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Master‘s Thesis

A Light Booster metro car for the commuting work force - Human Centric Lighting in underground transportation - Anna Wawrzyniak ANNA WAWRZYNIAK B.F.A. Interior Architecture

Georg-Wilhelm-Straße 36 | 21107 Hamburg | Germany [email protected] | + 49 (0) 176 72251033

Support 2

Tutors Prof. Peter Andres CEO at Peter Andres Lichtplanung GbR | Honorary Professor at PBSA Düsseldorf Dipl.-Ing. Electrical Technologies

Dr. Raphael Kirsch Head of Lighting Applications at Trilux Ph.D. Lighting Technology | M.Sc. Architectural Lighting Design Dipl.-Ing. Optic Technologies, Light Technologies

examiner Isabel Dominguez Lecturer and Master’s Thesis Coordinator at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture | MA, Architectural Lighting Design | Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Architectur

COOperation Manfred Hester | Thomas Pahl Hamburger Hochbahn AG Background _ 05 CirCadian Rhythm Human centric lighting Light exposure of office workers Urbanisation and commute

Methodology _ 06 Cooperation with hamburger hochbahn ag specific literature research quantitative measurements and observations design proposal as an experiment

Specific Literature research _ 08 Index 3 Duration of Light exposure time of light exposure

Directionality spectral distribution intensities of light energy consumption visual performance vehicle regulations

Measurements and observation _ 10 Illuminance values user specification

Design Principles _ 10 Lighting Multi-sensory experience

Design proposals as an Experiment _ 12 Existing metro car Variations Evaluation Results

Final design _ 19 visualisation lighting control Usage on the weekends technical Implementation + Details Materials Model Pictures calculations + Lighting specificatioNS

Discussion _ 32 conclusion OuTlook

Appendix _ 34 tables References image references calculations KEYWORDS 4 Human Centric Lighting | Circadian lighting | Non-visual effects of light | Short light exposure | Urbanisation | Metro | Subway | Healthy commute | Lighting Design in under- ground public transportation

Abstract People at northern latitudes lack an effective portion of daylight, especially in winter time, to entrain their circadian rhythm. If one belongs to the group of employees who have no time for daylight exposure and are not supplied by Human Centric Lighting (HCL) in their office, the only chance to get circadian light may be the daily commute. The mega trend of urbanisation increases time of commute, with on average 20-60 min- utes spent daily in public transportation in European cities. By introducing HCL to public transport, especially metro vehicles, this time frame can be used to provide the commut- ing work force with circadian lighting. A LIGHT BOOSTER metro car is proposed to provide the right intensity, spectral distribution, directionality and timing of light to regulate the human inner clock and support health. TheLIGHT BOOSTER metro car is very efficient as light is best used due to a high person per square meter ratio. This ratio is higher than in any office building.The energy consumption equals that of an conventional single house- hold. Besides expected health benefits, theLIGHT BOOSTER metro car works as an educative tool, raising awareness for the beneficial effects of light on human health and well-being. A Light Booster metro car for the commuting work force - Human Centric Lighting in underground transportation - Anna Wawrzyniak

Master‘s Thesis Architectural Lighting Design KTH Royal Institute Of Technology | SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE SE-100 44 Stockholm | Sweden

January 2019

Background 5

Circadian Rhythm The human’s inner clock is based on a 24,18 h rhythm on average and has a tendency to phase delay (Czeisler et al., 1999). Due to this circumstance we need an external entrainment to synchronise our endogenous rhythm with the 24 h-rotation of the earth. Otherwise we would over sleep 11 min every day. Light is the main ‘zeitgeber’ to fulfil this task of synchro- nisation (Klein et al., 1991; Wehr, 1991). A non-visual receptor called “Intrinsically photo- sensitive retinal ganglion cells” (ipRGC) found in the mammals’ retina records light and darkness phases and forwards the information directly to the biological master clock, the supra-chiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and not to the visual cortex (Brainard et al.,2001). Since the Nobel Prize of Chemistry in 2017 it is known that every single cell of our body is affected by this circadian rhythm. Thus, an alignment of endogenous and exogenous rhythm is crucial for humans to stay healthy and joyful.

Human centric lighting The impact of light to the human’s circadian system is very complex and still not completely examined. To acknowledge the current investigation in lighting design the term “Human Centric Lighting” was introduced. Human Centric Lighting (HCL) is lighting that considers both the visual and non-visual effects of exposing humans to light. The possible effects from such lighting can be better visual performance and comfort, sleep quality, alertness, mood and behaviour with consequences for human health, learning and spending (Boyce, 2016).

21. December 21. March/September 21. June

18:00 6:00 18:00 6:00 18:00 6:00 Hamburg Hamburg Hamburg GERMANY GERMANY GERMANY

Daylight present (Daytime) Artificial office lighting

Daylight absent (Nighttime) Commute in public transportation

Fig. 01 | Scheme | Relation daylight exposure - working schedule Light exposure of office workers Studies in Zurich show that employees get an average of 2.250 lxh per day by artificial office lighting, working eight hours per day (Hubalek et al., 2009). A luminous exposure of 5.000 lxh per day is recommended for light therapy to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) (Hubalek et al., 2009). Yet, this value is also adequate for healthy people. If a person doesn’t get additional daylight or artificial circadian light, a deficit of 2.850 lxh will occur. Half an hour of daylight in the morning would be sufficient to provide enough impulse for our circadian rhythm, considering a vertical illuminance at eye height of 10.000 lx outdoors, 40 min after sunrise (Terman et al., 1990). Unfortunately the western European working society has a set schedule of approx. 8 hours per day, which means less possibility to daylight exposure, especially in winter time of high latitude.

Urbanisation and commute The mega trend of urbanisation leads to bigger cities where people face long phases of com- mute to get to their office in the city centreGringer; ( Ingraham, 2016). Fifty percent of European city dwellers use public transportation to get to work which equals approximately 132 million people (O’Sullivan, 2017). The average time spent in public transportation per day is 58 min in Hamburg, 62 min in Berlin, 56 min in Munich, 84 min in London and 87 min New York City (Moovit, Inc.). In total, US citizens spend 44 min on average in trams, 6 metros or buses (Gringer), with numbers rising (Probst, 2018).

The aim of this thesis is to collect the research necessary for an evidence-based-design ap- proach. Implementing HCL in certain metro cars and providing the passengers with qualita- tive high intensity lighting, could be a way to increase the amount of circadian light to stim- ulate the endogenous rhythm, while improving physical and metal health of the work force.

Fig. 02 | Picture | Interior of metro car type DT5, Hamburger Hochbahn AG

Methodology

Cooperation with Hamburger Hochbahn Ag Hamburg is located on 53rd parallel north, it is exposed to strong seasonal changes of daylight exposure. The shortest day (21st December) only lasts 7 h 27 min (Sollumis, 2018). Thus, Hamburg’s workforce might be affected by too little daylight exposure in wintertime. These facts and the author’s local accessibility approved Hamburg to be an adequate ex- amination location. The thesis is developed in cooperation with “Hamburger Hochbahn AG” (HOCHBAHN), the local traffic company supplying Hamburg’s public metro and bus transportation. The lighting design will be suited to a car of vehicle type DT5, which is the latest in the HOCHBAHN fleet. This approach ensures realistic dimensions for the proposed lighting system, because the new DT5 model reacts to spacial demands of air conditioning and electrical cabling. Although 55% of HOCHBAHN metro lines are over- ground, the proposals are limited to underground application excluding daylight exposure.

earch & Obse es ts rv R en a e m t r e io u vehicle regulations artificial sky dome t r n u a s s r circadian light timing A user activity luminance e E t

i L intensity artificial light M existing metro lighting

short light exposure horizontal illuminance

phase advancing vertical illuminance

design principles 7

iteria Cr n io t a space energy u l a atmosphere

v

E design proposals vertical illuminance as an experiment glare effort orientation

Evidence based Design

Fig. 03 | Scheme | Methodology

Specific literature research The literature research is focused on short exposure of artificial light, intensity, directionality and timing. Phase advancing with white, visible, full-spectrum light is primarily investigated. Latest studies are prioritised and mainly academic papers are assessed. Whereas statistic numbers regarding public transportation and its users are established predominantly by online sources.

Quantitative Measurements and Observations To evaluate the current impact of light in a metro car, measurements of the existing lighting in the DT5 car are executed. Vertical and horizontal illuminance values in sitting and standing position are collected. The location of measurements will be on eye height with straight gaze, on eye height with an inclined gaze and 0,8 m above floor level. Luminance values are supplemented. Additionally the same executions are made in a very bright surrounding, an artificial sky dome (Artificial Sky, Light Laboratory, Peter Andres Licht- planung, Hamburg). These measurements are set in correlation and help to classify the design proposal.

