DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ultrastructure of Melanopsin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ultrastructure of Melanopsin UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ultrastructure of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cell Circuitry in the Retina and Brain Regions that Mediate Light-Driven Behavior A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Neurosciences by Yu Hsin Liu Committee in charge: Professor Satchidananda Panda, Chair Professor Mark Ellisman, Co-Chair Professor Nicola Allen Professor Brenda Bloodgood Professor Ed Callaway Professor David Welsh 2017 Copyright Yu Hsin Liu, 2017 All rights reserved. This Dissertation of Yu Hsin Liu is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Co-Chair _________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ..................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ...................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements .............................................................................................. ix Vita ...................................................................................................................... xii Abstract of the Dissertation ................................................................................ xiii Chapter 1 General Introduction ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Retinal circuitry .......................................................................................... 2 1.2 Current state of knowledge regarding mRGC circuitry .............................. 7 1.2.1 mRGCs are essential for non-image forming visual processes ...... 7 1.2.2 mRGC subtypes ........................................................................... 10 1.2.3 mRGC intraretinal circuitry ........................................................... 12 1.2.4 mRGC interactions in mRGC-recipient brain regions ................... 13 1.3 References .............................................................................................. 17 Chapter 2 Ultrastructure of the mRGC terminal .................................................. 23 2.1 Abstract ................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 24 2.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 28 Animals ................................................................................................. 28 Vector Construction ............................................................................... 28 Intravitreal Injection ............................................................................... 29 iv Circadian wheel running ........................................................................ 30 Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy imaging .................... 30 Tissue preparation for SBEM ................................................................ 31 SBEM staining and imaging .................................................................. 32 Electron microscope tomography .......................................................... 33 Manual segmentation ............................................................................ 33 Automatic segmentation ........................................................................ 35 2.4 Results .................................................................................................... 38 2.4.1 Vector-mediated expression of miniSOG in mRGCs .................... 38 2.4.2 Photooxidation of miniSOG reveals label amenable to SBEM ..... 39 2.4.3 MiniSOG label fills mRGC soma and processes .......................... 41 2.4.4 mRGC interactions in the OPN and SCN ..................................... 44 2.4.5 mRGC boutons in the OPN and SCN .......................................... 45 2.4.6 mRGC axons in OPN and SCN .................................................... 46 2.4.7 mRGC boutons in the LGN .......................................................... 47 2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................... 48 2.6 References .............................................................................................. 62 Chapter 3 Subtype- and Stratification-Specific Connections of mRGCs ............. 65 3.1 Abstract .................................................................................................. 65 3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................. 66 3.3 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 69 Animals ................................................................................................. 69 Vector Construction ............................................................................... 69 v Intravitreal Injection ............................................................................... 69 Tissue preparation for SBEM ................................................................ 70 SBEM Staining and Imaging ................................................................. 71 Manual segmentation ............................................................................ 72 Automatic segmentation ........................................................................ 75 3.4 Results ..................................................................................................... 76 3.4.1 Retina volumes ........................................................................... 76 3.4.2 mRGC processes cover the majority of the retina surface area ... 78 3.4.3 Dendritic morphology of mRGC processes .................................. 79 3.4.4 Synaptic density of mRGCs ......................................................... 81 3.4.5 mRGC subtype determines intra-retinal interactions .................... 82 3.5 Discussion .............................................................................................. 84 3.5.1 Subtype- or stratification-specificity .............................................. 84 3.5.2 Pre-synaptic players in mRGC circuitry ........................................ 