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The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillm
“A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By: Thomas Anthony Gass, M.A. Department of History The Ohio State University 2014 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Hasan Kwame Jeffries, Advisor Dr. Kevin Boyle Dr. Curtis Austin 1 Copyright by Thomas Anthony Gass 2014 2 Abstract “A Mean City”: The NAACP and the Black Freedom Struggle in Baltimore, 1935-1975” traces the history and activities of the Baltimore branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from its revitalization during the Great Depression to the end of the Black Power Movement. The dissertation examines the NAACP’s efforts to eliminate racial discrimination and segregation in a city and state that was “neither North nor South” while carrying out the national directives of the parent body. In doing so, its ideas, tactics, strategies, and methods influenced the growth of the national civil rights movement. ii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the Jackson, Mitchell, and Murphy families and the countless number of African Americans and their white allies throughout Baltimore and Maryland that strove to make “The Free State” live up to its moniker. It is also dedicated to family members who have passed on but left their mark on this work and myself. They are my grandparents, Lucious and Mattie Gass, Barbara Johns Powell, William “Billy” Spencer, and Cynthia L. “Bunny” Jones. This victory is theirs as well. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation has certainly been a long time coming. -
Race Plays a Complex Role in Detroit Election
OCT. 27, 2013 Race plays a complex role in Detroit election Maryland State Delegate Howard P. (Pete) Rawlings was shouting into my ear over the phone, more exercised than I'd ever heard him, over the Baltimore Sun's mayoral endorsement in the summer of 1999. I was the paper's deputy editorial page editor, and the Sun had backed Carl Stokes, an African-American former city councilman. Rawlings, the first African-American legislator to chair the powerful Maryland House Appropriations Committee and a kingmaker in local politics, was backing Martin O'Malley, a white city councilman. O'Malley and Stokes were competing to succeed Kurt Schmoke, the city's first elected black mayor. In the few empty spaces between Rawling's furious verbal assaults, I tried to explain the paper's thinking. All things being equal, I said, we thought the city's African-American population was entitled to leadership that reflected their majority (Baltimore was then about 65% black). O'Malley was a good choice, but so was Stokes. We thought Stokes would make a fine mayor, in touch with the needs and experiences of the city's population, and we believed he would be key to developing future leaders. Rawlings stopped me dead. "You dummies, the future of black leadership in Baltimore, in fact the future of all leadership, runs way more through Martin O'Malley than it does through Carl Stokes," he said. "You're using race as a crude tool for simple analysis. I wish you could see that it's more complicated than that." Rawlings' lecture has been ringing in my ears all year, revived by Detroit's race- tinged mayoral campaign. -
Since 1972, the Community Conversations Breakfast Program at the Johns Hopkins University Has Served As One of the Preeminent Ve
memBers of the advisory Committee Community Conversations Breakfast Program at the Johns hoPkins university ince 1972, the Community Conversations S Breakfast Program at The Johns Hopkins University has served as one of the preeminent venues for community, political, business, non- Salem Reiner profit, governmental, and institutional leaders to Johns Hopkins University discuss their goals for Baltimore City and the state Chairman of Maryland. Salliann Richardson Alborn Past Community Conversations have hosted Maryland Community Health System/CHIP many of the region’s top decsion-makers as our speakers. Typically, between 100 and 120 guests Timothy D. Armbruster attend, including many “influentials” and opinion Goldseker Foundation leaders. For a sampling of past speakers and their Doreen Bolger affiliations, see the back panel of this invitation. Baltimore