Notes

Introduction

1. William Godwin, obituary in Morning Chronicle, 21 December 1809, quoted in Tyson, p. 215.

1 Dissenting Origins

1. John Palmer (1729–90), King David’s Death, and Solomon’s Succession to the Throne, Considered and Improved (London: C. Henderson, R. Griffiths and J. Johnson, [1760]), pp. 1–2; and John Johnson (1706–91), Jesus the King of Kings (London: J. Johnson, 1762), p. 28. 2. See Chard, 52; and Tyson, pp. 3–4. 3. Byrom Street’s fortunes picked up markedly after 1772 with the appointment of Samuel Medley (1738–99). Following Medley’s death, Johnson published a volume of his original Hymns (1800) and a set of Memoirs (1800) compiled by his son. 4. See E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991), p. 30n1; and Donald Read, The English Provinces, c.1760–1960: a Study in Influence (London: Edward Arnold, 1964), pp. 4–5. 5. J. C. D. Clark, English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 277. 6. Michael Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), p. 48. Successive attempts to repeal the Test and Corporation Acts were made by dissenters in the 1730s but, despite (or, perhaps, even because of ) their loyalty to the Whigs in government, had been defeated. 7. Robert Halley, Lancashire: Its Puritanism and Nonconformity (2 vols; London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1869), II. 312n, 375. 8. Gentleman’s Magazine, 30 (1760), 519–20. 9. Simon Maccoby, English Radicalism 1762–1785 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1955), p. 7. 10. See Halley, Lancashire, II. 163. 11. Medicine as a profession was not off-limits to dissenters who, by training in Scotland or on the continent, could evade the proscriptions of the Test Act. Guy’s Hospital had been founded by a Baptist in 1723 and its treasurer (Dr Benjamin Avery), a former Presbyterian minister, was one of three medical men to serve as chairman of the lay London Protestant Dissenting deputies in the eighteenth century. 12. John Almon (1737–1805), (anon.) An Impartial History of the Late War (London: J. Johnson and J. Curtis, 1763), pp. 387–8, 303. 13. Almon, Memoirs of a Late Eminent Bookseller (London: n.p., 1790), pp. 14–15. 14. As well as introductions to Johnson, Fuseli was given letters of credit to Thomas Coutts, with whom he also struck up a lifelong friendship. William West speaks

182 Notes 183

of Johnson handing him ‘a check on Coutts for upwards of 300l.’, suggesting not only considerable means but that the bookseller (as well as the king) used Coutts as banker. See West, p. 205. 15. See Tyson, p. 16n39. Among the ranks of Lancashire dissenting ministers who trained at Kendal Academy was one ‘William Davenport of Hindley’ and one of the officers in charge of the widows’ fund for Protestant dissenters in Lancashire and Cheshire, set up by Joseph Priestley at Warrington in 1764, was a ‘Mr. Davenport of Chowbent’. 16. See Herbert McLachlan, The Warrington Academy (Manchester: Chetham Society, 1943), p. 6; and David L. Wykes, ‘The Dissenting Academy and Rational Dissent’, in Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth-Century Britain, ed. Knud Haakonssen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 130–9, which pursues these points more thoroughly. 17. Memoirs, I. 54, 61n. 18. Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), An Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (London: C. Henderson, T. Becket and P. De Hondt, and J. Johnson and B. Davenport, 1765), pp. 10, 34–5, 32; and Memoirs, I, pp. 47–8. The section beginning ‘Only tyrants . . .’ was quoted approvingly in the first number of the Analytical Review. 19. A Scientific Autobiography of Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), ed. Robert E. Schofield (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1966), p. 17; and MS 12.57 (61) Dr Williams’s Library (hereafter DWL). 20. John Macgowan (1726–80), (pseud.) The Arians and Socinians Monitor (3rd edn, London: W. Row, G. Porter, M. Priestley and J. Barker, 1795), p. 4. 21. DNB entry for Edward Harwood (1729–94); and James Boswell, Life of Johnson, ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 744. The Analytical Review even felt obliged at this stage to plead the writer’s cause: ‘Dr. Harwood’s labours in the cause of literature have not, we fear, been duly rewarded. It gives us pain to learn, that in his old age he feels the pressure of want. Should not some of his rich pupils see to this, and gild the evening of their respectable master with a comforting ray of beneficence?’ See AR, 4 (1789), 341n. 22. William Hazlitt, ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’, Liberal, 2 (1823), 28. 23. Memoirs of the Forty-Five First Years of the Life of James Lackington (7th edn, London: printed for the author, 1794), pp. 153–6. Originally published in 1756, Buncle in many ways took its religious and romantic cue from Amory’s Memoirs: Containing the Lives of Several Ladies of Great Britain (1755). This was also previ- ously the property of the London bookseller John Noon (d. 1763), whose stock Johnson bought, and would, in turn, be reissued by him. 24. Rutt, 1. 69. Priestley’s editor highlights the inappropriateness of this label, even though Priestley used it himself. Unlike Faustus Socinus, the sixteenth-century originator of the sect, Priestley no longer upheld the worship and adoration of Christ and was, therefore, strictly speaking, a Unitarian. The two terms, however, appear to have been used almost interchangeably during this period. 25. Priestley was sent a copy of Macgowan’s remarks (possibly by his bookseller) but thought them ‘altogether unworthy of notice’. See Rutt, I. 142. 26. Priestley had submitted some of his early scriptural observations to Fleming and Lardner (which they part-published in 1761) and visited them in Hoxton Square whenever he was in London. 27. By the 1780s Lardner’s writings had become so scarce and expensive that Johnson arranged for a cheap edition of his Works (11 vols, 1788), edited by 184 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Andrew Kippis (1725–95), to be published by subscription. The Analytical Review hailed it as a fitting monument to the memory of ‘one whose fame is above our praise, and whose works are of such allowed utility, importance and merit, as to recommend themselves to the regard and approbation of persons of dif- ferent tastes and various parties.’ See AR, 6 (1790), 67–78. Personal testimony of Johnson’s regard for Lardner’s principles can be found in his business letter book. 28. The same group of booksellers was responsible for Priestley’s History and Present State of Electricity (1767) and Familiar Introduction to the Study of Electricity (1768). 29. Priestley, An Essay on the First Principles of Government (London: J. Dodsley, T. Cadell and J. Johnson, 1768; 2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1771), pp. viii (1771), iv–vi, 16–17, 59, 38–9. 30. Ibid., pp. 128–9, 134–5, 22. 31. Ibid., pp. 19–20, 16–17 (1771), 119–20. 32. Ibid., pp. 20, 108, 139–41 (1771), 113. 33. Ibid., p. 175. 34. Ibid., pp. 158, 165–6; and Caroline Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Common- wealthman (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 272. 35. Andrew Kippis, who reviewed it in the Monthly, found this the ‘most excep- tionable part of his treatise’ and friends and former colleagues at Warrington were worried that it would make others think less favourably of the academy. Johnson’s close friend Henry Fuseli, however, who designed a frontispiece for the book, was sufficiently impressed to order copies for friends. See Monthly Review, 39 (1768), 473; and MS 12.12 (13) DWL. 36. Essay on . . . Government, pp. 119, 116. 37. Richard Baron (c.1720–68), The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken (4 vols; 2nd edn, London: T. Cadell, G. Kearsley, J. Payne and J. Johnson, and N. Young, 1768), II. iii–iv. This had first appeared in 1752. All profits from the 1768 edition were to go to Baron’s family. 38. James Murray (1732–82), (anon.) Sermons to Asses (London: J. Johnson and T. Cadell; and Newcastle: W. Charnley, 1768), pp. 5, 93; and Priestley, A View of the Principles and Conduct of the Protestant Dissenters (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, [1770]), p. 4. 39. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols; Oxford, 1765–69), IV. 46, 53. 40. Priestley, Remarks on Some Paragraphs in the Fourth Volume of Dr. Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Relating to the Dissenters (London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769), pp. 2–3. Priestley had quoted from Blackstone and dubbed him an ‘excellent author’ in his Essay on a Course of Liberal Education (1765). Blackstone replied in a curt but civil pamphlet in September 1769. 41. Priestley, A View of the Principles . . . of the Protestant Dissenters, pp. 41–2; and Rutt, I. 73n. 42. Anon., An Alarm to Dissenters and Methodists (London: G. Keith, and Johnson and Payne, 1769), p. 23. 43. Anon., An Ode to the People of England (London: G. Kearsly [sic], Johnson and Payne, and G. Woodfall, 1769), pp. 3, 10. 44. An early example of this was A Suitable Present for Every Free-Born Englishman; or, The People’s Antient and Just Liberties Asserted (1771), a centennial edition of the trial of the Quaker preacher William Penn, which had done much to enshrine the right to trial by jury. Notes 185

45. A View of the Principles . . . of the Protestant Dissenters, pp. 4, 45, 49, 54–5, 6. 46. Rutt, I. 72n; and Tyson, pp. 27–8. 47. TR, I. xiv, xi. 48. Rutt, I. 72; and TMW, VII. 297. The early numbers were dominated by essays rejecting the idea of the crucifixion as a ‘proper sacrifice’, including Priestley’s ‘Essay on the Doctrine of Atonement’, an update of the tract first published by Lardner and Fleming. 49. TR, I. x–xi. 50. Essay on . . . Government, p. 163. Priestley had corresponded with Annet (1693–1769) during his student days. 51. Rutt, I. 158; and T. E. Thorpe, Joseph Priestley (London: J. M. Dent, 1906), p. 68. 52. See Robert E. Schofield, The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), p. 195; and Tyson, p. 39. Priestley’s final losses came close to £50 and he and Johnson attempted to recoup these by issuing a col- lected three-volume edition (remotely priced at 18s) in 1773. 53. Rutt, I. 138–40. Fifteen years later, the Appeal had sold as many as 30,000 copies. 54. Rutt, I. 115, 118, 120. 55. Terry Belanger, ‘A Directory of the London Book Trade, 1766’, Publishing History, 1 (1977), 36; and Schofield, A Scientific Autobiography, p. 73. 56. The Butterworths and Bayleys were among the leading families in Manchester and worshipped at the city’s large dissenting meeting house. An ‘active and patriotic country gentleman’, Bayley (1744–1803) was also an enlightened mag- istrate and prison reformer and (like Percival) a later mover in the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. See Halley, Lancashire, II. 311–12; and William Turner, The Warrington Academy (Warrington: Library and Museum Committee, 1957), p. 79. 57. West, 204. 58. MS 12.12 (13) DWL; and Rutt, I. 108. 59. Essay on . . . Government (2nd edn, 1771), pp. ix–x. Sales of this revised edition were evidently more sluggish than the first as Johnson was still advertising copies 20 years later. 60. Francis Stone (1738/9–1813), (pseud.) A Short and Seasonable Application to the Public, In Behalf of A Respectful Address to the Parliament, to Procure a Legal Redress of Notorious, Religious Grievances (London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1768), pp. 8, 21. 61. Dawson (1729–1814) was part of an old-established Presbyterian family in Yorkshire and his brother Obadiah was a member of Priestley’s congregation. He had links with Edward Harwood, whom he had assisted at his school in Cheshire, and also with Warrington Academy. Priestley was incensed by Dawson and surprised at his joining Lindsey. Dawson, however, continued to publish through Johnson, as did his brothers, Abraham (1712/13–89), who also quit the Presbyterian ministry, and Thomas (1725?–82), who remained a dissenter but took up medicine and worked at the London and Middlesex Hospitals. 62. Johnson’s name had appeared on Two Dissertations (1766), including one on ‘the absurdity and injustice of bigotry’, by Thomas Edwards (1729–85), a treatise on Locke and some Observations Occasioned By the Contest About Literary Property (1770) by Edmund Law (1703–87), and a sermon, Christianity Consistent with Every Social Duty (1769), by Richard Watson (1737–1816). He is also listed as London seller of Two Sermons Preached Before the University of Cambridge (1768) by Samuel Hallifax (1733–90), an eminent college fellow who (unlike his cousin 186 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Jebb) argued heavily in favour of subscription. Priestley had criticized the fact that the taking of degrees at Oxford and Cambridge was impeded by subscrip- tion in his View of the Principles and Conduct of the Protestant Dissenters (1769). Cambridge relaxed their statutes on this issue in 1772, although undergraduates still had to declare themselves bona fide members of the Church of England. Anti-subscription moves were rejected at Oxford in 1773. 63. MS 12.44 (1) DWL; MS JP1 University of Birmingham Library; and Rutt, I. 144n, 169. 64. Rutt, I. 160. The petition was introduced by the Liverpool MP and former student of Peterhouse, Sir William Meredith. Its chief opponent was Sir Roger Newdigate, MP for Oxford, but it was also rejected by Lord North, the young Charles James Fox and Edmund Burke, who believed it would only revive ‘dis- sensions and animosities, which had slept for a century’. In Lindsey’s view, Burke spoke ‘entirely like a Jesuit’. See PH, XVII. 245–97; and Rutt, I. 159–60n. 65. Rutt, I. 162. 66. Hopkins (1706–86) had first aroused controversy with his anonymous Appeal to the Common Sense of All Christian People ...With Regard to an Important Point of Faith and Practice Imposed Upon Their Consciences By Church Authority (1753) which Johnson arranged to reprint in 1775 and 1787. He did the same with Hopkins’s The Liturgy of the Church of England Reduced Nearer to the Standard of Scripture ([1763]) and An Attempt to Restore Scripture Forms of Worship ([1765]) in the mid-1780s. 67. Rutt, I. 164; and PH, XVII. 437–8. Burke had known Priestley since the late 1760s and, like Fox and Wilkes, subscribed to his History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light, and Colours (1772). 68. Rutt, I. 171n. 69. TMW, II. xvii; and PH, XVII. 441. 70. Raymond V. Holt, The Unitarian Contribution to Social Progress in England (London: Lindsey Press, 1952), p. 324. 71. Rutt, I. 173, 183; and MS 12.44 (7) DWL. 72. James Buckland seems originally to have been involved in publishing Thomas’s work but a new title-page was printing in February 1774 as (according to Lindsey) he refused to have his name attached to it. Copies were sold by Johnson in London and Thomas Cadell’s bookseller-father in Bristol. See Rutt, I. 230. 73. Joshua Toulmin (1740–1815), Two Letters on the Late Applications to Parliament By the Protestant Dissenting Ministers (London: J. Johnson, 1774), pp. 8–10, 200. In the Commons, Burke had argued against the idea that the dissenters currently enjoyed liberty, albeit ‘by connivance’: ‘What, Sir, is liberty by connivance but a temporary relaxation of slavery? Is this the sort of Liberty calculated for the meridian of England?’ See PH, XVII. 775–8. 74. Priestley, (anon.) A Letter of Advice to those Dissenters who Conduct the Application to Parliament for Relief from Certain Penal Laws (1773), in TMW, XXII. 442–3. 75. Rutt, I. 86; and MS 12.44 (9) DWL. Rutt includes the Letter (dated ‘London, 1773’) in his edition of Priestley’s works and it is also listed in A Bibliography of Joseph Priestley 1733–1804 (London: Library Association, 1966) by Ronald Crook, but I have been unable to trace an original copy. 76. Rutt, I. 140–1n. Lindsey attended the Commons hearing, which touched upon his own decision to leave the Church, together with Priestley, Price and Ebenezer Radcliff. Burke again opposed the motion, alleging that the petitioners’ demands would ‘turn the House of Commons into a cock-pit of religious controversy’. Notes 187

There were less than 20 members in support and it was dismissed without a vote. See PH, XVII. 1326–7. 77. See Belsham, p. 70; and MS 12.44 (11) DWL. 78. Belsham, p. 98; and Rutt, I. 87, 228n, 85. 79. Johnson had already published some of Paterson’s rather curious miscellaneous works, including Another Traveller! (2 vols, 1767–69) and Joineriana: or, The Book of Scraps (2 vols, 1772). A close friend of Samuel Johnson, Paterson would later become one of Priestley’s successors as Shelburne’s librarian. 80. A. E. Peaston, ‘The Revision of the Prayer Book by Dr. Samuel Clarke’, Transac- tions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 12 (1959–62), 27–38; and MS 12.44 (13–14) DWL. 81. See Belsham, pp. 125, 104–5, 113–16. A visitor to Essex Street at this time described Lindsey as ‘a palpable Arian in his ideas of Christ’s person’ but ‘a thorough-paced Socinian as far as concerns the doctrine of atonement.’ Both he and Priestley still believed in Christ’s miracles and the literal truth of the second coming. Lindsey had also not yet rejected the idea of the virgin birth. See Rutt, I. 258n. 82. John Gascoigne, ‘Anglican Latitudinarianism and Political Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century’, History, 71 (1986), 28; and Belsham, p. 111n. For Essex Street’s connections with the power elite, see John Seed, ‘Gentlemen Dissenters: the Social and Political Meanings of Rational Dissent in the 1770s and 1780s’, Historical Journal, 28 (1985), 299–325. 83. MS 12.44 (7, 29) DWL. Such publications also contributed to excite ‘a variety of conversation and debate upon the controverted points in theology’ among undergraduates at Cambridge. See Memoirs of the Life of Gilbert Wakefield, ed. John Towill Rutt (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1804), I. 114.

