Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-Specialist Vendors

Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-specialist Vendors

Research My Lien Thi Nguyen, Julia Wieting and Katherine T. Doherty

Abstract

The growing cultural diversity in the United States calls est number of foreign-born residents in eight decades attention to ethnobotanical studies of urban ethnic food (Camarota 2005). This culturally rich population will un- markets. These venues illustrate dynamic interactions doubtedly have a big impact on food choices in the U.S. between people and plants. A market survey of the Chi- due to the strong link between food and ethnicity (Kalcik natown markets in Honolulu, Hawaiì was conducted to 1984). Food markets are an important venue to study the collect empirical data on this culturally rich urban area. dynamic use of plants by ethnic and immigrant commu- The objectives included: (1) To analyze the food plant nities (Nguyen 2005b, Pemberton & Lee 1996, Porter- richness of selected Chinatown markets in comparison to field Jr. 1951, Wang & Lo 2007, Whitaker & Cutler 1966). local mainstream supermarkets; and (2) To test the use The market acts to bring people of similar culinary tradi- of vegetation analysis to describe the structure of these tions together as they provide the ingredients necessary markets (e.g., “ethnic markets”). Surveys and mapping of for cuisine, which contributes to one’s sense of ethnicity food plants at three market areas in Chinatown and three (Cunningham 2001, You-Kai et al. 2004). They are also mainstream supermarkets were conducted between Feb- an area where people of similar cultural backgrounds can ruary and March 2006. Microsoft Excel and the Communi- meet, exchange information and reinforce community ties (Carter 1988). Because the growing immigrant popula- ty Analysis Package programs were used to analyze and tion will continue to have an effect on food plant diver- compare plant richness and the structure of vendors and sity in the U.S., ethnobotanical studies for empirical data markets. In all of the markets combined, 291 “fresh” food and analysis of ethnic markets and on food plant use are plant varieties were recorded, representing 42 plant fami- important to understand and address the needs of an in- lies and a group of fungi. The mainstream supermarkets creasingly diverse U.S. population. were more rich in varieties of food plants than the China- town market area (mean ± s, 144 ± 21 vs. 95 ± 23, p=0.05, At 17.2%, Hawaiì ranks fifth for states with the highest Mann-Whitney U test). Allium cepa L. and Allium sativum percentage of immigrants in the total population (Cama- L. were ubiquitous. The Mainstream market group con- tained significantly more sweet-fruits than the Chinatown market areas. Agglomerate cluster analyses revealed groupings of mainstream supermarkets, Chinatown market areas; further analysis of the Chinatown areas defined Correspondence culturally identified “Filipino,” “Vietnamese,” and specialty My Lien Thi Nguyen, Environmental Studies Program, Biology fruits vendors. Mainstream supermarkets may be viewed Department, Box 731, Vassar College, 124 Raymond Avenue, as “generalists” while the Chinatown market areas and Poughkeepsie, NY 12604. U.S.A. vendors may be viewed as “specialists” for an ethnic or [email protected] cultural group or food plant commodity. Katherine T. Doherty, Department of Botany, University of Hawaiì, Honolulu, Hawaiì 96822. U.S.A. Introduction Julia Wieting, Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaiì, Honolulu, Hawaiì, 96822. U.S.A. In 2005, 35 million immigrants lived in the United States. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 6:063-085 (2008) That equates to 12% of U.S. population, and the high-

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.pdf 64 Ethnobotany Research & Applications rota 2005). Although Hawaiì is an area of high cultural Our objective in this study is to apply vegetation analy- and ethnic diversity, ethnobotanical information regarding sis to a food market survey. Often people describe indi- its food markets is antiquated (Chung & Ripperton 1929); vidual vendors by an ethnic identifier, such as the “Chi- limited in breadth by focusing on a particular ethnic group nese-,” “Filipino-,” or “Vietnamese-shop” (Yim 1998). We (Nguyen 2006, Wester & Chuensanguansat 1994), plant are interested in using a vegetation analysis to search for form or taxa (Nguyen 2005a, Staples & Kristiansen 1999); evidence that individual vendors in Chinatown represent or otherwise written for popular audiences (Bonk 1993, ethnic or cultural shops that are identifiable by: (1) cultural Kendrick 1999). indicator species (Garibaldi & Turner 2004), food plants present in culturally specific cuisines (Nguyen 2007, Tan The Chinatown market and its surrounding historic dis- 2003); or (2) cultural plant assemblages, which are as- trict, in downtown Honolulu, has long been a gateway to semblages of food plants characteristic or culturally rec- Hawaiì for many immigrants from Asia. The first arrival of ognized for certain cuisines or food (Nguyen 2006, Rozin Chinese to Hawaiì was in 1789, but it was the arrival in 1973). An example of a cultural plant assemblage would 1852 of contract laborers needed for the growing sugar be a Vietnamese vendor typically sells a specific assem- industry that led to the development of Chinatown. These blage of aromatic herbs used for a Vietnamese noodle early Chinese immigrants built stores to support the social soup. and consumer needs of their Chinese community. Today Chinatown is known for its colorful and eclectic blend of Methods many cultures, including Chinese, Filipino, Hawaiian, Jap- anese, Korean, Thai, and Vietnamese (Carter 1988). Cul- Our methods included a triangulation of market surveys tural groups have described it as an important place for fa- and collections, descriptive statistics, and vegetation miliar traditional foods and contributing to their happiness analysis: with living in Honolulu (Nguyen 2003, Wester & Chuen- ungi sanguansat 1994). (1) Between February and March 2006, the presence of fresh food plants at three market areas in Chinatown and Yet, in an urban environment, people may have the op- three mainstream supermarkets were surveyed. An in- tion of going to a mainstream supermarket to buy their formed consent statement was prepared and given to the foods. We pose the question: To what extent do these manager or representative seller of the market of the in- mainstream supermarkets provide the same food plants dividual vendors. Markets are reported anonymously. In available in the ethnic markets? Few market surveys have addition to presence, we designated and recorded gen- considered this non-ethnic counterpart to the ethnic mar- eral food plant forms. These are artificial plant form des- kets (Pemberton & Lee 1996). To begin to understand the ignations and do not necessarily equate to the botanical function of ethnic markets in relation to the mainstream definition of the plant part utilized. These designations al- supermarkets within an ethnically diverse community, we lowed us to compare markets according to their type of carried out a market survey and comparison of the food food plant offering and helped to facilitate the recording of plant richness found in the Chinatown markets and main- plants in the markets. Plant forms included: stream supermarkets in Honolulu, Hawaiì. • fruit-sweet, for botanical fruits that are eaten for their sugar-sweetness; Market studies typically include descriptive statistics to • fruit-veg, for botanical fruits that are not sugar-sweet, describe the richness and diversity of plant resources and often designated as “vegetable;” available (earlier cited market studies). Vegetation analy- • leafy-veg, leaves or different sections of plant sec- sis applied in ecological studies is used to describe, map tions that are generally eaten as a “vegetable;” and analyze communities of plants to determine the fac- • root, any food plant part that grows beneath the soil tors that control their presence and distribution (Causton surface (e.g., true roots, corm, bulb, rhizome, tuber); 1988). Williams et al. (2000) used an ecological approach • aromatic (leafy or herbaceous plant with volatile oils to analyze species richness and diversity of a medicinal and generally used as an herb), market in Africa and conclude that the regional ethnic di- • flower, flower buds and blossoms sold as food, and versity probably contributes to the diversity of medicinal • fungi. While fungi are not classified as plants, we in- plants available at the market. Salick et al. (2006) also cluded them in our survey because they were present employed a presence/absence analysis of plants in their in the markets with the fresh food plants. study of Tibetan medicine plurality. While these studies focused on medicinal plants, we have found no market These designations of food plant forms may not satisfy studies using an ecological approach to describe the simi- all reviewers, but these divisions are a starting point for larities or associations of food markets with regard to their the analysis we make here. In addition to the objectives plant taxa and ethnic or cultural identity of the market or described above, this study was partly conducted as re- individual market stall (or vendor). search experience for students in an undergraduate ethnobotany course. This necessitated that the surveys be

