H2452 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE May 18, 2021 Mr. DAVIDSON. Madam Speaker, on and other vehicles, advanced engineered strike the gold medal with suitable emblems, that I demand the yeas and nays. soundtracks, and skillfully crafted radio devices, and inscriptions, to be determined The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- trickery to create the illusion of sizable by the Secretary. (c) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.— ant to section 3(s) of House Resolution American forces where there were none and to draw the enemy away from Allied troops. (1) IN GENERAL.—Following the award of 8, the yeas and nays are ordered. (10) The 3132d and the 3133d Signal Service the gold medal in honor of the Ghost Army, Pursuant to clause 8 of rule XX, fur- Companies, activated in Pine Camp (now the gold medal shall be given to the Smith- ther proceedings on this motion are Fort Drum), New York, at the Army Experi- sonian Institution, where it will be available postponed. mental Station in March 1944, were the only for display as appropriate and available for f two active duty ‘‘sonic deception’’ ground research. combat units in World War II. (2) SENSE OF CONGRESS.—It is the sense of b 1245 (11) Soldiers of the 23d Headquarters, Spe- the Congress that the Smithsonian Institu- GHOST ARMY CONGRESSIONAL cial Troops, impersonated other, larger tion should make the gold medal awarded pursuant to this Act available for display GOLD MEDAL ACT Army units by sewing counterfeit patches onto their uniforms, painting false markings elsewhere, particularly at appropriate loca- Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I on their vehicles, and creating phony head- tions associated with the Ghost Army, and move to suspend the rules and pass the quarters staffed by fake generals, all in an that preference should be given to locations bill (H.R. 707) to award a Congressional effort to feed false information to Axis spies. affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution. Gold Medal to the 23d Headquarters, (12) During the Battle of the Bulge, the 23d SEC. 4. DUPLICATE MEDALS. The Secretary may strike and sell dupli- Special Troops and the 3133d Signal Headquarters, Special Troops, created coun- terfeit radio traffic to mask the efforts of cates in bronze of the gold medal struck Service Company, in recognition of General George Patton’s Third Army as it under section 3, at a price sufficient to cover their unique and highly distinguished mobilized to break through to the 101st Air- the costs of the medal, including labor, ma- service as a ‘‘Ghost Army’’ that con- borne and elements of 10th Armored Division terials, dies, use of machinery, and overhead ducted deception operations in Europe in the besieged Belgian town of Bastogne. expenses. during World War II, as amended. (13) In its final mission, Operation SEC. 5. NATIONAL MEDAL. The Clerk read the title of the bill. VIERSEN, in March 1945, the 23d Head- The gold medal struck pursuant to this The text of the bill is as follows: quarters, Special Troops, conducted a tac- Act is a national medal for purposes of chap- tical deception that drew German units down ter 51 of title 31, United States Code. H.R. 707 the Rhine River and away from the Ninth SEC. 6. DETERMINATION OF BUDGETARY EF- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- Army, allowing the Ninth Army to cross the FECTS. resentatives of the United States of America in Rhine into Germany. On this mission, the The budgetary effects of this Act, for the Congress assembled, 1,100 men of the Ghost Army, with the assist- purpose of complying with the Statutory SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. ance of other units, impersonated forty thou- Pay-As-You-Go Act of 2010, shall be deter- This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Ghost Army sand men, or two complete divisions of mined by reference to the latest statement Congressional Gold Medal Act’’. American forces, by using fabricated radio titled ‘‘Budgetary Effects of PAYGO Legisla- tion’’ for this Act, submitted for printing in SEC. 2. FINDINGS. networks, soundtracks of construction work the Congressional Record by the Chairman of The Congress finds the following: and artillery fire, and more than 600 inflat- the House Budget Committee, provided that (1) The 23d Headquarters, Special Troops, able vehicles. According to a military intel- such statement has been submitted prior to comprised of the 23d Headquarters and Head- ligence officer of the 79th Infantry, ‘‘There is the vote on passage. quarters Company, Special Troops, the 603d no doubt that Operation VIERSEN materi- Engineer Camouflage Battalion, the 406th ally assisted in deceiving the enemy with re- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- Combat Engineer Company, the 3132d Signal gard to the real dispositions and intentions ant to the rule, the gentleman from Service Company and the Signal Company, of this Army.’’