87 3.5.3 Limitations ................................................................................... 89 3.5.4 Auto-segmentation ....................................................................... 91 3.5.5 The past, present, and future ....................................................... 93 3.6 References ........................................................................................... 123 Chapter 4 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 127 4.1 References ........................................................................................... 136 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Layers of the Retina .......................................................................... 15 Figure 1.2 Morphology of mRGC subtypes ........................................................ 16 Figure 2.1 Vector-mediated expression of miniSOG in mRGCs ......................... 51 Figure 2.2 Circadian photoentrainment is intact in miniSOG-injected mice ........ 52 Figure 2.3 Photooxidation of miniSOG-labeled tissues ...................................... 53 Figure 2.4 MiniSOG label fills mRGC soma ....................................................... 54 Figure 2.5 MiniSOG labels mRGC axons ........................................................... 55 Figure 2.6 Autosegmentation of miniSOG label ................................................. 56 Figure 2.7 mRGC interactions in the SCN and OPN .......................................... 57 Figure 2.8 Sample mRGC boutons in SCN and OPN ........................................ 58 Figure 2.9 mRGC boutons in SCN and OPN ..................................................... 59 Figure 2.10 mRGC axons in SCN and OPN ....................................................... 60 Figure 2.11 mRGC boutons in LGN.................................................................... 61 Figure 3.1 Retinal volumes used in this study .................................................... 97 Figure 3.2 Volume_1 .......................................................................................... 98 Figure 3.3 Volume_2 .......................................................................................... 98 Figure 3.4 Volume_3 ........................................................................................ 100 Figure 3.5 Quantification of mRGC morphology. .............................................. 101 Figure 3.6 mRGCs segmented from the three retinal volumes ......................... 102 Figure 3.7 Full segmentation of miniSOG-labeled mRGC processes ............... 103 Figure 3.8 Retinal surface area covered mRGCs ............................................. 104 vii Figure 3.9 Cross-sectional view of fully segmented mRGC processes
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Photoperiodic Responses on Expression of Clock Genes, Synaptic Plasticity Markers, and Protein Translation Initiators the Impact of Blue-Enriched Light
    Photoperiodic Responses on Expression of Clock Genes, Synaptic Plasticity Markers, and Protein Translation Initiators The Impact Of Blue-Enriched Light Master report Jorrit Waslander, s2401878 Behavioral Cognitive Neuroscience research master, N-track University of Groningen, the Netherlands Internship at: Bergen Stress and Sleep Group, University of Bergen, Norway Date: 13-7-2018 Internal supervisor, University of Groningen: P. (Peter) Meerlo External supervisor, University of Bergen: J. (Janne) Grønli Daily supervisor, University of Bergen: A. (Andrea) R. Marti Photoperiodic Responses in the PFC Table of Contents Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Research Objective .............................................................................................................................. 8 Hypotheses .......................................................................................................................................... 8 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 10 Experimental procedure .................................................................................................................... 10 Ethics ............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Photoreceptors and Neural Circuits Driving the Pupillary Light Reflex
    THE PHOTORECEPTORS AND NEURAL CIRCUITS DRIVING THE PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX by Alan C. Rupp A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland January 28, 2016 This work is protected by a Creative Commons license: Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC Abstract The visual system utilizes environmental light information to guide animal behavior. Regulation of the light entering the eye by the pupillary light reflex (PLR) is critical for normal vision, though its precise mechanisms are unclear. The PLR can be driven by two mechanisms: (1) an intrinsic photosensitivity of the iris muscle itself, and (2) a neural circuit originating with light detection in the retina and a multisynaptic neural circuit that activates the iris muscle. Even within the retina, multiple photoreceptive mechanisms— rods, cone, or melanopsin phototransduction—can contribute to the PLR, with uncertain relative importance. In this thesis, I provide evidence that the retina almost exclusively drives the mouse PLR using bilaterally asymmetric brain circuitry, with minimal role for the iris intrinsic photosensitivity. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) relay all rod, cone, and melanopsin light detection from the retina to brain for the PLR. I show that ipRGCs predominantly relay synaptic input originating from rod photoreceptors, with minimal input from cones or their endogenous melanopsin phototransduction. Finally, I provide evidence that rod signals reach ipRGCs using a non- conventional retinal circuit, potentially through direct synaptic connections between rod bipolar cells and ipRGCs. The results presented in this thesis identify the initial steps of the PLR and provide insight into the precise mechanisms of visual function.