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.pdf Nguyen et al. - Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows 65 Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-specialist Vendors completed in one school semester. Thus, this survey is a efficient, which is based on species presence only, was snapshot of fresh food plant availability of the markets. chosen to discount a similarity based on the species present and species that are not present which two groups The three mainstream supermarkets were chosen due would have in common (Causton 1988:87). to their proximity to Chinatown. These markets included two national chains and one Hawai`i state-wide chain. Results The three market chains are the largest suppliers of food to Honolulu. These mainstream markets provide meats, Two-hundred ninety-three (293) fresh food plants were fish, dried goods, and other household items, in addition recorded (Appendix 1) in the mainstream supermarkets to fresh food plants. To have comparable surveys, the and Chinatown markets combined. The mainstream su- three Chinatown market areas included individual ven- permarkets were more rich in varieties of food plants than dors that serve as the meat, fish, dried goods, and fresh the Chinatown market area (mean ± s, 144 ± 21 vs. 95 ± food plant suppliers within delimited areas of Chinatown. 23, p=0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). These market areas These Chinatown market areas included 2 to 5 fresh food have in common 7% (21/293) of the entire plant list. Sep- plant vendors each, for a total of 12 individual fresh food arately, the mainstream supermarkets have 35% (78/224 plant vendors. The market areas were selected by their mainstream total) of food plants in common, compared to location in three separate areas of the Chinatown district. Chinatown market areas of 24% (36/151 Chinatown to- Plants specimens were collected in the Chinatown market tal). However, when the individual vendors that make up areas to supplement previous research in the area (Nguy- the Chinatown market areas are compared to each other, en 2006) and to contribute to the voucher specimen col- there is only a 1% (2/151 Chinatown total) similarity. The lection of food plants in Chinatown, Honolulu at the Her- two food plants that are available from every mainstream barium of the University of Hawai`i at Manoa (HAW). The market and individual Chinatown vendor surveyed are on- mainstream markets are coded as M1, M2, and M3. The Chinatown market areas are coded C1, C2, and C3. In- ions (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L). Their dividual vendors within the Chinatown market areas are use by a wide rage of cultures and ethnic cuisines, as coded with the Chinatown market area designation, fol- well as their ease of storage, could account for their com- lowed by the first letter of the vendor name (i.e., C1-P, mon presence. . . Vendors have told us that “everyone C1-Y, C1-5, C1-M, C1-H, C2-L, C2-G, C3-C, C3-I, C3-S, uses [these],” and customers buy them when shopping C3-R, and C3-7). for other food items. This convenient shopping is apparent in that onions and garlic were often placed near the (2) Microsoft Excel and SPSS 12.0 (Apache Software cash register of Chinatown vendors. Ginger (Zingiber of- Foundation 1989-2003) were used to organize raw data ficionale Roscoe) was found in every mainstream market and calculate descriptive statistics of the food plant rich- and all but one Chinatown vendor stand. The near ubiqui- ness between the mainstream supermarkets and the Chi- tous presence of ginger can also be accounted for by its natown market areas, among the mainstream and indi- ease of long-term storage and its use in many different vidual vendors within Chinatown market areas, and to ethnic cuisines (Simoons 1991, Solomon 1996, Staples & compare the different food plant forms found in the mar- Kristiansen 1999). kets. The mainstream and Chinatown market areas rep- resented to two independent samples, and the parametric Food Plant Taxa assumptions were not met due to the small sample size, therefore the Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the There are 42 plant families, as well as fungi, represent- means of food plant and form richness in the samples. ed in the entire survey. Fungi are found in all three Main- stream and Chinatown market areas. Eleven (26%) of (3) Agglomerate cluster analysis in the Community Anal- the plant families were found at all of the markets sur- ysis Package (CAP) (Seaby et al. 2004) program was veyed. These families are Alliaceae, Apiaceae, Araceae, used to conduct the vegetation analyses of the markets Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Curcurbitaceae, Fabaceae, and market areas. The basic process is that all the sam- Musaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae, and Zingiberaceae. ples (columns) start as separate groups that are joined The mainstream markets have 21 families in common together one at a time until a single group is formed using (50% of the total number of plant families). Three of which Ward’s, or minimum variance or error sums of squares are not present in the Chinatown markets: Asparagaceae, clustering method for determining groups to be joined. At (i.e., asparagus [Asparagus officinalis L.]), Ericaceae (i.e., each iteration, all possible pairs of groups are compared blueberries [Vaccinium sp. L.]), and Vitaceae (i.e., grapes and the two groups chosen for fusion are those which will [Vitis vinifera L.]). Although they are absent, grapes and produce a group with the lowest variance. The correlation asparagus have spread into Asian cuisines, while blue- coefficient calculated to measure the association between berries are less popular (Simoons 1991, Solomon 1996). the groups was Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum The Chinatown market areas have 17 plant families in positive value equals complete dissimilarity. Jaccard’s Co- common (39% of the total number of plant families). Three

