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Obstacles to Unification

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Obstacles to Unification AN EVALUATION OF THE OBSTACLES TO GERMAN UNIFICATION 1815-1850 SAY WHAT YOU SEE!! FACTORS Division amongst nationalists FACTORS X German Princes FACTORS Austrian strength FACTORS Religious Differences FACTORS Economic Differences FACTORS Popular Apathy FACTORS European Powers FACTORS Resentment towards Prussia INSTRUCTIONS Copy Listen Watch FACTORS • Divisions among the nationalists SQA • Austrian strength SQA • German princes SQA • Religious differences SQA • Indifference of the masses SQA • Economic differences • European powers • Resentment towards Prussia DIVISIONS AMONGST NATIONALISTS REVOLUTION RECAP Why did political nationalism fail to unite Germany in 1848/49? • Monarchs not overthrown • Revolutions relatively ineffective – no sweeping changes made • Armies remained loyal to monarchs – especially in Prussia • Reforms granted by monarchs were easily reversed. • King Frederick IV refused the crown of united Germany. • Frankfurt Assembly took too long to make decisions about issues they disagreed on. • Lack of clarity, purpose and strong leadership among nationalists and liberals DIVISION WITHIN NATIONALISTS • Gross or Klein Deutschland? • Monarchy or Republic? • Who would be the monarch? • How would they create a Republic ? Who could vote? • What would be in the constitution? • All these issues had to be agreed on and caused argument and indecision • Too many intellectuals with too many opinions Big Obstacle Alert!! If the Nationalists are not united in agreement on how to proceed then what progress will they make - even without the other obstacles they would struggle to unite the people. HOWEVER Even if the nationalists had been able to reach agreement on the important issues, the Austrian’s dominance of the Bund would dilute any possible progress AUSTRIAN STRENGTH AUSTRIAN STRENGTH AND OPPOSITION • If Kleindeutschland created, Austria feared Prussia would become a rival power in the north. • If Grossdeutschland created, Austria feared it would get drawn into German affairs with no benefits • Chancellor Metternich was very conservative, anti nationalist, anti unification because of the threat this posed to the unity of the Austrian empire whose wealth and power lay with the Hapsburgs, Metternich’s employer! He can therefore be regarded as a personal obstacle to unification • Forced Prussia to sign the humiliating Treaty of Olmutz in 1850 after Prussian attempt to set up Erfurt Union AUSTRIAN STRENGTH AND OPPOSITION We will not let our power slip in Germany. A strong united Germany would not be so easy to control. It is in our interests to keep the identity of Germany divided. METTERNICH RAP (Yes it does exist!) AUSTRIAN STRENGTH AND OPPOSITION • Austria was one of the leading German states and held the Presidency of the Bund therefore was a in a favourable position to dictate proceedings and maintain the status quo • Metternich regarded the demands for nationalism and liberalism as ‘dark, evil forces’. He viewed the university students as a potential danger, as they moved around and could spread these ideas which many of them supported. He had a network of spies and informers keeping him informed of nationalist activities • Therefore he passed the Carlsbad Decrees in 1819 which : • Abolished student societies and unions • Fired university professors • Censored newspapers • Prevented students expelled from one university from going to another • The Austrians were keen to keep a ‘lid’ on nationalist sentiment in the German states – they feared if it was left unchecked, nationalism could lead to the disintegration of Austria’s vast empire in south-east Europe ANALYSIS PLUS • Austria was such a vast empire that it was almost impossible for Metternich to ‘police’ the area • Nationalists were able to operate without much interference from Metternich’s forces • His implementation of repressive policies acted to galvanise the nationalists and create the very situation he was trying to prevent EVALUATION • Austria and Metternich hated Nationalism/students • Carlsbad Decrees • Loss of Empire • Treaty of Olmutz RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES • North German States looked to Protestant Prussia for leadership, guidance and protection • South German States looked to Catholic Austria for leadership, guidance and protection • States determined to maintain their religious identity • This perpetuated the Grossdeutschland v Kleindeutschland argument – what would the new Germany look like against EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH • The loyalty of the Protestant northern German states historically was to Protestant Prussia and the loyalty of the Catholic southern German states was to Catholic Austria. Thus, it was more than just religion that divided the German