The Photoreceptors and Neural Circuits Driving the Pupillary Light Reflex
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Real Time Measurement and Processing of Pupillary Light Reflex for Early Detection of Disease
Journal of Computers Real Time Measurement and Processing of Pupillary Light Reflex for Early Detection of Disease Ippei Torii*, Takahito Niwa Aichi Institute of Technology, Dept. of Information Science, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota, Aichi, Japan. * Corresponding author. Tel.: 81-565-48-8121; email: mac[aitech.ac.jp Manuscript submitted January 10, 2019; accepted March 8, 2019. doi: 10.17706/jcp.14.3.161-169 Abstract: Recently, pupillary measurements have begun to be considered effective in the diagnosis of various physical conditions. Apart from optic neuropathy and retinal disorders, which are ocular diseases, diversions can be expected in the diagnosis of autonomic disturbance due to sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve disorders, cranial nerve disorders, cerebral infarction, depression, and diabetes. In this study, we have developed a real-time pupil diameter measuring system that is inexpensive and does not require a complicated device. When strong light is projected onto the eyeball, this system can measure the reaction time until the start of miosis, the time to achieve maximal miosis, and the difference in reaction speed of the left and right eyes. With this system, the status of a disease can be judged based on the distance from the threshold value. Key words: Real time measurement, eye movement, early detection of disease, image processing. 1. Introduction There are approximately one hundred million photoreceptor cells in the retina of human eyes. Light that shines on those cells is converted to nerve signals, which transmit the information to the brain, resulting in the visual recognition of objects. When light is radiated onto the eye, the pupillary light reflex is triggered, causing the pupillary diameter to decrease with a time delay of less than 1 sec. -
The Pupillary Light Reflex in the Critically Ill Patient
light must be high for the iris to be seen, which reduces Editorials the step increase induced by the penlight).6 If the pupillary light reflex amplitude is less than 0.3 mm and the maximum constriction velocity is less than 1 mm/s, the reflex is unable to be detected using a The pupillary light reflex in penlight.6 In conscious patients with Holmes-Adie and Argyll-Robertson pupils with ‘absent’ pupillary light the critically ill patient reflexes, small light reflexes have been detected using infrared pupillometry.7 Also in post-resuscitation non- brain dead critically ill patients with ‘absent’ pupillary The pupillary response to light is controlled by the reflexes, the reflex has been demonstrated using a autonomic nervous system. The direct pupillary light portable infrared pupillometer.6 reflex refers to miosis that occurs in the stimulated eye; In this issue of Critical Care and Resuscitation, the consensual pupillary light reflex refers to miosis that Thomas8 describes a case of Guillain Barré syndrome occurs in the other eye. The reflex has a latent period presenting with weakness and fixed dilated pupils who with length of the period, amplitude of the response, and subsequently became ‘locked in’ with absence of any the speed of the pupillary constriction dependent on the clinical response to external stimuli. A positive brain intensity of the stimulus employed.1 For the reflex to be stem auditory evoked response was used to indicate truly tested, an intense stimulus and close observation normal brain stem function. In another recent report, a are required. The reflex has afferent, efferent and central case of ‘reversible fixed dilated pupils’ was associated connections; therefore non-response to light (i.e. -
What's the Connection?
