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Technical Sustainability Projects in Case of De Al TECHNICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN CASE OF DEBERE ELIAS WOREDA MSc THESIS WUBAMILAK ALEHEGN DESSALEGN ADVISOR: Dr. Ing. KINFE KASSA CO-ADVISOR: Mr. BESHAH MOGESSE (MSc.) May, 2015 Arba Minch, Ethiopia TECHNICAL SUSTAINABILITY OF RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS IN CASE OF DEBERE ELIAS WOREDA WUBAMILAK ALEHEGN DESSALEGN ADVISOR: Dr. Ing. KINFE KASSA CO-ADVISOR: Mr. BESHAH MOGESSE (MSc.) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF WATER SUPPLIES, INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY, SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ARBA MINCH A UNIVERSITYIN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OFMASTER OF SCIENCE IN HYDROLOGY May, 2015 Arba Minch, Ethiopia II Declaration I declare that the work in this dissertation was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s Regulations and Code of Practice for Taught Postgraduate Programmers and that it has not been submitted for any other academic award. Except where indicated by specific reference in the text, this work is my own work. Work done in collaboration with, or with the assistance of others, is indicated as such. We have identified all material in this dissertation which is not our own work through appropriate referencing and acknowledgement. Any views expressed in the dissertation are those of the author and in no way represent those of the University of Arba Minch. The dissertation has not been presented to any other University for examination either in the Ethiopia or overseas. Name: Signature: Date: i Approval Page This thesis entitled with “Technical Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Projects in Case of Debere Elias Woreda” has been approved by the following examiners in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Hydrology. SUBMITTED BY: Wubamilak Alehegn Name Signature Date APPROVED BY: Dr.Ing. Knfie Kassa Supervisor Signature Date Mr. Bashah Mogesse (MSc.) Co-Supervisor Signature Date External Examiner Signature Date Internal Examiner Signature Date Chairman Signature Date Department Head Signature Date Coordinator Signature Date SGS Signature Date ii Certification This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Technical Sustainability of Rural Water Supply Projects in Eastern Gojjam Zone in Case Of Debere Elias Woreda” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s with specialization in Hydrology, the Graduate Program of the Department of Water Resource and Irrigation Engineering, and has been carried out by wubamilak Alehegn Id. No RMSc./238/05, under our supervision. Therefore we recommend that the student has fulfilled the requirements and hence here by can submit the thesis to the department for defense. Name of Principal advisor Signature Date Name of co-advisor Signature Date iii Acknowledgements Above all, I thank my GOD for giving strength and help me throughout my lifetime. Next, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor Dr.Ing.Kinfe Kassa and Mr. Beshah Mogesse for their valuable comment, encouragement and advice. Special thanks goes to my husband, Ato Zemed Gedfaw, without his support, none of this would have been possible and I would not be who I am today. Besides, I would like to thank my mother and sisters, Abesha Beyne and Bezuayhu Feten or their support in my study. I would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy for giving me the opportunity to attend the program and financial support. Last but not least, I would like to thank Ato Asheber Meseker, Arba Minch university postgraduate students and the woreda water resource development office staff members for their wholehearted cooperation during data collection. iv Table of content Title page Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... i Approval Page ................................................................................................................................. ii Certification ................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iv Table of content .............................................................................................................................. v List of Table ................................................................................................................................. viii List of Figure.................................................................................................................................. ix Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................... x Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... xi 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background of the Study ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the problem ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research questions ............................................................................................................... 2 1.4. Objectives of the study......................................................................................................... 2 1.4.1. General objective .......................................................................................................... 2 1.4.2. Specific objectives ........................................................................................................ 3 1.5. Significance of the study ...................................................................................................... 3 1.6. Scope of the study ................................................................................................................ 4 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................................................................................. 5 2.1. Sustainability of Water Supply Projects .............................................................................. 5 2.2 Technical Sustainability of Water Supply Schemes ............................................................. 6 2.2.1. The technical Sustainability of hand-dug well technology ........................................... 7 v 2.2.2. The technical Sustainability of spring technology ...................................................... 14 2.3. Management of hand dug well and spring technology ...................................................... 19 2.4. Social sustainability of hand dug well and spring technology ........................................... 23 2.4.1. Belief and vision or false and unrealistic expectations ............................................... 23 2.5. Overview of schemes in the study Woreda .................................................................... 24 3. METHODS OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Description of The Study Area .......................................................................................... 30 3.2. Methods of the study .......................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1. Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.2. Primary Data Collection ............................................................................................. 31 3.2.3. Secondary Data ........................................................................................................... 32 3.4. Method of data analysis ..................................................................................................... 32 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................. 33 4.1. General ............................................................................................................................... 33 4.2. Statues of the Society ......................................................................................................... 33 4.2.1. Educational Level of the Respondents ........................................................................ 33 4.3. Water supply ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.3.1. Water supply sources .................................................................................................. 34 4.3.2. Water Collection ......................................................................................................... 35 4.4. Common Aspects for Debre Elias Woreda Rural Water Supply ....................................... 38 4.4.1. Technical Aspects ....................................................................................................... 38 4.4.2. Social Aspect .............................................................................................................. 45 4.4.3. Management Aspect...................................................................................................
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