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.pdf 66 Ethnobotany Research & Applications families common to the Chinatown market areas are not forms of food plants indicates the Mainstream markets present in any of the mainstream markets: Arecaceae offers significantly more sweet fruits and leafy vegeta- (i.e., coconut [Cocos nucifera L.]), Malvaceae (i.e., okra bles than the Chinatown markets. For the fungi category, [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] and Jew’s mallow this difference is probably an artifact caused by the small [Corchorus olitorius L.]), and Sapotaceae (i.e., star-apple sample size. [Chrysophyllum cainito L.]). These species represent food plants that are characteristic to local ethnic cuisines (e.g., Vegetation Analysis okra and Jew’s mallow sold by Filipino vendors) and that are locally grown and harvested (Staples & Herbst 2005). A vegetation analysis of the presence of food plants in the 6 main markets (M1, M2, M3, C1, C2, C3) using Ag- The Chinatown market areas each have at least one glomerate Cluster Analysis (Ward’s, Jaccard’s +/-) shows unique family that is not present at any other market; none that there is an association (i.e., less dissimilarity) among of the mainstream markets have any unique families. C1 the three Mainstream (M1, M2, M3) and three Chinatown has 6 unique families (14% of the total number of fami- (C1, C2, C3) markets areas (Figure 1). In the case of the lies): Scrophulariaceae (i.e., rice-paddy herb [Limnophila Chinatown markets, C3, the Jaccard’s coefficient for dis- chinensis (Lam.) Yamazaki]), Sapindaceae (i.e., longan similarity (DJ) is higher than DJ for C1 and C2. This re- [Dimocarpus longan Lour.] and rambutan [Nephelium lap- flects the cultural specificity of the food plants in the C3 paceum L.]), Polygonaceae (i.e., Vietnamese mint [Persi- area. We discuss C3 in greater detail in the next analysis caria odorata (Lour.) Soják]), Moraceae (i.e., kamansi, a of the Chinatown market analyzed as separate vendors. seeded breadfruit [Artocarpus camansi Blanco] and jack- fruit [Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.]), Iridaceae (i.e., “red The agglomerate cluster analysis was re-run compar- garlic,” [Eleutherine subaphylla Herbert]), and Clusiaceae ing all of the markets individually (i.e., three Mainstream (i.e., mangosteen [Garcinia mangostana L.]). Euphorbi- market areas and the 12 individual vendors that make up aceae (i.e., cassava [Manihot esculenta Crantz]) is found the three larger Chinatown market areas). This analysis only in C2. C3 has one unique family: Moringaceae (i.e., (Figure 2) also grouped the three Mainstream market ar- the leaves and fruit of the drumstick tree [Moringa oleif- eas; in addition, the Chinatown vendors C1-Y, C1-M and era Lam.]). All of these food plants are known to be used C2-G. These are among the larger vendors in the Chi- in Asian ethnic cuisines found in Hawai‘i or are fruits of natown market areas (sum food plants, Σf= 44, 41, 75, warm climates that are locally grown and harvested. For respectively) and would be closest in comparison to the example, M. oleifera trees are naturalized in Hawai‘i and generalist Mainstream markets. While C2-G is the largest the leaves and fruit, known as “drumstick pods,” are used of all the individual vendors in the Chinatown survey, ven- especially in Filipino cooking (Corum 2000). dors C1-P and C3-7 are richer in food plants (Σf=63, 48, respectively) than C1-Y and C1-M. We believe that the Analysis by Food Plant Form grouping of C1-Y, C1-M and C2-G, is a combination of their richness and an association of food plants common The majority of food plants in both the Mainstream (M) to the three vendors exclusively for the Chinatown areas. and Chinatown (C) market areas are fruits, both sweet These include mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata (L.) R. (fruit-sweet) and those used as “vegetables” (fruit-veg), Wilczek) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and other and other vegetative parts used as vegetables (leafy-veg) examples that include two of the three vendors, includ- (Table 1). The Mann-Whitney test analysis of the different ing celery (Apium graveolens L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), and taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Table 1. Average number of food plants present in different forms in Main- Schott). stream and Chinatown market areas. Significance levels obtained using the Mann-Whitney test. NA: Indicates that the presence of these categories was The same analysis also clustered too low for testing. * Significance at the p=0.05 level. the vendors that identified as Fili- pino, and those that were Vietnam- Food Plant Mainstream markets Chinatown markets ese, based on particular associations Form Number Mean (Std) Number Mean (Std) P value of food plants. These are identified 1 Aromatic 3 8.3 (0.6) 3 7.3 (5.5) NA as the cultural plant assemblages 2 Flower 3 0.7(0.6) 3 2.3 (2.1) 0.37 that are characteristic for that ethnic 3 Fruit-Sweet 3 44.0 (3.6) 3 20.0 (7.8) 0.05* or cultural vendor. In our survey, all of the Filipino vendors (C1-P, C3-C, 4 Fruit-Veg 3 33.0 (8. 9) 3 28.3 (6.5) 0.51 C3-R, C3-I, and C3-7) have in com- 5 Fungi 3 4.7(0.6) 3 1.3 (0.6) NA mon the yard-long beans (Vigna un- 6 Leafy-Veg 3 30.0 (8.7) 3 19. 7(3.2) <0.05* guiculata subsp. sequipedalis (L.) Verdc.), okra (Abelmoschus esculen- 7 Root 3 23.0 (5.0) 3 15. 7(5.1) 0.13 tus (L.) Moench), small bitter melon