2 Striving for independence

1. See Thorpe, Joseph Priestley, pp. 70–1; and Anna Laetitia Barbauld (née Aikin) (1744–1825), Poems (London: J. Johnson, 1792), pp. 1–12, from which all quotes are taken. 2. The theme of animal welfare was more expressly tackled in other works which Johnson sold, including A Dissertation on the Duty of Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals (1776) by Humphrey Primatt (d. 1777) – a ‘Dr. Primatt’ is men- tioned among the original congregation at Essex Street – and The Cry of Nature; or, An Appeal to Mercy and to Justice, on Behalf of the Persecuted Animals (1791) by the republican John Oswald (d. 1793). 3. Poems of Anna Letitia Barbauld, ed. William McCarthy and Elizabeth Kraft (Athens, GA, and London: University of Georgia Press, 1994), p. xxxiii. 4. Priestley had touched on the ‘[i]mportance of our American colonies’ and the ‘entire subserviency of a colony to the mother country’ in his Warrington lectures. See Essay on a Course of Liberal Education, p. 60. 5. Joseph Priestley: Political Writings, ed. Peter N. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1993), pp. 129, 130, 140. 6. Ibid., p. 129. These ideas were pursued in the second edition of Priestley’s Essay on Government (1771): ‘. . . when those who lay the tax upon others exempt themselves, there is tyranny . . . Upon these principles it is evident, that there must have been a gross inattention to the very first principles of liberty ...in 188 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

the first scheme of taxing the inhabitants of America in the British parliament.’ This was printed in Philadelphia in 1772. 7. Political Writings, pp. 135, 138–9, 134, 131, 144. 8. Gentleman’s Magazine, 39 (1769), 405; AR, 18 (1794), 337; and Jenny Graham, ‘Revolutionary Philosopher: The Political Ideas of Joseph Priestley (1733–1804). Part One’, Enlightenment and Dissent, 8 (1989), 57. Crook only lists one edition, with Johnson’s name, in 1769, although the ESTC lists a new edition (from Johnson) the same year. If it was circulated in such numbers, it seems strange that so few appear to have survived. I have been unable to inspect an original copy. 9. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison both read and admired Priestley’s early political writings and, like him, were in favour of religious freedom and church disestablishment. Jefferson also later befriended and corresponded with Priest- ley, to whom he wrote in 1800, ‘Yours is one of the few lives precious to mankind.’ In 1803 Johnson fulfilled an order of books for Madison (then Secretary of State), which he received from a Philadelphia bookseller. 10. See Colin Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977), on which this chapter draws pp. 38–9. 11. John Sainsbury, Disaffected Patriots: London Supporters of Revolutionary America 1769–1782 (Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987), pp. 30–1; Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals, Volume 1: 1780–1830, ed. Joseph O. Baylen and Norbert J. Gossman (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1979), p. 17; The Auto-Biography of Luke Hansard, ed. Robin Myers (London: Printing Historical Society, 1991), p. 61; and John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London: Routledge, 1988), p. 118. 12. Quoted in Carla H. Hay, James Burgh: Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England (Washington: University Press of America, 1979), p. 125 n76. 13. Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman, p. 46. 14. Walter Graham, English Literary Periodicals (New York: Octagon Books, 1966), p. 216. 15. Essay on . . . Government, pp. 36–7; and Remarks on . . . Blackstone’s Commentaries, p. 39. 16. Verner W. Crane, ‘The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty’, William and Mary Quarterly, 23 (1966), 229. 17. James Burgh (1714–75), The Dignity of Human Nature (2 vols; London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, and T. Cadell, 1767), I. vii, 1, 248, 254–5. The sections on the ‘Peculiar Management’ and education of daughters and the ‘Dignity of Female Life’ almost certainly influenced Mary Wollstonecraft, who became friendly with Burgh’s widow. 18. The ESTC lists Johnson among the publishers of Rush’s Dissertation on the Spas- modic Asthma of Children (1770), though not with the Dillys. Not incidentally perhaps, Johnson suffered from chronic asthma. Twenty years later, he would reprint Rush’s essay On the Punishment of Murder By Death (1793) and, by the end of the century, was shipping copies of his own publications out to Rush (who was in contact with Priestley in America), as well as managing through the press some of Rush’s pieces sent to him from Philadelphia. 19. Matthew Robinson-Morris (1713–1800), (anon.) Considerations on the Measures Carrying On With Respect to the British Colonies in North America (London: R. Baldwin, [1774]), pp. 10, 159–60, 44–5; and C. H. Timperley, A Dictionary of Printers and Printing (London: H. Johnson [etc.], 1839), p. 838. Notes 189

20. Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution, pp. 70–1; and Benjamin Franklin’s Letters to the Press 1758–1775, ed. Verner W. Crane (Chapel Hill: Uni- versity of North Carolina Press, 1950), p. xxxiv. It should be noted that, out of around 40 new titles published by Johnson that year, fewer than five might have been categorized expressly under politics. The same proportions hold for 1775. 21. Macaulay’s was ‘A name, to ev’ry son of freedom dear,/Which patriots yet unborn shall long revere’ (ll. 317–18), while Aikin was attributed with ‘taste, and spirit, wit, and learning’ (l. 422) and urged:

Proceed! bright maid! and may thy polish’d page Refine the manners of a trifling age... Teach them [‘Thy sex’] with thee on Fancy’s wing to soar, With thee, the paths of science to explore; With thee, the open book of Nature scan, Yet nobly scorn the little pride of Man. (ll. 429–36).

All quotes are from Mary Scott, The Female Advocate; a Poem (London: J. Johnson, 1774). 22. Ibid., p. vi. 23. Further evidence of this was provided by his publication of The Laws Respecting Women (1777), an anonymous work in four books dealing with the rights of women and marriage, property, crimes ‘committable by and with women’, and the legal relationship between parents and children. Priestley had touched on ‘Laws Relating to the Commerce of the Sexes’ in his Warrington lectures, to which Scott (perhaps knowingly) alludes in her ‘Preface’ where she hopes that the ‘advantages resulting from a liberal education’ can be more widely ‘diffused’. Johnson would also sell Poems on Chiefly Devotional Subjects (3 vols, 1780) by ‘Theodosia’ (Anne Steele), to whom The Female Advocate was dedicated. This new edition was printed in Bristol and edited by Caleb Evans (1737–91), a promi- nent Calvinist Baptist and one of the most vociferous pro-American dissenters. 24. Charles Gerring, Notes on Printers and Booksellers (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1900), p. 61. 25. PH, XVII. 1077–8. 26. The Correspondence of Edmund Burke (10 vols; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1958–78), II. 540–1 (hereafter cited as Burke, Correspondence). 27. PH, XVII. 1079; and William Enfield (1741–97), Observations on Literary Property (London: J. Johnson, 1774), pp. 51, 7. Enfield cited Priestley as an example of an author ‘so poorly indemnified for their labour, as to be obliged to give up the execution of noble and useful designs’ – a reference to the latter’s projected History and Present State of all the Branches of Experimental Philosophy which was suspended after the poor reception of his History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light, and Colours (1772). Johnson had helped Priestley publish this by subscription. See ibid., p. 49. 28. PH, XVII. 1099–1100, 1086; and Gwyn Walters, ‘The Booksellers in 1759 and 1774: the Battle for Literary Property’, Library, 29 (1974), 287–311. 29. Samuel Johnson, Lives of the English Poets, ed. George Birkbeck Hill (3 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945), I. xxv n2; and Alexander Stephens, ‘Stephensiana – No. III’, Monthly Magazine, 52 (1821), 426–7. 190 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

30. The amendment would have enforced the requirement in the 1710 Act (which was widely ignored) for booksellers to lodge ten copies of each newly-printed work with the Stationers’ Company. Johnson was among the 46 signatories of the petition. 31. Aikin, 1167–8; and Johnson to E. Jones, 4 April 1800, BL. 32. PH, XVII. 1099. 33. Johnson to Longman, 9 September 1806, BL; and Enfield, Observations on Liter- ary Property, pp. 7, 52. 34. Schofield, A Scientific Autobiography, p. 22; and The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, ed. Leonard W. Labaree (13 vols; New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1960–9), XIII. 484. Johnson’s name would have been familiar to Franklin from at least July 1764 when the British writer on agriculture John Mills (d. 1784) mentioned him in a letter, though not in the most flattering of terms: ‘I expect the 2d., 3d. and 4th volumes of my work [A New and Complete System of Animal Husbandry] hourly from my bookseller [‘Mr. Johnson’] . . . but such is the negli- gence of those gentry in all affairs which are not their own immediate concern, or attended with lucre to them, that I fear I shall not yet be able to get them in time for the ship.’ See ibid., XI. 257–8. 35. Priestley and Lindsey’s views were still generally too extreme for an American audience, although some slight inroads would be made by the Reverend William Hazlitt who went over in 1783 and lectured on the evidences of Christianity. He reprinted a number of Priestley’s tracts and showed copies of Lindsey’s revised Prayer Book to preachers in Boston who eventually followed suit, but the spread of ‘rational’ religion in New England remained isolated and tentative. 36. MS 12.44 (25) DWL. 37. See Bonwick, English Radicals and the American Revolution, p. 43. 38. See James E. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 190–1; and TMW, XXV. 396. 39. Priestley, (anon.) An Address to Protestant Dissenters of All Denominations, on the Approaching Election of Members of Parliament, With Respect to the State of Public Liberty in General, and of American Affairs in Particular (London: J. Johnson, 1774), pp. 9, 3, 14, 5. 40. Ibid., p. 10; and Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism, pp. 197–8. 41. An Address to Protestant Dissenters, p. 15. 42. Gentleman’s Magazine, 46 (1776), 505; and Henry P. Ippel, ‘British Sermons and the American Revolution’, Journal of Religious History, 12 (1982), 191–2, 199. Ippel notes that, as not every sermon was printed, these may only represent a minority of the number actually delivered. 43. Robbins, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman, p. 251; and G. M. Ditchfield, ‘Anti-trinitarianism and Toleration in Late Eighteenth Century British Politics: the Unitarian Petition of 1792’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 42 (1991), 46. 44. Quoted in Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism, p. 357, which examines Walker’s role in detail. 45. Ebenezer Radcliff (1732–1809), A Sermon Preached at Walthamstow, December 13, 1776 (London: J. Johnson, 1776), pp. 5, 26, 6; and Seed, ‘Gentlemen Dissenters’, 319. Savile evidently had trouble obtaining as many copies as he wanted and even considered footing the cost of a new edition. 46. Newcome Cappe (1733–1800), A Sermon Preached on Friday the Fourth of February, MDCCLXXX (York: printed by A. Ward and sold by J. Johnson and T. Cadell, London, and by the booksellers in York, 1780), pp. 27, 32; and A Sermon Preached Notes 191

on Wednesday the 21st of February, MDCCLXXXI (York: printed by A. Ward and sold by J. Johnson, and T. Cadell, London, and by the booksellers in York, 1781), p. 9. 47. After leaving Cambridge, Wakefield (1756–1801) had briefly served as a curate in Liverpool where he was used to visiting John Gore’s bookshop. After resign- ing his living on account of his Arian beliefs in 1779, he was appointed classics tutor at Warrington on Priestley and Gore’s recommendation. 48. Bradley, Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism, p. 158, makes the point that the majority of English pro-American sentiment was still Anglican, not dissent- ing, in origin, although dissenters did help to establish ‘the dominant ideology of opposition’. 49. Rutt, I. 289–90; and Anne Durning Holt, A Life of Joseph Priestley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1931), pp. 73–4. Price had quoted from Shelburne’s ‘plan of pacification’ speech to the Lords on 10 November 1775: ‘The surest as well as the most dignified mode of proceeding for this country. – Suspend all hostil- ities. – Repeal the acts which immediately distress America’. See Richard Price (1723–91), Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (11th edn, London: T. Cadell, E. and C. Dilly and J. Johnson, 1776), p. 57. 50. Burke, Correspondence, III. 322. Burke’s view was shared by many orthodox dissenting ministers. 51. Anon., Political Empiricism: a Letter to the Rev. John Wesley (London: J. Johnson, 1776), pp. 4, 31–2, 16, 27–8, 23. 52. PH, XVIII. 1282–98. Wilkes referred members to ‘the works of the incompara- ble Dr. Price’ in his speech. 53. Life and Correspondence of Major John Cartwright, ed. F. D. Cartwright (2 vols; London: Henry Colburn, 1826), I. 115–16; and Price, Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, pp. 9–10. 54. Priestley, Address to Protestant Dissenters, p. 7. 55. Dunning (1731–83) was a prominent barrister and Shelburnite MP with whom Priestley associated and talked politics. A former Solicitor-General in Grafton’s ministry (1768–70), he had resigned over the affair with Wilkes. He had defended John Almon (in 1765), supported the Feathers’ Tavern petition in 1772 and spoken on behalf of the London booksellers’ copyright bill in 1774. His motion that ‘the influence of the Crown has increased, is increasing, and ought to be diminished’ was famously carried in the Commons in April 1780. 56. See Alexander Stephens, Memoirs of John Horne Tooke (2 vols; London: J. Johnson and Co., 1813), II. 8, 54. 57. Ibid., II. 22–4. 58. TMW, XXV. 396. 59. PH, XIX. 850. 60. Memoirs, I. 79–80. 61. Quoted in Holt, A Life of Joseph Priestley, p. 81. 62. G. M. Ditchfield, ‘The Subscription Issue in British Parliamentary Politics, 1772–79’, Parliamentary History, 7 (1988), 61–4. 63. Henry Zouch (1725?–95), Observations upon a Bill, Now Depending in Parliament, Entitled ‘A Bill (With the Amendments) to Punish by Imprisonment, and Hard Labour, Certain Offenders, and to Establish Proper Places for their Reception’ ([1779]). 64. Christopher Wyvill (1740–1822), Political Papers (6 vols; York: printed for J. Johnson, J. Debrett and J. Mawman, London; and J. Todd, York, 1794–1804), I. 2–3, 8–9. 192 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