. Missouri (Mr. CLEAVER) and the gen- Special, 23d Headquarters, Special Troops (14) Three soldiers of the 23d Headquarters, tleman from Arkansas (Mr. HILL) each and the 3133d Signal Service Company were Special Troops, gave their lives and dozens will control 20 minutes. top-secret units of the United States Army were injured in carrying out their mission. The Chair recognizes the gentleman (15) In April 1945, the 3133d Signal Service that served in Europe during World War II. from Missouri. (2) The 23d Headquarters, Special Troops, Company conducted Operation CRAFTSMAN GENERAL LEAVE was actively engaged in battlefield oper- in support of Operation SECOND WIND, the ations from June of 1944 through March of successful allied effort to break through the Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I 1945. The 3133d Signal Service Company was German defensive position to the north of ask unanimous consent that all Mem- engaged in operations in Italy in 1945. Florence, Italy, known as the Gothic Line. bers may have 5 legislative days within (3) The deceptive activities of these units Along with an attached platoon of British which to revise and extend their re- were integral to several Allied victories engineers, who were inflatable decoy special- marks on this legislation and to insert across Europe and reduced American casual- ists, the 3133d Signal Service Company used extraneous material thereon. ties. sonic deception to misrepresent troop loca- The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there (4) In evaluating the performance of these tions along this defensive line. (16) The activities of the 23d Headquarters, objection to the request of the gen- units after the War, a U.S. Army analysis tleman from Missouri? found that ‘‘Rarely, if ever, has there been a Special Troops and the 3133d Signal Service Company remained highly classified for There was no objection. group of such a few men which had so great Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I an influence on the outcome of a major mili- more than forty years after the war and were tary campaign.’’. never formally recognized. The extraor- yield myself such time as I may con- (5) Many Ghost Army soldiers were citizen- dinary accomplishments of this unit are de- sume. soldiers recruited from art schools, adver- serving of belated official recognition. Madam Speaker, I rise in strong sup- tising agencies, communications companies, (17) The United States is eternally grateful port of H.R. 707, the Ghost Army Con- and other creative and technical professions. to the soldiers of the 23d Headquarters, Spe- gressional Gold Medal Act. (6) The first four members of the 23d Head- cial Troops and the 3133d Signal Service I thank the gentlewoman from New quarters, Special Troops, landed on D-Day Company for their proficient use of innova- Hampshire for her work on this bill and two became casualties while creating tive tactics throughout World War II, which which honors the creativity and inge- false beach landing sites. saved lives and made significant contribu- tions to the defeat of the Axis powers. nuity of the men of the 23d Head- (7) The 23d Headquarters, Special Troops, quarters, Special Troops and the 3133d secret deception operations commenced in SEC. 3. CONGRESSIONAL GOLD MEDAL. Signal Service Company in conducting France on June 14, 1944, when Task Force (a) AWARD AUTHORIZED.—The Speaker of Mason, a 17-man detachment of the 23d led the House of Representatives and the Presi- deception operations in Europe during by First Lieutenant Bernard Mason, landed dent pro tempore of the Senate shall make World War II. at Omaha Beach. Task Force Mason con- appropriate arrangements for the award, on The Ghost Army was a 1,100-man unit ducted Operation ELEPHANT between 1 and behalf of the Congress, of a gold medal of ap- comprised mostly of individuals re- 4 July, 1944, to draw enemy fire and protect propriate design to the 23d Headquarters, cruited from art schools. They were the 980th Field Artillery Battalion (VIII Special Troops, and the 3133d Signal Service from advertising agencies, communica- Corps) as part of the Normandy Campaign. Company, known as the ‘‘Ghost Army’’, col- tions companies, and other creative (8) Operation ELEPHANT was a prelude to lectively, in recognition of its unique and in- fields. They were tasked with using 21 full-scale tactical deceptions completed by credible service during World War II. the 23d Headquarters, Special Troops. (b) DESIGN AND STRIKING.—For the pur- their creative talents to mislead, de- (9) Often operating on or near the front poses of the award referred to in subsection ceive, and confuse the German Army lines, the 23d Headquarters, Special Troops, (a), the Secretary of the Treasury (in this and lure them away from Allied com- used inflatable tanks, artillery, airplanes Act referred to as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall bat units.