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1.14 0.67 0.53 0.47 0 0.5 M1

M3 Mainstream

C2 Chinatown

Figure 1. Agglomerate Cluster Analysis shows the similarity shared between the Mainstream markets and Chinatown markets areas resulting in two distinct groupings. The number scale shows Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ.=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum positive value equals complete dissimilarity. (Momordica charantia L.), and a long, thin purple eggplant aquatica L.), lizard’s tail herb (Houttuynia cordata Thunb.), variety (Solanum melongena L.). These food plants, along rice-paddy herb (Limnophila chinensis subsp. aromatica with tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) that are very (Lam.) Yamazaki), thorny coriander (Eryngium foetidum common in the markets, are used to make the traditional L.), Vietnamese mint (Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják), Filipino vegetable stew, pinacbet (Corum 2000). The im- and though also found in other markets, cilantro (Corian- portance of this cultural plant assemblage is evident in it drum sativum L.). These Vietnamese vendors also had being supplied in different forms (i.e., (1) whole and found a slightly greater percentage of aromatics (9% and 11%) in adjacent bins, (2) portioned and grouped together near than the average found in both the mainstream (8%) and the cash register, and (3) chopped into ready to cook Chinatown markets areas (7%), but this sample size is too pieces in one package). Other plants that grouped in the small to test for a difference from the market areas. analysis and that some of these Filipino vendors sold are specifically associated with Filipino foods. These Filipino An additional group identified as “specialty fruit vendors” cultural indicator plants include, malunggay (Filipino-Ta- clustered in this analysis. The specialty vendor C3-S, iden- galog dialect) leaves and the drumstick pods of M. oleifera tified as a specific ethnic fruit stand and vendor C1-5 sup- (previously described as a unique representative in the plies mostly sweet fruits (16:20 total food plants in C1-5) C3 area), the young leafy shoots of bitter melon, yard- in the C1 market area. long beans, chayote (Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz), and a variety of “Japanese” or “Kapocha/Kabocha” pumpkin Discussion & Conclusions called “Papaya Sweet” for its shape and flavor and specifically identified by the vendors as “Filipino pumpkin” (Cu- This study provides updated and empirical data on the curbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir.). food plant richness of culturally diverse Honolulu, Hawai‘i (U.S.). Mainstream supermarkets have a slightly greater Vietnamese vendors were identified by the presence of ar- richness of food plants than Chinatown market areas. A omatic leafy food plants characteristic to Vietnamese cui- vegetation analysis approach enabled us to delineate the sine. These Vietnamese cultural indicator plants include large Mainstream and Chinatown market areas as two “Thai” basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), water mint (Mentha distinct areas based on the available food plant varieties;

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1.61 1.21 0.81 0.40 0 M1 M3 Mainstream M2 C1-P C3-C C3-I F C3-R C3-7 C1-Y C2-G C-G C1-M G Chinatown - C1-5 Mainstream F C C3-S S S V C1-H V C2-L M1 M3 M2 C1P C3C C3I C3R C37 C1Y C2G C1M C15 C3S C1H C2L 0

Figure 2. Agglomerate Cluster Analysis of Mainstream (M) and individual Chinatown market areaChinatown vendors (C), that include Chinatown-generalists (C-G), Filipino (F), and Vietnamese (V) vendors. Specialty fruit vendors (S) are also clustered together. The number scale shows Jaccard’s Coefficient for dissimilarity (DJ), where DJ.=0 indicates identical groups and the maximum positive value equals complete dissimilarity. Individual vendors within the Chinatown market areas are coded with the Chinatown market area designation, followed by the first letter of the vendor name (i.e., C1-P, C1-Y, C1-5, C1-M, C1-H, C2-L, C2-G, C3-C, C3-I, C3-S, C3-R, and C3-7). 0.40 and when analyzing the individual vendors that make up ties. Culture and economy are deeply intertwined with the Chinatown market areas, confirmed cultural and spe- each other in immigrant consumption behavior. Our study cialty markets based on the presence of cultural indica- supports this by demonstrating that cultural assemblages tor food plants and their associated plant assemblages. of food plants available in the culturally affiliated China- Mainstream supermarkets can be viewed as “generalists,” town vendors are far more present and available than in supplying a wide range of food plants to fill the needs of the mainstream grocery stores in the same area of ac- a diverse community. The Chinatown 0.81 market areas and cessibility. This study does not directly address issues of vendors can be considered “specialists.” community and cultural vigor, but its results does show that ethnic communities influence food plant availability in We acknowledge the limitations of this study as a “snap- an urban setting. This, in turn, is a reflection of ethnic com- shot” survey of the markets during the spring season of munity cultural and nutritional health. Hawai‘i. A more comprehensive view of the markets in Ho- nolulu may be attained with continued surveys throughout We posed the research question: To what extent do these 1.21 the calendar year. Although analyses conducted in this mainstream supermarkets provide the same food plants study shows the presence of ethnic “specialists” vendors, available in the ethnic markets? Our results go beyond these designations are not always so strict. We have ob- answering this question and the identification of generalist served ethnic specialty vendors selling food plants asso- or specialty markets, and cultural assemblages, when in- ciated with other ethnic and cultural groups, and there are terpreted with regard to ethnic and immigrant community food plants that are used by more than one group of peo- vitality in a multicultural urban setting such as Honolulu.

ple in similar and different manners. 1.61 Garibaldi and Turner (2004) found that identification and Our study serves to connect ethnobotanical research in analysis of cultural indicator species such as cultural food a meaningful way to urban communities. Wang and Lo assemblages can provide a starting point for further anal- (2007) found that ethnic affinity affects immigrant choice ysis of cultural resistance in the face of change, and that of market venue more strongly than economic rationali- loss of access to such species can symbolize a more dra-