Museum of Art The program offers two three-part series, one in the fall and one in the spring. Both meet at the J. Joseph Clarke Johns Hopkins Club on the Homewood campus, J.J. Clarke Enterprises Inc. on the first Thursdays of March, April, and May Jon Laria and October, November, and December. Guests Ballard, Spahr, Andrews and Ingersoll, LLP gather at 7:30 a.m. for informal networking and a full breakfast. The speaker begins remarks at 8:25 Joy Naden a.m., followed by a question-and-answer period, Board of Review, MD Dept. of Health and Mental Hygiene and the program adjourns promptly at 9 a.m. Rafael Regales Membership in the program is limited to those MD Dept. of Labor, Licensing and Regulation with a significant record of community engage- ment. -
2021 GBC Member Directory
GREATER BALTIMORE COMMITTEE Member Directory Anne Arundel County Baltimore City Baltimore County Carroll County Harford County Howard County Regional business leaders creating a better tomorrow . today. Greater Baltimore Committee Member Directory Message to Members Awards 3 17 2021 Board of Directors Year in Photos 4 21 GBC at a Glance 11 Year in Review 29 Vision, Mission and 2020 Programs, Regional Perspective 11 Projects and 29 Core Pillars for a Highlights Competitive Business 11 Advocacy Environment 31 Events and 2021 Membership by Communications for 12 Industry Guide 33 Member Engagement 2021 Member Directory 36 Committees 13 Preparing for the Future: 2020 Event Sponsors 7 A Regional Workforce 1 Development Initiative 14 Inside Report Advertisers’ Index Back Cover GBC’s Next Up Program CONTENTS 15 www.gbc.org | 1 INVEST WITH CONFIDENCE UP T.RowePrice Our commitment to positive change is supported through sponsorships, youth programming, volunteerism, and pro bono service. We are an organization focused on transforming communities. troweprice.com/responsibility CCON0061882 202009-1355�17 Message to Members It is an understatement to say that 2020 has been a unique, difficult and • Commit to creating a more representative Board of Directors. challenging year. However, despite the disruptions to normal business • Evaluating and deciding each GBC public policy position through operations brought about by the coronavirus pandemic and other an equity lens. societal challenges, the work of the GBC in its 65th year has remained • Conducting a series of programs to educate and provide needed strong and we expect an even stronger 2021. resources so GBC member and non-member companies can create Like many of you, the GBC has adapted to meet the challenges and has inclusive business environments. -
Maryland's First Black Women Law Graduates Taunya Lovell Banks
Maryland Law Review Volume 63 | Issue 4 Article 7 Setting the Record Straight: Maryland's First Black Women Law Graduates Taunya Lovell Banks Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr Part of the Legal Education Commons Recommended Citation Taunya L. Banks, Setting the Record Straight: Maryland's First Black Women Law Graduates, 63 Md. L. Rev. 752 (2004) Available at: http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/mlr/vol63/iss4/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Academic Journals at DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Maryland Law Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SETTING THE RECORD STRAIGHT: MARYLAND'S FIRST BLACK WOMEN LAW GRADUATES TAUNYA LOVELL BANKS* INTRODUCTION Until 1888, twenty years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment,' the State of Maryland, by statute, restricted the practice of law to white males.2 Thus, both race and gender posed insurmounta- ble barriers to black women, white women, and black men who wanted to practice law in Maryland. Yet black and white women and black men did practice law in other states. In 1844, Macon Boiling Allen became the first known black lawyer when he was admitted to practice law in the State of Maine.3 Before the Civil War, no Southern state had admitted black Americans to practice law.4 Even after the War ended, Maryland, like other Southern states, continued to bar all blacks from the practice of 5 law. -
Introduction