VerDate Sep 11 2014 03:56 May 19, 2021 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00028 Fmt 7634 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\K18MY7.023 H18MYPT1 ctelli on DSK11ZRN23PROD with HOUSE May 18, 2021 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2453 Following the D-day landing in Madam Speaker, now, this is an ex- In September of 1944, they filled a 25- France, the Ghost Army undertook a ample where both sides of the aisle can mile gap in Patton’s line that had ‘‘traveling road show’’ utilizing fake agree that fake news can be good. opened up after he charged across radio transmissions, inflatable tanks, They did this by using inflatable France. In March of 1945, they imper- and theatrical sounds and atmospheric tanks, aircraft, and speakers broad- sonated two full divisions to draw effects to conduct elaborate ruses to casting the sounds of men and military enemy attention away from the Ninth deflect German units away from the that were not there. The unit was able Army’s crossing of the Rhine River. actual Allied unit location and towards to pull German attention on these Their combat deceptions worked bril- imaginary ones. areas and away from the Allied force liantly. The artists, architects, engineers of operations. This army, these men and According to a U.S. Army analysis the Ghost Army were so effective that women, are credited for saving thou- after the war, the Ghost Army decep- a later Army analysis of the perform- sands of lives. tion saved up to an estimated 30,000 Al- ance found that, ‘‘Rarely, if ever, has Madam Speaker, one of those might lied lives. Their tactics were so effec- there been a group of such a few men have been my father-in-law, who was in tive that the Army kept them secret which had so great an influence on the Patton’s 8th Army as an engineering for more than 50 years after the war. outcome of a major military cam- officer, trudging across from D-day to And because of this classification, the paign.’’ Germany. So we are all grateful, all of men of the Ghost Army were never rec- The bravery, ingenuity, and patriotic the descendants of those who served on ognized for their heroism and contribu- actions displayed by these citizen-sol- the beaches and on the continent of tions to defeating fascism in Europe. diers remained highly classified for Europe at the end of the war. The SPEAKER pro tempore. The more than 40 years after World War II Madam Speaker, I am a history buff time of the gentlewoman has expired. and were never formally recognized. as well, and anybody who has watched Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I This bill honors their unique con- The History Channel’s World War II yield an additional 30 seconds to the tributions to the war effort by direct- documentary has undoubtedly seen the gentlewoman from New Hampshire. ing the Mint to strike a gold medal in Ghost Army in action. The historic Ms. KUSTER. Madam Speaker, H.R. honor of the Ghost Army. The gold videos and Herculean photo of four men 707, the Ghost Army Congressional medal shall be given to the Smithso- holding a tank over their heads is tes- Gold Medal Act, would right this wrong nian Institution, where it will be avail- timony to the Ghost Army’s ingenuity by awarding the Congressional Gold able for display and serve as recogni- and bravery in the World War. Medal to the Ghost Army. Madam Speaker, the Ghost Army of tion of this incredible service of the I am proud that 75 years after their World War II deserves to be com- Ghost Army during World War II. service, with the help of my colleague Madam Speaker, I thank Ms. KUSTER mended in this way, and I thank my from Utah, Mr. STEWART, the Ghost for her work on this bill, and I urge friends from New Hampshire and Utah Army will finally get some recognition Members to vote ‘‘yes.’’ for their work. Madam Speaker, I reserve the bal- Madam Speaker, I urge my col- that it so deserves. I thank my col- ance of my time. leagues to support this bill, and I re- league for his help. Mr. HILL. Madam Speaker, I yield serve the balance of my time. Madam Speaker, I encourage all of myself such time as I may consume. Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I our colleagues to support this bill. Madam Speaker, I rise in support of yield 2 minutes to the gentlewoman Mr. HILL. Madam Speaker, I yield 2 H.R. 707, the Ghost Army Congres- from New Hampshire (Ms. KUSTER), the minutes to the gentleman from Utah sional Gold Medal Act. sponsor of this legislation. (Mr. STEWART), the cosponsor of this I thank my friend from New Hamp- Ms. KUSTER. Madam Speaker, when important legislation to recognize the shire, Congresswoman KUSTER, for pro- I say ‘‘war hero,’’ what image comes to Ghost Army. posing it. I appreciate my good friend mind? Mr. STEWART. Madam Speaker, I from Utah, Mr. STEWART, for cospon- Some might imagine a brave soldier thank the ranking member, Mr. HILL, soring and helping bring this to the charging an enemy position, who re- and my colleagues. I especially thank floor today on a bipartisan basis. minds us of what it means to be coura- my cosponsor from New Hampshire for Sun Tzu, in ‘‘The Art of War,’’ stated: geous. Others might think of a medic her support and her words today. ‘‘All warfare is based on deception. dodging enemy fire to provide care for Madam Speaker, much has been said, Hence, when we are able to attack, we their wounded brother-in-arms, who re- so I will be brief. must seem unable; when using our minds us of what it means to be self- I obviously stand before you in sup- forces, we must appear inactive; when less. And, still, others might think of a port of awarding the Ghost Army vet- we are near, we must make the enemy prisoner of war, like my father, a pilot erans the Congressional Gold Medal. believe we are far away; when far away, in World War II, who was shot down on For more than 40 years, this World War we must make him believe we are D-day and whose stoic survival through II unit of more than 1,000 soldiers was near.’’ inhumane conditions reminds us of nothing more than a myth; a bit of a That was the philosophy that led to what it means to be resilient. ghost, if you will. More than 20 years the formation of the 23d Headquarters, Madam Speaker, I rise today in ago, their heroic actions were still Special Troops and the 3133d Signal honor of another type of war hero: classified until, finally, we could learn Service Company, known as the Ghost Those who go to war armed only with the things that they had done. Army. illusion and creativity. Today, I ask my colleagues again, H.R. 707 will award a Congressional In World War II, two top-secret units, both Democrat and Republican, to join Gold Medal to the U.S. Army’s 23d known as the Ghost Army, used com- me in giving these men and women the Headquarters, Special Troops and the bat deception to fool the Nazis. They recognition that they really deserve. 3133d Signal Service Company to honor risked their lives to draw forces away During our Nation’s darkest hour, their bravery displayed during World from American combat units so that the Ghost Army did not shy away from War II. they would face less resistance. This the fight. They saved thousands of The Ghost Army, unlike many other required a special kind of courage. lives. They stood eye-to-eye against units, was comprised, as my friend Whereas a typical American unit had the axis of evil. They defeated fascism from Missouri said, of civilian soldiers tanks made of steel, the Ghost Army in Europe. To do so, many of them who had a proclivity for art, architec- was equipped with tanks made of rub- made the ultimate sacrifice. ture, acting, set design, and engineer- ber. For those heroes who returned home, ing. During World War II, the 23d Head- Using inflatable equipment, sound ef- no one knew of their courage and sac- quarters Special Troops successfully fects, radio trickery, and imperson- rifice; neither did many of them know tricked German forces into believing ation, the Ghost Army made it appear of the great success that the Ghost that 1,000 soldiers were a massive force there were tens of thousands of combat Army had had. They kept their top-se- of over 30,000, and they were able to put troops where there really were none. In cret mission and the operations they on 22 large-scale deceptions in Europe operations throughout the war, their did even away from their friends and during World War II. actions were decisive. family.