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.pdf Nguyen et al. - Vegetation Analysis of Urban Ethnic Markets Shows 69 Supermarket Generalists and Chinatown Ethnic-specialist Vendors matic loss of language and culture (Garibaldi & Turner Chung, H.L. & J.C. Ripperton. 1929. Utilization and com- 2004). position of oriental vegetables in Hawaii. Bulletin No. 60. Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, Honolulu. Cristancho and Vining (2004) found that Cultural Keystone Species designates plant and animal species whose exis- Corum, A.K. 2000. Ethnic Foods in Hawaii. The Bess tence and symbolic value are essential to the stability of a Press, Honolulu. culture over time. This could be particularly relevant within multicultural, urban communities in order to retain and Cunningham, A.B. 2001. Applied Ethnobotany: People, express culture. Further, cultures living in urban environ- wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan, London. ments do develop notions of Cultural Keystone Species (Cristancho & Vining 2004). We find that a comparable Cristancho, S. & J. Vining. 2004. Culturally defined key- value of cultural food and plant assemblages reflect a cer- stone species. Human Ecological Review 11:153-162. tain cultural keystone species aspect. Further, patronizing ethnic stores is a way of maintaining a sense of belonging Garibaldi, A. & N. Turner. 2004. Cultural keystone spe- to an ethnic community, and ethnic identity plays a critical cies: Implications for ecological conservation and restora- role in the choice between ethnic and mainstream busi- tion. Ecology and Society 9(3):1. nesses (Wang & Lo 2007). Our findings when combined with those of Wang & Lo (2007), Cristancho and Vining, Kalcik, S. 1984. Ethnic foodways in America: Symbol and 2004, and Garibaldi and Turner (2004) demonstrate the the performance of identity. Pp. 37-65 in Ethnic and Re- ethnic markets reflects ethnic communities in an urban gional Foodways in the U.S. Edited by L.K. Brown & K. setting through the assemblages of food plants that are Mussell. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. culturally specific available in them. Kendrick, S. 1999. Chinatown Food Walk. Honolulu Star- As the cultural and ethnic diversity in the U.S. continues Bulletin Newspaper October 6, Features section. to grow, studies in urban ethnic market areas are impera- tive to gather empirical data to identify and study the bio- Nguyen, M.T. 2003. Comparison of food plant knowl- cultural diversity and implications of these sites. Based edge between urban Vietnamese living in Vietnam and in on this assumption and the analysis of our data it seems Hawai`i. Economic Botany 57:472-480. apparent that certain ethnic communities are thriving culturally in Honolulu. This information will be significant for Nguyen, M.T. 2005a. Bạc hà (Colocasia gigantea (Blume) understanding the dynamics of cultural food plant use that Hook. f.) in the culinary history of Vietnamese-Americans. would be useful to local, non-governmental and govern- Economic Botany 59:185-196. mental groups to access the needs and impact of the di- Nguyen, M.T. 2005b. Cultivated plant collections from verse population in the U.S. market places. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 3:5-15. Literature Cited Nguyen, M.T. 2006. Insertions and deletions: Evolution in Apache Software Foundation. 1989-2003. SPSS 12.0 for the assemblage of Vietnamese food plants. Ethnobotany Windows. Research and Applications 4:175-202.

Bonk, S.K.F. 1993. The Farmer’s Market is Cookin’ in Hilo, Nguyen, M.T. 2007. Community dynamics and functional Hawai`i. Mountain View, Hawai`i. stability: a recipe for culinary continuity and adaptation. Economic Botany 61:337-346. Camarota, S.A. 2005. Immigrants at Mid-Decade: A Snap- shot of America’s Foreign-Born Population in 2005. Cen- Pemberton, R.W. & N.S. Lee. 1996. Wild food plants in ter for Immigration Studies. Washington, D.C. www.cis. South Korea; market presence, new crops, and exports to org/articles/2005/back1405.pdf the United States. Economic Botany 50:57-70.

Carter, F. 1988. Exploring Honolulu’s Chinatown. Bess Porterfield Jr., W.M. 1951. The principal Chinese vege- Press, Honolulu. table foods and food plants of Chinatown markets. Eco- nomic Botany 5:3-37. Causton, D.R. 1988. An Introduction to Vegetation Analy- sis: Principles, practice and interpretation. Unwin Hyman Rozin, E. 1973. The Flavor-Principal Cookbook. Haw- Ltd., London. thorne Books, Inc., New York.

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Salick, J., A. Byg, A. Amend, B. Gunn, W. Law & H. Wang, L. & L. Lo. 2007. Immigrant grocery-shopping be- Schmidt. 2006. Tibetan medicine plurality. Economic Bot- havior; ethnic identity versus accessibility. Environment any 60:227-253. and Planning A 39:684-699.

Seaby, R., P. Henderson, J. Prendergast & R. Somes. Wester, L.L. & D. Chuensanguansat. 1994. Adoption and abandonment of Southeast Asian food plants. Pp. 83-91 2004. Community Analysis Package 3.0. Pisces Conser- in People-Plant Relationships: Setting Research Priori- vation Ltd., Hampshire, England. ties. Edited by J. Flagler & R. P. Poincelot. The Haworth Press, Inc., Philadelphia. Simoons, F.J. 1991. Food in China, a cultural and histori- cal inquiry. CRC Press, Inc, Boca Raton. Whitaker, T.W. & H.C. Cutler. 1966. Food plants in a Mexi- can market. Economic Botany 20:6-16. Solomon, C. 1996. Encyclopedia of Asian Food. Periplus Editions, Boston. Williams, V.L., K. Balkwill & E. T.F. Witkowski. 2000. Un- raveling the commercial market for medicinal plants and Staples, G.W. & D.R. Herbst. 2005. A Tropical Garden plant parts of the Witwatersand, South Africa. Economic Flora: Plants cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and other Botany 54:310-327. tropical places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Yim, S.F. 1998. Roaming Honolulu’s Chinatown: Neigh- borhood ustles with sights, sounds, and memories. Car & Staples, G.W. & M.S. Kristiansen. 1999. Ethnic Culinary Travel Hawaii edition:4-5. Herbs: A guide to identification and cultivation in Hawai`i. University of Hawai`i Press, Honolulu. You-Kai, X., T. Guo-Da, L. Hong-Mao, Y. Kang-La & D. Xiang-Sheng. 2004. Wild vegetable resources and mar- Tan, T. 2003. Asian Cook. Laurel Glen, San Diego. ket survey in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. Econom- ic Botany 58:647-667.