65. G. S. Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform (London: Constable & Co., 1913), pp. 58–61; and A Defence of Dr. Price, and the Reformers of England ([York]: printed for J. Johnson and J. Stockdale, London; and J. Todd, York, 1792), p. 7. 66. See Eugene Charlton Black, The Association: British Extraparliamentary Political Organization 1769–1793 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), pp. 178–82. The SCI started with 15 charter members (including Jebb, Cartwright and Price) but had doubled its numbers within a month. John Disney (a disciple of Jebb at Cambridge) soon became active and George Walker was brought in by Cartwright. John Horne was one of 18 new members recruited in April 1781. 67. TMW, III. 449. 68. John Jebb (1736–86), (anon.) An Address to the Freeholders of Middlesex (3rd edn, London: J. Dixwell, T. Cadell, J. Almon, J. Johnson and J. Bew, 1780), pp. 19, 15n. 69. John Bew was publisher of the General Evening Post (1774–91) and Political Magazine (1780–85). He and Johnson also issued a volume of Poems (1779) by the Anglican cleric William Tasker (1740–1800), which included the staunchly jingoistic ‘Ode to the Warlike Genius of Great Britain’. Dixwell chiefly sold medical books. 70. Jebb, Address to the Freeholders of Middlesex, pp. 20–1n. 71. Ibid., pp. 18–19n, 15n, 9–10n. 72. Baylen and Gossman, Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals, pp. 260–3; John Disney (ed.), The Works Theological, Medical, Political, and Miscella- neous, of John Jebb (London: T. Cadell, J. Johnson and J. Stockdale; and Cambridge: J. and J. Merrill, 1787), I. 167; and Gascoigne, ‘Anglican Latitudi- narianism and Political Radicalism’, 30. 73. Benjamin Franklin (1706–90), Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces (London: J. Johnson, 1779), pp. 550–4, vi. 74. Critical Review, 49 (1780), 174. 75. Towers (1737–99) was the son of a second-hand bookseller and had served an apprenticeship in the trade at the same time as Johnson, under the well-known Whig provincial bookseller Robert Goadby in Sherborne, Dorset. Their names, in fact, appeared together as sellers of A Letter Address’d to the Right Honourable Brass Crosby, Esq; Lord Mayor of . . . London, Respecting the Present High Price of Pro- visions (1771). Towers had given up business in 1774 and become ordained as a dissenting minister. In 1778 he was appointed morning preacher alongside Richard Price at Newington Green but continued to write and edit. He was a prominent (and much-caricatured) member of the SCI, his ‘Whiggish democra- tical notions’ being ruefully commented upon by Boswell. Latterly Johnson would help publish his Tracts on Political and Other Subjects (3 vols, 1796) and Thoughts on National Insanity (1797).

3 A Friend to Reformation

1. Quoted in Herbert McLachlan, ‘More Letters of Theophilus Lindsey’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 3 (1926), 365. 2. William Beloe, The Sexagenarian (2 vols; London: F. C. and J. Rivington, 1817), I. 346. Notes 193

3. Thorpe, Joseph Priestley, pp. 94–5. Galton (1753–1832) had studied commerce at Warrington in the late 1760s and now helped to run his Quaker family’s gun foundry at Birmingham. Johnson published his Natural History of Birds (3 vols, 1787–91), the first book of its type for children. 4. From its deliberations emerged the idea for a ‘Society for Promoting Medical Knowledge’, founded by Hunter and George Fordyce in 1783, whose Communications (2 vols, 1784–90) Johnson published. This, in turn, spawned a ‘Society for the Improvement of Medical and Chirurgical Knowledge’ which similarly entrusted him with its Transactions (3 vols, 1793–1812). 5. Percival and Henry were founders of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1781. Aikin was elected a member in 1784 and Priestley, Darwin and Gilbert Wakefield (another of Aikin’s friends) were all made honorary members. In a letter to Johnson in April 1783, Henry refers to ‘all your Friends here’ in Manchester. Quoted in Leslie F. Chard, ‘Bookseller to Publisher: Joseph Johnson and the English Book Trade, 1760 to 1810’, Library, 32 (1977), 146–7. 6. Rutt, I. 339. 7. Priestley, An History of the Corruptions of Christianity (2 vols; Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1782), I. 2–3, 153, v–vi. 8. MS 12.58 (31, 35) DWL. Johnson also sold new editions of Priestley’s Institutes of Natural and Revealed Religion (1772–4), Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit (1777) and Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated (1777), printed in Birmingham in 1782, and continued to send copies of his works to Dutch correspondents. 9. Rutt, I. 364, 362; and Priestley, History of the Corruptions of Christianity, II. 484. 10. MS 12.58 (37–8) DWL; and Tyson, p. 72. 11. The ‘Animadversions’ were by an ex-dissenter Samuel Badcock, whom Gilbert Wakefield accused of ‘labouring, like many others, to prove the sincerity of his conversion by the most vehement attacks on his first connexions.’ In 1783 Griffiths had begun to move the Monthly away from offering its readers ‘mere abstracts’, largely on Badcock’s advice, thus vacating territory subsequently occupied by Johnson’s Analytical Review. See Memoirs of . . . Gilbert Wakefield, I. 252; and Graham, English Literary Periodicals, p. 209. 12. Rutt, I. 368–9; and MS 12.58 (40) DWL. 13. Maccoby, English Radicalism, p. 479; and Samuel Horsley, A Charge to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of St. Albans (London: n.p., 1783), p. 67. 14. MS 12.58 (42) DWL; and Rutt, I. 370. 15. Jebb, Works, II. 250–3, 242–3. 16. Ibid., II. 245. 17. Gentleman’s Magazine, 55 (1785), 112. 18. Rutt, I. 377–8, 385. 19. Rutt, I. 379. 20. TMW, VII. 82, 67. 21. TMW, VII. 57–8; and Rutt, I. 379. 22. Priestley, The Importance and Extent of Free Inquiry in Matters of Religion (Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1785), pp. 33, iv, 3; and Rutt, I. 383–4n. Priestley’s sermon was advertised at 1s 6d. 23. The Importance and Extent of Free Enquiry, p. 23. 24. Ibid., pp. 40–1 (my italics). 25. Ibid., p. 6. 26. Memoirs, I. 75; and Wyvill, Political Papers, IV. 158. 194 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

27. Theophilus Lindsey and Newcome Cappe’s wife, Catherine, had kept religious Sunday schools during the 1760s but the idea was really only popularized by Robert Raikes of Gloucester in the 1780s. Trimmer praised Raikes in The Oeconomy of Charity (1787) and he reprinted her Sacred History (1788) for Johnson, George Robinson and Longman, possibly for use in his classroom. Sunday school sermons and addresses featured prominently in Johnson’s output over the next ten years and the Analytical gave positive notices to such works, including Trimmer’s own Sunday-School Catechist (1788) and Sunday-Scholar’s Manual (1788). 28. Anon., Some Account of the Life and Writings of Mrs Trimmer (2 vols; London: F. C. and J. Rivington, J. Johnson and Co., and J. Hatchard, 1814), I. 93, 60, 149; and Johnson to Longman, 9 September 1806, BL. 29. Josiah Bull (ed.), John Newton of Olney and St. Mary Woolnoth (London: Religious Tract Society, 1868), pp. 110, 129. 30. Ibid., pp. 212, 142, 239, 246, 219. Cowper (1731–1800) expounded his own views about fast days at exactly the same time in his poem ‘Expostulation’ (ll. 400–5): Thy fastings, when calamity at last Suggests th’expedient of an yearly fast, What mean they? Canst thou dream there is a pow’r In lighter diet at a later hour, To charm to sleep the threat’nings of the skies, And hide past folly from all-seeing eyes? All quotes are from Poems By William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq. (London: J. Johnson, 1782). 31. F. A. Mumby, Publishing and Bookselling (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949), p. 200; and Bull, John Newton, p. 259. Earlier in his career with Davenport, Johnson had launched a monthly periodical, The Gospel-Magazine (1766–68), expressly designed to promote ‘Religion, Devotion, and Piety. From Evangelical Principles’. 32. From 1787 Johnson also published an edition of Watts’s Divine and Moral Songs for children. This was praised in the Analytical for its ‘utility’ in ‘inculcating lessons of piety and virtue’ and for appealing to ‘all denominations of believ- ers’. Johnson’s version was nevertheless openly Unitarian in design and much criticized, as a result, by Sarah Trimmer. See AR, 1 (1788), 207. 33. Norma Russell, A Bibliography of William Cowper to 1837 (Oxford: Oxford Bibliographical Society, 1963), p. 43; and West, 203n. 34. LPW, II. 286, 276. 35. All quotes are from The Task, A Poem, in Six Books (London: J. Johnson, 1785). 36. The disillusion with Fox was powerfully felt by John Horne Tooke who con- trasted his debauchery and fondness for party and cabal with Pitt’s sobriety and love of public virtue in a damning satire which Johnson published, Two Pair of Portraits (1788), designed to coincide with the Westminster election. Horne Tooke actually challenged Fox for his seat in 1790 and 1796, although, by that stage, the latter had largely rehabilitated himself in the eyes of many dissenters. 37. Quoted in Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform, p. 101. 38. John Newton (in 1786) also described Lindsey’s works as being full of ‘sophistry and effrontery’ and too ‘dangerous to be in the way of . . . servants’. Quoted in Ursula Henriques, Religious Toleration in England, 1787–1833 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961), p. 228. 39. Bull, John Newton, pp. 61, 134. Notes 195

40. William Roscoe (1753–1831), (anon.) Mount Pleasant: A Descriptive Poem (Warrington: printed for J. Johnson, London; and Liverpool: S. Crane, 1777), p. 7; and Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals, Baylen, pp. 417– 18. 41. Maria (b.1770/1) and Harriet Falconar (b.[1774]), Poems on Slavery (London: T. and J. Egerton, J. Murray and J. Johnson, 1788), p. 12. 42. Priestley, A Sermon on the Subject of the Slave Trade (Birmingham: printed for the author and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1788), pp. 23, 1, 35, 33. 43. William Dickson, Letters on Slavery (London: J. Phillips, J. Johnson, and Elliot and Kay, 1789), p. iii. 44. Read, The English Provinces, pp. 40–1. 45. It was initially printed by subscription and sold by the author. Johnson’s name features in the first three editions. It was reviewed in the Analytical by Mary Wollstonecraft who thought it an interesting ‘curiosity’, apart from the rather ‘tiresome’ account of its author’s religious opinions and conversion to Method- ism. Her reading of it, though, clearly stayed with her: ‘Is one half of the human species, like the poor African slaves, to be subjected to prejudices that brutalize them . . .’. See AR, 4 (1789), 27–9; and Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: J. Johnson, 1792), p. 330 (hereafter cited as Rights of Woman). 46. Alexander Geddes (1737–1802), (anon.) An Apology for Slavery (London: J. Johnson and R. Faulder, 1792), p. 47. 47. George Gregory (1754–1808), Essays Historical and Moral (London: J. Johnson, 1785), p. 300; and Anon., Thoughts on Civilization, and the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in Africa and the West Indies (London: J. Sewell, [1789]), p. 1. 48. See Henriques, Religious Toleration, pp. 59–61; and Richard Burgess Barlow, Citizenship and Conscience: a Study in the Theory and Practice of Religious Tolera- tion in England During the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1962), pp. 223–7. Born in Liverpool, Heywood (1753–1828) was descended from an illustrious nonconformist family. Oliver (1630–1702) and Nathanael Heywood (1633–77) had both been ejected from their livings in 1662 but, as itinerant preachers, had helped found influential dissenting con- gregations throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire. Samuel’s father, the banker Benjamin Heywood (d. 1795), was a friend of William Roscoe and patronised Henry Fuseli. His uncle, Arthur Heywood (1717?–95), also a merchant and banker, served as treasurer of Warrington Academy. The Heywood brothers were heavily involved in the slavery business and Warrington itself educated the sons of several West Indies planters. 49. Heywood, The Right of Protestant Dissenters to a Compleat Toleration Asserted (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson and J. Debrett, 1789), p. iii. 50. Ibid., pp. iii, 22, 45, 38. 51. Ibid., pp. 50, 57, 63, 93. 52. Priestley, A Letter to the Right Honourable William Pitt (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson and J. Debrett, 1787), pp. 9–10, 13–14. 53. Ibid., pp. 16–17, 21–2. 54. Ibid., pp. 25, 28–9, 37–8. 55. Ibid., pp. 10–11, 14–15, 35. 56. Rutt, I. 412, 408n; and MS 12.58 (48) DWL. 57. Richard Price: Political Writings, ed. D. O. Thomas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 52, 165. 58. Ibid., pp. 160, 164–5. 196 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

59. Jebb, Works, I. iii. 60. Among the subscribers were Francis Blackburne, Newcome Cappe, John Cartwright, Charles Dilly, Thomas Erskine, John Prior Estlin, Catharine Macaulay, Andrew Kippis, Edmund Law, John Lee, Lindsey, Priestley, Price, Samuel Heywood, Edward Jeffries, (Jebb’s closest friend) Capel Lofft, Thomas Percival, Abraham Rees, Joshua Toulmin, Benjamin Vaughan, George Walker, William Wood, Christopher Wyvill and Thomas Christie. Of the 600, however, only 38 were dissenting ministers, compared to nearly 150 Anglican clerics. Priestley had received his copy by 11 June when he commented to Lindsey, ‘It is much beyond my expectation, and does Dr. Disney much credit.’ Disney was at pains to point out the similarity between Priestley and Jebb and spoke of ‘two great minds, uniformly and mutually acting under the influence of the best principles to be derived from the study of true religion and philosophy’. See R. K. Webb, ‘The Emergence of Rational Dissent’, Enlightenment and Religion, pp. 38–40; Rutt, I. 410; and Jebb, Works, I. 129. 61. Priestley, Defences of Unitarianism, In Three Parts (London: J. Johnson, 1787–90), pp. ix–x; and Rutt, I. 401, 406. 62. AR, 1 (1788), 229. 63. It appears that Frend did join the Society, uniquely among the Unitarian fellowship at Cambridge, most of whom objected to Jebb’s preamble, but that he later withdrew. 64. Frida Knight, University Rebel: the Life of William Frend (1757–1841) (London: Victor Gollancz, 1971), pp. 68, 99. 65. William Frend (1757–1841), Thoughts on Subscription to Religious Tests (St Ives: printed by T. Bloom and sold by J. and J. Merrill, and J. Bowtell, Cambridge, D. Prince, Oxford, and J. Johnson, London, 1788), pp. 3, 6–7. 66. Ibid., pp. 24, 19–20. 67. Quoted in Knight, University Rebel, pp. 68–9. 68. Rutt, II. 18, 22–3. 69. Knight, University Rebel, p. 69. 70. Ibid., p. 71. 71. Both William and Alexander Christie, Thomas’s father, appear to have set up accounts with Johnson. According to Lindsey, ‘Mr. Christie of Montrose’ wrote the opening theological review in the first number of the Analytical. 72. Christie (1761–96) had first come to London to study under Simmons (1750–1813) at the Westminster General Dispensary in 1784. He may also have been led to Johnson via the printer John Nichols, whom he befriended. Nichols had printed the ‘Chapter Coffee House’ edition of the ‘Lives of the Poets’ and, like Johnson, took a share in the posthumous Works of Samuel Johnson (11 vols, 1787). He also printed Christie’s Miscellanies: Literary, Philosophical and Moral (1788) for the bookseller. See Tyson, pp. 96–7. 73. See TR, I. v–vi: ‘The next thing we wish to see executed, is a set of periodical publications, appropriated to new discoveries in all the separate branches of knowledge; each of which . . . should contain only sketches, and outlines of new and general systems; and Tyson, pp. 95–8. The final three volumes of the Repository were reviewed in the Analytical in October 1788. 74. AR, 1 (1788), iv. 75. Quoted in Tyson, p. 97. 76. Derek Roper, Reviewing Before the ‘Edinburgh’ 1788–1802 (London: Methuen, Notes 197

