Petrogenesis, Geochronology, and Tectonic Significance of Granitoids In
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Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 79 (2014) 792–809 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jseaes Petrogenesis, geochronology, and tectonic significance of granitoids in the Tongshan intrusion, Anhui Province, Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley, eastern China ⇑ Zhi-Yu Zhang a, , Yang-Song Du a, Chuan-Yao Teng a, Jing Zhang a, Zhen-Shan Pang b a State Key Laboratory of Geological Process and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China b Development and Research Center of China Geological Survey, Beijing 100037, People’s Republic of China article info abstract Article history: The Tongshan copper deposit in Anhui Province is a typical mid-sized skarn and porphyry type deposit in Available online 25 April 2013 the Anqing–Guichi district along the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley, eastern China. The Tongshan intrusion is closely related to this mineralization. The intrusion mainly comprises rocks that are quartz Keywords: diorite porphyry, quartz monzonite porphyry, and granodiorite porphyry. Plagioclase in these rocks is Tongshan intrusion mostly andesine (An = 31.0–42.9), along with minor oligoclase. Biotite is magnesium-rich [Mg/ Petrogenesis (Mg + Fe) = 0.52–0.67] and aluminum-poor (Al2O3 = 12.32–14.09 wt.%), and can be classified as magne- SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating sio-biotite. Hornblende is TiO -poor (<1.96 wt.%) and magnesium-rich [Mg/(Mg + Fe) > 0.60], and is Mineral chemistry 2 magnesio-hornblende or edenite. The SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of the quartz monzonite porphyry is Geochemistry The Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley 145.1 ± 1.2 Ma, which corresponds to the middle Yanshanian period. Whole-rock geochemical results show that the rocks are silica-rich (SiO2 = 60.23–66.23 wt.%) and alkali-rich (K2O+Na2O = 4.97– 8.72 wt.%), and low in calcium (CaO = 2.61–5.66 wt.%). Trace element results show enrichments in large ion lithophile element (e.g., K, Rb, and Ba) and depletions in some high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, P, and Ti). The total rare earth element (REE) content of the rocks is low (RREE < 200 lg/g), and they exhibit light REE enrichment [(La/Yb)N > 10] and small positive Eu anomalies (average dEu = 1.16). These mineralogical, geochronological, and geochemical results show that the intrusion has a mixed crust– mantle source. The Tongshan intrusion was formed by multiple emplacements of crustally contaminated basaltic magma generated by varying degrees of partial melting of enriched lithospheric mantle and lower crust. Hornblende thermobarometry yielded magmatic crystallization temperatures of 652– 788 °C and an average crystallization pressure of 1.4 kbar, which corresponds to a depth of approx. 4.7 km. Biotite thermobarometry yielded similar temperatures and lower pressures of 735–775 °C and 0.6 kbar (depth 2.1 km), respectively. The parental magma had a high oxygen fugacity and was produced in a volcanic arc setting related to subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction ies of Mesozoic magmatic rocks in the MLYRB have yielded a num- ber of important insights into their origins and those of associated The Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley metallogenic belt ore deposits. It is currently considered that this metallogenic belt (MLYRB) is a region of large-scale magmatic activity and metallo- comprises multiple distinctive ore clusters or mining districts genesis in eastern China (Fig. 1a) (Pan and Dong, 1999). In this (Fig. 1). A focus of ongoing research is the use of geochronology belt, Mesozoic magmatic rocks and their related copper, gold, and geochemistry to constrain the timing, petrogenesis, and tec- and iron ores (Ma and Shan, 1997) have been the focus of numer- tonic setting of magmatism. A large amount of zircon dating has ous studies (Zhou et al., 2003; Mei et al., 2005; Ding et al., 2006; been conducted on magmatic rocks of the different districts, Du et al., 2007), with a particular focus on the ore-forming fluids including Edong (southeastern Hubei province) (Xie et al., 2006, and ore genesis (Zeng et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2012a; Li et al., 2009a), Jiurui (Jiujiang–Ruichang) 2008; Mao et al., 2009) and geodynamics (Li, 2000; Chen et al., (Ding et al., 2005; Li and Jiang, 2009; Xu et al., 2012), the Anqing 2001, 2004, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006; Mao et al., 2011). These stud- section in Anqing–Guichi (Chen et al., 1991; Zhang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009), Luzong (Lujiang–Zongyang) (Zhou et al., 2007; Zeng et al., 2010; Xue et al., 2012), Tongling (Wang et al., 2004a; Yang ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13811712407. et al., 2008, 2011; Cao et al., 2009), and Ningwu (Nanjing–Wuhu) E-mail address: [email protected] (Z.