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C3-7 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0

C2-L 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0

C1-P 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 C2 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 Chinatown C1 1 1 1 1 1 0 M3 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1

M2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 Main market areas 1 1 1 1 1 0 M1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 Mainstream R R R R R A FS LV R R A R A LV LV FS kieu

cu / Common name kiwi leek shallot onion (bulbs) - Maui onion (bulbs) - Red onion (bulbs) - Sweet Yellow onion (bulbs) - onion (bulbs) - White onion (bulbs) - rakkyo onion (leaves) - green/spring garlic chives chives - Chinese amaranth spinach mango Cultivar/group/ character Porrum Group Aggregatum Group Cepa Group ‘Maui’ Cepa Group ‘Red’ Cepa Group ‘Sweet’ Cepa Group ‘Yellow’ Cepa Group ‘White’ L. L. L. L. (A.Chev.) (A.Chev.) L. L. G. Don f. L. L. .Fresh food plants recorded in mainstram supermarkets and Chinatown markets in Honolulu, Hawai`i. Food plant Aromatic forms: (A); Flower (FL); Species Actinidia deliciosa Allium ampeloprasum Allium cepa Allium chinense Allium fistulosum Allium sativum Allium schoenoprasum Allium tuberosum Rottler ex. Sprengl Amaranthus tricolor Spinacia oleracea Mangifera indica C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson & C.F.Liang Family (Group) Actinidiaceae Alliaceae Amaranthaceae Anacardiaceae Appendix 1 Root (R). Data spreadsheet available at: www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol6/i1547-3465-06-063.xls (LV); (FV); Fungi (FU); Leafy-Veg Fruit-Sweet (FS); Fruit-Veg

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C3-7 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

C3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 Chinatown C1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 M3 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 M2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 Main market areas

M1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Mainstream FS FS FS FS A LV LV LV A R R A LV A R A A R LV R LV LV

Bunlong Common name mango - green mango - Makua giant dill leaves/fennel celery organic carrot - organic parsley - Italian taro - leaves taro - corm, Chinese/ taro - petiole, purple taro - petiole, giant, green mango - Champaigne - mango soursop celery pennywort cilantro carrot thorny coriander chinese celery/ water drop-wart sweet anise parsnip parsley taro - corm Cultivar/group/ character ‘Champaigne’ green ‘Makua giant’ organic ‘Italian’ / ‘Chinese’ ‘Bunlong’ ‘Purple’ L. (Torr.) DC (Torr.) . (L.) Schott L. DC L. var L. L. (L.) Urban L. L. (Miller) DC Species Mangifera indica Annona muricata Anethum graveolens Apium graveolens dulce Centella asiatica Coriandrum sativum Daucus carota Eryngium foetidum Oenanthe javanica Osmorhiza longistylis Pastinaca sativa Petroselinum crispum Colocasia esculenta Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook. f. Family (Group) Annonaceae Apiaceae Araceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

C2-L 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

C1-P 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 C2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Chinatown C1

M3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1

M2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Main market areas 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 M1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Mainstream LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV FS LV R LV LV LV FL LV LV gobo Common name coconut asparagas asparagas - organic asparagas - Wailua burdock/ chrysanthemum greens endive endive - Belgian, organic escarole radicchio - organic chicory artichoke lettuce - Butter lettuce - Green leaf lettuce - Iceberg lettuce - Manoa lettuce - Redleaf lettuce - Redleaf, organic lettuce - Romaine lettuce - Romaine, organic mustard cabbage Cultivar/group/ character organic ‘Wailua’ organic ‘Belgian’ ‘Green leaf’ ‘Iceberg’ ‘Manoa’ ‘Redleaf’ organic ‘Redleaf’ ‘Romaine’ organic ‘Romaine’ organic ‘Butter’ L. L. L. L. L. (L.) Czerniak L. L. (Hill) Bernh. Species Cocos nucifera Asparagus officinalis Arctium minus Chrysanthemum coronarium Cichorium endivia Cichorium intybus Cichorium sp. Cynara scolymus Lactuca sativa Brassica juncea Family (Group) Arecaceae Asparagaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

C2-L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

C3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 C2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 Chinatown C1

M3 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

M2 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 Main market areas 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 M1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 Mainstream LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV LV R R R FL LV LV LV LV R LV FS savoy Common name mustard cabbage - thinleaf collard kale broccoflower broccoli broccoli sprouts cauliflower cabbage - green cabbage - local, white-stem cabbage - red/purple cabbage - brussels sprout bok choy cabbage - flowering/ choy-sum cabbage - Chinese won bak turnip mizuna radish radish - with leaves daikon daikon flowers watercress pinapple Cultivar/group/ character Botrytis Group Capitata Group Gemmifera Group Chinensis Group Pekinensis Group Rapifera Group Longipinnatus Group thinleaf Acephala Group Chinensis Group L. L. (L.) Merr. var. var. (L.) Czerniak L. (Bailey) Kitamura (L.) Hayek Species Brassica juncea Brassica oleracea Brassica rapa Brassica rapa L. nipposinica Raphanus sativus Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum Ananas comosus Family (Group) Bromeliaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0

C1-5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

C3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Chinatown C1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M3 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 M2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Main market areas

M1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 Mainstream FS FS FS FV FS LV LV R FS LV R R R R R FV FS FS Common name pinapple - Royal Hawaiian papaya green papaya - rainbow swiss chard - red sweet potato - local sweet potato - Okinawan sweet potato - orange sweet potato - red gourd - winter melon/Tongan pinapple - Low Acid pinapple - Low papaya swiss chard - green beets mangosteen water spinach/ ong choy sweet potato - California watermelon melon - honeydew Cultivar/group/ character Acid’ ‘Low ‘Royal Hawaiian’ ‘Rainbow’ green red ‘California’ local ‘Okinawan’ orange red L. L. . vulgaris Forrsk. (L.) Merr. (L.) Lam (Thunb.) L. L. (L.) Koch subsp Species Ananas comosus Carica papaya Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris Garcinia mangostana Ipomoea aquatica Ipomoea batatas Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Citrullus lanatus Matsum & Nakai Cucumis melo Family (Group) Caricaceae Chenopodiaceae Clusiaceae Convolvulaceae Cucurbitaceae