Notes Introduction Notes to Pages 1–7 1. When William Donald Schaefer left his final term unfinished in order to become state governor, Clarence “Du” Burns, an African American and chairman of the City Council, succeeded Schaefer, finished his term, and thus technically became the first black mayor. 2. Sandy Banisky and Ann LoLordo, “Kurt Schmoke Sworn in as 46th Mayor of Baltimore,” Baltimore Sun, December 11, 1987. Schmoke is quoted in Marion E. Orr, “Black Mayors and Human-Capital Enhancement Policies: A Study of Baltimore,” unpublished paper presented at National Conference of Black Political Scientists, March 1991. 3. Michael Ollove, “Schmoke Takes a Sizeable Political Risk by Assuming Responsibility for Schools,” Baltimore Sun, July 3, 1988. 4. The statistics of poor performance by students in the Baltimore public school system were rehearsed in numerous reports, including the Abell Foundation, “A Growing Inequality, a Report on the Financial Condition of the Baltimore City Public Schools,” Baltimore, 1989; Governor’s Commission on School Funding, “Report,” Baltimore, January 1994; Governor’s Commission on School Performance, “The Report of,” Annapolis, 1989; Commission for Students at Risk, “Maryland’s Challenge,” Annapolis, January 1990; Peter L. Szanton, “Baltimore 2000, a Choice of Futures,” Baltimore: Morris Goldseker Foundation, 1986. To compare the local education studies with national studies of public education, see U.S. Excellence in Education Commission, “A Nation At Risk,” Washington, DC, U.S. Department of Education, 1983; Task Force on Education for Economic Growth, “Action for Excellence,” Washington, DC, 1983; Editors of Education Week, Charting a Course for Reform (Washington, DC: Editorial Projects in Education, 1993). -
Ballot & Beyond
September 7, 2020 28 New Episodes of the “Ballot & Beyond” Podcast Researched and Recorded by Maryland Women’s Heritage Center Volunteers BALTIMORE (September 7, 2020) - The Maryland Women’s Heritage Center (MWHC) is thrilled to announce its collaboration with Preservation Maryland in the making of a new season of “Ballot & Beyond” podcasts. Available now for streaming and reading on www.ballotandbeyond.org, “Ballot & Beyond” Season Two is a multi- media public history exhibit and podcast offering audio biographies of 28 valiant Maryland women, written and recorded by MWHC volunteers. The featured women include Maryland suffragists, MWHC’s research focus during this 2020 Year of the Woman. Also recorded are profiles of many women recognized by the Maryland Women’s Hall of Fame for their significant contributions to causes including freedom, justice, and equality. They represent Maryland’s diverse cultures, and locales from the rural Eastern shore, to the mountains of Garrett County, to the streets of Baltimore. Some podcast subjects are familiar, such as Harriet Tubman, Clara Barton, Henrietta Lacks, and Senator Verda Welcome. Others have been newly uncovered as MWHC’s statewide network of researchers combed archives, diaries, family records, old newspaper clippings, suffrage histories, and museum collections. The contributing voices heard on “Ballot & Beyond” are as distinguished and diverse as the biographies. They include a descendant of Baltimore suffragist and Jewish civic leader Sadie Jacobs Crockin; Morgan State University’s archivist; Howard County’s first and only female county executive; and noted scholars of women’s suffrage and Maryland history. Each story is the product of hours of research by MWHC’s dedicated team of historians, research volunteers, and writers. -
Texas Returns to Affirmative Action Can Athletics and Academics
NATIONAL Vol. 12 No. 1 Winter 2004 Published by The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education Texas Returns to FOR CROSSTALK JANA BIRCHUM, BLACK STAR, Affirmative Action Readjustment and confusion in the aftermath of recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions By Carl Irving classes had one or no whites, who are ex- pected to become a minority of the state’s AUSTIN, TEXAS population next year. HE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS’ UT-Austin officials believe this discov- flagship campus here plans to re- ery vividly illustrates a problem that the Tstore affirmative action in under- Supreme Court majority wants the na- graduate admissions in the fall of 2005, us- tion’s campuses to address—the lack of a ing guidelines the campus