states. The tension and rivalry that existed between the two largest German states exacerbated the existing religious divisions and made the possibility of unification more problematic. • An indication of how strong the traditional cultural and religious ties between the southern Catholic states and Austria were came in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Before 1850, however, whilst the religious division in the German states was clearly an obstacle to any future unification, there were other far more important factors – not least of all being the opposition of Austria to any form of unification. ANALYSIS PLUS Even in a united German Empire, those who were protective of their religious identity would still to be able to practice their religion in a unified Germany GERMAN PRINCES GERMAN PRINCES GERMAN PRINCES • The influence of the privileged members of the ruling classes in the German states. (the “ancient regime”) • The aristocrats who ruled the 39 German states had to defend the system to ensure their own survival. • Each state had sovereign powers over its laws, taxes and armed forces and wished to retain these • Austria influenced the other states – the leaders of each state were encouraged to keep the status quo and obstruct unity via the Bund • In western states peasants were moving to the towns to participate in the industrial revolution but in eastern states they were treated more like serfs, tied to the land and indebted to their prince – an autonomy enjoyed by the princes GERMAN PRINCES Article 2 of the Act of Confederation - 'The aim of this confederation shall be the maintenance of the external and internal security of Germany as well as the independence of the individual German states‘ “The way in which the confederation worked was designed to make it difficult for it to develop into a united Germany” McKichan “To keep the dark forces of nationalism at bay, Metternich relied on the prestige of Austria and the goodwill and co-operation of the German princes” McKichan ANALYSIS PLUS HOWEVER the influence of Prussia was such that there was pressure on the German Princes to support unification for fear that they would be removed from the financially beneficial Zollverein which Prussia controlled INDIFFERENCE OF THE MASSES INDIFFERENCE OF THE MASSES • Despite the economic and social changes between 1815 and 1862 Germany remained an area where local loyalties remained important for a mainly rural population. • Unification only appealed to literate people – the growing urban middle classes-”talkers and dreamers with no real plan of action” (McKichan) • The peasants and the new urban working classes were not educated enough to see any advantages for them in unification. • HOWEVER… many peasants participated 80%in the 1848 revolutions weakening the apathy argumentilliterate INDIFFERENCE OF THE MASSES • A middle class movement with little interest from the w/c • Many people had other priorities • Most Germans had little desire to see a united Germany • No consensus among the nationalists on defining Germany • Kleindeustchland v Grossdeustchland • Lack of clear aims and no united army • Lack of clear leadership • Revolutionaries in 1848 at odd with each other – the workers and the employers • McKichan – Most historians agree that these ideas were held by relatively limited numbers of educated town dwellers • Stiles “Liberalism and nationalism remained largely middle- class before 1848” • McKichan “ the events of 1848 and 1850 seemed to show that German nationalism was too weak and divided to achieve its aims by pressure from below”. EVALUATION • Apathy is important as it prevented the working class from getting involved so halted the success of the revolutions and the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament and ultimately the desire for unification HOWEVER • EVEN if working class support had existed Austria would shoot down any attempt at Nationalism AND the Divisions of Nationalists would have lead to failure …and don’t forget the That’s analysis Golo Mann quote!! plus! RESENTMENT TOWARDS PRUSSIA RESENTMENT TOWARDS PRUSSIA • One of the largest of the German states • Fear of Prussian domination and militaristic outlook to solutions • Becoming more industrial, and rebuilding military strength after French occupation. • A dominant political voice in the Bund. Wants to extend its own power, not really interested in unification, rather ‘prussification’. An idea promoted by Austria to the smaller German states EUROPEAN POWERS EUROPEAN POWERS • Other European powers opposed a united Germany and the growth of nationalism • Some European leaders owned land in the German empire that they did not wish to lose • France, Russia and Britain all feared unity and the prospect of a strong opponent (France and Russia did not want border rival) • The German states had proved weak when
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