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C3-7 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

C2-G 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

C2-L 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

C3 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 C2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Chinatown C1

M3 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

M2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 Main market areas 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 M1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Mainstream FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV R R FS FV FL FV FV FV LV LV R - leaves Kabocha chayote Opo Common name melon - cantaloupe cucumber cucumber - English Japanese - cucumber gourd - Butternut gourd - Filipino/ Papaya Sweet gourd - pumpkin blossoms Acorn gourd - gourd - Spaghetti gourd - yellow gourd - yellow organic gourd - Zuchini gourd - bottle gourd/ gourd - ridged gourd - sponge bitter melon leaves gourd - bitter melon gourd - bitter melon, small chayote gourd - yam yam - Chop Suey Cultivar/group/ character ‘English’ ‘Japanese’ Butternut / ‘Filipino’ ‘Papaya Sweet’ ‘Kabocha’ ‘Acorn’ ‘Spaghetti’ ‘Yellow’ organic ‘Yellow’ small ‘Chop Suey’ Reticulatus Group ‘Zuchini’ L. L. L. . melo . pepo (L.) Roxb. Miller L. L. sbsp (Jacq.) swartz subsp sp. Species Cucumis melo Cucumis sativus Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir. Cucurbita pepo Cucurbita pepo Lagenaria siceraria (Mollina) standley Luffa acutangula Luffa aegyptiaca Momordica charantia Sechium edule Dioscorea Family (Group) Dioscoreaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 Chinatown C1 1 0 0 0 0 M3 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

M2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 Main market areas 1 0 0 0 0 M1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mainstream R FV FV FV FV R FS R FV LV FV FV FV FV R FL FV LV FV LV / yamaimo Common name yam - organic yam - yama blueberry cassava peanuts alfalfa sprouts string bean string bean - organic pea - snow organic pea - snow, pea - podded, sugar snap pea - sugar snap, organic tamarind - Manila/ camachile winged bean kudzu sesban tamarind clover sprouts fava bean mung bean sprouts yama / Cultivar/group/ character organic yamaimo organic ‘Snow’ organic ‘Snow’ ‘Sugar snap’ ‘Sugar snap’ organic . lobata (L.) Pers. L. Crantz L. L. var . L. (L.) DC. Ser. var L. (L.) R. Wilczek Ser. . sp. L. sp Species Dioscorea sp. Vaccinium Manihot esculenta Arachis hypogaea Medicago sativa Phaseolus vulgaris Pisum sativum Pisum sativum macrocarpon Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Pueraria montana lobata (Willd.) var. Merr. (Lour.) Almeida Maesen & S. Sesbania grandiflora indica Tamarindus Trifolium faba Vicia radiata Vigna Family (Group) Ericaceae Euphorbiaceae Fabaceae

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C3-7 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-I 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Chinatown C1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 M3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 M2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 Main market areas

M1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 Mainstream FV LV FV FU FU FU FU FU FU FU FU FU R A A A A A FV FV shimeji chiso / Common name yard long beans mushroom - button mushroom - button organic mushroom - portabella organic mushroom - shitake organic mushroom - oyster, Ali`i Hamakua mushroom - oyster, Hamakua grey basil -Thai avacado - Hass cowpea yard long bean - leaves mushroom - shitake mushroom - oyster mushroom - red garlic mint - water basil - sweet perilla rosemary avacado Cultivar/group/ character organic ‘Portabella’ organic organic Ali`i’ ‘Hamakua ‘Hamakua grey’ ‘Thai’ ‘Hass’ . Gagnep. L. Fries (L.) Britton. L. Mill. (L.) Walp. subsp L. (Berk.) Singer . (L.) Walp. (L.) Walp. sp Species unguiculata Vigna unguiculata Vigna sequipedalis subsp. (L.) Verdc. Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Pilát Lentinus edodes Pleurotus ostreatus Tricholoma Eleutherine subaphylla Mentha aquatica Ocimum basilicum Perilla fructescens Rosmarinus officinalis Persea americana Family (Group) Fungi Iridaceae Lamiaceae Lauraceae

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C3-7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

C1-5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

C1-P 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

C3 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 Chinatown C1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 M3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 M2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 Main market areas

M1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 Mainstream FV FV LV FV FS LV FV FL FS FS FS FS FS R LV A LV FV Common name okra moringa - pods banana - angled banana - apple banana - large yellow banana - plantain lotus shoots avacado - local mallow/ Jew’s Jute Tossa breadfruit - seeded/ kamansi jack fruit moringa - leaves banana blossom guava - green lotus root lemon grass bamboo shoots corn Cultivar/group/ character local angled ‘Apple’ large yellow ‘Plantain’ green (Schult. Lam. (DC.) Stapf Blanco L. L. Mill. Gaertner L. Lam. L. paradisiaca x Species Persea americana Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Corchorus olitorius Artocarpus camansi Artocarpus heterophyllus Moringa oleifera Musa Psidium guajava Nelumbo nucifera Cymbopogon citratus asper Dendrocalamus cf. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K. Heyne Zea mays Family (Group) Malvaceae Moraceae Moringaceae Musaceae Myrtaceae Nelumbonaceae Poaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Chinatown C1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 M3 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 M2 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 Main market areas

M1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 Mainstream A FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS Common name strawberry - California apple - Braeburn apple - Fuji apple - Fuji organic apple - Gala apple - Golden Delicious apple - Golden Delicious organic apple - Granny Smith apple - Green Cello apple - Pacific Rose apple - Red Cello apple - Red Delicious plum - red peach - white/ya nectarines - white fragrant knotweed/ mint Vietnamese strawberry Aomori apple - Japan/Fuji apricot plum - black peach - yellow nectarines pluot Cultivar/group/ character ‘California’ ‘Aomori Japan’ / ‘Fuji’ ‘Braeburn’ ‘Fuji’ organic ‘Fuji’ ‘Gala’ ‘Golden Delicious’ ‘Golden Delicious’ organic ‘Granny Smith’ ‘Green Cello’ ‘Pacific Rose’ ‘Red Cello’ ‘Red Delicious’ black red yellow white / ‘Ya’ ‘White’ . (Lour.) Soják (Lour.) L. L. L. Borkh. (L.) Batsch (L.) Batsch var C. Schneider . sp Species Persicaria odorata Fragaria Malus domestica Prunus armeniaca Prunus domestica Prunus persica Prunus persica nucipersica Prunus communis Family (Group) Polygonaceae Rosaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 C2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 Chinatown C1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 M3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