administration believes to be consistent with last sum- Restoring affirmative mer’s 5-4 decision by the U.S. Supreme Court. action will require This year’s freshman class at the University of Texas-Austin is 16 percent Hispanic, To support this change, the admissions four percent African American. Returning to affirmative action should increase office has gathered evidence that white changes in Texas’ those numbers. students dominate most smaller, discus- seven-year-old, race- University of Michigan undergraduate ad- dents to admit. sion-sized classes, which have few if any missions policies, which had involved “The court itself didn’t define ‘critical African American or Hispanic students. neutral admissions law. racial quotas. But in directly addressing mass’ but it means having more than one A recent month-long survey of 3,600 the issue of affirmative action in higher student (in a class),” said UT-Austin current undergraduate classes, each with “critical mass” of underrepresented mi- education admissions for the first time in Director of Admissions and Vice Provost five to 24 students enrolled, found that 90 nority students, enough so that they “do 25 years, the court said racial and ethnic Bruce Walker. -
A Life of Service Congressman Elijah E
MORGANMORGANM A G A Z I N E VOLUME I 2020 A Life of Service Congressman Elijah E. Cummings, 1951–2019 MORGAN MAGAZINE 1 VOLUME I 2020 MagazineVOLUME I 2020 1 2 (Cover Story) 6 8 MORGAN President’s Celebrating a Life of Success, Diversity Alumni Profile Magazine Letter Service Took Center Stage Morgan graduate at Morgan’s 143rd Morgan Magazine is published Continuing the legacy Congressman Elijah Calvin B. Ball III made by the Division of Institutional of MSU legends Cummings’ work for Commencement Maryland history with Advancement of MSU for alumni, social justice was led More than 925 degree his election as Howard parents, faculty, students, by values gained in candidates heard an County executive prospective students and friends. Morgan Magazine is designed Baltimore urgent call to action and edited by the Office of Public Relations and Strategic Communications. 10 12 14 16 Opinions expressed in Morgan Magazine are those Leadership Spotlight Research Spotlight Donor Profile Building LEGACY of the individual authors and Experience and Morgan biology County Engineers Through Business are not necessarily those of achievement professor leads Association of Ownership the University. distinguish Morgan’s pancreatic cancer Maryland supports Morgan’s Send correspondence directly to: Morgan Magazine newest administrative research as well as MSU engineering Entrepreneurial Office of Public Relations and heads science diversity efforts Development and Strategic Communications Assistance Center 1700 E. Cold Spring Lane helps growing and McMechen Hall, Suite 635 Baltimore, MD 21251 aspiring entrepreneurs (443) 885-3022 office main [email protected] 20 22 24 26 Morgan Magazine Staff Vice President, In the Community Student Morgan’s Marching Honoring the Legacy Institutional Advancement The MSU School of Achievement Band Lights Up of a Legend Donna J. -
MARYLAND EDUCATION COALITION 104 East 25Th Street, 2Nd Floor Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (410) 467-9560
MARYLAND EDUCATION COALITION 104 East 25th Street, 2nd Floor Baltimore, Maryland 21218 (410) 467-9560 October 3, 1992 Conference Report The conference on "Schools, Families, Communities Working as a Team" drew about 220 people (about 195 paid) from 20 counties, and included parents, teachers, administrators, and people from civic groups and business. Income Projected Actual Co-Sponsorship 0 550.00 Program Book 3,000 3,645.00 Food 0 500.00 Registration 5,250 5,040.00 Grants 14,650 14,650.00 Total Income 22,900 24,385.00 Expenses Advance Flyer 500 435.24 (printing & postage) Conf. Brochure 1,000 1478.94 (printing & postage) Other Mailings 1,000 411.13 Handouts 500 21.00 Program Book 2,000 1,310.00 Supplies 0 251.31 Place 1,000 100.00 Food 3,000 2,281.50 Speaker Fees/Travel 1,000 0 Staff Time 5,400 4,998.22 Office Support 7,500 6,910.57 Total Expenses 22,900 18,197.91 Total Income Over Expenses 0 6,187.09 Expenses per paid registrant: $93 conf2. lst C9/1O.23.92 BALANCE SHI:::ET f;S (:I f '3/30/'32 MEC92-All Accounts Page 1 10/14/'32 '3/~)O/'32 A,:ct Balance ASSI:::TS Cash and Bank Accc,unts MECCHECKING-Checking Account 7, '355.13 MECSAVINGS-Gensral Savings 21,313.5'3 MECSAVINT-Interest Tracking Say 0.00 Total I:ash and Bank AI:counts 2'3,278.72 TOT AL ASSET~3 2'3,278.72 =;;;:;;;:~=;;:;;=;;;:;==== LI AB I1_ IT IES ~, F_UND BALANCE LIABILITIES Ot~,er Liabilities 3050-FEDERAL WITHHOLDING '=)03.00 3051-FICA WITHHOLDING 5L3.23 3052~MEDICA~('WITHHOLDING 120aOO 3053-MAPYLAND WITHHOLDING 4'::J5. -