1978), pp. 22–3; and AR, 1 (1788), ii, v. Contributors, however, still did not give their names, as had originally been hoped. 77. Johnson had sold Geddes’s Letter to the Rev. Dr. Priestley (1787) which aimed to prove that the divinity of Christ was an original article of belief. Priestley was pleased enough with it to notice it in his Defences of Unitarianism for 1787 (1788). He himself, however, had recommended a Unitarian, Joseph Bretland of Exeter, to Johnson as ‘the most desirable theological reviewer he could engage’. See MS 12.58 (48) DWL; and Rutt, II. 10. 78. DNB entry for Geddes; and Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence of Henry Crabb Robinson, ed. Thomas Sadler (3 vols; London: Macmillan, 1869), I. 64. 79. LPW, III. 239; and Roper, Reviewing, p. 23 n41. For details of the reviews (signed ‘G.G.’ and ‘P.P.’), see Russell, A Bibliography of William Cowper, pp. 158–60. 80. Toulmin inscribed himself ‘A.N.’, as he had done in the Theological Repository, and it was again owing to Priestley’s influence that he became a contributor. See Rutt, II. 20. 81. Roper, Reviewing, p. 243. 82. Heywood, Right of Protestant Dissenters, p. 95n. 83. AR, 3 (1789), 87–8. 84. PH, XXVIII. 25, 28–9, 38–40. 85. Quoted in Henriques, Religious Toleration in England, p. 63.

4 Responses to Revolution

1. DNB entry for John Howard (1726–90). 2. Johnson went on to publish Aikin’s A View of the Character and Public Services of the Late John Howard (1792) and a set of Howard’s Intire Works (2 vols, 1792). 3. See Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform, p. 106. 4. Leigh Hunt’s parents were both ‘Universalists, and great admirers of Mr. Winchester’. Priestley later preached at his meeting house in Philadelphia and adopted some of his Universalist opinions. See The Autobiography of Leigh Hunt, ed. J. E. Morpurgo (London: Cresset Press, 1949), p. 18. 5. William Enfield (1741–97), A Sermon on the Centennial Commemoration of the Revolution (London: J. Johnson, 1788), p. 17; and Mark Philp, Godwin’s Political Justice (London: Duckworth, 1986), p. 37. 6. Rutt, I. 256. 7. Private Correspondence of Benjamin Franklin, ed. William Temple Franklin (2 vols; London: Henry Colburn, 1817), I. 175–6. 8. Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke. Volume VIII: the French Revolution 1790–1794, ed. L. G. Mitchell (Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1989), p. 369. 9. Christie mentions private conversations with Necker and Rochefoucauld, and quotes from the work of Condorcet, in his Letters on the Revolution of France (1791). 10. Brian Rigby, ‘Radical Spectators of the Revolution: the Case of the Analytical Review’, in The French Revolution and British Culture, ed. Ceri Crossley and Ian Small (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 68–9, 74–5. 11. Lucy Aikin, Memoir of John Aikin, M.D. (2 vols; London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1823), p. 130. 12. Rutt, II. 27, 38; and Knight, University Rebel, p. 85. 198 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

13. Price, A Discourse on the Love of One’s Country (London: T. Cadell, 1789), pp. 2, 12, 34. In August the Analytical had reprinted a review of A Discourse on the Love of One’s Country delivered the previous November in Orléans by M. l’abbé de Thorame – a work which ‘paints in strong colours the oppressed poor, groaning under the burden which the rich man has thrown from his shoulders.’ See AR, 1 (1788), 518. 14. Priestley, The Conduct to be Observed By Dissenters in order to Procure the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts (2nd edn, Birmingham: printed by Thomas Pearson and sold by J. Johnson, London, [1789]), p. 15. 15. Rutt, II. 49, 41; and AR, 5 (1789), 471–5, and 6 (1790), 84–5. 16. See Barlow, Citizenship and Conscience, pp. 253–7. 17. The ‘Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets, Published During the First Six Months of 1790’ in the Analytical lists almost three pages of titles (85 in all) under ‘Corporation and Test Acts’, 39 of which can be assigned to Johnson. 18. John Aikin (1747–1822), (anon.) The Spirit of the Constitution, and That of the Church of England, Compared (London: J. Johnson, 1790), p. 14. 19. Price had paid tribute to the example and legacy of Milton and other seven- teenth-century Commonwealth writers in his Discourse (‘They sowed a seed which has since taken root and is now growing up to a glorious harvest’) and it seems no coincidence that, from this point, Johnson became much more involved in reprinting their works. In August 1790, for example, he and Fuseli devised their ambitious plans for an illustrated edition of Milton’s poems (to be compiled by Cowper and engraved by Blake, among others) which would occupy Fuseli for the rest of the decade. 20. Burke, Correspondence, VI. 83–4. Johnson’s imprint appeared on the ninth and tenth editions of The Protestant-dissenter’s Catechism in 1792 and 1794. 21. PH, XXVIII. 356. The Substance of the Speech of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, in the Debate on the Army Estimates, in the House of Commons (1790) was reviewed in AR, 6 (1790), 334–6: ‘Such are the opinions of Edmund Burke! What follows is still more inconsistent with the principles of that gentleman to be found upon record.’ 22. Rutt, II. 56, 61–2. 23. AR, 7 (1790), 88. 24. Memoirs of...Gilbert Wakefield, I. 228, 318. In January 1789 Wakefield had written to William Frend declaring Johnson to be ‘as heedless, insipid, inactive a Mortal, to say the best of him, as consumes the Fruits of the Earth.’ See MS 12.45 (117) DWL. 25. George Walker (1734?–1807), The Dissenters’ Plea (Birmingham: printed by J. Thompson and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790), pp. 3, 20–1. 26. Rutt, II. 60. 27. Vaughan’s 130-page Collection included extracts from Locke, Hoadly, Heywood, Franklin, Montesquieu, Necker, the Protestant pastor Rabaud de St Etienne, and the ‘Measures of the National Assembly of France respecting Non-Catholics’. Vaughan was in Paris with Shelburne’s eldest son in 1790 and attended the ‘fête de la fédération’ in the Champ de Mars on 14 July. 28. Lucy Aikin, Memoir of John Aikin, I. 150. 29. John Aikin (1747–1822), (anon.) An Address to the Dissidents of England on Their Late Defeat (London: J. Johnson, 1790), pp. 6, 16–17, 30, 22. 30. Barbauld, (anon.) An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1790), pp. 36, 4, 7; and AR, 6 (1790), 345–6. Notes 199

31. Quoted in Anthony Lincoln, Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent 1763–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938), p. 256. 32. The Reflections were originally announced as ‘speedily [to] be published’ on 12 February 1790. 33. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), pp. 181, 93, 86. Burke’s criticisms generally betrayed deep fears about the collective threat of an organized and unified network of dissenting preachers, publishers and propagandists. His view that ‘Writers, especially when they act in a body, and with one direction, have great influence on the publick mind’ was approvingly picked up on by the Analytical. See ibid., p. 213; and AR, 8 (1790), 299. 34. Burke, Reflections, pp. 90, 148. In his Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (1774) Priestley had predicted that scientific advances might prove so liberating as to cause the upper orders to ‘tremble, even at an air pump, or an electrical machine’ – a passage which, at that point, had had to be omitted by its French translator. Johnson was currently selling an abridged version as part of his Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, and Other Branches of Natural Philosophy (3 vols, 1790), which Priestley had actually nego- tiated through Burke and Fox to be able to dedicate to the Prince of Wales. Burke at that time had written in support, believing it would help win dissenting votes at the 1790 election. 35. Burke, Reflections, p. 148; and Correspondence, VI. 84. 36. AR, 8 (1790), 416; and McLachlan, ‘More Letters of Theophilus Lindsey’, 372. 37. AR, 8 (1790), 295–307, 408–14. Rather rashly, it also predicted that, ‘as soon as the rapid tide of fashion shall have subsided’, the Reflections would have ‘but few readers, and still fewer admirers in this country.’ 38. Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), (anon.) A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in A Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (London: J. Johnson, 1790), pp. 113, 96, 32–3, 73. 39. Priestley, Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Occasioned By His Reflec- tions on the Revolution in France (Birmingham: printed by Thomas Pearson and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1791), pp. iii–v, 49, 81, 128. 40. Capel Lofft (1751–1824), Remarks on the Letter of the Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke, Concerning the Revolution in France (London: J. Johnson, 1790; 2nd edn, London: J. Johnson; and J. Rackham, Bury St Edmunds, 1791), pp. 71, 9; (2nd edn), p. 91. 41. Ibid. (1st edn), pp. 2, 48, 54, 78; and AR, 3 (1789), 94. 42. Lofft, Remarks, pp. 8, 58–9, 79, (2nd edn) 104. 43. Priestley, Letters to ...Burke, pp. 140–1. 44. Rutt, II. 89, 97, 99; and Priestley, Letters to . . . Burke, p. 141. 45. AR, 8 (1790), 414. 46. LPW, III. 458–9; and Rutt, II. 101. 47. Lindsey to William Tayleur, 23 February 1791, uncatalogued MS John Rylands University Library. The same day Priestley wrote to Lindsey, expressing his wish to see Paine’s work and asking that Johnson send him a copy. On 11 March he made further enquiries: ‘Is the edition cancelled, or will it be sold in France and America, and a new one printed for England? Was Mr. Johnson threatened, or did he take the alarm of himself?’ Lindsey’s reply has evidently not survived but Priestley did not seem unduly worried about his bookseller when he wrote back three days later: ‘I am glad that Mr. Paine’s book is to be published as it was 200 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

printed, though not by Johnson. It will be read the more on account of the stop- pages.’ See Rutt, II. 103–7. 48. Johnson later suggested that the manuscript of a work might just as easily be handed to the printer first as to himself. See ST, XXIV. 511. 49. The Complete Works of Thomas Paine (London: E. Truelove, 1875), p. 781; and David Freeman Hawke, Paine (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 204. Paine had learned that Burke’s book was in the press when he visited John Debrett’s book- shop in late March or early April 1790. 50. Thomas Paine (1737–1809), Rights of Man (London: J. Johnson, 1791), pp. 68, 59, 76–8 (hereafter cited as RM). 51. RM, pp. 6, 158, 82. 52. Ibid., pp. 110–13; 115–16. 53. Ibid., pp. 159, 153. 54. Belsham, pp. 296, 301. The first set of ‘Tracts’ (1791) printed by the Unitarian Society contained Priestley’s Appeal to the Serious and Candid Professors of Christianity (1772), Familiar Illustration of Certain Passages of Scripture (1772) and General View of the Arguments for the Unity of God (1783). Before the end of the year, a collection of Priestley and Price’s sermons, William Frend’s two Addresses to Members of the Church of England (1788–9), Joshua Toulmin’s Review of the Life, Character and Writings of the Rev. John Biddle (1789) and Joseph Cornish’s Life of Thomas Firmin (1780) had been reprinted. In all, 13 volumes were issued by the Society between 1791 and 1802. 55. Belsham, pp. 302–3; PH, XXIX. 1388n; and Hawke, Paine, p. 224. As if to empha- size this, the twice-yearly ‘Catalogue of Books’ in the Analytical Review contained a brand new section from 1791, ‘Politico-Theology’. 56. PH, XXIX. 555. 57. Hawke, Paine, p. 223; and Barlow, Citizenship and Conscience, p. 281. 58. PH, XXIX. 1315. 59. Complete Works of Thomas Paine, p. 747, which reprints the short-hand account of Paine’s trial taken by Joseph Gurney: cf. The Genuine Trial of Thomas Paine, for a Libel Contained in the Second Part of Rights of Man ...Taken in Short-Hand By E. Hodgson (London: J. S. Jordan, 1792), pp. 3–4: ‘. . . it was ushered into the world under circumstances that led me to believe that it would not confound the judi- cious reader; and then such a man would refute it as he went along’ (my italics). 60. Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, ed. Mark Philp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 354; and Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform, p. 269. Jordan’s edition, which went through at least eight printings during 1791, was even pricier at 3s. 61. AR, 9 (1791), 312–18, 322–3. 62. See Burke, Reflections, pp. 129–30. Priestley had read the Letter by 25 March when he wrote to Lindsey: ‘The “Dissenting Attorney” you inquire after is thought to be Mr. Nash, of Royston. It is indeed an excellent piece.’ See Rutt, II. 108. William Nash (c.1744–1829) was a prominent solicitor whose family was ‘liberal in religious opinion and zealous for political reform.’ He was at the heart of a vibrant dissenting circle extending into Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Suffolk which involved the Cambridge printer Benjamin Flower, George Dyer, the young Henry Crabb Robinson and Capel Lofft. Robinson later despaired of Nash as a ‘Godwinite’ and, in his Letter, he certainly adopts a harsh anti-prelatical tone. See Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence, I. 35–6, 46. Notes 201