VerDate Sep 11 2014 03:56 May 19, 2021 Jkt 019060 PO 00000 Frm 00029 Fmt 7634 Sfmt 0634 E:\CR\FM\K18MY7.025 H18MYPT1 ctelli on DSK11ZRN23PROD with HOUSE H2454 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE May 18, 2021 But, still, they have not been yet rec- b 1300 ‘‘(4) A discussion of— ognized by the Army or by this Con- ‘‘(A) any significant effects resulting from SECURING AMERICA’S VACCINES the plan and measures described in this sub- gressional body. We have the oppor- FOR EMERGENCIES ACT OF 2021 tunity to right that wrong. section on the production, cost, or distribu- Mr. CLEAVER. Mr. Speaker, I move tion of biological products (as that term is Today, there are only 11 members of to suspend the rules and pass the bill defined in section 351 of the Public Health more than 1,000 of the original Ghost (H.R. 3146) to amend the Defense Pro- Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262)) or any other de- Army who still remain alive. And to vices or drugs (as defined under the Federal duction Act of 1950 to ensure the sup- this day, they continue to embody the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301 ply of certain medical materials essen- ideals that Americans strive for: Duty, et. seq.)); tial to national defense, and for other honor, sacrifice, courage, service. ‘‘(B) a timeline to ensure that essential purposes. components of the supply chain for medical Let’s pass this bill. Let’s give the The Clerk read the title of the bill. materials are not under the exclusive control Ghost Army heroes the highest honor The text of the bill is as follows: of a foreign government in a manner that that we can. H.R. 3146 the President determines could threaten the Mr. CLEAVER. Madam Speaker, I re- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- national defense of the United States; and serve the balance of my time. resentatives of the United States of America in ‘‘(C) efforts to mitigate any risks resulting Congress assembled, from the plan and measures described in this Mr. HILL. Madam Speaker, I yield subsection to United States competitiveness, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. myself the balance of my time. scientific leadership, and innovative capac- This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Securing ity, including efforts to cooperate and Madam Speaker, I thank my friend America’s Vaccines for Emergencies Act of proactively engage with United States allies. from Utah for his important closing 2021’’ or the ‘‘SAVE Act of 2021’’. words to support this important bill, ‘‘(b) PROGRESS REPORT.—Following submis- SEC. 2. SECURING ESSENTIAL MEDICAL MATE- sion of the strategy under subsection (a), the H.R. 707. RIALS. President shall submit to the appropriate (a) STATEMENT OF POLICY.—Section 2(b) of What better tribute to those families Members of Congress an annual progress re- of the 1,000 who served in the Ghost the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. port until September 30, 2025, evaluating the 4502) is amended— Army, and those 11 who we still cele- implementation of the strategy, and may in- (1) by redesignating paragraphs (3) through clude updates to the strategy as appropriate. brate as being alive with us today than (8) as paragraphs (4) through (9), respec- the recognition they deserve, because The strategy and progress reports shall be tively; and submitted in unclassified form but may con- those 1,000 saved the lives of thousands (2) by inserting after paragraph (2) the fol- tain a classified annex. more in the Allied force as we com- lowing: ‘‘(c) APPROPRIATE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.— pleted our task of ridding Europe of ‘‘(3) authorities under this Act should be The term ‘appropriate Members of Congress’ fascism. used when appropriate to ensure the avail- means the Speaker, majority leader, and mi- ability of medical materials essential to na- nority leader of the House of Representa- Mr. Speaker, I thank my friends from tional defense, including through measures Utah and New Hampshire for their tives, the majority leader and minority lead- designed to secure the drug supply chain, er of the Senate, the Chairman and Ranking leadership on this bill. I thank Chair- and taking into consideration the impor- Member of the Committee on Financial man CLEAVER today for guiding our de- tance of United States competitiveness, sci- Services of the House of Representatives, bate, and I encourage everyone in the entific leadership and cooperation, and inno- and the Chairman and Ranking Member of House to support H.R. 707. vative capacity;’’. the Committee on Banking, Housing, and (b) STRENGTHENING DOMESTIC CAPABILITY.— Urban Affairs of the Senate.’’. Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance Section 107 of the Defense Production Act of of my time. SEC. 3. INVESTMENT IN SUPPLY CHAIN SECU- 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4517) is amended— RITY. Mr. CLEAVER. Mr. Speaker, I yield (1) in subsection (a), by inserting ‘‘(includ- (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 303 of the Defense myself the balance of my time. ing medical materials)’’ after ‘‘materials’’; Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4533) is Mr. Speaker, this bill is one of the and amended by adding at the end the following: most amazing things that I have had (2) in subsection (b)(1), by inserting ‘‘(in- ‘‘(h) INVESTMENT IN SUPPLY CHAIN SECU- cluding medical materials such as drugs, de- RITY.— the opportunity to support since I have vices, and biological products to diagnose, ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—In addition to other au- been in Congress. And this bill is sim- cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease that thorities in this title, the President may ply amazing. It ensures official rec- are essential to national defense)’’ after ‘‘es- make available to an eligible entity de- ognition of creativity and innovation sential materials’’. scribed in paragraph (2) payments to in- displayed by members of the Ghost (c) STRATEGY ON SECURING SUPPLY CHAINS crease the security of supply chains and sup- Army in saving lives, contributing to FOR MEDICAL MATERIALS.—Title I of the De- ply chain activities, if the President certifies the defeat of the axis powers during fense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4511 et to Congress not less than 30 days before seq.) is amended by adding at the end the fol- World War II. making such a payment that the payment is lowing: critical to meet national defense require- Mr. Speaker, I thank Ms. KUSTER for ‘‘SEC. 109. STRATEGY ON SECURING SUPPLY ments of the United States. her work in ensuring recognition of CHAINS FOR MEDICAL MATERIALS. ‘‘(2) ELIGIBLE ENTITY.—An eligible entity this brave and talented group of cit- ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 180 days described in this paragraph is an entity izen-soldiers and their unique contribu- after the date of the enactment of this sec- that— tions to the war effort. tion, the President, in consultation with the ‘‘(A) is organized under the laws of the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the United States or any jurisdiction within the Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of United States; and of my time. Homeland Security, and the Secretary of De- ‘‘(B) produces— The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. fense, shall transmit a strategy to the appro- ‘‘(i) one or more critical components; MCNERNEY). The question is on the mo- priate Members of Congress that includes the ‘‘(ii) critical technology; or tion offered by the gentleman from following: ‘‘(iii) one or more products or raw mate- ‘‘(1) A detailed plan to use the authorities Missouri (Mr. CLEAVER) that the House rials for the security of supply chains or sup- under this title and title III, or any other suspend the rules and pass the bill, ply chain activities. provision of law, to ensure the supply of ‘‘(3) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection, the H.R. 707, as amended. medical materials (including drugs, devices, terms ‘supply chain’ and ‘supply chain ac- The question was taken. and biological products (as that term is de- tivities’ have the meanings given those The SPEAKER pro tempore. In the fined in section 351 of the Public Health terms by the President by regulation.’’. opinion of the Chair, two-thirds being Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262)) to diagnose, cure, (b) REGULATIONS.— mitigate, treat, or prevent disease) essential (1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 90 days in the affirmative, the ayes have it. to national defense, to the extent necessary after the date of the enactment of this Act, Mr. DAVIDSON. Mr. Speaker, on that for the purposes of this Act. the President shall prescribe regulations set- I demand the yeas and nays. ‘‘(2) An analysis of vulnerabilities to exist- ting forth definitions for the terms ‘‘supply The SPEAKER pro tempore. Pursu- ing supply chains for such medical materials, chain’’ and ‘‘supply chain activities’’ for the ant to section 3(s) of House Resolution and recommendations to address the purposes of section 303(h) of the Defense Pro- 8, the yeas and nays are ordered. vulnerabilities. duction Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4533(h)), as ‘‘(3) Measures to be undertaken by the added by subsection (a). Pursuant to clause 8 of rule XX, fur- President to diversify such supply chains, as (2) SCOPE OF DEFINITIONS.—The definitions ther proceedings on this motion are appropriate and as required for national de- required by paragraph (1)— postponed. fense. (A) shall encompass—

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