    [Show full text]
  • UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Ultrastructure of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cell Circuitry in the Retina and Brain Regions that Mediate Light-Driven Behavior Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kd9v9xp Author Liu, Yu Hsin Publication Date 2017 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Ultrastructure of Melanopsin-Expressing Retinal Ganglion Cell Circuitry in the Retina and Brain Regions that Mediate Light-Driven Behavior A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Neurosciences by Yu Hsin Liu Committee in charge: Professor Satchidananda Panda, Chair Professor Mark Ellisman, Co-Chair Professor Nicola Allen Professor Brenda Bloodgood Professor Ed Callaway Professor David Welsh 2017 Copyright Yu Hsin Liu, 2017 All rights reserved. This Dissertation of Yu Hsin Liu is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ _________________________________________ Co-Chair _________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2017 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ..................................................................................................... iii Table
    [Show full text]
  • SRBR 2008 Program Book
    20th Anniversary Meeting Society for Research on Biological Rhythms Program and Abstracts SRBR May 17–21, 2008 Sandestin Golf and Beach Resort Destin, Florida SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS I Executive Committee Animal Issues Committee Trainee Professional Development Day Martha Gillette, Ph.D., President Larry Morin, Ph.D., Chair Organizing Committee University of Illinois at Stony Brook University Urbana-Champaign Eric Bittman, Ph.D. Kenneth P. Wright Jr., Joseph Takahashi, Ph.D., President-elect University of Massachusetts Ph.D., Chair University of Colorado at Boulder Northwestern University Lance Kriegsfeld, Ph.D. Amita Sehgal, Ph.D., Treasurer University of California–Berkeley Nicolas Cermakian, Ph.D. McGill University University of Pennsylvania Laura Smale, Ph.D. David Weaver, Ph.D., Secretary Michigan State University Marian Comas University of Massachusetts Medical University of Groningen ChronoHistory Committee School Stephanie Crowley Members-at-Large Anna Wirz-Justice, Ph.D., Chair Brown University University of Basel Elizabeth B. Klerman, M.D., Ph.D. Charlotte Helfrich-Foerster, Ph.D. Josephine Arendt, Ph.D. Harvard Medical School University of Regensburg University of Surrey Luciano Marpegan, Ph.D. Martha Merrow, Ph.D. Eric Bittman, Ph.D. Washington University University of Groningen University of Massachusetts Michael J. Muskus Ignacio Provencio, Ph.D. Serge Daan, Ph.D. University of Missouri– University of Virginia University of Groningen Kansas City Ex-Officio Members Patricia DeCoursey, Ph.D. Ozgur Tataroglu University of South Carolina Heidelberg University Lawrence Morin, Ph.D., Comptroller Stony Brook University Jeffrey Hall, Ph.D. David Weaver, Ph.D. Brandeis University University of Massachusetts Medical William J. Schwartz, M.D., School Past President J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Environmental Lighting and Circadian Disruption in Cancer and Other Diseases
    Meeting Report: The Role of Environmental Lighting and Circadian Disruption in Cancer and Other Diseases The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Stevens, Richard G., David E. Blask, George C. Brainard, Johnni Hansen, Steven W. Lockley, Ignacio Provencio, Mark S. Rea, and Leslie Reinlib. 2007. Meeting report: The role of environmental lighting and circadian disruption in cancer and other diseases. Environmental Health Perspectives 115(9): 1357-1362. Published Version doi:10.1289/ehp.10200 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4621603 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Research Meeting Report: The Role of Environmental Lighting and Circadian Disruption in Cancer and Other Diseases Richard G. Stevens,1 David E. Blask,2 George C. Brainard,3 Johnni Hansen,4 Steven W. Lockley,5 Ignacio Provencio,6 Mark S. Rea,7 and Leslie Reinlib 8 1University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; 2Bassett Research Institute, Cooperstown, New York, USA; 3Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; 4Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; 6Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; 7Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA; 8Division of Extramural Research and Training, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA these hypotheses has a solid base and is Light, including artificial light, has a range of effects on human physiology and behavior and can currently moving forward rapidly.