WHAT’S THE CONNECTION? Sharon Winter Lake Washington High School Directions for Teachers 12033 NE 80th Street Kirkland, WA 98033 SYNOPSIS Students elicit and observe reflex responses and distinguish between types STUDENT PRIOR KNOWL- of reflexes. They then design and conduct experiments to learn more about EDGE reflexes and their control by the nervous system. Before participating in this LEVEL activity students should be able to: Exploration, Concept/Term Introduction Phases ■ Describe the parts of a Application Phase neuron and explain their functions. ■ Distinguish between sensory and motor neurons. Getting Ready ■ Describe briefly the See sidebars for additional information regarding preparation of this lab. organization of the nervous system. Directions for Setting Up the Lab General: INTEGRATION Into the Biology Curriculum ■ Make an “X” on the chalkboard for the teacher-led introduction. ■ Health ■ Photocopy the Directions for Students pages. ■ Biology I, II ■ Human Anatomy and Teacher Background Physiology A reflex is an involuntary neural response to a specific sensory stimulus ■ AP Biology that threatens the survival or homeostatic state of an organism. Reflexes Across the Curriculum exist in the most primitive of species, usually with a protective function for ■ Mathematics animals when they encounter external and internal stimuli. A primitive ■ Physics ■ example of this protective reflex is the gill withdrawal reflex of the sea slug Psychology Aplysia. In humans and other vertebrates, protective reflexes have been OBJECTIVES maintained and expanded in number. Examples are the gag reflex that At the end of this activity, occurs when objects touch the sides students will be able to: or the back of the throat, and the carotid sinus reflex that restores blood ■ Identify common reflexes pressure to normal when baroreceptors detect an increase in blood pressure. -
The Pupillary Light Reflex in Normal Subjects
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.65.11.754 on 1 November 1981. Downloaded from British Journal ofOphthalmology, 1981, 65, 754-759 The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects C. J. K. ELLIS From St Thomas's Hospital, London SE] SUMMARY In 19 normal subjects the pupillary reflex to light was studied over a range of stimulus intensities by infrared electronic pupillography and analysed by a computer technique. Increasing stimulus intensity was associated with an increase in direct light reflex amplitude and maximum rate of constriction and redilatation. Latency from stimulus to onset of response decreased with increas- ing stimulus intensity. The normal range for each of these parameters is given and the significance of these results in clinical pupillary assessment discussed. The technique of infrared pupillometry' has allowed PUPILLOMETRY the normal pupillary response to light to be studied in A Whittaker Series 1800 binocular infrared television detail. Lowenstein and Friedman2 have shown that pupillometer was used in this study. All recordings in response to light the pupil constricts after a latent were made in darkness with no correction for refrac- period and that the length of this latent period, the tive error. The eyes were illuminated from a low- copyright. amplitude of the response, and the speed of the intensity, invisible infrared source and observed by pupillary constriction are dependent on the stimulus means of a closed circuit television system sensitive to intensity employed. These findings have subse- infrared light. The pupils were displayed on television quently been confirmed.3" monitor screens providing instantaneous feedback of Borgmann6 gave 95% confidence limits in defining the quality of the pupil images. -
Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 22 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00529 Melanopsin and Cone Photoreceptor Inputs to the Afferent Pupil Light Response Andrew J. Zele 1,2*, Prakash Adhikari 1,2, Dingcai Cao 3 and Beatrix Feigl 1,4,5 1 Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 2 School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, 4 School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 5 Queensland Eye Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia Background: Retinal photoreceptors provide the main stage in the mammalian eye for regulating the retinal illumination through changes in pupil diameter, with a small population of melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) forming the primary afferent pathway for this response. The purpose of this Edited by: study is to determine how melanopsin interacts with the three cone photoreceptor Victoria Susan Pelak, University of Colorado Denver, classes in the human eye to modulate the light-adapted pupil response. United States Methods: We investigated the independent and combined contributions of the inner Reviewed by: and outer retinal photoreceptor inputs to the afferent pupil pathway in participants with Jason Charng, Lions Eye Institute, Australia trichromatic color vision using a method to independently control the excitations of Chiara La Morgia, ipRGCs, cones and rods in the retina. IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (ISNB), Italy Results: We show that melanopsin-directed stimuli cause a transient pupil constriction *Correspondence: generated by cones in the shadow of retinal blood vessels; desensitizing these penumbral Andrew J. -
Retinal Sensitivity Measured by the Pupillary Light Reflex in Rcs and Albino Rats