M2 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 Main market areas 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 M1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Mainstream FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS A FS FS FS Common name pear - Bartlett pear - Bosc pear - D’Anjou pear - Comice pear - Forelle pear - Red pear - Seckel pear - Korean pear - Korean Singo raspberry blackberry kalamansi kaffir lime leaf pomelo grapefruit - California Red grapefruit - organic grapefruit - Ruby Texas grapefruit - tangerine - California tangerine - clementines tangerine - honey/local tangelo - mineola

Cultivar/group/ character ‘Bartlett’ ‘Bosc’ ‘D’Anjou’ ‘Comice’ ‘Forelle’ ‘Red’ ‘Seckel’ ‘Korean’ ‘Korean Singo’ ‘California Red’ organic ‘Ruby’ ‘Texas’ ‘California’ ‘Clementines’ /local ‘Honey’ ‘Tangelo’/ ‘Mineola’ L. Blanco Macfad. (Burm.) Merr. (Burm.) f. Nakai L. DC. . sp Species Pyrus communis Pyrus pyrifolia Rubus idaeus Rubus Citrofortunella microcarpa (Bunge) Wijnands Citrus hystrix Citrus maxima Citrus paradisi Citrus reticulata Family (Group) Rubiaceae Rutaceae

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C3-7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0

C2 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Chinatown C1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 M3 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 M2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Main market areas

M1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mainstream FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS FS A A FV FV canistel Common name orange - Kona orange - local orange - naval orange - sweet orange - sweet- organic star apple - purple egg fruit/ pepper (pungent) - Fresno orange - Cara lime lemon longan rambutan star apple - green sapotillo tail herb lizard’s rice paddy herb pepper (pungent) Anaheim - Cultivar/group/ character ‘Cara Cara’ ‘Kona’ ‘local’ ‘Naval’ ‘Sweet’ organic ‘Sweet’ green purple ‘Anaheim’ ‘Fresno’ L. L. Lour. Thunb. (L.) P. Royen (L.) P. (L.) Osbeck (L.) Osb. L. (Lam.) Yamazaki (Lam.) aurantiifolia limon X X . annuum Species Citrus sinensis Citrus (Christm.) Swingle Citrus Dimocarpus longan Nephelium lappaceum Chrysophyllum cainito Manilkara zapota Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni Houttuynia cordata Limnophila chinensis subsp. aromatica Capsicum annuum var Family (Group) Sapindaceae Sapotaceae Saururaceae Scrophulariaceae Solanaceae

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C3-7 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2-G 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

C2-L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-M 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 C2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 Chinatown C1

M3 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

M2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Main market areas 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 M1 0 Mainstream FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV LV FV FV FV FV Suvwala Common name pepper (pungent) - green pepper (sweet) - green pepper (sweet) - green organic pepper (sweet) - orange pepper (sweet) - red pepper (sweet) - yellow pepper (pungent) - Habenero pepper (pungent) - Hawaiian pepper (pungent) - Indian pepper (pungent) - green Jalapeño pepper (pungent) - red Jalapeño pepper (pungent) - Passilla pepper (pungent) - leaves pepper (pungent) - Serrano pepper (pungent) - small red pepper (pungent) - yellow Cultivar/group/ character Grossum Group green Grossum Group green, organic Grossum Group orange Grossum Group red Grossum Group yellow ‘Habenero’ ‘Hawaiian’ ‘Indian Suvwala’ green ‘Jalapeño’ red ‘Jalapeño’ ‘Passilla’ pungent cvar groups ‘Serrano’ small red yellow green L. . annuum Species Capsicum annuum var Family (Group)

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C3-7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

C3-R 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3-C 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C2-G 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

C2-L 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C1-M 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

C1-P 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

C3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 C2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Chinatown C1

M3 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 M2 1 0 1 1 Main market areas 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 M1 1 0 0 1 Mainstream FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV FV R R R R R Common name tomato - cherry tomato - Cluster/Vine tomato - Grape tomato - Hamakua tomato - Hydro tomato - Kamuela tomato - local tomato - Roma tomato - Romanita tomatillo - organic Yellow tomato - Cherry eggplant - purple, big, round eggplant - purple, long eggplant - purple, long, thin eggplant - purple, round, organic Ariamo potato - potato - Gold/Yellow potato - red potato - Okinawan White tomato - red eggplant - green, round, Filipino eggplant - white/ green,Thai potato - white Cultivar/group/ character ‘Cherry’ ‘Cluster’ / ‘Vine’ ‘Grape’ ‘Hamakua’ ‘Hydro’ ‘Kamuela’ local ‘Roma’ ‘Romanita’ organic ‘Tomatillo’ Cherry’ ‘Yellow green, round, Filipino purple, big, round purple, long purple, long, thin purple, round, organic white/green, ‘Thai’ ‘Ariamo’ / ‘Yellow’ ‘Gold’ ‘Red’ ‘Okinawan White’ Miller L. L. Swartz Species esculentum Lycopersicon Solanum melongena Solanum torvum Solanum tuberosum Family (Group)

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C3-7 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-R 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C3-I 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3-C 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2-G 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2-L 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-H 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-M 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Separate Chinatown vendors

C1-Y 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C1-P 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

C3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

C2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Chinatown C1 1 1 1 0 M3 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 M2 1 1 1 Main market areas

M1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Mainstream R FS FS FS FS R FL Common name grapes - Green Seedless grapes - Red Globe grapes - Red Seedless ginger bud potato - Russet grapes - Black Seedless ginger Cultivar/group/ character ‘Russet’ ‘Black Seedless’ ‘Green Seedless’ ‘Red Globe’ ‘Red Seedless’ L. Roscoe L. Species Solanum tuberosum vinifera Vitis Zingiber officinale Family (Group) Vitaceae Zingiberaceae

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