Design proposals as experiment Design principles are introduced, which are developed from the literature research and the undertaken measurements and observations. Applying these design principles leads to evi- dence-based-design proposals. The design proposals serve as experiments with underlaying criteria linked back to the literature research. This evaluation ensures an implementation of the criteria which leads to a holistic and evidence-based-design. Specific Literature Research

Duration of Light exposure Studies reveal that duration of light is more important than intensity of light (Dewan, 2010), however, tests with a short impulse of very bright light (12 min/7.700 lux) show a phase delay of 1.07 h (Chang et al., 2012). One study states a remission of SAD with light exposure of 30 min (Terman et al., 1990) and another experiment shows a subjective rise of mood and alertness and a suppression of melatonin, the sleep hormone, after a light exposure of 30 min (Leichtfried et al.,2014).

TIME OF LIGHT Exposure To be beneficial for a broad mass of people theLIGHT BOOSTER metro car should address employees with a normal working schedule, shift work excluded. This equals approximately 80 % of the population (Rajaratnam, 2001). The average working hours occur between 8:00 and 18:00 with commute rush hours between 6:00-9:00 and 16:00-19:00 (Hester, 2018). Light has different effects depending on the time of application. Bright light in the morning, after the core body temperature minimum (CBTmin), will result in a phase advance of circadian rhythm. Light in the evening hours and night time before core body temperature mini- mum will delay the circadian clock (Revell and Eastman, 2005). This circumstance is given 8 because non-visual cells in the retina activated by light, are forwarding impulses via the hypothalamus to suppress the sleep hormone melatonin (Brainard et al., 2001; Hattar et al., 2002). Phase advances are associated with remission of SAD, because most SAD patients are phase delayed (Burgess et al., 2004). Thus, bright morning light would synchronise exo- genous and endogenous rhythm.

Directionality The directionality of light indicates its effectiveness. Light exposure from above onto the inferior field of the retina shows the same result as full retinal exposure. Whereas light from below onto the superior retinal field exposure was less effective (Glickman et al., 2003). This contributes to the learned assumption, that natural light always penetrates from above. When the directionality of the light is reversed, the acceptance and perceived comfort of a design is decreasing (Madsen, 2018). Scientists executed tests of bright light exposure with a luminaire in the upper visual field and advised the subjects to not look at the light source directly (Terman et al., 1990). A comparison between direct and diffuse light systems indi- cates that an extensive surface with a high luminance is more beneficial than a pointing light source with a higher luminance (Paul et al., 2007).

SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION Spectral distribution, which is the key topic of circadian stimulus, is commented on in this thesis just briefly. There already is broad research regarding spectral composition and its effect on circadian stimulus. Especially short and long wavelength have a high impact on the circadian system. Non- visual retinal ganglion cells are sensitive to blue light, around 480 nm (Brainard et al., 2001; Warman et al., 2003). Small intensities of 40 lux, however, lead to a suppression of melatonin at night time and increase alertness. Red light of the same intensity raises the alertness lev- el about the same without compromising melatonin levels and influencing the circadian rhythm (Sahin and Figueiro, 2013). Few studies reveal the chosen spectral distribution of the used light sources in their experiments. Some mention the correlated colour temperature. However, correlated colour temperature (CCT) is a insufficient metric for circadian stimu- lus, because the colour temperature depicts an area and not a specific value. Therefore the metric is rather inaccurate. Light sources with different spectral composition might have the same CCT. Yet, there is a tendency on the market of solid state light sources, that ordinary LEDs with a higher CCT have a higher circadian impact (Kirsch, 2018). Intensity of light All research findings are concerning luminous exposure, depicted in vertical illuminance on eye height. Due to a lack of spectral information in most experiments, intensities are not specified by wavelength. Most of the considered studies investigated phase advances, while some are introducing phase delays (see table 01 in the appendix). An effect of circadian impact can be seen from a threshold of 100 lux and above. This amount of light is sufficient to trigger a suppression of melatonin and therefore influence the circadi- an rhythm (Zeitzer et al., 2000). However, most studies focus on the impact of higher intensities of light, 1.000 lx and above. This may be due to stronger beneficial effects of higher doses of light. Bright light impulse of light in the morning are associated with higher subjective mood (Leichtfried et al., 2015). An increase of sleep quality is intended by exposure to high illuminance during daytime (Hubalek et. al., 2010). High intensities of light also help making the system more resistant to low intensities, including harmful effects of blueish light from electronic devices used during the evening, for instance. Applied over several weeks, these high intensities of light changed the light history of the test subjects, which is strengthening their circadian rhythm (Herbert et al., 2002). 9 Energy Consumption Dealing with artificial light, energy consumption is a main factor to consider. Firstly, inter- mitting light pulses, 30 min on, 30 min off, reach almost the same effect as continuous light exposure (Rimmer et al., 2000; Wong et al., 2005). The reason might be that ipRGCells are responsible for long duration pupil size adaptation. They get a new light impulse and adapt to the new light level within a few minutes (Lucas et al., 2014). A multiple change of light level would trigger the ipRGCells more often than one continuous light pulse. The visual system is responsive to changes rather than continuity in the visual field. Therefore, dynamics in light levels raise attention (Ball, 2018). Secondly, monochromatic light in low intensities (8-40 lx) affect the circadian system with a higher efficacy than white light (Rimmer et al., 2000; Sahin and Figueiro, 2013). Both findings could be integrated in the design to save energy and make the concept more holistic visual performance Very little of the literature reviewed proposes solutions for good visual performance. Never- theless, one study states to install the luminaire in the upper visual field of the subjects and advises them not to look at it to avoid glare (Terman et al., 1990). Another investigation put high effort to build a light chamber for their experiments with low luminance values to avoid glare (Leichtfried et al., 2010). Aspects of visual comfort and performance are crucial when implementing circadian lighting in practice. vehicle regulations Areas of seats as well as standing areas require an illuminance of 150 lx (0,8 m above the floor), corridors need an illuminance of 50 lx (on the floor). The CCT should be 2.800 - 7.000 K (3 SDCM). The colour rendering index (CRI) is determined by 80 or higher (DIN EN 13272-2). In addition, certain requirements have to be met for the passengers’ comfort, orientation and safety, especially for visually impaired and mobility-restricted passengers. The minimum height in corridors and areas of movement has to be 1,95 m, above the seats 1,70 m. The width of corridors should be 0,55m (DIN EN 16585-3). The minimum distance of seats facing each other has to be 0,6 m. Handrails have to be provided every 2 m, minimum (DIN EN 16585-2). For orientation the doors should be easily to see, additionally marked with lights which signal when closing. A display depicting the route of the metro line should be visibly mounted inside (BOStrab). Test measurements and observations

Illuminance values Illuminance measurements were undertaken to reveal tolerable thresholds of bright environments, dependence of inclination of glance and reveal existing light values in a metro car of the HOCHBAHN. The results for a very bright environment (Artificial Sky, Light Laboratory, Peter Andres Lichtplanung, Hamburg) show that with a horizontal illuminance, measured on floor level, of 10.000 lx the eye receives 8.000 lx vertically when gaze is facing the white surface of the dome, and 3.800 lx vertically when glance is lowered. In this case the luminance of the lumi- nous surface was 3.300 cd/m². In the metro car (Type DT5 by “Hamburger Hochbahn AG”) horizontal illuminance was 500 lx, measured 0,6 m above the floor. The vertical illuminance reached 85 lx with straight glance and 25 lx with lowered glance by 45°. The luminance value was 200 cd/m². The tests reveal that vertical illuminance in both cases is decreasing more than half, when glance is lowered. Depending also on reflectance values of the surrounding. It is concluded that a diffuse, omni-directional lighting system (artificial sky dome) provides higher percentage of vertical illuminance than a small directed light source. 10 user specification In Hamburg the average daily amount of citizens using the public transport company HOCHBAHN was 635.000 in 2016 (Hester, 2018). A short investigation was conducted to get an impression of user activity (see attached table in appendix). Regular activities are reading, listening to music, having a conversation, sleeping or checking the mobile device. In the morning (8:00-9:00) 41% of people deal with their mobile phone, their gaze inclined down- wards onto the device. 15% read a book, newspaper or magazine in the same posture. 8% of HOCHBAHN users maintain a free gaze while listening to music or have a conversation. 26% watch the advertising or do not follow a specific activity, gaze straight or slightly tilted upward. 5% of users are sleeping with closed eyes. 10% are standing, 90% sitting. In the afternoon (18:00-19:00) 36,5% of people deal with their mobile with inclined gaze. 10% are reading, 21,5% of HOCHBAHN users maintained a free gaze. 26% watch the advertising or do not follow a specific activity, gaze straight or slightly tilted upward. Nobody was sleeping. 15% are standing, 85% sitting. In total over half of the passengers’ gaze is inclined (51 %) while most of them are sitting (87 %). 2,5 % have their eyes closed.