    [Show full text]
  • Seasonal Affective Disorder and Melanopsin
    Seasonal Affective Disorder and Melanopsin Approval Sheet Title of Thesis: Melanopsin Polymorphisms in Seasonal Affective Disorder Name of Candidate: Kathryn Ariel Roecklein Master of Science Degree 2005 Thesis and Abstract Approved: ______________________________ _____________________ Kelly J. Rohan, Ph.D. Date Committee Member ______________________________ _____________________ Martha M. Faraday, Ph.D. Date Committee Member ______________________________ _____________________ Neil E. Grunberg, Ph.D. Date Committee Member i Seasonal Affective Disorder and Melanopsin Copyright Statement The author hereby certifies that the use of any copyrighted material in this thesis manuscript entitled: “Melanopsin Polymorphisms in Seasonal Affective Disorder” beyond brief excerpts is with permission of the copyright owner, and will save and hold harmless the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences from any damage which may arise from such copyright violations. Kathryn Ariel Roecklein Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences ii Seasonal Affective Disorder and Melanopsin Abstract Title of Thesis: Melanopsin Polymorphisms in Seasonal Affective Disorder Kathryn Ariel Roecklein, Master of Science, 2005 Thesis directed by: Kelly J. Rohan, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by winter depressive episodes and springtime remission. SAD may result from a genetically-mediated abnormal response to low light availability during winter. One candidate gene for SAD is melanopsin, a non-visual, circadian photopigment. The present study determined the frequency of a genetic polymorphism in melanopsin (P10L) in individuals with SAD (n = 36) compared to two groups: gender-matched controls with no history of depression and minimal seasonality (n = 22) and a larger comparison group of samples obtained from NIH that have been delinked from identifying information (n = 84).
    [Show full text]
  • SRBR 2006 Program Book
    Tenth Meeting Society for Research on Biological Rhythms Program and Abstracts SRBR May 21–25, 2006 Sandestin Golf and Beach Resort Sandestin, FL SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON BIOLOGICAL RHYTHMS i Executive Committee Advisory Board G.T.J. van der Horst Erasmus University William J. Schwartz, President Timothy J. Bartness University of Massachusetts Medical Georgia State University Russell N. Van Gelder School Washington University Vincent M. Cassone Martha Gillette, President-Elect Texas A & M Univeristy David R. Weaver University of Illinois University of Massachusetts Medical Philippe Delagrange Center Paul Hardin, Secretary Institut de Recherches Servier Texas A&M University Program Committee France Marie Dumont University of Montreal Vincent Cassone, Treasurer Carla Green, Program Chair Texas A&M University Russell Foster University of Virginia Imperial College of Science Josephine Arendt, Member-at-Large Greg Cahill University of Surrey Jadwiga M. Giebultowicz University of Houston Oregon State University Benjamin Rusak, Member-at-Large Michael Hastings Dalhousie University Martha Gillette MRC University of Illinois Ueli Schibler, Member-at-Large Takao Kondo University of Geneva Carla Green Nagoya University University of Virginia Journal of Biological Theresa Lee Rhythms Erik Herzog University of Michigan Washington University Johanna Meijer Editor-in-Chief Helena Illnerova Leiden University Czech Academy of Sciences Martin Zatz Ignacio Provencio National Institute of Mental Health Carl Johnson University of Virginia Vanderbilt University Associate Editors Louis Ptacek Elizabeth Klerman University of California, San Francisco Josephine Arendt Brigham & Women’s Hospital University of Surrey Paul Taghert Charalambos P. Kyriacou Washington University Paul Hardin University of Leicester Texas A&M University Joseph Takahashi Jennifer Loros Northwestern University Michael Hastings Dartmouth Medical Center MRC, Cambridge Travel Award Committee Ralph E.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Onset and Differential Temporospatial Expression of Melanopsin Isoforms in the Developing Chicken Retina
    Retinal Cell Biology Early Onset and Differential Temporospatial Expression of Melanopsin Isoforms in the Developing Chicken Retina Daniela M. Verra,1 Maria Ana Contín,1 David Hicks,2 and Mario E. Guido1 PURPOSE. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) expressing the pho- n vertebrates, a third group of retinal photoreceptors has topigment melanopsin (Opn4) display intrinsic photosensitiv- Irecently been identified as intrinsically photosensitive retinal ity. In this study, the presence of nonvisual phototransduction ganglion cells (ipRGCs).1,2 These cells are responsible for convey- cascade components in the developing chicken retina and ing photic information to the brain concerning ambient illumina- primary RGCs cultures was investigated, focusing on the two tion conditions and regulate distinct non–image-forming (NIF) Opn4 genes: the Xenopus (Opn4x) and the mammalian tasks (e.g., synchronization of circadian clocks and pupillary light (Opn4m) orthologs. reflexes).3–5 Likely evolved from a common ancestor with rhab- METHODS. Retinas were dissected at different embryonic (E) domeric photoreceptors of invertebrates, these ipRGCs express the photopigment melanopsin (Opn4),1,2,6 an opsin closely re- and postnatal (P) days, and primary RGC cultures were ob- 2,3,7–11 tained at E8 and kept for 1 hour to 5 days. Samples were lated to the invertebrate Gq-coupled visual pigment. More- processed for RT-PCR and immunochemistry. over, based on data from specification markers, horizontal and amacrine cells in the inner retina could be considered sister cells RESULTS. Embryonic retinas expressed the master eye gene of ipRGCs.12,13 Pax6, the prospective RGC specification gene Brn3, and com- The biochemical events of phototransduction operating in the ponents of the nonvisual phototransduction cascade, such as ipRGCs involve the activation of phospholipase C (PLC)8,10,14 and Opn4m and the G protein q (Gq) mRNAs at very early stages of the phosphoinositide (PIP) cycle15 in a manner similar to that (E4–E5).
