality ................... ...... 8 Physical and geological characteristics of the watershed . ...... 8 Climate ........................ ...... 8 Physiography and geology ............... ...... 9 Soils ......................... ...... 15 Agricultural land use ................. ...... 15 Erosion and conservation ............... ...... 19 Gross erosion rates. ................ ...... 19 Conservation efforts ................ ...... 21 Sangamon River .................... ...... 22 Average discharge ................. 22 High and low flows ................. ...... 23 Pre-1983 surveys, methods, and results .......... ...... 26 1930 reconnaissance survey .............. ...... 26 1931-1932 survey ................... ...... 26 1936 survey ...................... ...... 28 1946 survey ...................... ...... 29 1956 survey ...................... ...... 30 1966 survey ...................... ...... 31 1983 reservoir sedimentation survey ........... ...... 32 Surveying and sampling techniques ........... ...... 32 Analyses of data ................... ...... 36 Cross-sectional profiles .............. ...... 36 Hydrographic map .................. ...... 43 Stage area and stage capacity relationships .... ...... 46 Delivery ratio, sediment yield, and trap efficiency ...... 46 Bridge causeways, scour holes, and sand distribution ...... 48 Lake bed sediment characteristics ............ ...... 51 Density ........................ ...... 52 Particle size ..................... ...... 54 Sediment core samples ................. ...... 57 Sedimentation rates ................... ...... 62 Sedimentation rates by volume ............. ...... 62 Sedimentation rates by weight ............. ...... 64 Sedimentation rates and watershed erosion ....... ...... 67 Sources of sediment to Lake Decatur ........... ...... 67 Lakeshore bank erosion ................ ...... 68 Big and Sand Creek watersheds ............. ...... 71 Valley bluff watersheds ................ ...... 73 Sangamon River above Monticello ............ ...... 74 Sangamon River below Monticello and above Lake Decatur ...... 75 Factors influencing the variability of sedimentation rates in Lake Decatur ........................... 76 Summary ............................... 78 Overview of the study area .................... 78 Dam and reservoir ....................... 78 Watershed ........................... 78 Sangamon River ......................... 79 Results .............................. 79 References .............................. 81 Appendices Appendix 1. Lake Decatur particle size and unit weight analysis . 85 Appendix 2. Primoid--a FORTRAN program for the Calculation of lake volumes . 89 Funds derived from University of Illinois administered grants and contracts were used to produce this report. SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES IN LAKE DECATUR AND ITS WATERSHED by William P. Fitzpatrick, William C. Bogner, and Nani G. Bhowmik ABSTRACT One of the end products of erosion is the accumulation of sediment in lakes and reservoirs, which results in the degradation and impairment of use of these water bodies. Lake Decatur, a water supply reservoir in the Upper Sangamon River watershed in east-central Illinois, has lost one-third of its storage capacity to sedimentation since its construction in 1922. The lake has been surveyed six times (in 1931-1932, 1936, 1946, 1956, 1966, and 1983) for the purpose of determining sediment accumulation rates. These surveys represent the most extensive investigation of reservoir sedimentation in Illinois. This report presents the results of the last survey as well as an analysis of previous surveys and investigations. It includes a compilation of information on the history of the lake and on the physical and geological characteristics of the Upper Sangamon watershed. Changes in reservoir storage capacity over time and the temporal, spatial, and geotechnical variations in sediment deposition are analyzed. Also presented is an analysis of the relative contribution of sediment from various areas of the watershed. Over a 61-year period (1922-1983) Lake Decatur lost 9100 acre-feet of storage capacity through the accumulation of 9,830,000 tons of sediment. On the average each acre of watershed delivered 21.4 tons of soil to the lake over this 61 -year period. Rates of sediment accumulation have generally decreased over time. The highest annual rate was for the period 1936-1946 (0.36 tons per acre), the lowest annual rate was observed for the period 1946-1956 (0.17 tons per acre), and the annual rate for the period 1966-1983 (0.26 tons per acre) was near the 61-year annual average of 0.27 tons per acre. The 15% of the watershed area nearest the lake contributed approximately one-half of the sediment in the lake. INTRODUCTION This report is a product of the continuing long-term research of the Illinois State Water Survey (ISWS) into the process of lake and reservoir sedimentation in Illinois. The purpose of the report is to document the regional characteristics of the watershed, the pattern of sedimentation in Lake Decatur, and the nature of the sediment in the lake, and to assess the relative contribution of sediment from major source areas. This report presents the results of the 1983 sedimentation survey of Lake Decatur, which was a cooperative project between ISWS and the City of 1 Decatur. Lake Decatur is the water supply reservoir for the city and is the sole source of water for the city’s industries and 100,000 residents. The basic purpose of this survey was to determine the current volume of Lake Decatur and to calculate the past rates of volume loss and sediment accumulation. The lake was surveyed five times previously, in 1931- 1932, 1936, 1946, 1956, and 1966. The 1983 survey was conducted during the period June through August. The previous surveys of Lake Decatur provide some of the most complete documentation available of lake sedimentation processes in Illinois. This report presents an analysis of the data from the earlier surveys. Some of the information presented in this report was previously published in Illinois State Water Survey Contract Report 342, Sedimentation Survey of Lake Decatur, Decatur, Illinois (Bogner et al., 1984). Scope This report presents information
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