-Y. Zhang). (Yan et al., 2009a,b; Hu and Jiang, 2010). However, compared with 1367-9120/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.007 Z.-Y. Zhang et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 79 (2014) 792–809 793 Fig. 1. (a) Simplified structural map of China. (b) Distribution of magmatic rocks and ore clusters (districts) in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt (modified from Zhai et al., 1992; Tang et al., 1998; Du et al., 2003; Mao et al., 2009, 2011). TLF = Tancheng–Lujiang Fault; XGF = Xiangfan–Guangji Fault; YCF = Yangxing– Changzhou Fault. the aforementioned districts, research on the Guichi section in the area, which in turn enhances our understanding of the dynamics Anqing–Guichi area has been limited, particularly in terms of geo- of Mesozoic magmatism in the MLYRB. chronology and magma petrogenesis. The absence of such data hinders development of an in-depth understanding of the occur- 2. Geological background rence and petrogenesis of Mesozoic magmatism in the Anqing– Guichi district and the MLYRB as a whole. The Tongshan intrusion is located in Tongshan town (Chizhou, Tongshan is a typical ore-bearing intrusion in the Guichi section Anhui Province), and is typical of many ore-bearing plutons in of the Anqing–Guichi district. A limited amount of research on the the Anqing–Guichi district of the MLYRB (Fig. 2a). The intrusion petrology, and elemental and isotopic geochemistry, has been car- is structurally located at the bend in the Tongshan arc-shaped ried out on the Tongshan intrusion (Li and Shao, 1994; Yu and structure in the southeastern flank of the Mushan anticline at the Yuan, 1999a,b; Lü, 2000; Yu, 2001; Zhou, 2003). In terms of mag- northern margin of the Yangtze plate and in the middle of the fold matic evolution, it is considered that the Tongshan intrusion repre- belt of the Lower Yangtze syneclise. Strata in the area of the Tong- sents a calc-alkaline rock series (Lü, 2000). Magmatic evolution shan ore deposit mainly comprise sedimentary rocks of the Upper resulted in ore-forming elements being enriched in magmatic- Silurian Maoshan Formation and Lower Triassic Biandanshan For- hydrothermal systems, which were favorable for the formation of mation (Fig. 2), which were deposited in the neritic–littoral facies a variety of ore types (Yu and Yuan, 1999b). These previous studies (Wang, 2003). Occurrences of the magmatic rocks are controlled by tentatively established element ratio indicators that could be used concealed east–west- and northwest-trending faults, and the shal- to distinguish different mineralization types and ore body depths low sub-surface structure is northeast-trending (Lü, 2000). At (Li and Shao, 1994). The Tongshan copper deposit is a stratabound depth, irregular northeast-trending stocks occur and also crop skarn deposit that includes a lesser amount of porphyry-type min- out at the surface over an area of approx. 2 km2. The surrounding eralization (Yu, 2001). The ore-forming elements were derived country rocks are Silurian–Devonian clastic sediments and Carbon- from multiple sources. The granodiorite porphyry, interlayer iferous–Permian carbonate rocks. In the contact zone, the rocks are detachment faults, and country rocks appear to have been the main mainly marble, dolomitic marble, hornfels, calcareous skarn, and factors controlling the sites of ore formation (Zhou, 2003). Despite magnesian skarn. Hydrothermal alteration is ubiquitous in the these previous studies, there have been no detailed mineralogical, Tongshan copper deposit and is characterized by silicification, geochronological, and geochemical investigations of the Tongshan sericitization, biotitization, chloritization, carbonatization, potassic intrusion. Herein, we present a systematic mineralogical, precise alteration, and pyritization. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb geochronological, and geochemical study of The Tongshan intrusion mainly comprises rocks that are quartz the Tongshan intrusion. We use these data to constrain the timing, diorite, quartz monzonite porphyry, and granodiorite porphyry (Yu petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of magmatism in the Tongshan and Yuan, 1999b). The quartz diorite is in the center of the 794 Z.-Y. Zhang et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 79 (2014) 792–809 Fig. 2. Schematic geological map of the Tongshan copper ore deposit (a-modified from Sun et al., 2008; Shao et al., 2009). D3w = Upper Devonian Wutong Formation; C– P = Carboniferous–Permian; T = Triassic; S = Silurian. intrusion, whereas the quartz monzonite porphyry and granodio- microcrystalline with a crystal size of <0.1 mm, which comprises rite porphyry form the border phases of the pluton. Granodiorite quartz (20–25%), K-feldspar (15%), and accessory minerals porphyry lithologies are most closely related to copper sulfide min- (1%) of magnetite, titanite, apatite, zircon, and allanite. In some eralization. The samples used in this study were collected from the samples, primary rock-forming minerals exhibit varying degrees open pit mine of the Qianshan ore block (Fig.