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced Retina
    Advanced Retina Dr. Anthony Vugler UCL-Institute of Ophthalmology Overview: • The discovery of intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) • Structure and function of ipRGCs – Anatomy and physiology – How do ipRGCs contribute to visual function? Rods and cones account for all photoreceptive input to the mammalian CNS… ONL OPL INL IPL GCL Abbreviations: outer nuclear layer (ONL), outer plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), ganglion cell layer (GCL). Could there be something else apart from rods and cones? Evidence came from studies of retinal degenerate (rd) mice, which have a mutation in the β subunit of rod-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE). This leads to a rapid degeneration of rods followed by a slower loss of cones. Residual cones In rd retina ONL INL INL GCL GCL Normal retina rd retina rd mice retain a pupillary light reflex (PLR) TABLE 1 TIME OF LATENT PERIOD TIME OF CONTRACTION DIAMETER OF PUPIL AVERAGE CONDITION INDIVIDUAL EYE CONTRAC- OF RETINA TJON Sulfide of 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Atropin eserine - _.~ -- Gray Q 28 Left Normal 1.46.-0.6160.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.31 0.231 Black d’ 23 Left Normal 1.54-0.5390.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.31 0.099 Black 8 23 Right Normal 1.54-0.5390.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 2.31 0.099 Gray Q 12 Left Normal 1.54-0.5390.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.0 3.6 4.2 4.2 2.31 0.924 Gray Q 12 Right Normal 1.54-0.6160.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.2 4.2 4.2 5.6 5.6 2.31 0.924 Gray Q 13 Left Normal 1.54-0.6160.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 2.31 0.385 Gray Q 13 Right Normal 1.54-0.6160.6 0.6-0.6 0.6 0.6 3.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.31 0.385 Gray Q 10 Left Normal 1.54-0.6930.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.31 0.154 Gray Q 10 Right Normal 1.54-0.6160.6 '0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.31 0.154 Chinchilla Q 11 Left Normal 1.54-0.6160.6$ 0.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Masking and Its Neural Substrates in Day- and Night-Active Mammals
    MASKING AND ITS NEURAL SUBSTRATES IN DAY- AND NIGHT-ACTIVE MAMMALS By Jennifer Lou Langel A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Neuroscience – Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT MASKING AND ITS NEURAL SUBSTRATES IN DAY- AND NIGHT-ACTIVE MAMMALS By Jennifer Lou Langel Light can directly and acutely alter arousal states, a process known as “masking”. Masking effects of light are quite different in diurnal and nocturnal animals with light increasing arousal and activity in the former and suppressing in the latter. Few studies have examined chronotype differences in masking or the neural substrates contributing to this process. However, in nocturnal mice, masking responses are mediated through a subset of retinal ganglion cells that are intrinsically photosensitive (termed ipRGCs) due to their expression of the melanopsin protein. The goal of the studies in this dissertation was to first characterize masking responses in day- and night-active animals and then to evaluate the possibility that differences in ipRGC projections or the circuitry within their targets might contribute to species differences in masking. First, I compared behavioral and brain responses to light across individuals within a species (the Nile grass rat, Arvicanthis niloticus ). In this diurnal species some individuals become night-active when given access to a running wheel, while others do not. I found that masking responses to light and darkness in these animals were dependent upon the chronotype of the individual. Additionally, the responsiveness of neurons within two brain regions, the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and olivary pretectal area (OPT), was associated with the behavioral response of the animal to light.