Design Principles

Concluding the findings of the literature research and the measurements and observations, the realisation of a LIGHT BOOSTER metro car would be beneficial. The literature show that short exposure of artificial light can support the circadian rhythm, health and well-being. Considering the average daily commute in public transportation (bus, tram, S-Bahn, ferry included) a ride in Hamburg lasts 29 min one way. This would be sufficient for light treat- ment. The lighting design should be applied in the rush hours between 6:00-9:00 and 16:00- 19:00 to reach the highest amount of people. The hours in between can be bridged with default lighting. As 87 % of passengers were sitting during the observation, the lighting system should focus on vertical illuminance on eye height in sitting position (1,30 m).

Lighting Implementing HCL in a LIGHT BOOSTER metro car, aims for an entrainment of circadian rhythm (phase advance), a better subjective mood, an increase of sleep quality and a desensitization to blueish light in the evening. While considering an efficient, aesthetic and sustainable solution. Taking into account the results of the literature research the following design principles were developed. The application time of the lighting will be divided into two scenes.

A morning session, between 6:00 and 9:00 will supply the metro car with bright, white light. The white light may have slowly changing intensities to better stimulate the ipRGCells. Investigations scope the vertical illuminance above 1.000 lux. Additional areas with verti- cal illuminance of approximately 40 lux in tones of blue (480 nm) light might be possible.

The evening session will be running between 16:00 and 19:00. Here low levels of white light, illuminance below 100 lux, and red (680 nm) light of 40 lux, are mixing. An energetic atmos- phere prepares for after work activities.

Both light scenes are provided by the same light system. It should be mounted on the ceil- ing and vertical sides of the metro car to create a high vertical illuminance. Luminance distribution should be very homogeneous to allow pupil opening for maximal light input. Light-coloured, matt, reflective materials should be used to assure visual comfort and minimize a loss of light due to absorption.

Morning application Afternoon application 11

6:00 - 9:00 16:00 - 19:00 session session

bright white light dim white light + blue tones + red tones CCT > 3.000 Kelvin CCT <2.700 Kelvin 1.000 - 3.000 lux vertical < 100 lux vertical

dynamic white light static white light intermitting phases of 10 min

diffuse light system diffuse light system ceiling/wall mounted ceiling/wall mounted high vertical illuminance low vertical illuminance

bright, matt materials bright, matt materials

Fig. 04 | Scheme | Lighting design principles

Multi-sensory experience Turning the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car into a multi-sensory experience could enhance the lighting design effects of relaxation and activation. Therefore, the materials in the car should be adapted. Soft and light-coloured materials, as well as noise absorbing surfaces should be applied. The user’s experience should be immersive, allowing to pause the busy surrounding and collect energy. Fig. 05 | Picture | Exterior of metro car type DT5, Hamburger Hochbahn AG 12

Design proposal As An Experiment Existing metro car The lighting design will be suited to a DT5 car, which is the newest in the HOCHBAHN fleet. One vehicle consists of three cars, which merge into each other (for technical details, see the attached table). The body of the car will be untouched as well as the installations for air condition and electricity above the ceiling covering. The lighting design aims to be applied as a second layer of the interior face of maximum 10cm width. Protruding parts of the ceiling (covering of the air conditioning components, cameras, passenger tv) will be re- organised and thus be neglected. Emergency lighting isn’t included in the design proposal and has to be planned separately.

Construction years 2009 ff. Places | Sitting 96 Places | Standing (4 persons/m²) 128 Places in total 224 Tare 54,2 t Payload (BOStrab) 25,7 t Number and Power of motors 6 x 135 kW Speed limit 80 km/h Number of cars per vehicle 3 Length above coupling 39,6 m Vehicle‘s width 2,60 m Vehicle‘s height above rails 3,40 m

Fig. 06 | Table | Technical data of metro vehicle DT5 3 2

1

4 6

5

7 13

1 Diffuse lighting system | LED retro fit 2 Air space | Electrical cabling, air conditioning 3 Ceiling covering | Cameras, heat detector and sprinkler system 4 Handrails | Aluminium 5 Seats | Aluminium, Textile padding 6 Windows | Insulation glazing 7 Car body | insulated, Width (inside): 2,60m; Height (inside): 2,14m

Fig. 07 | Hand drawing | Section metro car DT5 (without scale)

Fig. 08 | Picture | Elevation and floor plan of metro vehicle DT5 (without scale) Variations According to the developed design principles various lighting designs are possible. For an easy comparison and to generate an evidence-based-design, evaluation criteria are devel- oped from the literature research.

GLARE | Glare is caused by a strong contrast in luminance. Thus, it is avoided by balanced luminance values, which occur when various surfaces have similar reflectance properties or when one extensive surface predominates. Glare should be reduced in the design proposal.

V. ILLUMINANCE | The vertical illuminance determines amongst other factors the circadian im- pact of light. Best values are reached with light exposure in the upper visual field (Glickman et al., 2003).

ORIENTATION | Users should orientate themselves easily in the metro car. The doors, handrails and station signs (inside the car and outside at the station) must be visible.

SPACE | The introduced design should consider the existing design in terms of form and material. However, the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car being only one car in a metro train can be extraordinary. 14

ATMOSPHERE | The perception of the interior should be immersive and an exception from the daily routine. Blending out the surrounding is desirable.

ENERGY | Energy consumption should be relatively to the resulting well-being and in general as small as possible.

EFFORT | Effort in terms of material and mounting should be minimally comparatively to the resulting well-being. Yet, requirements for fire prevention have to be considered. Fig. 09 | Collage | Design proposal - Indirect system

Variation 01 | Indirect system Linear luminaires are tilted towards the ceiling. Diffuse, indirect light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 30 points Fig. 10 | CollageFig. 10 | Design proposal - Luminous ceiling

Variation 02 | Luminous ceiling 15 Light panels are mounted on the ceiling. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 28 points Fig. 11 | CollageFig. 11 | Design proposal - Screens

Variation 03 | Screens Luminous screens are mounted on top of the seats’ back. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 21 points Fig. 12 | Collage | Design proposal - Luminous windows

Variation 04 | Luminous windows 16 Windows are replaced by light panels. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 26 points Fig. 13 | CollageFig. 13 | Design proposal - Arches of light

Variation 05 | Arches of light Vertical arches, adapting the shape of the metro are installed between the windows. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE ENERGY low high big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 27 points Fig. 14 | CollageFig. 14 | Design proposal -Ovals

Variation 06 | ovals Long oval shaped light planes are following the ceiling and parts of the wall. Diffuse, direct 17 light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 28 points Fig. 15 | CollageFig. 15 | Design proposal - Enclosure

Variation 07 | enclosure Ceiling and walls are covered completely by a luminous, diffuse layer. In areas where less light is need, the layer is perforated. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low ATMOSPHERE dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE ENERGY low high big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 33 points Fig. 16 | CollageFig. 16 | Design proposal - Light curtains + Luminous Frames

Variation 08 | Light Curtains + luminous frames 18 Light panels are mounted on the ceiling and on half of the wall/windows. The frames of the windows shine additionally. Diffuse, direct light distribution.

GLARE high low FEELING dull immersive

V. ILLUMINANCE low high ENERGY big small

ORIENTATION fair good EFFORT high low

SPACE counteracting supportive SUM 33 points

EVALUATION RESULTS The less promising variation of lighting design, mostly due to a small spatial value, is variation 03, screens, with 21 points out of 49. Followed by variation 04, luminous windows, which might cause glare, with 26 points and variation 05, arches of light, which has losses in orientation, with 27 points. Variation 02, luminous ceiling, and 06, ovals, both reached 28 points. Here the spatial and immersive value might be too little. Variation 01, indirect system, with 30 points, shows deficites in vergical illuminance and energy consumption. Variation 07 and 08 are depicting the two most promising drafts, achieving 33 points out of 49 points. However, variation 08, Light Curtains and luminous frames, is proposing the most holistic design, supporting spatial and visual needs. Thus, this variation will be pursued in detail as the final design. FINAL DESIGN 19 20

Fig. 17 | Collage | LIGHT BOOSTER metro car | Morning application

Fig. 18 | Collage | LIGHT BOOSTER metro car | Default lighting 21

Fig. 19 | Collage | LIGHT BOOSTER metro car | Afternoon application

Visualisation These visualisations show an abstract scheme of the final lighting design.