VisionRus. Vol. 22. pp. II63 to 1171, 1982 0042-6989/82/091 l63-09$03.00/O Printedin Great Britain Pergamon Press Ltd RETINAL SENSITIVITY MEASURED BY THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX IN RCS AND ALBINO RATS LEONARD J. TREJO* and CAROL M. CICERONE Department of Psychology, C-009, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, U.S.A. (Receiwd 14 July 1981; in reuised,fbrm 17 February 1982) Abstract-The effects of retinal degeneration on the sensitivity of the retina were studied in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat by measuring the light reflex of the pupil in response to ganzfeld (full field) flashes. Light reflex thresholds were measured for animals from 32 to 683 days of age, and an age-related decrease in sensitivity of 5.2 log units (maximum) was measured. In contrast, thresholds for non-dystrophic albino controls increased only slightly during a comparable period. RCS rat thresholds increased more for short wavelength light than for long wavelength light. The end result was an altered action spectrum of the light reflex which largely, but not exclusively, reflected cone function. Even in cases of advanced degeneration the light reflex thresholds we measured showed significant input from rods. Pupillary dark adaptation measured following ganzfeld bleaches (10%) with test stimuli of two different wavelengths revealed two mechanisms; a photopic mechanism (&,.,, = 520) determined thresholds early in dark adaptation, but later a scotopic mechanism (;.,,,,,, = 500) participated in the light reflex INTRODUCTION (dark adapted) conditions. Although the exclusive presence of units with photopic sensitivity in the RCS The Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat suffers from hereditary retinal degeneration (Dowling and Sidman, retina provides evidence for the selective survival of cones, it is conceivable that many scotopic units 1962) and has served as an animal model of the class of inherited human diseases, retinitis pigmentosa remain undetected. -
Photoperiodic Responses on Expression of Clock Genes, Synaptic Plasticity Markers, and Protein Translation Initiators the Impact of Blue-Enriched Light
Photoperiodic Responses on Expression of Clock Genes, Synaptic Plasticity Markers, and Protein Translation Initiators The Impact Of Blue-Enriched Light Master report Jorrit Waslander, s2401878 Behavioral Cognitive Neuroscience research master, N-track University of Groningen, the Netherlands Internship at: Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, University of Bergen, Norway Date: 13-7-2018 Internal supervisor, University of Groningen: P. (Peter) Meerlo External supervisor, University of Bergen: J. (Janne) Grønli Daily supervisor, University of Bergen: A. (Andrea) R. Marti Photoperiodic Responses in the PFC Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Research Objective .............................................................................................................................. 8 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Experimental procedure .................................................................................................................... 10 Ethics ............................................................................................................................................ -
Pupillary Light Reflex in Amblyopia
No. 4 Reports 467 Pupillary Light Reflex in Amblyopia Monobu Ko.se, Renpei Nago.ro., Arsushi Yoshido, and Issei Honodo The pupillary light reflex of 15 strabismic and anisometropic 0.8 or better. Their ages ranged from 8 to 12 years, amblyopes, and eight subjects who had recovered from func- and the visual acuity of the amblyopic eyes before the tional amblyopia was studied by using an infrared electro- treatments ranged from 0.03 to 0.6. The duration of pupillogram. Ten of the fifteen amblyopes had significantly treatments was from 9 months to 3 years. Six of the longer latencies of contraction when the amblyopic eyes were subjects had anisometropic amblyopia and two had stimulated than when the normal eyes were stimulated. How- strabismic amblyopia. ever, there was no relationship between the delay in pupillary All of the subjects were dark-adapted for 10 min, light reflexes and reduced visual acuity of amblyopic eyes. The amplitudes and maximum velocities of the contraction and the pupillary light reflex was recorded by an in- were not altered significantly in amblyopic and normal eyes. frared electropupillogram (Iris corder, Hamamatsu TV All of the subjects who had recovered showed no significant Co.) that measures the pupillary area continuously. difference of the latencies of the pupillary responses to stim- The sampling rate is 16.7 msec and variation of am- ulation between normal and amblyopic eyes. These findings plitude is below ±1%.3 The stimulus was diffuse light indicate that a retinal mechanism in amblyopic eyes may be of 500 msec duration. The intensity of the light stimulus responsible for the abnormally long pupillary light reflex was fixed at one lux. -
Anatomical and Behavioral Investigation of C1ql3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus David C
