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Exotic Borers Information Sheet TM IS15001 Exotic borers Introduction Distribution Moth borers are significant pests of grass crops worldwide. So far, the Australian sugar industry has been free of Fortunately, Australia does not harbour major pest major moth borers, but several borer species occur in species, but several borer species are widely distributed neighbouring countries. It is therefore in Australia’s in neighbouring countries. The invasion by any of these interest to collaborate with research organisations in these into Australia may result in severe consequences for the countries and maintain comprehensive pest monitoring Australian sugar industry. and surveillance programs. The severity and distribution of borers vary depending on the species. Some have caused Symptoms total destruction of crops in parts of South East Asia, while others cause less severe damage. If you suspect borers in There are several types of moth borers, and they are your crop, contact SRA on the pest hotline 1800 084 881. generally grouped according to the plant part they reside Early reporting increases the chance of effective control in. There are stalk borers, top borers, shoot borers and and eradication. even root borers. As their name suggests, ‘borers’ tunnel into the plant. Hence they are difficult to control, and Yield loss natural enemies find it difficult to access them. Yield losses by moth borers vary considerably according In Australia, we only have one minor species; the large to the species and region. However, infestations by moth moth borer (Bathytricha truncata). This pest species (a borers such as the top borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis), shoot borer) is found in all cane-growing areas of Australia, Ramu shoot borer (Sesamia grisescens) and the stalk borer but is more common in central and southern Queensland, (Chilo sacchariphagus) can result in significant yield losses especially in ‘weedy’ fields. Fortunately, it causes no and may cause complete crop destruction. Generally, a significant damage. 20%-30% yield loss is expected due to the infestation by one or more of these species. However, higher yield losses However, feeding symptoms by this species resemble those will be incurred if the pest is neglected. caused by exotic shoot borers, where the growing point is damaged leading to the formation of ‘dead heart’ in young Control plants. On the other hand, symptoms caused by exotic stalk borers, where mature stalks are tunnelled, resemble Pesticides are available to control moth borers in overseas those caused by the sugarcane weevil borer (Rhabdoscelus countries. However, several other means of control also obscurus). The sugarcane weevil borer was accidentally have a role in an overall IPM program; such as the use introduced from Papua New Guinea in the early 1900s of resistant varieties, biological control and pheromone and is now found in almost all cane-growing areas of trapping of adult moths. The following borers are some of Queensland. the main species widely distributed in Asia and Africa. Hosts Chilo auricilius (stalk borer) Many of the borer species that are not found in Australia are prevalent throughout Asia, Africa and the Americas. This pest causes dead While some species mainly attack sugarcane, others attack heart in young cane and related grass crops in addition to sugarcane. Several species damages internodes in can also survive on a range of wild grasses. advanced crops. sugarresearch.com.au The larval stage is distinguishable by the five dark Eldana saccharina longitudinal lines along the body, while damage symptoms can be distinguished by the transparent feeding marks This pest is indigenous to early instar larvae cause on young leaves before they unfold. Africa. It mainly infests mature Feeding by mature larvae causes a thin, straight feeding cane and maize plants but tunnel inside the internode, while the moth’s exit hole is also survives on a wide range neatly round. of wild grasses. Infestation causes plant lodging due to Chilo sacchariphagus (stalk borer) extensive tunnelling. Similar to C. auricilius, Chilo infuscatellus this pest causes dead heart in young cane and damages This pest is widely distributed internodes in advanced in Asia. It attacks sugarcane, crops. maize, millet, sorghum, rice, barley, oats and several The larval stage can be distinguished by the four longitudinal wild grasses. stripes formed by the spots on the dorsal side. Unlike C. auricilius, feeding by young larvae leaves a line of holes This species damages the crop during the shoot stage as young on young leaves, while mature larvae cause irregular tunnels larvae feed on the outer leaves then tunnel into the stem, inside the internodes. The moth’s exit hole is oval in shape. causing considerable losses during the early growth period. Scirpophaga excerptalis (top borer) Sesamia grisescens Feeding by young S. This species is known as excerptalis larvae leaves the pink sugarcane borer or parallel horizontal rows of Ramu shoot borer. Host ‘shot holes’ that become plants include sugarcane, apparent when young rice, guinea grass, elephant leaves unfold. grass and pit-pit. Unlike species of Chilo, larvae of S. excerptalis do not tunnel Sesamia grisescens is a major cane pest in Papua New Guinea in cane stalks and so do not damage the internodes, but and is one of the moth borer species that occurs close to instead move down the plant towards the growing point, Australia. mainly causing dead heart and a bunchy-top appearance Chilo terrenellus of shoots. This species is restricted to Sesamia inferens (shoot borer) Papua New Guinea. However, This species is mainly a pest it was recorded in the Torres of rice and is rarely found Strait Islands of Saibai and infesting sugarcane in South Dauan (Australia) where it East Asia. appears intermittently. Sesamia inferens is a shoot borer and causes dead heart in This pest attacks sugarcane and pit-pit. Stalks are tunnelled young cane plants. Larvae are distinguished by their purple and can be easily broken by wind. or pink dorsal colour and white ventral colour. Chilo tumidicostalis Tetramoera schistaceana (shoot borer) This species feeds exclusively This species is found in on sugarcane in India and South East Asia. Tetramoera South East Asia. Recent surveys schistaceana is an early- suggest an escalation in its shoot borer which mainly pest status in parts of Asia. causes dead heart in young plants. In mature plants, larvae feed externally on the internodes and around the buds, but usually cause minor damage. Copyright © 2015 • All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of SRA.Disclaimer In this disclaimer a reference to ‘we’, ‘us’ or ‘our’ means SRA and our directors, officers, agents and employees. Although we do our best to present information that is correct and accurate, we make no warranties, guarantees or representations about the suitability, reliability, currency or accuracy of the information we present in this Information Sheet, for any purposes. Subject to any terms implied by law and which cannot be excluded, we accept no responsibility for any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred by you as a result of the use of, or reliance on, any materials and information appearing in this Information Sheet. You, the user, accept sole responsibility and risk associated with the use and results of the information appearing in this Information Sheet, and you agree that we will not be liable for any loss or damage whatsoever (including through negligence) arising out of, or in connection with the use of this Information Sheet. We recommend that you contact our staff before acting on any information provided in this Information Sheet.Warning Our tests, inspections and recommendations should not be relied on without further, independent inquiries. They may not be accurate, complete or applicable for your particular needs for many reasons, including (for example) SRA being unaware of other matters relevant to individual crops, the analysis of unrepresentative samples or the influence of environmental, managerial or other factors on production..
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