The upper left picture depicts the morning application between 6:00-9:00 with bright white light on half of the windows and the ceiling. The white light is dynamic and slightly moves on the screens. Illuminance values between 1.000 lx and 3.000 lx on the eye are reached. Static blue light of 480 nm with lower intensities of maximum 40 lx vertically are supple- menting the scene. The luminous surface can be used to display information of the journey.

The lower left visualisation shows a possible default lighting, which would be present between 9:00-16:00. Here the required 150 lx horizontally 0,8 m above the floor will be reached.

The upper right picture presents the afternoon lighting scene between 16:00-19:00. Dimmed white light, in a warm colour temperature occurs on half of the windows and the ceiling. Red light of 680 nm is glowing in the window frames with an intensity below 40 lx on eye level.

Lighting control To change smoothly between the lighting scenes, a control system has to be installed. The system has to adjust the colour temperature and intensity, by using constant current reduc- tion (CCR) to avoid flickering. Further, dynamic settings, slow pulses of changing intensity and flowing bright areas are desirable to raise alertness and attention. 22

Fig. 20 | Collage | LIGHT BOOSTER metro car | Weekend application

usage on the weekends The shown lighting design is suitable for normal weekdays, Monday till Friday. Yet, the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car could offer an artistic light experience at the weekends, address- ing a broad range of users, especially young people and tourists. Coloured light scenes are possible. Here the intensity of white light gets dimmed to a safe minimum and the colour temperature changes to a strong warm white. The light systems on the window frames, using red and blue LEDs can be mixed to a vivid purple tone. For this scene additional control devices will be necessary.

Technical implementation To achieve the desired atmosphere of the visualisations, technical considerations have to be met. The technical implementation contains four chapters. The floor will be doubled by a soft rubber material, the handrails will be exchanged by semi-transparent white luminous tubes and the seats will be newly orientated and refurbished with light-coloured paddings. The windows will be covered with a perforated white foil. LED panels will be installed on the ceiling, half of the windows and on the window frames. Lastly, a semi-tube of frosted acrylic glass with window openings smaller than the existing will be mounted on the walls and the ceiling. The semi-tube works as a diffuser and shields the LED panels. The semi-tube, as well as the LED panels will be produced in manageable size of items to support the mounting process. 23

Separation element to adjacent car Translucent acrylic glass | frosted gradient | transmission 80 - 60% Translucent acrylic glass | frosted | transmission approx. 60% LED module | white light | 2.700 - 6.000 K LED module | blue and red light | 480 nm and 670 nm Ceiling covering interior Car body Window grid | perforated white foil

Fig. 21 | Axonometry | LIGHT BOOSTER metro car (without scale) Materials Taking into account the visual sense, balanced luminances are desirable. The luminance of the interior surfaces will be quite high as mentioned in the design principles. An exception are the windows which are dark most of the time in underground transportation. A bright perforated foil will be mounted on the window surface to minimize the contrast and let the car appear more as one unit, where the eye doesn’t get disturbed. However, the perforation still allows to see outside, recognising the current station. Further, the acoustic of the car should assure a silent and calm atmosphere. Surfaces with open-pored material could be used. All materials which will be touched have a soft or smooth face, including floor and seats. The floor should remind the users of walking on clouds, while still giving a solid stand. The seats are provided with a mechanism which allows to lean back. To embrace the multi-sensory experience single seats are orientated towards the windows. This shields the passenger from being watched, while immersing in the light.

24 Fig. 21 | CollageFig. 21 | Material example - Floor

Floor | Light grey rubber with burls and a soft, elastic layer underneath assures comfortable walk while minimizing the risk of slipping. Fig. 22 | Collage | Material example - Seats

SEAts | The seat shell is made out of aluminium, embedding a grey seat padding. The padding foam adjusts slightly to the form of the passengers body. The back of the seat can be leaned, whereas the front aligns forward. Fig. 23 | Collage | Material example - Window

WINDOWS | Windows are overlayed by a circular semi-transparent layer, balancing the luminance contrasts. Half of the window is covered by a luminous surface. Raising the vertical illuminance while keeping the view to the outside.

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Handrails Fig. 24 | Collage | Material example - Handrails

HANDRAILS | Curved handrails, adapting the design of the existing car, are made of semi-transparent material and illuminated from their core. Fig. 25 | Collage | Material example - Luminous Surface

Luminous SUrface | The light sources are covered with a translucent matt acrylic glass with a frosted gradient with a transmission rate of 60-80%. 5

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7

Fig. 25 | Collage | Section LIGHT BOOSTER metro car (without scale) teCHniCaL detaiLs

1 Acrylic glass | > 8 mm width | frosted - transmission value approx. 60% - attached to the ceiling with a distance of 10 cm - long side joints for easier mounting and air circulation

2 Acrylic glass | > 8 mm width | frosted gradient - transmission value approx. 60- 80% - attached to the walls

3 LED module 01 | 10 items | white light | approx. 1,0 x 0,5 x 0,06 m - attached to the upper part of the windows

4 LED module 02 | number has to be specifi ed | white light | approx. 12,0 x 0,55 x 0,06 m 27 - attached to the ceiling

5 LED module 03 | number has to be specifi ed | white light | approx. 12,0 x 0,35 x 0,06 m - attached to the ceiling

6 LED module 04 | 10 items | blue/red light | approx. 1,4 x 1,8 x 0,06 m - attached to the window frames

7 Rubber layer with padding | approx. 15 mm width | grey rubber (refl ectance value > 30 %) - attached to the existing fl oor

8 Seat | 24 items | aluminium, bright padding (refl ectance value > 50 %) - attached to the fl oor

9 Perforated foil | 10 items | white | wholes of diameter < 10 mm - attached to the windows metro car (without scale) LIGHT BOOSTER LIGHT Fig. 26 | Collage | Floor Plan Model Pictures A physical model of the Light booster metro car was built in scale 1:10 to depict the interior’s atmosphere of the car. The model has a length of 60 cm and consists of grey and white cardboard. To save resources and keep the model in a moderate size only half of the metro car was built and perceptionally duplicated by a mirror. Optic fibres and small LED panels were used inside the model to light up the car.

28

Fig. 27 | Picture | Model LIGHT BOOSTER metro car - Exterior

Fig. 28 + 29 | Picture | Model LIGHT BOOSTER metro car - Exterior + Detail 29

Fig. 30 | Picture | Model LIGHT BOOSTER metro car - Interior Object Object: DT5Object : DT5 : DT5 Installation Installation: Installation : : Project number Project: 02 numberProject number: 02 : 02 Date Date: 22.11.2018Date : 22.11.2018: 22.11.2018

2 Room 21 Room2 Room 1 1 Object : DT5Object : DT5 Installation : Installation : 2.2 Summary,2.2 RoomSummary,2.2 1 Summary, Room Room1 1 Project number : 02Project number : 02 Date : 22.11.2018Date : 22.11.2018 2.2.1 Result overview,2.2.1 Result2.2.1 Measuring overview,Result overview,area Measuring 2 Measuring area 2 area 2 Object : DT5 2 Room 1 2 Room 1 InstallationObject : : DT5 ProjectInstallation number : : 02 2.2 Summary, Room2.2 1 Summary, Room 1 DateProject number : : 02 22.11.2018 Date : 22.11.2018 2.2.1 Result overview,2.2.1 MeasuringResult overview,area 2 Measuring area 2

22 RoomRoom 11 N N N 2.22.2 Summary,Summary, Room Room 1 1 2.2.1 Result overview, Measuring area 2 2.2.1 Result overview, Measuring area 2