63. Christie admitted that his original intention had been to write ‘one letter on the origin of the revolution’: ‘But as Mr. Paine, in his answer to Mr. Burke, intends to undertake this, I shall content myself with referring to his account of it...’. Until 1790 at least, he was also friendly with Burke. See Letters on the Revolution of France (London: J. Johnson 1791), pp. 65–6; and Burke, Correspondence, V. 412. 64. Christie, Letters, pp. 58–9, 277; and AR, 10 (1791), 207. 65. Christie, Letters, pp. 114, 122–3, 202. 66. Ibid., pp. 32–3, 30. Like Lofft, Christie argued that the abolition of titles at home would be inappropriate since the English nobility were of an altogether differ- ent cast from the French. Nor did he want the law of primogeniture completely scrapped or equal hereditary rights given to women. Lofft inserted extracts from Christie’s Letters in the second edition of his Remarks, which Johnson advertised in July. 67. AR, 11 (1791), 275–83. Christie’s second volume of Letters was evidently in the press as early as June and contained letters on the state of the clergy in England and France, the alliance between Church and State, the ‘abolition of monks, and hereditary nobility’, the Jacobin Club and the consequences of the French revolution for Europe. See AR, 10 (1791), 208. However, I have been unable to establish whether it was ever actually published. 68. Benjamin Bousfield, Observations on the Right Hon. Edmund Burke’s Pamphlet, on the Subject of the French Revolution (London: J. Johnson, 1791), p. 19. 69. AR, 10 (1791), 463–4. This was read by the 12-year-old Hazlitt who immediately struck off a letter in defence of Priestley to the local Shrewsbury Chronicle. 70. AR, 13 (1792), 537. 71. AR, 15 (1793), 84; and Heywood, (anon.) High Church Politics (London: J. Johnson, 1792), pp. 3–4. Dyer (1755–1841) had left Cambridge for London and arrived at Gilbert Wakefield’s house in Hackney by 4 January 1792. Johnson began printing his book the next day and within a fortnight had helped find him lodgings just off Fleet Street and ‘a little Occupation’ (probably reviewing for the Analytical). See MS 12.45 (121, 123) DWL. 72. Rights of Woman, pp. 1–3, 49, 4–5, viii, xii. 73. Ibid., pp. xiv, 26, 83, 23–4; and Paine, Rights of Man. Part The Second (London: J. S. Jordan, 1792), p. 21 (hereafter cited as RM2). Paine’s influence is further suggested by her random and somewhat wild digressions on inequities within the clergy and the iniquity of standing armies, both issues he sought to address by his radical tax proposals in the second part of Rights of Man. 74. RM2, pp. 65n, 120. Johnson arranged for Paine to stay at the home of a mutual friend, the engraver William Sharp, at Bromley in Kent. According to Fuseli, Paine and Johnson travelled there together in a hackney coach with ‘all the movables which Paine possessed.’ See John Knowles (ed.), The Life and Writings of Henry Fuseli (2 vols; London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831), I. 374–5. 75.AR, 12 (1792), 241–9, 287–304, and 13 (1792), 481–9. 76. RM2, p. 174. Barlow (1754–1812) was a Yale graduate and lawyer, diplomat, busi- nessman, journalist and poet, by turns. During the 1780s he had been one of a highly conservative group of writers known as the ‘Hartford Wits’ which also included Timothy Dwight (1752–1817). Dwight’s epic poem, The Conquest of Canaan (1785), dedicated to George Washington, had been reprinted in London for Johnson in 1788. Cowper had reviewed it in the Analytical, together with Barlow’s equally ambitious The Vision of Columbus (1788). That year Barlow had left America for Europe and had quickly become absorbed in French and English 202 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

politics, mixing with Shelburne’s set in London. After the failure of his business deals in France, he had returned to London in the spring of 1791 with an intro- duction to Johnson. 77. RM, p. 156. 78. Barlow, (anon.) Advice to the Privileged Orders (New York: Childs and Swaine, 1792), pp. 8, 95, 2, 33, 36, 14. 79. Ibid., pp. 40–3, 49, 53, 28. 80. AR, 12 (1792), 452–60; and CL, p. 208. Horne Tooke proposed Barlow on 9 March and it seems likely he also admitted Johnson, since he was the member due to apply to the bookseller for payment. Johnson may well, then, have been on his way to an SCI meeting in April with Paine (as Tyson argues) when the latter was arrested (ostensibly for debt) outside the London Tavern and the bookseller agreed to stand bail. See ST, XXV. 101; and Nicholas Roe, Wordsworth and Coleridge: the Radical Years (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), p. 28. 81. All quotes are from The Conspiracy of Kings: a Poem (London: J. Johnson, 1792). This initially sold for 1s 6d. By the autumn, copies were down to a shilling. 82. In each case, there were strong overtones from Isaiah: ‘Shake thyself from the dust; arise, and sit down, O Jerusalem: loose thyself from the bands of thy neck . . .’ (lii. 2). By arming Liberty with ‘Plowshares’ instead of ‘swords’ and ‘pruning hooks’ for ‘spears’ (II. 389–90), Darwin placed himself in a direct line of descent from Priestley and Price who had famously drawn upon the same text (Isaiah, ii. 4) in their 1789 sermons. Johnson had issued new translations of Isaiah by Michael Dodson for the Society for Promoting Knowledge of the Scriptures in 1790 and by Robert Lowth in 1791. 83. Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), (anon.) The Botanic Garden; A Poem, in Two Parts (London: J. Johnson, 1791), p. v, from which all quotes are taken. Darwin’s poem was widely praised by the reviewers, including Cowper in the Analytical. Its lines on the French revolution, however, did manage to find their way into Daniel Isaac Eaton’s Politics for the People (1793). 84. According to testimony which Johnson gave at the 1794 treason trials, there were three editions of Barlow’s Advice, totalling 1,500 copies, and ‘there were a considerable number left.’ Given the circumstances, however, he may have been eager to depress the figures. See ST, XXIV. 518, 520. 85. The French Revolution was a seven-book epic poem projected by Blake of which only the first survives in uncorrected proof form. Sixteen quarto pages of typeset verse (unevenly printed and beset with errors) were produced probably some time during the early summer of 1791, among them a title page without Blake’s name but with the proposed price of one shilling and an ‘Advertisement’ informing the public that the ‘remaining Books of this Poem are finished, and will be pub- lished in their Order.’ See William Blake’s Writings, ed. G. E. Bentley, Jr (2 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), II. 1688–9, from which all quotes are taken. 86. Cf. Priestley, The Conduct to be Observed By Dissenters, p. 13: ‘. . . our security... arises from enlightening the minds of our countrymen, and teaching them not to fear where no fear is . . .’; Christie, Letters, p. 4n: ‘Those who are alarmed lest such examples should be followed here, most surely are afraid where no fear is’; and Wollstonecraft, Rights of Woman, p. 345: ‘. . . they fear where no fear should find a place...’. 87. AR, 9 (1791), 518–20. 88. Johnson had first hired Blake to work on Enfield’s Speaker (5th edn, 1780). He subsequently became his most consistent employer and 1790–1 was their busiest Notes 203

period, Blake executing his largest group of around 34 plates for the bookseller. He often complained, though, of being prevailed upon by Johnson and Fuseli to do nothing ‘but the meer drudgery of business’. See Blake: Complete Writings, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (Oxford, 1985), p. 812. 89. See David Erdman, Blake: Prophet Against Empire (Princeton: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1954), pp. 138–9. 90. PH, XXIX. 1322–3. 91. Thomas Cooper (1759–1839), A Reply to Mr. Burke’s Invective Against Mr. Cooper, and Mr. Watt, in the House of Commons, on the 30th of April, 1792 (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson; and Manchester: M. Falkner and Co., 1792), pp. 7–8, 5, 11, 38. 92. Ibid., pp. 74, 69–70, 79n, 16. 93. Ibid., p. 62. The Society of the Friends of the People was formed in April 1792 as the result of a well-to-do secession from the SCI. It immediately drew up a ‘Declaration’ outlining its aim to restore free elections and a more equal repre- sentation. This was printed and read out during the Commons debate on 30 April in which Burke spoke, expressly to show that its ambitions were ‘limited’. Among the signatories were John Cartwright, Joseph Towers, Andrew Kippis and Thomas Christie. Cooper was proposed for membership on 19 May but with- drew after several members threatened to resign. See PH, XXIX. 1327–8. 94. Wyvill, A Defence of Dr. Price, pp. 63, 70, 59–60, i–ii. 95. Ibid., pp. 64, 62, 54, 50. 96. Ibid., p. 13. 97. PH, XXIX. 1392–4. 98. ST, XXV. 162–3. This copy was introduced as evidence at the 1794 treason trials. 99. According to David Erdman, Johnson sold an abridged version of Rights of Man in August 1791. See Blake: Prophet Against Empire, p. 138n8. In May 1791 the Manchester Constitutional Society commissioned Thomas Cooper to produce an abridgement: ‘Cooper consulted Horne Tooke about the project, but as the latter did not reply, it seems to have fallen through.’ See Albert Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 177 n31. 100. ST, XXV. 166–7. A London ironmonger and SCI veteran, Sturch (1753?–1838) was descended from a line of General Baptist ministers. His father, John Sturch, was in charge of a congregation at Newport on the Isle of Wight. Joshua Toulmin’s correspondence in the mid-1780s contains letters to the Reverend Sturch and suggests he may have been a ‘corresponding member’ of the Society for Promoting Knowledge of the Scriptures. Toulmin also featured on Sturch’s list for 100 copies. Johnson’s name, however, is not listed at any of the SCI meet- ings at which these matters were discussed. Paine’s letter was noticed in the September Analytical. 101. AR, 12 (1792), 526. Copies were advertised at ‘One Penny, or Seven Shillings per hundred’. Richmond’s Letter would be read out at the 1794 treason trials to prove the respectable origins of the SCI and LCS. 102. Barlow, A Letter to the National Convention of France (London: J. Johnson, 1792), p. 3. Barlow dated his Letter ‘Sept 26, 1792’, evidently unaware that the first act of the Convention on 21 September was to abolish the monarchy and decree that the first year of the French Republic should begin the following day. 103. See Tyson, pp. 155–6. Johnson (like Priestley) contributed the modest sum of £2.11.0 to the fund, whereas Paine gave £21 and Horne Tooke £50. Johnson pledged another five guineas on 12 April 1793. 204 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

104. ST, XXIV. 526; and Roe, Wordsworth and Coleridge, p. 82. 105. Advice to Privileged Orders . . . Part II (Paris: printed at the English Press and sold by Barrois, 1793), p. 4. Barlow had borrowed books from Johnson (including Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations) to complete this, which he subsequently took with him to Paris. 106. Like Barlow’s next work, A Letter to the People of Piedmont, on the Advantages of the French Revolution, and the Necessity of Adopting its Principles in Italy (1793), it was finally printed in London (from a copy possibly obtained directly from Barlow) by Daniel Isaac Eaton in 1795, when it was reviewed (and quoted from at length) in the Analytical. Barlow’s original manuscript was evidently lent by Johnson to John Horne Tooke and seized as part of his papers in 1794. 107. Complete Works of Thomas Paine, pp. 729–30, 771–2, 789. 108. Ibid., p. 797. 109. CL, pp. 222, 225–7. Joel Barlow was one of the few, it seems, not to worry, com- posing a set of verses to commemorate Louis’s execution.

5 The War of Opinion

1. The parallels between Wollstonecraft’s 26 December letter to Johnson and Wordsworth’s recollection of his final days in Paris in The Prelude are quite striking. Wordsworth would have come across Wollstonecraft’s letter in her Posthumous Works (4 vols, 1798), a copy of which reached Alfoxden in April 1798. 2. The Prelude (the 1805 Text), ed. Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), IX. 96–7, from which all quotes are taken. Wordsworth (1770–1850) had made several visits to London from Cambridge at the start of the revolu- tion, when he had called in at Price’s meeting at the Old Jewry, and lived (some- what ‘obscurely’) in the city from late January until May 1791. During that time he struck up an acquaintance with Samuel Nicholson, a Unitarian dissenter and SCI member (contemporaneously with Johnson), who lived on Cateaton Street in Holborn, only doors away from Thomas Christie. For more on the ‘Nicholson’ connection, see Roe, Wordsworth and Coleridge pp. 23–7. 3. Another point of contact may have been his college friend William Mathews. In May 1792 Wordsworth had urged Mathews to ‘form an acquaintance with some of the publishing booksellers of London, from whom you might get some hints of what sort of works would be the most likely to answer.’ Mathews’s father, James (c.1742–1804), was a Methodist stationer and bookseller on the Strand who had long been associated with Johnson in the sale and publication chiefly of theological works (their names, for instance, appeared together on the third and fourth editions of Olney Hymns) and who continued to collaborate on a number of sermons and fast-day publications. 4. See Descriptive Sketches, ed. Eric Birdsall with Paul M. Zall (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984); and Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth (2 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957–65), I. 128–9, 197–9. 5. Priestley had touched on ‘the Divine Being producing good by means of evil’ in his Lectures on History and General Policy (1788), which were recommended to undergraduates at Cambridge. They were reissued by Johnson in 1793. 6. The central theme of An Evening Walk, the ‘memory of departed pleasures’ (l. 16), evokes Samuel Rogers’s poetic bestseller The Pleasures of Memory (1792) and Johnson may have hoped to capitalize on that work’s success and reputa- Notes 205

tion. All quotes are from An Evening Walk, ed. James Averill (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984). 7. RM, p. 24; and Rights of Woman, p. 118. In a note, Wordsworth claimed his depiction owed something to a ‘spirited’ French description in the ‘l’Agriculture ou les Georgiques Françoises of M. Rossuet.’ Cowper had painted a ‘Resign’d’ picture of the cock, ‘wading’ ahead of the ‘feather’d tribes domestic’ (V. 58–76), in The Task (1785). 8. ST, XXIII. 1014–19. The Analytical bravely re-quoted the ‘game-cock’ passage in its review of the printed Trial of Daniel Isaac Eaton (1794). See AR, 18 (1794), 416–17. 9. AR, 15 (1793), 294–7. 10. Descriptive Sketches was read and discussed among liberal circles in Exeter and Cambridge (most notably by Coleridge). In May 1794 Wordsworth wrote to William Mathews to ask Johnson ‘if he ever sells any of those poems and what number he thinks are yet on his hands.’ By 1801 Johnson was apparently telling would-be purchasers they were out of print. According to Wordsworth, this was a mistake: ‘Unless he has sent them to the Trunk-maker’s they must be lying in some corner of his Warehouse, for I have reason to believe that they never sold much.’ See Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth I: The Early Years 1787–1805, ed. Ernest de Selincourt, rev. C. L. Shaver (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp. 120, 327–8. 11. Prose Works of William Wordsworth Volume I, ed. W. J. B. Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), pp. 53, 38, 32 (hereafter cited as Prose Works). 12. Ibid., pp. 47, 37–8. 13. Ibid., pp. 48, 38; and Rights of Woman, p. 335. Wordsworth, indeed, argued that equality could only be achieved in ‘that state in which no distinctions are admitted’. There were other notable similarities with Wollstonecraft, and not simply on the points they had in common with Paine. Their criticisms of London’s tramps and prostitutes, for example, whose existence they both attrib- uted to ‘aristocratical prejudices’. (Joel Barlow also depicted aristocracy as ‘a decayed prostitute, whom painting and patching will no longer embellish’, in the second part of his Advice, the manuscript of which was in Johnson’s pos- session.) Both also despised the ‘hypocrisy and sycophancy of our intercourse in private life’ and the ‘necessity of dissimulation’. See Prose Works, pp. 42, 45; and Barlow, Advice to the Privileged Orders . . . Part II, pp. 24–5. 14. Prose Works, pp. 46, 43; and Rights of Woman, p. 335. 15. Gentleman’s Magazine, 63 (1793), 146, quoted in Prose Works, p. 50; and RM2, p. 21. In April 1793 the Leicester bookseller Richard Phillips was sentenced to 18 months in prison on the evidence of a paid informer and John Thompson of Birmingham was also tried (and acquitted). Phillips wrote to William Cowper from jail requesting a ‘Sonnet in his favour’. Cowper obliged but ‘fear’d to send it’ as ‘Government is so jealous and rigorous at present’. See LPW, IV. 354–7. In June Daniel Isaac Eaton was indicted (but acquitted) for selling a reprinted version of the second part of Rights of Man with all the libellous passages removed. 16. Prose Works, pp. 34, 49. 17. See ibid., pp. 24, 34–5. It is telling that the Letter abruptly breaks off at the point where he is discussing the faithlessness of many ‘false adherents’ to the revolu- tion, such as Lafayette and Mirabeau. See ibid., p. 49. 18. The Prelude, X. 233, 378–9, 311–12, 329. John Aikin, for example, outlined the dilemma he and other dissenters faced soon after the start of the conflict: ‘We 206 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

are fairly immersed in a bloody, expensive, and I think, unjust war, and we must either lament its success, or rejoice in the calamities of our country. Such an alternative is enough to make one draw off entirely from political discussion . . .’ Quoted in Betsy Rodgers, Georgian Chronicle: Mrs. Barbauld and Her Family (London: Methuen, 1958), p. 120. 19. The Prelude, X. 265. 20. Tyson, p. 124. 21. Cooper, Reply to Mr. Burke’s Invective, p. 77. 22. For further details, see Shelley and his Circle 1773–1822, ed. Kenneth Neill Cameron (4 vols; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961–70), I. 121–32. In both cases Wollstonecraft was drawing on Johnson to repay money loaned to her by Thomas Christie in Paris. 23. The bookseller does still seem to have acted as a conduit for letters from Wollstonecraft’s sisters. 24. Posthumous Works of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (4 vols; London: J. Johnson and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798), IV. 39–51. 25. Paine was helping Condorcet draft a revised constitution for the new French republic. This was presented to the Convention on 15 February but unanimously rejected. Wollstonecraft herself was preoccupied with writing ‘a plan of education’ for the Committee of Public Instruction, of which Condorcet was a member. In the Commons on 18 February Burke denounced Condorcet as ‘the most humane of all murderers’, Brissot (another member of the Constitutional Committee) as ‘the Prince of Pickpockets’ and all representatives of the Convention as ‘stained by the most infamous crimes’. See CL, p. 230; and PH, XXX. 438–9, 446. 26. William Godwin (1756–1834), Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: J. Johnson and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798), pp. 102, 105–6. 27. Wollstonecraft, An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution (London: J. Johnson, 1794), p. 515. Similar efforts to justify and come to terms with the ‘phrensy of liberty’ were played out in the Analytical. See AR, 18 (1794), 515. 28. CL, p. 253; and AR, 21 (1795), 17. 29. AR, 16 (1793), 85–7; and Henry Roscoe, Life of William Roscoe (2 vols; London: T. Cadell; and Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1833), I. 125–6. 30. AR, 15 (1793), 212–14. 31. J. E. Cookson, The Friends of Peace: Anti-war Liberalism in England, 1793–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 89. 32. Quoted in ibid., p. 94, which cites Jeremiah Jordan as its London distributor. 33. Anon., An Essay on Parliament, and the Causes of Unequal Representation (London: J. Johnson, 1793), pp. 50–1; and Cookson, The Friends of Peace, p. 140. 34. According to Wyvill, Hodgson (1760?–1800) was ‘a man . . . very firm to the cause of liberty & reform & . . . not to be dismay’d at the threats that are con- stantly made to intimidate him’. See Cookson, The Friends of Peace, p. 133; and Stephen Harbottle, The Reverend William Turner (Newcastle: Northern Univer- sities Press, 1997), pp. 53–66. 35. See Cookson, The Friends of Peace, pp. 93–6, who estimates that between 1,000 and 1,500 copies of The Oeconomist were sent to St Paul’s Churchyard every month for Johnson to sell or distribute, as well as to booksellers in Edinburgh, Carlisle, York, Manchester, Cambridge and Bristol. The first number was priced ‘only three-halfpence, or one guinea for 250.’ 36. AR, 16 (1793), 104, 178–9. Notes 207

37. Barbauld, (anon.) Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation (4th edn, London: J. Johnson, 1793), pp. 5, 9, 28–30, 11–13. 38. AR, 18 (1794), 339, and 21 (1795), 312–13. 39. Priestley, The Present State of Europe Compared with Antient Prophecies (London: J. Johnson, 1794), pp. 1–2, 21, 26, 31. The April 1794 number gave the fast day similar coverage, though none of the five titles reviewed were published by Johnson. 40. James Hurdis (1763–1801), Equality: a Sermon (1794), in Political Writings of the 1790s, ed. Gregory Claeys (8 vols; London: William Pickering, 1995), VIII. 197–200. 41. Ibid., VIII. 201–3, 210. 42. Johnson had regularly published Hurdis’s work (which was much inspired by Cowper’s) since the late 1780s and his early poems, The Village Curate (1788) and Adriano; or, The First of June (1790), were reviewed by Wollstonecraft in the Analytical. In 1793 the bookseller had offered to buy the complete copyright of Hurdis’s works, albeit for a paltry £35. He continued to act as Hurdis’s book- seller, even putting his name to A Poem . . . upon a Prospect of the Marriage of the Prince of Wales (1795), a rather brazen attempt to win the poet laureateship which drew some criticism from the Analytical. 43. Darwin, Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1794–96), II. 670–1; and Priestley, A Catechism for Children (6th edn, Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1791), p. 25. 44. LPW, IV. 334–5. 45. Priestley, The Present State of Europe, pp. ix–x. 46. Ibid., pp. iii–v, x–xiii. Several of Priestley’s friends were ‘advised to remove their papers, and other most valuable effects, to some place of greater safety in London’. This may explain the fate of Johnson’s early business letter books up to 1795, although he also later destroyed many of his papers whilst in prison. See ibid., p. xiv. 47. Earl Morse Wilbur, Our Unitarian Heritage (Boston: Beacon Press, 1925), p. 372. 48. AR, 18 (1794), 318–20. 49. DNB entry for Geddes. 50. Chard, 66 n39. Johnson continued to be involved in new editions of Trimmer’s previously-published works and her schoolbooks were still noticed (and praised for their candid and liberal spirit) in the Analytical. 51. Johnson to Joseph Priestley Jr, 9 December 1805, BL. 52. According to Johnson, 3,000 copies of this were run off and advertised at 1s 6d each, but ‘not more than [1100] sold, the profit about 10£ –.’ See Johnson to Priestley, September 1795, BL. It was reviewed in the Analytical in April. 53. Quoted in Dumas Malone, The Public Life of Thomas Cooper 1783–1839 (London: Humphrey Milford, 1926), pp. 67–8. According to his biographer, Cooper had stopped sympathizing with the revolution by February 1793, ‘if not earlier’. Certainly, the failure of his textile-printing business towards the end of that year, owing to the war-time lull in trade, did nothing to cure his growing antagonism. See ibid., p. 67. 54. Carl Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Viking Press, 1938), pp. 704–5. 55. ST, XXIV. 511–12. 56. ST, XXV. 610, XXIV. 511–20. 57. ST, XXV. 185–6, 611. 58. ST, XXV. 732–3. 208 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

59. See Tyson, p. 156. Thomas Christie’s name also appears on the SCI ‘arrears’ list (for the same amount as Johnson), as does Charles Dilly’s, though with the sum against his name deleted. He had evidently settled his subscription for the pre- vious two years. The lapsing of Johnson’s subscription would certainly coincide with a marked decline in the SCI’s activities with the start of the French war. 60. ST, XXV. 734. 61. ST, XXV. 731, 743, 712. A copy of his Letter to John Dunning (1778) was even introduced to illustrate and defend his political sentiments. 62. AR, 21 (1795), 95. 63. Ibid., 394–6, and 22 (1795), 214. Joseph Butterworth (1770–1826) was the son of a Lancashire-born Baptist minister based in Coventry, John Butterworth (1727–1803), whose New Concordance to the Holy Scriptures (1767) Johnson had published. The two booksellers also collaborated on Samuel Heywood’s A Digest of So Much of the Law Respecting Borough Elections (1797). 64. There were separate sections ‘On the Fast Day, Feb. 25, 1795’ in the February, April and March issues of the Analytical. 65. Estlin (1747–1817) had served for 25 years as pastor at Lewin’s-Mead Chapel in Bristol and, as yet another product of Warrington Academy, was friendly with Priestley and Mrs Barbauld. (John Simpson had preached a sermon at Lewin’s- Mead in 1792, which Cruttwell printed and Johnson sold.) Jardine (1766–97) was minister at the Unitarian Chapel in Bath, where Coleridge made his first appearance as an occasional preacher. 66. AR, 22 (1795), 73. 67. Wordsworth read Fawcett’s poem during his long stay in London in 1795 and it appears to have fuelled his deepening sense of disillusion with the conflict. He also attended Fawcett in his Sunday evening lectures at the Old Jewry, which were printed and published through Johnson the same year. 68. A Liste Générale et Alphabétique . . . de Tous les Conspirateurs qui ont étés Condamnés à Mort par le Tribunal Révolutionnaire (1795) seems also to have circulated from St Paul’s Churchyard and Johnson later issued The Works (Never Before Published) of Jeanne-Marie Roland (1800) and Memoirs of the Revolution ([1800]) by Garat, who had succeeded Roland’s husband as French Interior Minister. The Analytical in August 1795 and January and July 1796 contained a lengthy review of Helen Maria Williams’s Letters Containing a Sketch of the Politics of France from 31 May 1793 Till 28 July 1794 (1795) which were chiefly concerned with the imprisonment and execution of the Girondins. 69. The fact that Johnson’s output clearly reflected the vogue for German litera- ture at this time must be seen as partly due to his association with Remnant and his brother, William, who remained in Hamburg. In the July 1795 number of the Analytical the editors were pleased to announce that they could resume their usual section on foreign ‘Literary Intelligence’, ‘communication with the continent’ having been ‘opened through a new channel’. Since the majority of the news was from Germany, it seems fair to assume that the Remnants may have been instrumental in this. Comments in his letterbook suggest that Johnson also received French works courtesy of William Remnant, although by mid-1796 he speaks of being able to procure them from Paris himself. See AR, 22 (1795), 104. 70. ST, XXV. 735; AR, 22 (1795), 374; and Anti-Jacobin Review (AJ), 1 (1798), 632. Roland and Louvet’s works circulated in Bristol circles and were read by Wordsworth and his friends. Notes 209

71. Volney later produced his own translation, with Joel Barlow’s help, which was published in Paris in 1802. Johnson would go on to arrange a translation of Volney’s View of the Climate and Soil of the United States of America (1804), even though it was of ‘too philosophical a nature to become popular’. See Johnson to T. and J. Swords, 24 February 1804, BL. 72. AR, 22 (1795), 498–505. 73. Johnson to Priestley, September 1795, and to William Russell, 24 August 1796, BL. 74. See Johnson to Priestley, 24 August 1796, BL. 75. Johnson to Thomas Dobson, 10 October 1796, BL; and Conrad Wright, The Beginnings of Unitarianism in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966), pp. 400–1. 76. Johnson to Joseph Priestley Jr, 9 December 1805, BL. 77. John Cartwright (1740–1824), The Commonwealth in Danger (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 17, 98. On the subject of the ‘real causes’ of war, Cartwright referred his readers to Barlow’s Advice to the Privileged Orders: ‘True – he is an American; he is a Republican; but if he will instruct me in peace, wisdom and virtue, I will be his disciple.’ See ibid., p. 37. 78. Johnson published Dyson’s translations of a German tale, The Sorcerer (1795), by Leonhard Wächter (which Godwin records reading in his Diary) and Select Fairy Tales (2 vols, 1796) by Wieland. He was also one of the booksellers to bring out a translation of Schiller’s Fiesco; or, The Genoese Conspiracy (1796) by Stoddart, a young lawyer and aspiring journalist and the future brother-in-law of William Hazlitt. 79. Godwin, (anon.) Considerations on Lord Grenville’s and Mr. Pitt’s Bills (London: J. Johnson, 1795), pp. 85, 7–8, 23, 17, 21. Godwin was, in fact, a friend of Thelwall’s, whom he had helped defend against the charge of treason the pre- vious year, but his instincts as a reformer were naturally much more private and quiescent. The Analytical praised the fact that Godwin ‘deprecat[ed] every idea of violence, tumult, and confusion’ in its review. See AR, 22 (1795), 541–3. 80. Godwin, Considerations, pp. 22, 14–15. Johnson sent a copy of Godwin’s work to Priestley in America on 15 January 1796, together with Manon Roland’s Appeal, Dumouriez’s Life and three months’ worth of the Analytical. 81. Ibid., pp. 17–18. 82. Ibid., p. 86.

6 ‘Honest Joe’

1. ‘Indictment of Joseph Johnson’, quoted in Tyson, p. 159. 2. Wakefield, A Reply to Some Parts of the Bishop of Landaff’s Address to the People of Great Britain (3rd edn, [London:] sold by the author at Hackney, 1798), pp. 38–9, 22, 26, 43, 35; and ST, XXVII. 721. All quotations here were cited in the book- sellers’ indictments. 3. ST, XXVII. 653–5, 643, 702, 722. 4. Ibid., 659, 661; and The Times, 18 July 1798, p. 2. Unbeknown to Johnson, his servant, ‘Mr. Day’, had actually bought in copies. Day only informed Johnson after learning of Cuthell’s arrest, at which point all copies were removed. 5. ST, XXVII. 720. 6. AR, 22 (1795), 511; and Watson, An Address to the People of Great Britain (8th edn, London: R. Faulder, 1798), pp. 17–18. 210 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

7. The Times, 18 July 1798, p. 2. Ex officio informations were also potentially ruinous as they made it impossible for a defendant, even if acquitted, to recover his costs. Johnson’s trial cost him around £600 and he spent much of his time in prison poring over letters and accounts trying to recoup the expense. 8. He must, therefore, have been asked to pay £1,000 and provide two sureties of £500 each. Jordan was unable to put up bail and so remained in custody throughout. See ST, XXVII. 737. 9. The Times, 18 July 1798, p. 2. 10. In January 1798 Pitt had made the ‘excitement of patriotic feeling’ in the country one of his ‘great objects’ and, central to this policy, was the ‘besmirch- ing of anti-war opponents’. See Cookson, p. 167. 11. Wakefield, Reply, p. 22. Wakefield’s statement was taken as proof that his real grievance against Pitt was the improper application of public money in ‘crush- ing the Irish rebellion’. See ST, XXVII. 644, 719. 12. AR, 27 (1798), 90, 14, 224. 13. Quoted in Andrea Altea Engstrom, ‘Joseph Johnson’s Circle and the Analytical Review’, PhD Thesis, University of Southern California (1986), p. 102. Johnson and Phillips had similarly combined to ‘threaten the public’ (in the Anti-Jacobin’s view) with a set of Biographical Anecdotes of the Founders of the French Republic, and of Other Eminent Characters, Who Have Distinguished Themselves in the Progress of the Revolution (2 vols, 1797–98). 14. Johnson was one of the first men Beloe had met on arriving in London ten years earlier and had published a volume of his Poems and Translations (1788). For some years Beloe attended his dinners (where he became ‘slightly acquainted’ with Mary Wollstonecraft and was introduced to Sarah Trimmer) but the onset of the French Revolution (he later noted) was ‘the signal for the dissolution of those amicable bonds.’ In The Sexagenarian (1817) he depicted Johnson as ‘a Dry Bookseller’ of the ‘old Presbyterian school’ but benevolent in his dealings with authors. See Beloe, I. 350, 345, II. 252–3. 15. AJ, 1 (1798), 72–8, 91–102. It also picked up on her friendship with the fugitive United Irishman Archibald Hamilton Rowan, suggesting she was ‘apprized of what was projected in Ireland’. 16. AJ, 1 (1798), v, 85. 17. Memoirs of . . . Gilbert Wakefield, II. 128. The Anti-Jacobin had denounced Wake- field as a ‘calumniator of his country’ when reviewing the Letter in August. See AJ, 1 (1798), 156. 18. AR, 28 (1798), 305. The Anti-Jacobin lambasted this review in October and accused Johnson of being able to get hold of a copy via his ‘connection with the traitors, incendiaries, or members of the London Corresponding Society’. See AJ, 1 (1798), 463. 19. AR, 28 (1798), 333–4. 20. AJ, 1 (1798), 618. 21. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834), Fears in Solitude, Written in 1798, During the Alarm of an Invasion (London: J. Johnson, 1798), ll. 155, 93–4. 22. Morning Post, 16 April 1798. For reviews of Coleridge’s Conciones Ad Populum (1795) and Poems on Various Subjects (1796), see AR, 23 (1796), 90–2, 610–12. His poetry had also been printed in the Monthly Magazine. Southey (whose Botany Bay Eclogues Johnson also refused) had made his own sequence of visits to St Paul’s Churchyard in the spring of 1797. 23. Coleridge called in at Remnant’s three times in September to buy books. William Notes 211