Before Brown in Baltimore • African American Students Attended the Colored Schools of Baltimore – Under the Leadership of Dr
3rd Colloquium, July 1, 2015 Chapter I: History, housing and schools A Brief History of Baltimore City Public Schools Richard Lofton, Ph.D. Post-doctoral Fellow The Pathways from Poverty Consortium CENTER FOR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF SCHOOLS 1 The Forming of a School District • Baltimore Public School System was established by the mayor and city council in 1829 • Free blacks were taxed for schools their children could not attend • In1865 the city council passed an ordinance supporting the education of black students • No African American teachers were hired throughout the 1870s and 1880s • By 1907 the black schools were operated by an all-black staff 2 School Equalization Program • Maryland adopted a school equalization program in 1922 – Minimum educational program – local property tax rate – Any subdivision that could not raise enough money will receive state aid to fill the gap • Baltimore actually helped its less wealthy suburban neighbors fund their school system – 1950, Maryland contributed $90 per pupil to its suburban schools and only $71 per pupil to Baltimore – 1964, suburban schools received $199 per pupil from Annapolis and Baltimore only $171 3 Before Brown in Baltimore • African American students attended The Colored Schools of Baltimore – Under the leadership of Dr. Francis Marion Wood • The Colored Schools grew tremendously • Improvement in instruction in all schools • Douglass High and Samuel Coleridge Taylor High were completed • Organized the Baltimore City Teachers Association – Professional growth of his teachers with partnership with Columbia University – Extension courses for principals and supervisors at Morgan College and The University of Maryland • While African American students did not have the same resources as their White counterparts in segregated schools, African Americans were committed to education. -
Those on Whose Shoulders We Stand
THOSE ON WHOSE SHOULDERS WE STAND A HISTORICAL ROSTER OF THE LEGISLATIVE BLACK CAUCUS OF MARYLAND 1970 – 2010 THOSE ON WHOSE SHOULDERS WE STAND A HISTORICAL ROSTER OF THE LEGISLATIVE BLACK CAUCUS OF MARYLAND 1970 – 2010 Created by the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland and the Legislative Reference Librarians, Department of Legislative Services, Maryland General Assembly May 2010 This document was prepared by: Library and Information Services Office of Policy Analysis Department of Legislative Services General Assembly of Maryland May 2010 For additional copies or further information, please contact: Library and Information Services 90 State Circle Annapolis, Maryland 21401-1991 Baltimore/Annapolis Area: 410-946-5400/5410 Washington Area: 301-970-5400/5410 Other Maryland Areas: 1-800-492-7122 ext. 5400/5410 TTY: 410-946/301-970-5401 TTY users may also use the Maryland Relay Service to contact the General Assembly. E-Mail: [email protected] Maryland General Assembly Web site: http://mlis.state.md.us Department of Legislative Services Web site: http://dls.state.md.us The Department of Legislative Services does not discriminate on the basis of age, ancestry, color, creed, marital status, national origin, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or disability in the admission or access to its programs, services, or activities. The department=s Information Officer has been designated to coordinate compliance with the nondiscrimination requirements contained in Section 35.107 of the Department of Justice Regulations. Requests for assistance should be directed to the Information Officer at the telephone numbers shown above. ii PREFACE In honor of the 40th anniversary celebration of the Legislative Black Caucus of Maryland, Senator Delores G.