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn UCHC Articles - Research University of Connecticut Health Center Research 6-2017 Anatomical and Behavioral Investigation of C1ql3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus David C. Martinelli University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcres_articles Part of the Life Sciences Commons, and the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Martinelli, David C., "Anatomical and Behavioral Investigation of C1ql3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus" (2017). UCHC Articles - Research. 311. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcres_articles/311 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author J Biol Rhythms Manuscript Author . Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 November 01. Published in final edited form as: J Biol Rhythms. 2017 June ; 32(3): 222–236. doi:10.1177/0748730417704766. Anatomical and Behavioral Investigation of C1ql3 in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Kylie S. Chew*,†, Diego C. Fernandez*,1, Samer Hattar*,‡,1, Thomas C. Südhof§,‖, and David C. Martinelli§,¶,2 *Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland †Department of Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California ‡The Solomon Snyder- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland §Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California ‖Howard Hughes -
UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Ultrastructure of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cell Circuitry in the Retina and Brain Regions that Mediate Light-Driven Behavior Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kd9v9xp Author Liu, Yu Hsin Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ultrastructure of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cell Circuitry in the Retina and Brain Regions that Mediate Light-Driven Behavior A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Neurosciences by Yu Hsin Liu Committee in charge: Professor Satchidananda Panda, Chair Professor Mark Ellisman, Co-Chair Professor Nicola Allen Professor Brenda Bloodgood Professor Ed Callaway Professor David Welsh 2017 Copyright Yu Hsin Liu, 2017 All rights reserved. This Dissertation of Yu Hsin Liu is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Co-Chair _________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ..................................................................................................... iii Table -
Distinct Iprgc Subpopulations Mediate Light's Acute and Circadian
RESEARCH ARTICLE Distinct ipRGC subpopulations mediate light’s acute and circadian effects on body temperature and sleep Alan C Rupp1, Michelle Ren2, Cara M Altimus1, Diego C Fernandez1†, Melissa Richardson1, Fred Turek2, Samer Hattar1,3†, Tiffany M Schmidt2* 1Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States; 2Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States; 3Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States Abstract The light environment greatly impacts human alertness, mood, and cognition by both acute regulation of physiology and indirect alignment of circadian rhythms. These processes require the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), but the relevant downstream brain areas involved remain elusive. ipRGCs project widely in the brain, including to the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Here we show that body temperature and sleep responses to acute light exposure are absent after genetic ablation of all ipRGCs except a subpopulation that projects to the SCN. Furthermore, by chemogenetic activation of the ipRGCs that avoid the SCN, we show that these cells are sufficient for acute changes in body temperature. Our results challenge the idea that the SCN is a major relay for the acute effects of light on non-image forming behaviors and identify the sensory cells that initiate light’s profound effects on body temperature and sleep. *For correspondence: DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.44358.001 [email protected] Present address: †National Institute of Mental Health, Introduction Bethesda, United States Many essential functions are influenced by light both indirectly through alignment of circadian Competing interests: The rhythms (photoentrainment) and acutely by a direct mechanism (sometimes referred to as ‘masking’) authors declare that no (Mrosovsky et al., 1999; Altimus et al., 2008; Lupi et al., 2008; Tsai et al., 2009; LeGates et al., competing interests exist. -
BMC Neuroscience Biomed Central
BMC Neuroscience BioMed Central Research article Open Access Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock Michelle Y Cheng1, Eric L Bittman2, Samer Hattar3 and Qun-Yong Zhou*1 Address: 1Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA, 2Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA and 3Departments of Biology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA Email: Michelle Y Cheng - [email protected]; Eric L Bittman - [email protected]; Samer Hattar - [email protected]; Qun- Yong Zhou* - [email protected] * Corresponding author Published: 11 March 2005 Received: 17 November 2004 Accepted: 11 March 2005 BMC Neuroscience 2005, 6:17 doi:10.1186/1471-2202-6-17 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2202/6/17 © 2005 Cheng et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains the master circadian clock that regulates daily rhythms of many physiological and behavioural processes in mammals. Previously we have shown that prokineticin 2 (PK2) is a clock-controlled gene that may function as a critical SCN output molecule responsible for circadian locomotor rhythms. As light is the principal zeitgeber that entrains the circadian oscillator, and PK2 expression is responsive to nocturnal light pulses, we further investigated the effects of light on the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN.