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Preliminary List of Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) in Taiwan

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Preliminary List of Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) in Taiwan 国立科博専報，（46）: 57–64, 2010年3月28日 Mem. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Tokyo, (46): 57–64, March 28, 2010 Preliminary List of Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) in Taiwan Kentaro Hosaka Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4–1–1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305–0005, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Fourteen species (8 genera, 3 families) belonging to the order Phallales in Taiwan were comfirmed by a fieldwork in 2008 as well as herbarium and literature searches. One species, Phallus impudicus, is newly reported from Taiwan. Key words : distribution, fungi, mushrooms, stinkhorns, taxonomy. genera Protubera (Malloch, 1989), Gelopellis Introduction (Beaton & Malajczuk, 1986) and Phallobata The order Phallales was originally described (Castellano & Beever, 1994), are closely related by Fischer (1900) to accommodate taxa common- to stinkhorn taxa. ly referred to as stinkhorns (family Phallaceae) Molecular phylogenetic studies clearly demon- and lattice stinkhorns (family Clathraceae). strated that stinkhorns are closely related to mor- Both families produce epigeous fruit bodies with phologically and ecologically distinct taxa, such spongy structures, which allow them to grow as earthstars (Geastrales), coral and club fungi rapidly when they absorb water from surrounding (Gomphales) (Humpert et al., 2001; Hosaka et environment. Most notably, their spore masses al., 2006). Currently, Phallales is recognized as a (glebae) become slimy and emit distinct odor well-supported monophyletic group with six (often described as “fetid”, “obnoxious”, or “un- well-supported subclades within it (Hosaka et al., pleasant”) when matured (Arora, 1986). It has 2006). It is noteworthy that three basal clades been considered that the odor attracts small in- within Phallales were characterized by truffle- sects, especially flies, and their spores are dis- like taxa, indicating that stinkhorn-like fruit bod- persed by those insects (Fulton, 1889). This clas- ies are derived from truffle-like morphologies in sical mycophagous behavior by insects on Phallales (Hosaka et al., 2006). Hosaka et al. stinkhorns has been well-known for more than a (2006) also discussed the possibility that spore century, and virtually all species belonging to dispersal of Phallales, including truffle-like taxa, Phallaceae and Clathraceae depend on insects as is entirely dependent on arthropods. spore dispersal agents (Fulton, 1889). For many species of stinkhorns, the center of Cunningham (1931) first recognized that some diversity lies in tropical regions of the world taxa with non-stinkhorn-like fruit bodies, i.e., (Dring, 1980). The presence of many (presum- Claustulaceae, should also be included in the ably) endemic taxa in tropical regions, such as order Phallales. This monotypic family, which Africa (Dring, 1964, 1980; Dring & Rose, 1977), contains a genus Claustula, is characterized by West Indies (Dennis, 1953), Central America having sequestrate or truffle-like fruit bodies, and (Miller et al., 1991) and Yunnan, China (Zang & the gleba is enclosed by peridium and never ex- Petersen, 1989), is consistent with the hypothesis posed to the air. Subsequent studies also revealed that the origins of many, if not all, species of that more sequestrate or truffle-like taxa, such as stinkhorns are tropical areas. In fact, some wide- 58 Kentaro Hosaka ly distributed stinkhorn taxa in North America, 1991) with an addition of 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH such as Clathrus archeri (Arora & Burk, 1982), 8.0) and 0.1 M sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) under Clathrus ruber (Burk, 1979) and Pseudocolus 4°C. These samples are available upon request to fusiformis (Blanton, 1976; Burk, 1976; Coker & the author for future DNA studies. I have also Rebell, 1949), are believed to have been trans- surveyed for additional specimens of Phallales ferred from other parts of the world, possibly from Taiwan housed at the TNS for this study. If tropics. no specimens were available, collecting records Although it is not clear how stinkhorns had were retrieved by the literature survey. spread their distribution, a long-distance disper- sal of spores by wind throughout the Southern List of the Species Hemisphere was documented for rust fungi (Wat- son & de Sousa, 1983). If this is correct, long- A total of 14 species (8 genera, 3 families) that distance dispersal, including trans-oceanic dis- belong to the order Phallales from Taiwan were persal, of macrofungi should happen much more recognized based on field collecting, herbarium frequently than we currently recognize. A recent and literature surveys. Short comments on identi- trend in biogeographical studies is to re-evaluate fication and distribution, and literature records the importance of long-distance dispersal (de from Taiwan are given for each species. For two Queiroz, 2005), and frequent long-distance dis- species that have been collected by the author persal was postulated for many organisms, in- (Phallus cf. impudicus and Pseudocolus fusi- cluding some macrofungi (Hosaka et al., 2008; formis), photographs of habitat and fruit bodies Hosaka & Castellano, 2008; Moyersoen et al., are also provided. 2003). This paper is a result of biogeographic studies Subclass Phallomycetidae Hosaka, Castellano & of subclass Phallomycetidae. Taiwan is located in Spatafora, Mycologia 98: 955, 2006. subtropical region between Japan and China, and Order Phallales Fischer in Engler & Prantl, Die understanding its stinkhorn flora will surely clari- Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1: 276, 1900, fy distributional patterns and biogeographical “Phallineae”. history of stinkhorns. So far, no comprehensive list of Phallales in Taiwan is available. The list Family Phallaceae Fries, Systema Mycologicum provided here is based solely on a one-year sur- 2: 281, 1823, “Phalloideae”. vey and therefore should be considered prelimi- Dictyophora cinnabarina Lee, Mycologia 49: nary. There is no doubt that future survey will re- 156, 1957. veal richer stinkhorn flora from Taiwan. Records from Taiwan: Lee, Mycologia 49: 156, 1957. Materials and Methods Liu, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 76: 52, 1984. Fieldwork was conducted by the author in the Remarks. This species was first discovered year of 2008 (August 27–September 2). The from bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus) stands main collecting sites were located in central Tai- near Taipei (Lee, 1957), but now reported from wan, including Nantou County and Taichung other parts of the world, including Hawaii County. Specimens collected in Taiwan by the (Hemmes & Desjardin, 2002). It usually grows in author were deposited at the fungal herbarium of farmland in Hawaii (Hemmes & Desjardin, the National Museum of Nature and Science, 2002), and it is likely that the species was intro- Tsukuba, Japan (TNS). In addition to dried mate- duced to Hawaii from Taiwan by humans. The rials, small fragments of freshly collected sam- species was not found during the fieldwork in ples were soaked in DMSO buffer (Seutin et al., Taiwan by the author in 2008. Preliminary List of Phallales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota) in Taiwan 59 Dictyophora indusiata (Vent.) Desv., in Seaver & Phallus formosanus Kobayasi, Nova Fl. Japoni- Chardón, J. Bot., Paris 2: 92, 1809. ca, Hymenogastrineae et Phallineae. 73, 1938. Synonyms: Phallus indusiatus Vent[k1].: Records from Taiwan: Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. 244, 1801; Dictyophora Kobayasi, Nova Fl. Japonica, Hymenogastrineae phalloidea Desv., J. de Bot. 2: 92, 1809. et Phallineae. 73, 1938. Records from Taiwan: Liu, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 76: 45, 1984. Sawada, List of fungi found in Taiwan (For- Remarks. This species is known only from mosa). 273, 1961. Hualian in Taiwan (Kobayasi, 1938; Liu, 1984). Liu, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 76: 50, 1984. P. formosanus sensu Lee (1957) is a later Wang et al., List of the Fungi in Taiwan. 119, homonym and is therefore invalid. The species 1999. was not found during the fieldwork in Taiwan by Remarks. This species has also been report- the author in 2008. ed from Japan, China, North America, Australia (Imazeki & Hongo, 1989), South America, India, Phallus impudicus L: Pers., Syn. Meth. Fung. Sri Lanka (Liu, 1984), West Indies (Dennis, 242, 1801. [Fig. 1: A, B, C, D] 1953) and Africa (Dring, 1964). The species was Specimen examined. TAIWAN, Nantou Co., not found during the fieldwork in Taiwan by the Ren-Ai township, Chui-Feng, 27 August 2008, author in 2008. leg. K. Hosaka (KH-TW08-001, TNS). Remarks. The specimen from 2008 was col- Dictyophora multicolor Berk. & Broome, Trans. lected in plantations of Cryptomeria japonica. Linn. Soc. London, Bot., Ser. 2 2: 65, 1882. Cryptomeria has been introduced from Japan and Record from Taiwan: widely planted throughout Taiwan. Even so, no Liu, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 76: 49, 1984. report of this species from Taiwan was found. As Remarks. This species has also been report- far as I know, this is the first official report of this ed from Australia, China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, species from Taiwan. Although only immature Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Zaire (Liu, 1984), eggs were available, their white color clearly sep- and Hawaii (Hemmes & Desjardin, 2002). The arates them from all other species of Phallus species was not found during the fieldwork in from Taiwan, which show distinct reddish tint on Taiwan by the author in 2008. fruit bodies. The specimen is tentatively identi- fied here as P. impudicus, but DNA studies are Mutinus bambusinus (Zoll.) E.Fisch., Ann. Jard. necessary to confirm it. Bot. Buitenzorg 6: 30, 1886. Synonyms: Mutinus boninensis Lloyd, Mycol. Phallus rubicundus (Bosc) Fr., Syst. Myc. 2: Writ. 2: 402, 1908; Jansia boninensis (Fisch.) 284, 1823. Lloyd, Syn. known phalloids. 32, 1909 Record from Taiwan: Records from Taiwan: Liu, Beih. Nova Hedwigia 76: 40, 1984. Fan, Liu & Liu, Nova Hedwigia 108: 9, 1994. Remarks. This species has also been report- Wang et al., List of the Fungi in Taiwan. 132, ed from Australia, China, Japan, India, West In- 1999. dies, North America (Liu, 1984), Hawaii Remarks. This species has also been report- (Hemmes & Desjardin, 2002), and Africa (Cun- ed from Japan, Micronesia (Imazeki & Hongo, ningham, 1944; Dring & Rose, 1977). The 1989), Africa (Dring, 1964), and Hawaii species was not found during the fieldwork in (Hemmes & Desjardin, 2002).
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