Object : DT5 N N InstallationObject : : DT5 Installation : Project numbernumber : : 02 02 CaLCuLations ObjectDate : : 22.11.2018 DT522.11.2018 Installation : 0 02 0 24 2 46 4 68 6 810 8 10 10 N [m]Project number [m] : 02[m] Date : 22.11.2018 N Description,2.3 Calculation Room results, 1 Room 1 Floor2.3.2 3Dplan pseudo colours, View 1 (L) 0 2 0 4 2 6 4 8 6 10 8 10 Description, Room 1 [m] [m] Floor plan 1000 10001500 1000 15002000 1500 20003000 2000 30005000 3000 5000 5000 Illuminance [lx] IlluminanceIlluminance 0[lx] [lx] 2 4 6 8 10 [m] General GeneralGeneral Calculation algorithmCalculation usedCalculation algorithm algorithm used used Average indirectAverage fractionAverage indirect fractionindirect fraction 0 2 4 6 8 10 Maintenance factorMaintenanceMaintenance factor factor 0.80 0.80 10000.80 1500 1000 2000[m] 1500 3000 2000 5000 3000 5000 Illuminance [lx] Illuminance [lx] Total luminous fluxTotal of luminousall Totallamps luminous flux of all flux lamps of all lamps 88000 lm 88000 lm88000 lm Total power Total powerTotal power 1000 15001200 W General20001200 W 1200 W3000General 5000 Total power per Totalarea (26.57powerTotalIlluminance perm²) power area [lx] per (26.57 area m²) (26.57 m²) 45.16 W/m² 45.16 W/m²45.16 W/m² Object : DT5 Calculation algorithm usedCalculation algorithm used Average indirect fractionAverage indirect fraction Installation : Project number : 02 Maintenance factor Maintenance factor 0.80 0.80 Date General: 22.11.2018 ObjectObjectObjectIlluminance: Object DT5: DT5:Illuminance DT5 ObjectIlluminanceCalculation: DT5 algorithm :used DT5 Total luminousAverage flux indirectof all Totallamps fraction luminous flux of all lamps 88000 lm 30 88000 lm 2 RoomMaintenance 1 factor 0.80 InstallationInstallationInstallationAverage: illuminanceInstallation: :AverageInstallationAverage illuminance: illuminanceEav : Eav Eav1850 lx Total power1850 lx 1850 lx Total power 1200 W 1200 W Minimum illuminanceMinimum2.1 Description,Minimum illuminance Room illuminanceEmin 1 1000 Emin Emin1171500 lx 117 lx2000117 lx 3000 5000 ProjectProject Projectnumber number number: Project 02: 02: number 02 IlluminanceProject: number 02 [lx] : 02 Total power per area (26.57Total m²) power per area (26.57 m²) 45.16 W/m² 45.16 W/m² Maximum illuminanceMaximumMaximumTotal illuminance luminous illuminanceEmax flux of all lampsEmax Emax3220 lx 322088000 lx 3220 lm lx[m] N DateDateDate : Date 22.11.2018: 22.11.2018:2.1.1 22.11.20183D view,DateTotal View power: 1 22.11.2018: 22.11.2018 1200 W Uniformity Uo Emin/Em 1:15.9 (0.06) Uniformity Uo UniformityTotal power Emin/EmUo per area (26.57 m²) Emin/Em1:15.9 (0.06) 45.161:15.9 W/m² (0.06)2.2 Diversity Ud DiversityGeneralDiversity Ud UdEmin/Emax Emin/EmaxEmin/Emax1:27.6 (0.04) 1:27.6 (0.04)1:27.6 (0.04) Illuminance 1.8[m]Illuminance Calculation algorithm used Average illuminanceAverageAverage indirect illuminanceEav fraction Eav1850 lx 1850 lx N 1.4 Type No.\MakeType No.\MakeMaintenanceTypeIlluminance No.\Make factor 0.80 2.22.2Summary,2.2Summary,Summary, Room2.2 Room RoomSummary, 1 1 2.2 1 Summary,Room 1 Room 1 Minimum illuminance 2.2Minimum illuminanceEmin Emin117 lx 117 lx Average illuminance Eav Maximum illuminance1850 lx 1.0Maximum illuminanceEmax Emax3220 lx 3220 lx Minimum illuminance Emin 117 lx 1.8 TRILUXTotal luminousTRILUXTRILUX flux of all lamps Uniformity Uo 880000.6Uniformity lm Emin/EmUo Emin/Em1:15.9 (0.06) 1:15.9 (0.06) 2.2.22.2.2Result2.2.2ResultResult overview, overview,2.2.2 overview, RoomResult Room Room2.2.21 Maximumoverview, 1 Result1 illuminance Room overview, 1 RoomEmax 1 3220 lx 1 2 Order1 No.Total 21 power Order 2: !6976351 No. Order No. : !6976351 : !6976351Diversity Ud 12001.4Diversity W UdEmin/Emax Emin/Emax1:27.6 (0.04) 1:27.6 (0.04) UniformityLuminaire Uo name : ArimoSEmin/Em Act D2 CDP LED45001:15.9 (ActDCW) (0.06) 0.2 ETDD LuminaireTotal name power : ArimoS perLuminaire area Act (26.57D2 name CDP m²) LED4500 : ArimoS (ActDCW) Act D2 CDP ETDD LED450045.16 (ActDCW)1.0 W/m² ETDD EquipmentDiversityEquipment Ud : 1 x Equipment100 W / 22000 : 1 x lm 100Emin/Emax : 1W x / 10022000 W lm/ 22000 lm1:27.6 (0.04) Type No.\Make 0.6Type No.\Make 0 2 4 6 8 10 Type No.\Make [m] 2 2 Order2 No. 22 Order 2: !6486140 No. Order No. : !6486140 : !6486140 0.2 Illuminance TRILUX TRILUX Luminaire nameLuminaire : ArimoSTRILUXLuminaire name D2 CDP name : ArimoS LED4500-840 : D2ArimoS CDP ET D2LED4500-840 CDP1 LED4500-840 2 ET Order No. ET 1 2: !6976351 Order No. : !6976351 Average illuminance Eav 1850 lx Equipment1Equipment 2 : 1 x Order Equipment500 WNo. / 22000 : 1 x lm 500 : !6976351 : 1W x / 50022000 W lm/ 22000 lm Luminaire name0 : ArimoSLuminaire Act D2 name2 CDP LED4500 : ArimoS (ActDCW)4 Act D2 CDP ETDD LED45006 (ActDCW) 8ETDD 10 Object : DT5 [m] InstallationMinimum illuminance: Luminaire name : ArimoSEmin Act D2 CDP LED4500Equipment (ActDCW)117 lx ETDD : 1 x Equipment100 W / 22000 lm : 1 x 100 W / 22000 lm Project number : 02 DateMaximum :illuminance 22.11.2018Equipment : 1 x 100Emax W / 22000 lm 3220 lx Uniformity Uo Emin/Em2 2 Order1:15.9 No. 2(0.06) 2: !6486140 Order No. : !6486140 1 1 1 1 2 21 Order No. : 3!64861403 3 3 3 Diversity Ud Emin/Emax Luminaire1:27.6 name (0.04) : ArimoSLuminaire D2 CDP name LED4500-840 : ArimoS ET D2 CDP LED4500-840 ET 2.2 Summary, RoomLuminaire 1 name : ArimoS D2 CDP LED4500-840 ET Equipment : 1 x Equipment500 W / 22000 lm : 1 x 500 W / 22000 lm 2 22.2.2 Result overview,2 EquipmentRoom 1 4 42 : 1 x 500 W4 / 22000 lm 4 2 Type No.\Make 4 -please put your-please own address put-please your here- putown your address own addresshere- here- TRILUX DT5 Wagon_neu DT5 Wagon_neuDT5 Wagon_neu Page 3/7 Page 3/7Page 3/7 1 2 Order No. : !6976351 Luminaire name : ArimoS Act D2 CDP LED4500 (ActDCW) ETDD 1 3 Equipment : 1 x 100 W / 22000 lm 100 200 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 2 4 Luminance [cd/m²] -please put your own address here- -please put your own address-please here- put your own address here- DT52 Wagon_neu 2 Order No. : !6486140 Page 3/7 DT5 Wagon_neu DT5 Wagon_neu Page 3/7 Page 3/7 Luminaire name : ArimoS D2 CDP LED4500-840Room ET data: Reflectance: Equipment : 1 x 500 W / 22000 lm W1 : ----- 50.0 % W2 : ----- 50.0 % Semi-cylindricalSemi-cylindricalSemi-cylindrical illuminance illuminanceSemi-cylindrical illuminanceSemi-cylindrical illuminance illuminance RoomW3 : data:----- Reflectance:50.0 % MeasuringMeasuringMeasuring surface surface surfaceMeasuring XsurfaceSemi-cylindricalMeasuringX XY Y illuminance surfaceYZ Z X Z Y E XE Z E Y fromZfrom directionE from direction directionEW4from :direction-----from direction 50.0 % Measuring surface X Y Z E from direction W5W1 : ----- 50.0 % E(p)E(p) 1 E(p) 1 1 E(p) 1 0.92E(p)E(p)0.92 1m 0.92 11.91m 1.91 m m 1.91 1.3m 1.3 0.92 mm0.92 m m1.31.91 m m1.31.91 m 2080 m0.9220802080 1.3lx 2080lxm lxm1.91 lxNorth mNorth (0°)1.3North2080 (0°)mNorth (0°) lx (0°) 2080W2North lx : (0°)-----North (0°) 50.0 % E(p) 2 2.7 m 1.29 m 1.7 m 2520 lx East (90°) W6 : ----- 50.0 % E(p)E(p) 2 E(p) 2 2 E(p) 2 2.7E(p)E(p)2.7 m 3 m 2.721.29 1.29m m 1.29 1.7m 1.7 7.21 mm2.7 m m1.71.9 m m m1.31.29 m 2520 m2.725201920 1.7lx m 2520lx lxm1.29 lx45.00° mEast1.7East 2520 (90°)mEast (90°) lx (90°)2520W3East lx : (90°)-----East (90°) 50.0 % E(p) 4 5.72 m 1.29 m 1.7 m 2220 lx -45.00° Floor: ----- 20.0 % E(p)E(p) 3 E(p) 3 3 E(p) 3 7.21E(p)7.21 m 7.21 31.9m 1.9 mm m1.91.3 1.3m m7.21 m1.3 m m 1.91920 m7.211920 1.3lx 1920m lxm1.9 lx m45.00°1.345.00°1920 m45.00° lx 1920Ceiling:W445.00° lx : -----45.00° 70.050.0 % Summary Quantity Em Emin Emax Uo Ud W5 : ----- 50.0 % E(p)E(p) 4 E(p) 4 4 E(p) 4 5.72Semi-cylindricalE(p)5.72 m 5.72 41.29m illuminance1.29 m m 1.29 1.7m 1.7 4 mm5.72 m1.72180 m m lx1.2919202220 mlx5.722220 1.72520lx 2220m lxm1.290.88 lx m-45.00°0.761.7-45.00°2220 m-45.00° lx 2220-45.00° lx -45.00° W6Room : height----- [m]: 50.0 1.96 % -please put your own addressFloor:Height here- of ref.----- plane [m]: -please20.0 put---- % your own address here- SummarySummarySummary Summary QuantitySummaryQuantityQuantityEmEm EmQuantityEminEminEminEmEmaxQuantityEmaxEmaxEminUoEmUo UoEmaxUdEminUd UdUoEmaxDT5 Wagon_neuUdUo Ud Page 6/7 DT5 Wagon_neu Ceiling: ----- 70.0Page % 3/7 Semi-cylindricalSemi-cylindricalSemi-cylindrical illuminance illuminanceSemi-cylindrical illuminance4 Semi-cylindrical4 illuminance4 21802180 lx 2180illuminance-please lx41920 putlx1920 your lx own1920 lx address218025204 lx2520 here- lx lx2520 lx19200.882180 lx0.88 lx lx0.8825200.7619200.76 lx lx0.760.882520 lx 0.760.88 0.76 DT5 Wagon_neu Page 2/7 Room height [m]: 1.96 Height of ref. plane [m]: ---- Fig. 31 | Grafi cs | Calculation results, executed with RELUX soft ware -please put your own address here- Relux1

-please put your own address here- Relux1

-please put your own address here- DT5 Wagon_neu Page 4/7

-please-please-please put put your yourput own your own -pleaseaddress ownaddress addressput here- yourhere--please here-own putaddress your ownhere- address here- DT5 DT5Wagon_neu Wagon_neuDT5 Wagon_neu DT5 Wagon_neu DT5 Wagon_neu PagePage 4/7Page 4/7 4/7 Page 4/7 Page 4/7 Lighting system specifications The lighting system consists of LED modules with a LED chip distribution proportion of 5 cm. This distance is determined by the spacing between the acrylic semi-tube and the LED modules, which will be between 5-7 cm. To reach a homogeneously appearance without visible “light dots” of the single LEDs, the distance between the LEDs has to be equal or smaller than the distance to the diffusing layer, i.e. the frosted semi-tube. The calculations are depicting the dimensioning of white light, being the main factor in the design. Red and blue light represent 2-4 % (40 lx of >1.000 lx) of the lighting.

31

Flux (lm) Efficacy (lm/W) Distribution Power (W) CRI Colour Control LED chip 13 lm > 100 lm/W sym., 2x 60° < 0,13 W > 90, tunable DALI (module 01-03) R9 > 50 white dim LED chip < 5 lm > 100 lm/W sym., 2x 60° < 0,05 W 480 nm DALI/ (module 04) 680 nm DMX

Fig. 32 | Table | Lighting specification Discussion

Different technical, economical and aesthetic aspects have to be considered when establish- ing the design of the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car. Difficulties of the proposed design are for instance the effort it takes to refurbish the metro car. Changing the materials and the position of the seats means high expenditures. Mount- ing a second interior translucent layer to cover the additionally attached lighting system and the dark appearing windows is costly. These costs could be saved when implementing the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car to the planing of a new vehicle generation. Further, the costs for energy consumption will be higher than an average metro car lighting. Yet, in total the yearly energy consumption of one LIGHT BOOSTER metro car equals roughly the yearly con- sumption of an usual German single household, 2.256 kWh (Energy INlife GmbH & Co. KG.). This result is moderate compared to the benefits. The final design minimises risk of glare, which supports the passengers comfort. Having the shape of a cylindrical half tube, the homogeneous use of material contributes to a balanced luminance distribution with little contrast in the main peripheral field. Vertical illuminance values are very high, due to the positioning of LED panels on the ceiling and additionally on the walls. The wide spread LED panels and the frosted semi-tube of the final design prom- ises the most immersive atmosphere, where people are likely to relax and acclimate to the 32 surrounding. As the alternate design proposals show, the lighting design of LIGHT BOOSTER metro car is scalable to a threshold where it is still effective. Instead of a lighting system with tunable white modulation and dynamic setting, static white light of 3.000 lux with a continuous, divers spectrum can be used. For the afternoon application, though, the lighting has to be dimmed. Additionally the ceiling lighting could be subtracted, due to the fact that not only the ipRG- Cells cells contribute to the circadian system, which require light from above head height. Cones are also involved in the process, being distributed over entire the retina and reacting also to light from the front (Rea et al., 2010). Thus, light covering the peripheral field in general is valuable.

Conclusion The LIGHT BOOSTER metro car, regardless which variation of design is chosen, can lead to better health and well-being. This increases work power among the employees which can be translated directly into economic profit. An investments in a LIGHT BOOSTER metro car is not only an investment in society, but in public transportation, which is beneficial for the environment. No other kind of commuter transportation would be as efficient to refurbish into a LIGHT BOOSTER vehicle as a metro train. The proposed design has an exemplary usage of space in comparison to the number of passengers and frequency. outlook However, there might be critical thoughts about the proposal and HCL in general. The LIGHT BOOSTER metro car, an attempt to apply HCL, is a result of latest LED-technology and so- cietal circumstances. Advanced LED technology of the last years, like tunable white and balanced spectral distribution, suggest an easy application of HCL. Although manufacturers are already providing the spectral melanopic impact (melanopic lux) of their fixture, using spectral efficiency functions, the topic of HCL depends on more factors than only spectral distribution. “(...), it is not yet possible to predict the non-image-forming impact of a given illuminant based upon its intensity and spectral composition” (Lucas et al., 2016). Lighting design proposals have to mind the context of space, user and activity. More research and applied research findings in practice is needed to prove the theoretical results. The current experiments are mostly executed in laboratories and vary strongly in their methodology and accuracy. Missing metrics or ones only regarding spectral composition, depict a hurdle for professional application. “The discovery of ipRGC photoreceptors, and our growing under- standing of their role in setting physiological and behavioral state, has revealed that current methods of light measurement are incomplete “ (Lucas et al., 2016). Implementing the idea of a LIGHT BOOSTER metro car in practice, under scientific control (e.g post occupant evalua- tion) could develop new insights in the field of circadian lighting. Nevertheless, installing a LIGHT BOOSTER metro car consumes resources which might not be necessary if people’s behavior change. 30 minutes of daylight in the first part of the day, may it be the bike ride to work or a walk in the lunch break, would be equally beneficial for health and well-being as the light boost in a metro car. Daylight, even on grey days, has a perfect spectral composition and sufficient quantity to entrain the human circadian rhythm and support mood. Daylight is for granted in most parts of the world and free of charge. HCL concepts try to mimic the advantages of daylight and evolved along meritocracy, sup- porting the demand of optimization. Human Centric (artificial) Lighting is a symptom of an indoor generation, who lacks light, air and movement in nature. Instead of supporting human-centric time outside, industry might using HCL to support economy-centric indoor activity. The mega trend of urbanisation will reinforce this tendency by enlarging commut- ing times. Maybe we should rethink how to build communities and arrange work so that an even larger fraction of the population can enjoy the benefits of micro-commutes (Cortright, 2016).

Being very noticeable, the LIGHT BOOSTER metro car can function as a tool to educate people bout the crucial exposure to qualitative light. It might start a discussion amongst city dwellers whether we shifted too far from nature, i.e. daylight, in our daily routines. The design raises people’s awareness what role light plays for health and well-being and at which costs. 33 Appendix

Tables

TABle 01: Comparision of different light duration and intensity studies. Source Objective Light Source Intensity vertical on eye level (lux) Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing not defined < 8 lux rhythms with short wavelength light Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing Light box (Outside-In Ltd, Cambridge, UK) 12.000 lux rhythms with short wavelength light with 6 Fluorescent bulbs (Sylvania CF-LE55W/835, 27916 energy saver Lynx) Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing Glasses (Premiere Optical Services, Clacton-on-Sea, UK) with mono- 8 lux rhythms with short wavelength light chromatic blue light (456 nm)

Terman (1990), Efficacy of Brief, Intense Light Expo- remission of depression fluorescent bulbs (Color-Gard, Duro-Test, Corp.)(Ultra-Bright 3.000 lux sure for Treatment of Winter Depression 10.000, Medic-Light, Inc.)

Terman (1990), Efficacy of Brief, Intense Light Expo- remission of depression fluorescent bulbs (Color-Gard, Duro-Test, Corp.)(Ultra-Bright 10.000 lux 34 sure for Treatment of Winter Depression 10.000, Medic-Light, Inc.)

Chang (2012), Human responses to bright light of Entrainment and resetting Fluorescent Ceiling lamps (Philips, F96T12/41U/HO/EW, 95W, 7.700 lux different durations circadian clock F32T8/ADV841/A, 32W, F25T8/TL841, 25W) with prismatic filter (Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.,PA,USA) Burgess (2004), Bright Light Therapy fo Winter Phase advancing beneficial Light box (Apollo Light Systems, Orem, Utah) with 6 cool-white 6.000 lux Depression - Is Phase Adancing Beneficial? for SAD fluorescent lamps Miller (2007), Circadian Phase Delay Induced by greatest phase delay com- Light tower (Sunnex Biotechnologies, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) 350 lux Phototherapeutic Devices (Anm. 4 devices - only light bined with best comfort with monochromatic green light (500 nm) tower listed as winner) Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before Light box (Enviro_Med, WA) with 4 fluorescent lamps (Philips PL- 3.000-11.000 lux Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards L40W/41/RS/IS, 4.100 K) morning bright light Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before not defined 60 lux Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards morning bright light Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before Light box (Enviro_Med, WA) with 4 fluorescent lamps (Philips PL- 3.000-11.000 lux Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards L40W/41/RS/IS, 4.100 K) (0.5 h on, morning bright light 0.5 h off, etc.)

Glickman (2003), Inferior Retinal Light Exposure is determine areas in the 150-Watt halogen lamp transmitted through fiber optics cabels to a 200 lux More Effectie than Superioe Exposure in Suppressing retina most sensitive to Goldman perimeter Melatonin in Humans melatonin suppression

Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 2.000 lux dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective

Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 4.000 lux dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 8.000 lux dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective

Okamoto (2014), Temporal Dynamics off EEG activity how narrowband light Light boxes with LED (iCove; Color Kinetics, Boston, MA, USA) of 40 lux during short- and long-wavelength light exposures in spectra influence alertness monochromatic blue light (470 nm) the early morning Okamoto (2014), Temporal Dynamics off EEG activity how narrowband light Light boxes with LED (iCove; Color Kinetics, Boston, MA, USA) of 40 lux during short- and long-wavelength light exposures in spectra influence alertness monochromatic red light (630 nm) the early morning Leichtfried (2014), Intense illumination in the Impacts of intense early Light cabin (fluorescent bulbs, 6.500 K, max. 1.500 cd/m²) 5.000 lux morning hours improved mood and alertness but not morning illumination mental perfomrance Leichtfried (2014), Intense illumination in the Impacts of intense early Ceiling mounted office lighting (4.000 K , max. 850 cd/m²) 400 lux morning hours improved mood and alertness but not morning illumination mental perfomrance

Phase delay - easier to achieve Source Objective Light Source Intensity vertical Duration (min) Direction of gaze Application Time of Day Dose per Result on eye level (lux) days day (lxh) Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing not defined < 8 lux 240 4 7:15-11:15 am < 32 Phase delay of 15min rhythms with short wavelength light Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing Light box (Outside-In Ltd, Cambridge, UK) 12.000 lux 240 straight into light source 4 7:15-11:15 am 48.000 Phase advance of 65min rhythms with short wavelength light with 6 Fluorescent bulbs (Sylvania CF-LE55W/835, 27916 energy (90°), every 6 min lower saver Lynx) (20°) Warman (2003), Phase advancing human circadian Phase advancing Glasses (Premiere Optical Services, Clacton-on-Sea, UK) with mono- 8 lux 240 straight into light source 4 7:15-11:15 am 32 Phase advance of 41min, more efficient than rhythms with short wavelength light chromatic blue light (456 nm) (90°), every 6 min lower white light (20°)

Terman (1990), Efficacy of Brief, Intense Light Expo- remission of depression fluorescent bulbs (Color-Gard, Duro-Test, Corp.)(Ultra-Bright 3.000 lux 30 fixture above, 35° tilted, 2 5:30-7:30 am 1.500 19% of subjects showed a remission rate of sure for Treatment of Winter Depression 10.000, Medic-Light, Inc.) gaze straight (not into min. 50% lights) 30 fixture above, 35° tilted, 2 5:30-7:30 am 5.000 75% of subjects showed a remission rate of Terman (1990), Efficacy of Brief, Intense Light Expo- remission of depression fluorescent bulbs (Color-Gard, Duro-Test, Corp.)(Ultra-Bright 10.000 lux 35 sure for Treatment of Winter Depression 10.000, Medic-Light, Inc.) gaze straight (not into min. 50% lights)

Chang (2012), Human responses to bright light of Entrainment and resetting Fluorescent Ceiling lamps (Philips, F96T12/41U/HO/EW, 95W, 7.700 lux 12 6 min straight onto wall 1 2:18-2:30 am 1.540 Phase delay of 1.07 h, biggest effect compared different durations circadian clock F32T8/ADV841/A, 32W, F25T8/TL841, 25W) with prismatic filter (90°) alternating 6min to 1-4h, biggest saturation in first hour (Lutron Electronics Co., Inc.,PA,USA) free gaze Burgess (2004), Bright Light Therapy fo Winter Phase advancing beneficial Light box (Apollo Light Systems, Orem, Utah) with 6 cool-white 6.000 lux 90 reading 6 (for 4 weeks) 5:54-7:24 am 9.000 Phase advance of approx. 1h, modest proof Depression - Is Phase Adancing Beneficial? for SAD fluorescent lamps that morning light is antidepressant Miller (2007), Circadian Phase Delay Induced by greatest phase delay com- Light tower (Sunnex Biotechnologies, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) 350 lux 120 watching television in 1 24:00-2:00 am 700 Phase delay of 52 min, minimum glare Phototherapeutic Devices (Anm. 4 devices - only light bined with best comfort with monochromatic green light (500 nm) 2m distance avoidance behavior tower listed as winner)

Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before Light box (Enviro_Med, WA) with 4 fluorescent lamps (Philips PL- 3.000-11.000 lux 210 reading 3 1st day: 10.500- Phase advance of 2,1 h Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards L40W/41/RS/IS, 4.100 K) 6:35-10:05 am 38.500 morning bright light 3rd day: 4:35-7:05 am Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before not defined 60 lux 210 reading 3 1st day: 210 Phase advance of 0,6 h Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards 6:35-10:05 am morning bright light 3rd day: 4:35-7:05 am Burgess (2003), Preflight Adjustment to Eastward Phase advancing before Light box (Enviro_Med, WA) with 4 fluorescent lamps (Philips PL- 3.000-11.000 lux 120 reading 3 1st day: 6.000- Phase advance of 1,5 h Travel: 3 Days of Advancing sleep with and without flying eastwards L40W/41/RS/IS, 4.100 K) (0.5 h on, 6:35-10:05 am 22.000 morning bright light 0.5 h off, etc.) 3rd day: 4:35-7:05 am

Glickman (2003), Inferior Retinal Light Exposure is determine areas in the 150-Watt halogen lamp transmitted through fiber optics cabels to a 200 lux 90 straight into Goldman 5 2:00-3:30 am 300 inferior retinal exposure was similar to full More Effectie than Superioe Exposure in Suppressing retina most sensitive to Goldman perimeter perimeter, eyes dilated retinal exposure with significantly melatonin Melatonin in Humans melatonin suppression suppression

Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 2.000 lux 60 watching TV 1 2:00-3:00 am 2.000 Phase delay of 40 min dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective

Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 4.000 lux 60 watching TV 1 2:00-3:00 am 4.000 Phase delay of 2 min dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective

Dewan (2010), Light-Induced Changes of the Circa- determine whether dura- Light box (Sunbox, Co. Gaithersburg, MD) 8.000 lux 60 watching TV 1 2:00-3:00 am 8.000 Phase delay of 13 min dian Clock of Humans: Increasing Duration is More tion or intensity is more Effective than Increasing Light Intensity effective

Okamoto (2014), Temporal Dynamics off EEG activity how narrowband light Light boxes with LED (iCove; Color Kinetics, Boston, MA, USA) of 40 lux 48 straight into light box 3 7:00-8:00 am 32 alertness was significantly greater during short- and long-wavelength light exposures in spectra influence alertness monochromatic blue light (470 nm) the early morning Okamoto (2014), Temporal Dynamics off EEG activity how narrowband light Light boxes with LED (iCove; Color Kinetics, Boston, MA, USA) of 40 lux 48 straight into light box 3 7:00-8:00 am 32 alertness was significantly greater during short- and long-wavelength light exposures in spectra influence alertness monochromatic red light (630 nm) the early morning Leichtfried (2014), Intense illumination in the Impacts of intense early Light cabin (fluorescent bulbs, 6.500 K, max. 1.500 cd/m²) 5.000 lux 30 not defined 1 7:40-8:10 am 2.500 subjective mood and alertness improved, morning hours improved mood and alertness but not morning illumination suppression of melatonin mental perfomrance Leichtfried (2014), Intense illumination in the Impacts of intense early Ceiling mounted office lighting (4.000 K , max. 850 cd/m²) 400 lux 30 not defined 1 7:40-8:10 am 200 subjective mood and alertness didn‘t morning hours improved mood and alertness but not morning illumination change, sustained attention, suppression of mental perfomrance melatonin

Fig. 33 | Table | Literature research TABle 02: Metro user activities in the morning, November 2018, Hamburg

Time and Destination U1 | 8:33 | U1 | 8:40 U3 | 8:26 Jungfernstieg - Stephansplatz Hallerstr. - Kellinghusenstr. HBF. - Mönckebergstraße

Activity Checking mobile 33 % (7 persons) 40 % (9 persons) 52 % (26 persons) 41 % Reading 15 % (3 persons) 14% (3 persons) 16 % (8 persons) 15 % Listening to music 5 % (1 person) 4 % (1 person) 8% (4 persons) 5 % doing nothing 24 % (5 persons) 38 % (8 persons) 16 % (8 persons) 26 % chat 9 % (2 persons) 0 % 0 % 3 % sleep 5 % (1 person) 0 % 4 % (2 persons) 5 % other 9 % (2 persons) 4 % (1 persons) 6 % (3 persons) 5 % total 100% (21 persons) 100% (21 persons) 100% (50 persons) 100 %

Posture 36 standing 0 % (0 persons) 4 % (1 person) 28 % (14 persons) 10 % sitting 100% (21 persons) 96 % (21 persons) 72 % (36 persons) 90 %

Fig. 34 | Table | User observation morning Gaze inclined - reduced light impact

Eyes closed - no light impact

TABle 03: Metro user activities in the afternoon, November 2018, Hamburg

Time and Destination U1 | 18:10 | U3 | 18:30 U3 | 18:45 Stephansplatz-Jungfernstieg Sternschanze-Feldstraße Mönckebergstraße-HBF

Activity Checking mobile 31,5 % (6 persons) 33,5 % (12 persons) 45 % (21 persons) 36,5 % Reading 16 % (3 persons) 5,5 % (2 persons) 8,5 % (4 persons) 10 % Listening to music 0 % (0 person) 5,5 % (2 persons) 2 % (1 person) 2,5 % doing nothing 31,5 % (6 persons) 25 % (9 persons) 21 % (10 persons) 26 % chat 21 % (4 persons) 19,5 % (7 persons) 17 % (8 persons) 19 % sleep 0 % (0 person) 0 % 0 % 0 % other 0 % (0 persons) 11 % (4 persons) 6,5 % (3 persons) 6 % total 100% (19 persons) 100% (36 persons) 100% (47 persons) 100 %

Posture standing 10,5 % (2 persons) 14 % (5 persons) 21 % (10 persons) 15 % sitting 89,5 % (17 persons) 86 % (31 persons) 79 % (37 persons) 85 %

Fig. 35 | Table | User observation afternoon Gaze inclined - reduced light impact

Eyes closed - no light impact References

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Image References

Fig. 05 | Picture | https://www.hochbahn.de/hochbahn/hamburg/de/Home/Fahren/Fahrzeuge_und_Technik/U-Bahn/DT5 (07.12.2018) Fig. 06 | Table | Grafics: A. Wawrzyniak | Content: Hamburger Hochbahn AG Fig. 07 | Handdrawn section | Grafics: A. Wawrzyniak | Content: ALSTOM Transport Deutschland GmbH Fig. 08 | Elevation and floor plan | Grafics: A. Wawrzyniak | Content: Hamburger Hochbahn AG Fig. 25 | Handdrawn section | Grafics: A. Wawrzyniak | Content: ALSTOM Transport Deutschland GmbH Fig. 26 | Floor plan | Grafics: A. Wawrzyniak | Content: Hamburger Hochbahn AG Fig. 27 | Calculation grafics | Grafics created with RELUX Software, Relux Informatik AG

Other figures created by A.Wawrzyniak. Supplementing Calculation data

Object : DT5 Installation : Project number : 02 Date : 22.11.2018

1 Luminaire data 1.1 TRILUX, ArimoS D2 CDP LED4500-840 ET (!6486140) 1.1.1 LDC

150° 180° 150° C0 C90 C180

0° 431 431 431 5° 431 431 431 40 10° 429 429 429 120° 120° 15° 425 424 425 20° 417 415 417 25° 405 400 405 30° 388 380 388 35° 369 358 369 40° 339 331 339 45° 246 257 246 50° 165 166 165 90° 90° 55° 129 120 129 60° 90 95 90 65° 59 68 59 100 70° 47 52 47 75° 33 39 33 200 80° 24 23 24 85° 13 12 13 60° 60° 90° 000 300 cd / 1000 lm

400

30° 0° 30° C0 / C180 C90 / C270 cd / 1000 lm

Manufacturer : TRILUX Luminaire efficacy : 43.98 lm/W (A50) Order number : !6486140 Light distribution : sym. to C0-C180 / C90-C270 Luminaire name : ArimoS D2 CDP LED4500-840 ET Beam Angle : 92.9° C0-C180 Equipment : 1 x 500 W / 22000 lm 94.1° C90-C270 Dimensions : L 10000 mm x W 920 mm x H 60 mm File name : TX044971.LDT

-please put your own address here- DT5 Wagon_neu Page 1/7 Object : DT5 Installation : Project number : 02 Date : 22.11.2018

2 Room 1 2.2 Summary, Room 1 2.2.1 Result overview, Measuring area 2

N

41

0 2 4 6 8 10 [m]

1000 1500 2000 3000 5000 Illuminance [lx]

General Calculation algorithm used Average indirect fraction Maintenance factor 0.80

Total luminous flux of all lamps 88000 lm Total power 1200 W Total power per area (26.57 m²) 45.16 W/m²

Illuminance Average illuminance Eav 1850 lx Minimum illuminance Emin 117 lx Maximum illuminance Emax 3220 lx Uniformity Uo Emin/Em 1:15.9 (0.06) Diversity Ud Emin/Emax 1:27.6 (0.04)

Type No.\Make

TRILUX 1 2 Order No. : !6976351 Luminaire name : ArimoS Act D2 CDP LED4500 (ActDCW) ETDD Equipment : 1 x 100 W / 22000 lm

2 2 Order No. : !6486140 Luminaire name : ArimoS D2 CDP LED4500-840 ET Equipment : 1 x 500 W / 22000 lm

-please put your own address here- DT5 Wagon_neu Page 3/7 Object : DT5 Installation : Project number : 02 Date : 22.11.2018

2 Room 1 2.3 Calculation results, Room 1 2.3.1 3D luminance, View 1

42

Luminance in the scene Minimum: : 0 cd/m² Maximum: : 627 cd/m²

-please put your own address here- DT5 Wagon_neu Page 5/7 Object : DT5 Installation : Project number : 02 Date : 22.11.2018

2.3 Calculation results, Room 1 2.3.7 3D pseudo colours, View 1 (E)

43

500 750 1000 1500 2000 Illuminance [lx]

-please put your own address here- DT5 Wagon_neu Page 7/7 All rights reserved | Anna Wawrzyniak 01 | 02 | 2019