    [Show full text]
  • Strange Vision: Ganglion Cells As Circadian Photoreceptors
    314 Review TRENDS in Neurosciences Vol.26 No.6 June 2003 Strange vision: ganglion cells as circadian photoreceptors David M. Berson Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA A novel photoreceptor of the mammalian retina has time zone, we suffer an unpleasant mismatch between our recently been discovered and characterized. The novel biological rhythms and local solar time (‘jet lag’). Normal cells differ radically from the classical rod and cone synchrony is restored over several days as the rising and photoreceptors. They use a unique photopigment, setting of the sun resets our biological clock [2,5,6]. most probably melanopsin. They have lower sensitivity and spatiotemporal resolution than rods or cones and Behavioral evidence for novel ocular photoreceptors they seem specialized to encode ambient light inten- In mammals, light adjusts circadian phase by activating sity. Most surprisingly, they are ganglion cells and, the retinohypothalamic tract, a direct pathway linking a thus, communicate directly with the brain. These intrin- small population of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to the sically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) SCN [5,7–12]. In the conventional view of retinal help to synchronize circadian rhythms with the solar organization, these RGCs, like all others, would derive day. They also contribute to the pupillary light reflex their visual responsiveness solely from synaptic inputs and other behavioral and physiological responses to and, ultimately, from the classical photoreceptors. Accord- environmental illumination. ing to this view, rods and/or cones would be the photoreceptors through which light influenced circadian For 150 years, rods and cones have been considered the phase.
    [Show full text]
  • HCL in Underground Transportation.Indd
    W 1 MASTER‘S THESIS A LIGHT BOOSTER METRO CAR FOR THE COMMUTING WORK FORCE - HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING IN UNDERGROUND TRANSPORTATION - ANNA WawRZYNIAK ANNA WAWRZYNIAK B.F.A. Interior Architecture Georg-Wilhelm-Straße 36 | 21107 Hamburg | Germany [email protected] | + 49 (0) 176 72251033 SUPPORT 2 TUTORS Prof. Peter Andres CEO at Peter Andres Lichtplanung GbR | Honorary Professor at PBSA Düsseldorf Dipl.-Ing. Electrical Technologies Dr. Raphael Kirsch Head of Lighting Applications at Trilux Ph.D. Lighting Technology | M.Sc. Architectural Lighting Design Dipl.-Ing. Optic Technologies, Light Technologies EXAMINER Isabel Dominguez Lecturer and Master’s Thesis Coordinator at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture | MA, Architectural Lighting Design | Dipl.-Ing. (FH) Architectur COOPERATION Manfred Hester | Thomas Pahl Hamburger Hochbahn AG BACKGROUND _ 05 CIRCADIAN RhYTHM HUMAN CENTRIC LIGHTING LIGHT EXPOSURE OF OffICE WORKERS URBANISATION AND COMMUTE METHODOLOGY _ 06 COOPERATION WITH HAMBURGER HOchbAHN AG SPECIFIC LITERATURE RESEARch QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS DESIGN PROPOSAL AS AN EXPERIMENT SPECIFIC LITERATURE RESEARCH _ 08 INDEX 3 DURATION OF LIGHT EXPOSURE TIME OF LIGHT EXPOSURE DIRECTIONALITY SPECTRAL DISTRIBUTION INTENSITIES OF LIGHT ENERGY CONSUMPTION VISUAL PERFORMANCE VEHIclE REGULATIONS MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATION _ 10 IllUMINANCE VALUES USER SPECIFICATION DESIGN PRINCIPLES _ 10 LIGHTING MULTI-SENSORY EXPERIENCE DESIGN PROPOSalS AS AN EXPERIMENT _ 12 EXISTING METRO CAR VARIATIONS EVALUATION
    [Show full text]