and Dorothy Wordsworth also visited Remnant’s shop and borrowed a copy of the Analytical. 24. See The Letters of Charles Lamb, ed. E. V. Lucas and arranged by Guy Pocock (2 vols; London: J. M. Dent, 1950), I. 141. 25. AR, 28 (1798), 590–2. The reviewer was probably Mrs Barbauld, whom Coleridge had met in London at the same time as Johnson. 26. According to John Aikin, Johnson’s prosecution was ‘by many considered as the ungenerous indulgence of a long-hoarded spleen against him on account of pub- lications not liable to legal censure, though displeasing to Authority.’ See Aikin, 1167. 27. H. T. Dickinson, British Radicalism and the French Revolution 1789–1815 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), p. 26. 28. The Times, 18 July 1798, pp. 2–3. Lindsey lamented that Johnson’s case was ‘not set forth with all the force and distinction that was due to it’ and Fuseli thought that Erskine forgot ‘the interest of his client, in the wish to shew his own po- litical opinions, and to make a display of his oratorical powers’. Erskine’s ‘excul- pation’ of Cuthell was based entirely upon his ‘disconnecting [him] from the work as a CRIMINAL publisher’. See MS 12.57 (12) DWL; Knowles (ed.), Henry Fuseli, I. 202; and ST, XXVII. 656–7. 29. The Times, 18 July 1798, p. 3. Samuel Heywood later submitted an affidavit stating that he held Johnson to be ‘a moral and upright man, and well affected towards the Constitution of this country’. See The Times, 16 November 1798, p. 3. 30. Quoted in Tyson, pp. 160–1. Reportedly, Johnson would not allow the works of the atheist and republican John Hollis (1757–1824) to be brought into his shop, ‘at which place they were advertised to be sold’, because they were ‘so strongly tinged with extravagance and virulence’. See A Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Henry Colburn, 1816), p. 161. Hollis’s Sober and Serious Reasons for Scepticism, As It Concerns Revealed Religion (1796) appeared with Johnson’s imprint, just like his earlier Essays Meant as an Offering in Support of Rational Religion (1790). 31. Quoted in Tyson, p. 161. 32. Memoirs of . . . James Lackington, p. 239; and Aikin, 1167–8. 33. I am extremely grateful to Beth Lau for allowing me to consult her as yet unpub- lished paper, ‘William Godwin and the Joseph Johnson Circle: the Evidence of the Diaries’ (read at the 2001 MLA Conference), in order to substantiate these points. 34. West, 204. In his obituary of Johnson in the Morning Chronicle, Godwin described his shop as ‘the perpetual resort of all his connections in seasons of difficulty and embarrassment.’ Johnson, though helpful, seems always to have had Godwin’s measure: on the occasion of Wollstonecraft’s marriage he noted, ‘no money on either side, nor the means of procuring it but by literary exertion’. See Tyson, p. 215; and Johnson to Charles Wollstonecraft, 15 July 1797, BL. 35. AR, 22 (1795), 636. 36. See Dickinson, British Radicalism and the French Revolution, p. 69: cf. AR, 22 (1795), 348: ‘. . . the perfectibility of man...is not...a modern and a french [notion], terms that at present are sufficient to blacken any opinion, but an old english doctrine, asserted by writers of the best heads and best hearts that this country has produced.’ 212 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

37. AJ, 1 (1798), 467; Ian Maxted, The London Book Trades 1775–1800 (Folkestone: Dawson, 1977), p. 73; and Chard, ‘Bookseller to Publisher’, 139–40. Eaton died in poverty in Deptford in 1814, having been tried eight times in all for seditious libel. 38. Cookson, The Friends of Peace, p. 99. 39. Aikin, 1168. Fuseli’s friend and biographer John Knowles, who visited St Paul’s Churchyard, echoes this view: ‘. . . though the conversation took a free range; yet the placid equanimity of their host regulated in some degree its freedom, and kept it within due bounds.’ See Knowles (ed.) Henry Fuseli, I. 301. 40. Wollstonecraft, Historical and Moral View of the ...French Revolution, p. 239; and Veitch, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform, pp. 131–2. 41. Priestley, Essay on . . . Government, p. 95; and Edward Royle and James Walvin, English Radicals and Reformers 1760–1848 (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1982), p. 43. 42. Johnson to R. L. Edgeworth 18–19 February 1799, BL. 43. AR, 27 (1798), 112, and 22 (1795), 20–1, 35. 44. AR, 22 (1795), 83, 499, and 27 (1798), 21, 389. 45. J. Ann Hone, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1820 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982), p. 49. 46. Johnson to R. L. Edgeworth, 18 February 1799, BL. Gilbert Wakefield’s remarks during his trial suggest that he was aware of Johnson’s condition: ‘. . . confine- ment in a prison, and absence from home, is not the same evil to me in many respects as to a bookseller . . . who can employ himself at a distance in regulat- ing his concerns and settling his accounts, whilst the current business of the shop and warehouse is conducted with little detriment to the principal by diligent and faithful substitutes’. See ST, XXVII. 750. 47. Chard, 73. 48. Dyer, Poems (London: J. Johnson, G. G. and J. Robinsons, Longman and Rees, Symonds, Debrett, Ridgeway and Bagster; and Cambridge: Flower, 1800), pp. xxxvi–xxxvii. Flower had only recently been released from Newgate, having served six months for libel for slating the Bishop of Llandaff in the Cambridge Intelligencer. Dyer’s edition was finally printed for the author and sold by Longman and Rees in 1801. 49. Johnson offered Davy £70 for his Researches, Chemical and Philosophical, Chiefly Concerning Nitrous Oxide (1800), a sizeable and controversial work which con- tained accounts of the effects of the gas by, among others, Coleridge and Southey, and which was seized upon by anti-Jacobin critics. Davy became a frequent guest at Johnson’s dinner table after his appointment as lecturer in chemistry at the Royal Institution in London in 1801. 50. Johnson to anonymous correspondent, October–November 1801, BL. John Jones (c.1768–1827) was a former student of Hackney who at this time ran a school in Halifax. His work, A Development of Remarkable Events, Calculated to Restore the Christian Religion to Its Original Purity, and to Repel the Objections of Unbeliev- ers (2 vols, 1800), was printed in Leeds by Edward Baines, dissenting editor of the Leeds Mercury, the premier Whig newspaper in Yorkshire. Baines also printed two sermons by William Wood (one on the death of Newcome Cappe) which Johnson sold during 1800–1. 51. From 1798 until 1803, Walker was Professor of Theology at Manchester College (Warrington’s successor) and active in the Manchester Literary and Philosophi- cal Society. Notes 213

52. Monthly Review, 38 (1802), 446–7. 53. Grace A. Ellis, A Memoir of Mrs Anna Laetitia Barbauld (2 vols; Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1874), I. 243; and Jeremiah Joyce (1763–1816), Courage and Union in a Time of National Danger (London: J. Johnson and W. Vidler, 1803), pp. 15–16, 20. Johnson also published a popular but anonymous set of Scientific Dialogues, Intended For the Instruction and Entertainment of Young People (6 vols, 1800–5) by Joyce, who was often obliged to suppress his name. Joyce mentions dining with the bookseller in an undated letter (probably written around 1808) to Belsham. See MS 12.58 (20) DWL. 54. AR, 13 (1792), 394–401. Rutt (1760–1841) was the son of a wealthy Cheapside druggist and had studied as a boy with Joshua Toulmin. He had joined his father’s business but retained a keen interest in literature and religion. He had early joined the SCI and was an original member of the Society of the Friends of the People. By 1796 he had become a leading member of the Gravel-Pit con- gregation at Hackney and a convert to Unitarianism. 55. Memoirs of . . . Gilbert Wakefield, I. 150, 195–6, and II. 128. 56. Ibid., I. vii, and II. 41–5. 57. Cookson, The Friends of Peace, pp. 91, 109. 58. Hazlitt mentions being lectured to from Bonnycastle’s ‘Algebra’ and Keats was awarded a copy of his popular Introduction to Astronomy as a school prize in 1811, the year a sixth edition appeared. 59. Maria (1767–1849) and Richard Lovell Edgeworth (1744–1817), Practical Educa- tion (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1798), I. ix. The Edgeworths referred readers to Priestley’s Essay on a Course of Liberal Education (1765) and praised the Aikins’ Lessons for Children (1778) and Evenings at Home (1793) as ‘by far the best books of the kind that have ever appeared’. In a sustained advertisement for St Paul’s Churchyard, they also recommended Enfield’s Speaker, ‘Priestley’s History of Vision, and parts of the Works of Franklin, of Chaptal, Lavoisier, and Darwin’. Johnson himself gave many presents of the work to ‘persons who had the care of children but could not well afford to buy it.’ See ibid., I. 81, 115–16; and Johnson to R. L. Edgeworth, 18–19 February 1799, BL. 60. Marilyn Butler, Maria Edgeworth: a Literary Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), pp. 114, 122–4, 207. Edgeworth visited Johnson in prison with her father in the spring of 1799, at which time her elder brother Lovell was a regular visitor to St Paul’s Churchyard. 61. William Hayley (1745–1820), The Life and Posthumous Writings of William Cowper, Esqr. (4 vols; Chichester: printed by J. Seagrave for J. Johnson, London, 1806), I. 17; and Russell, A Bibliography of William Cowper, pp. 158, 245. 62. ‘Beachy Head’ (1807), ll. 143–53, in The Poems of Charlotte Smith, ed. Stuart Curran (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 223. 63. See Tyson, p. 204. 64. Letters of William Blake, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 11, 70. Blake made 18 engravings for Johnson in the period 1800–4, includ- ing six for Hayley’s Life of Cowper. 65. Ibid., pp. 99–100; and Rodgers, Georgian Chronicle, p. 132. George Gregory did a good deal of literary work for Phillips and succeeded Aikin as editor of the Monthly Magazine in 1806. 66. Letters of William Blake, p. 87; and Lamb, Letters, I. 273–4. 67. Tyson, p. 192. In 1802 Priestley claimed not to have heard from Johnson for two years. By mid-1803 he and his son had sent over a dozen letters to St Paul’s 214 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Churchyard and received only one. See ibid., p. 189. The month before his death, however, Priestley received an unsolicited box of books from Johnson and asked Lindsey to apologize for his ‘dissatisfaction with respect to his conduct’. See MS JP10 University of Birmingham Library. 68. Edinburgh Review, 9 (1806), 147. A further edition of the Memoirs was printed by ‘the several Unitarian Societies in England’ and sold by Johnson in 1809. 69. Belsham only moved to Essex Street after Hannah Lindsey’s death in 1812. He was eventually buried in the same grave as Lindsey. 70. In 1825 the Unitarian Fund merged with the Unitarian Book Society and the Association to Protect the Civil Rights of Unitarians (established in 1819) to form the British and Foreign Unitarian Society. 71. Charles (1775–1847), John Aikin’s third son, was adopted by his aunt Mrs Barbauld and educated along with his brother at her school at Palgrave. He became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons and married Gilbert Wakefield’s daughter. Arthur Aikin (1773–1854) trained for the dissenting min- istry but his real passion was science. He edited the Longmans’ Annual Review (1803–9), to which his father, aunt and sister, Lucy, all contributed. William Henry (1774–1836) trained with Thomas Percival and became physician at the Manchester Infirmary. He married the daughter of Thomas Butterworth Bayley. 72. The Liberal, 2 (1823), 24. Born in Devon, Rowe (1764–1832) had been educated at Exeter and Hoxton. His name had appeared with Johnson’s on the SCI dis- tribution list for Paine’s letter to Dundas in 1792. 73. Lamb, Letters, I. 273, 278–9. Hazlitt even thought the preface long and tedious. Henry Crabb Robinson, however, thought it contained ‘some of the best remarks’ on Kant’s philosophy he had ever seen. See Henry Crabb Robinson on Books and Their Writers, ed. Edith J. Morley (3 vols; London: J. M. Dent, 1938), III. 844–5. 74. Edgeworth, Practical Education, II. 154, 107; and Lamb, Letters, I. 228. 75. See Cookson, The Friends of Peace, pp. 105–6. Owen Rees (1770–1837) had started out in the Bristol book trade before moving to London in 1794. His younger brother, Thomas (1777–1864), trained for the dissenting ministry and in 1807 was appointed afternoon preacher at Newington Green, where he became well acquainted with the Aikins. 76. John Hewlett (1762–1844), The Jubilee; or, Motives for Thanksgiving and Con- gratulation Derived from a Consideration of the Character and Conduct of Our Most Gracious Sovereign, King George the Third (London: F. and C. Rivington, J. Johnson and J. Mawman, 1809), pp. 6–7, 10. 77. Belsham, The Year of Jubilee Considered in a Discourse Delivered at the Unitarian Chapel in Essex Street, on Sunday, 22 October, 1809 (London: J. Johnson, 1809), pp. 36, 21. 78. William West cites Hunter as Johnson’s nephew, as does Thornton Hunt in his edition of Leigh Hunt’s Autobiography. Certainly, he had lived for some time with Johnson (at least 12 years on the basis of Wollstonecraft’s letters) and been edu- cated at the Barbaulds’ school at Palgrave. However, there is no strict evidence to support a family connection. 79. See Hunt, Autobiography, p. 173 n2; and Letters of Percy Bysshe Shelley, ed. Roger Ingpen (2 vols; London: G. Bell, 1914), I. 70, 51. 80. Hunt, Autobiography, pp. 18–19, 9. 81. Ibid., p. 175; Examiner, 25 July 1819; and Leigh Hunt’s Political and Occasional Essays, ed. L. H. Houtchens and C. W. Houtchens (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1962), p. 37. Notes 215

82. Raymond G. Cowherd, The Politics of English Dissent (New York: New York University Press, 1956), pp. 70–1. 83. Bernard Lord Manning, The Protestant Dissenting Deputies, ed. Ormerod Greenwood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952), p. 225. Through- out the 1820s ‘temperate discussion’ of the Test Act in ‘useful and judicious tracts and addresses’ was deemed highly valuable to the dissenters’ cause, just as in the 1780s. Samuel Heywood was asked (but proved too ill) to revise The Right of Protestant Dissenters to a Complete Toleration Asserted but 2,000 copies of Samuel Pearce’s 1790 sermon on the Test Act were reprinted. It was also in these years that John Towill Rutt published his large edition of Priestley’s Theological and Miscellaneous Works (25 vols, 1817–31). See Manning, The Protestant Dis- senting Deputies, pp. 232, 248. Bibliography

1. Manuscripts

Bodleian Library Dep. e. 196–211 Diary of William Godwin (Abinger Collection)

British Library RP 5898 Joseph Johnson Business Letter Book II (1795–1810)

Dr Williams’s Library 12.12 Priestley Correspondence 12.44 Letters from Theophilus Lindsey to William Turner 12.45 (115–27) Letters from Gilbert Wakefield to William Frend 12.45 (130–54) Joshua Toulmin Correspondence 12.57 Lindsey Correspondence 12.58 (20) Undated letter from Jeremiah Joyce to Thomas Belsham 12.58 (31–48) Letters from Joseph Priestley to Joseph Johnson

University of Birmingham Library JP1-13 Letters of Joseph Priestley

University of Edinburgh Library La. II. 284 Undated note from Alexander Geddes to Joseph Johnson La. II. 423/158 A. Jardine to Joseph Johnson (6 June 1792) La. II. 647/11–13 John Aikin to Joseph Johnson (1782–4) La. II. 647/85 Undated note from Thomas Christie to Joseph Johnson La. III. 379/500–1 Joseph Johnson to G. J. Thorkelin (1788)

John Rylands University Library of Manchester Uncatalogued letters from Theophilus Lindsey to William Tayleur (23 February and 9 April 1791)

National Library of Scotland 3701–3 Montrose Correspondence of Alexander Christie

2. Biographical Material

Joseph Johnson Aikin, John, ‘Biographical Account of the Late Mr. Joseph Johnson’, Gentleman’s Magazine, 106 (December 1809), 1167–8 Chard, Leslie F., ‘Bookseller to Publisher: Joseph Johnson and the English Book Trade, 1760 to 1810’, Library, 32 (1977), 138–54

216 Bibliography 217

—‘Joseph Johnson: Father of the Book Trade’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 79 (1976), 51–82 Engstrom, Andrea Altea, ‘Joseph Johnson’s Circle and the Analytical Review: a Study of English Radicals in the Late Eighteenth Century’, PhD Thesis, University of Southern California (1986) Mann, Phyllis G., ‘Death of a London Bookseller’, Keats–Shelley Memorial Bulletin, 15 (1964), 8–12 Smyser, Jane Worthington, ‘The Trial and Imprisonment of Joseph Johnson, Book- seller’, Bulletin of the New York Public Library, 77 (1973–4), 418–35 Stephens, Alexander, ‘Stephensiana. No. III’, Monthly Magazine, 52, no. 361 (1821), 424–30 Tomalin, Claire, ‘Publisher in Prison: Joseph Johnson and the book trade’, Times Literary Supplement (2 December 1994), 15–16 Tyson, Gerald P., Joseph Johnson: a Liberal Publisher (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1979) —‘Joseph Johnson, an Eighteenth-Century Bookseller’, Studies in Bibliography, 28 (1975), 1–16 West, William, ‘Letters to My Son at Rome: XI. Mr. Johnson, of St. Paul’s Church-Yard, and His Literary Connexions’, Aldine Magazine (1839), 201–5 Zall, Paul M., ‘The Cool World of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Joseph Johnson, or the Perils of Publishing’, Wordsworth Circle, 3, no. 1 (1972), 25–30

General A Biographical Dictionary of the Living Authors of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Henry Colburn, 1816) Ackroyd, Peter, Blake (London: Sinclar Stevenson, 1995) Aikin, Lucy, Memoir of John Aikin, M.D. (2 vols; London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1823) —Memoirs, Miscellanies and Letters of the Late Lucy Aikin, ed. Philip Hemery Le Breton (London: Longman, Roberts and Green, 1864) Aldridge, A. Owen, Man of Reason: the Life of Thomas Paine (London: Cresset Press, 1960) Anon., Some Account of the Life and Writings of Mrs Trimmer (2 vols; London: F. C. and J. Rivington, J. Johnson and Co. and J. Hatchard, 1814) Beloe, William, The Sexagenarian; or, The Recollections of a Literary Life (2 vols; London: F. C. and J. Rivington, 1817) Belsham, Thomas, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Theophilus Lindsey, M.A. (London: J. Johnson and Co., 1812) Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals, Volume 1: 1780–1830, ed. Joseph O. Baylen and Norbert J. Gossman (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1979) Boswell, James, Life of Johnson, ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980) Bull Josiah (ed.), John Newton of Olney and St. Mary Woolnoth. An Autobiography and Narrative Compiled Chiefly from His Diary by the Rev. Josiah Bull (London: Religious Tract Society, 1868) Butler, Marilyn, Maria Edgeworth: a Literary Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972) Chandler, George, William Roscoe of Liverpool (London: B. T. Batsford, 1953) Dictionary of National Biography Durden, Robert F., ‘Joel Barlow in the French Revolution’, William and Mary Quarterly, 8, no. 3 (1951), 327–54 218 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Ellis, Grace A., A Memoir of Mrs Anna Laetitia Barbauld, With Many of Her Letters, and a Selection from the Poems and Prose Writings (2 vols; Boston: James R. Osgood & Co., 1874) Gibbs, F. W., Joseph Priestley, Adventurer in Science and Champion of Truth (London: Nelson, 1965) Gilchrist, Alexander, The Life of William Blake (London: Dent, 1942) Godwin, William, Memoirs of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman (London: J. Johnson and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798) Good, John Mason, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of the Rev. Alexander Geddes (London: G. Kearsley, 1803) Harbottle, Stephen, The Reverend William Turner: Dissent and Reform in Georgian Newcastle upon Tyne (Leeds: Northern Universities Press, 1997) Hawke, David Freeman, Paine (New York: Harper and Row, 1974) Hay, Carla H., James Burgh: Spokesman for Reform in Hanoverian England (Washington: University Press of America, 1979) Hayley, William, The Life and Posthumous Writings of William Cowper, Esqr. (4 vols; Chichester: printed by J. Seagrave for J. Johnson, London, 1806) Hazlitt, W. Carew, Memoirs of William Hazlitt (2 vols; London: Richard Bentley, 1867) Holmes, Richard, Coleridge: Early Vision (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990) Holt, Anne Durning, A Life of Joseph Priestley (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1931) Howe, P. P., The Life of William Hazlitt (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1947) Hunt, Leigh, Autobiography, ed. J. E. Morpurgo (London: Cresset Press, 1949) Jones, Stanley, Hazlitt: a Life. From Winterslow to Frith Street (Oxford, 1989) Keane, John, Tom Paine: a Political Life (London: Bloomsbury, 1996) Kegan Paul, Charles, William Godwin: His Friends and Contemporaries (2 vols; London: Henry S. King, 1876) King-Hele, Desmond, Doctor of Revolution: the Life and Genius of Erasmus Darwin (London: Faber, 1977) Knight, Frida, University Rebel: the Life of William Frend (1757–1841) (London: Victor Gollancz, 1971) Knowles, John, The Life and Writings of Henry Fuseli (2 vols; London: Colburn and Bentley, 1831) Locke, Don, A Fantasy of Reason: the Life and Thought of William Godwin (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980) Malone, Dumas, The Public Life of Thomas Cooper 1783–1839 (London: Humphrey Milford, 1926) Marshall, Peter H., William Godwin (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984) Mathews, Godfrey, William Roscoe: a Memoir (London: Mitre Press, 1931) Miller, Victor Clyde, Joel Barlow: Revolutionist, London, 1791–2 (Hamburg: Friederichsen, de Gruyter and Co., 1932) Moorman, Mary, William Wordsworth: a Biography (2 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957–65) Osborne, John W., John Cartwright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972) Priestley, Joseph, A Scientific Autobiography of Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), ed. Robert E. Schofield (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1966) —Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley, To the Year 1795, Written By Himself: With A Continu- ation, to the Time of His Decease, By His Son, Joseph Priestley: And Observations on His Writings, By Thomas Cooper . . . and the Rev. William Christie (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1806–7) Bibliography 219

Rodgers, Betsy, Georgian Chronicle: Mrs. Barbauld and Her Family (London: Methuen, 1958) Roscoe, Henry, The Life of William Roscoe (2 vols; London: T. Cadell; and Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1833) Rutt, John Towill (ed.), Memoirs of the Life of Gilbert Wakefield (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1804) Schofield, Robert E., The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1733 to 1773 (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997) St Clair, William, The Godwins and the Shelleys (London: Faber, 1990) Stephens, Alexander, Memoirs of John Horne Tooke (2 vols; London: J. Johnson and Co., 1813) Thomas, Peter D. G., John Wilkes: A Friend to Liberty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) Thorpe, T. E., Joseph Priestley (London: J. M. Dent, 1906) Tomalin, Claire, The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft (London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974) Van Doren, Carl, Benjamin Franklin (New York: Viking Press, 1938) Wardle, Ralph M., Mary Wollstonecraft: a Critical Biography (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1951) —‘Mary Wollstonecraft, Analytical Reviewer’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America (PMLA), 62 (1947), 1000–9 Williams, John, Memoirs of the Late Reverend Thomas Belsham (London: printed for the author, 1833) Woodress, James, A Yankee’s Odyssey: the Life of Joel Barlow (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1958)

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Aikin, John, (anon.) An Address to the Dissidents of England on Their Late Defeat (London: J. Johnson, 1790) —(anon.) The Spirit of the Constitution and That of the Church of England, Compared (London: J. Johnson, 1790) Aikin, John, and Barbauld, Anna Laetitia, Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose (3rd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1792) Almon, John (anon.) An Impartial History of the Late War (London: J. Johnson and J. Curtis, 1763) Amory, Thomas (anon.), The Life of John Buncle, Esq. (London: J. Johnson and B. Davenport, 1766) Anon., A General History of Sieges and Battles By Sea and Land (12 vols; London: J. Curtis and J. Johnson, 1762) Anon., An Alarm to Dissenters and Methodists (London: G. Keith, and Johnson and Payne, 1769) Anon., An Essay on Parliament, and the Causes of Unequal Representation (London: J. Johnson, 1793) Anon., An Ode to the People of England (London: G. Kearsly [sic], Johnson and Payne, and G. Woodfall, 1769) Anon., Political Empiricism: a Letter to the Rev. John Wesley (London: J. Johnson, 1776) Anon., Thoughts on Civilization, and the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in Africa and the West Indies (London: J. Sewell, [1789]) Barbauld (née Aikin), Anna Laetitia, (anon.) An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1790) 220 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

—Poems (London: J. Johnson, 1792) —Poems, ed. William McCarthy and Elizabeth Kraft (Athens, GA, and London: University of Georgia Press, 1994) —(anon.) Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation (4th edn, London: J. Johnson, 1793) —Works, ed. Lucy Aikin (2 vols; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1825) Barlow, Joel, (anon.) Advice to the Privileged Orders in the Several States of Europe, Result- ing from the Necessity and Propriety of a General Revolution in the Principle of Govern- ment. Part 1 (New York: Childs and Swaine, 1792) —Advice to the Privileged Orders . . . Part II (Paris: printed at the English Press and sold by Barrois, 1793) —A Letter to the National Convention of France, on the Defects in the Constitution of 1791, and the Extent of the Amendments Which Ought To Be Applied (London: J. Johnson, 1792) —The Conspiracy of Kings; A Poem: Addressed to the Inhabitants of Europe, From Another Quarter of the World (London: J. Johnson, 1792) Baron, Richard, The Pillars of Priestcraft and Orthodoxy Shaken (4 vols; 2nd edn, London: T. Cadell, G. Kearsley, J. Payne and J. Johnson, and N. Young, 1768) Belsham, Thomas, The Situation, the Prospects, and the Duties, of Britons in the Present Crisis of Alarm and Danger (London: J. Johnson, 1803) —The Year of Jubilee Considered in a Discourse Delivered at the Unitarian Chapel in Essex Street, on Sunday, 22 October, 1809 (London: J. Johnson, 1809) Blackstone, William, Commentaries on the Laws of England (4 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1765–69) Blake, William, Complete Writings, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985) —Letters, ed. Geoffrey Keynes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980) —Writings, ed. G. E. Bentley, Jr (2 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978) Bousfield, Benjamin, Observations on the Right Hon. Edmund Burke’s Pamphlet, on the Subject of the French Revolution (London: J. Johnson, 1791) Burgh, James, The Dignity of Human Nature (2 vols; London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, and T. Cadell, 1767) Burke, Edmund, Correspondence (10 vols; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1958–78) —Reflections on the Revolution in France, ed. Conor Cruise O’Brien (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987) —Writings and Speeches. Volume VIII: the French Revolution 1790–1794, ed. L. G. Mitchell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) Cameron, Kenneth Neill (ed.), Shelley and his Circle 1773–1822 (4 vols; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961–70) Cappe, Newcome, A Sermon Preached on Wednesday the 21st of February, MDCCLXXXI. . . . to a Congregation of Protestant-dissenters, in Saint Saviour-Gate, York (York: printed by A. Ward and sold by J. Johnson and T. Cadell, London, and by the booksellers in York, 1781) —A Sermon Preached on Friday the Fourth of February, MDCCLXXX....(York: printed by A. Ward and sold by J. Johnson and T. Cadell, London, and by the booksellers in York, 1780) —(anon.) Remarks in Vindication of Dr. Priestley, on that Article of the Monthly Review for June, 1783, Which Relates to the First Part of Dr. Priestley’s History of the Corrup- tions of Christianity (London: J. Johnson, 1783) Bibliography 221

Cartwright, John, Life and Correspondence, ed. F. D. Cartwright (2 vols; London: Henry Colburn, 1826) —The Commonwealth in Danger (London: J. Johnson, 1795) Christie, Thomas, Letters on the Revolution of France, and on the New Constitution Established By the National Assembly (London: J. Johnson, 1791) —The French Constitution, As Finally Settled By the National Constituent Assembly, and Presented to the King, Sept. 3, 1791 (London: J. Johnson, 1791) Claeys, Gregory (ed.), Political Writings of the 1790s (8 vols; London: William Pickering, 1995) Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, Collected Letters, ed. Earl Leslie Griggs (6 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956–71) —Fears in Solitude, Written in 1798, During the Alarm of an Invasion. To which are added, France, An Ode; and Frost at Midnight (London: J. Johnson, 1798) Cooper, Thomas, A Reply to Mr. Burke’s Invective Against Mr. Cooper, and Mr. Watt, in the House of Commons, on the 30th of April, 1792 (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson; and Manchester: M. Falkner and Co., 1792) Cowper, William, Letters and Prose Writings, ed. James King and Charles Ryskamp (5 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979–86) —Poems (London: J. Johnson, 1782) —Poems, Volume I: 1748–1782 and Volume II: 1782–1785, ed. John D. Baird and Charles Ryskamp (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980 and 1995) —The Task, A Poem, in Six Books (London: J. Johnson, 1785) Crabb Robinson, Henry, Books and Their Writers, ed. Edith J. Morley (3 vols; London: J. M. Dent, 1938) —Diary, Reminiscences, and Correspondence, ed. Thomas Sadler (3 vols; London: Macmillan, 1869) Darwin, Erasmus, (anon.) The Botanic Garden: a Poem, in Two Parts (London: J. Johnson, 1791) —Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1794–96) Dickson, William, Letters on Slavery (London: J. Phillips, J. Johnson, and Elliot and Kay, 1789) Disney, John (anon.), A Short View of the Controversies Occasioned by the Confessional, and the Petition to Parliament for Relief in the Matter of Subscription (London: J. Johnson, 1773) Dyer, George, Poems (London: J. Johnson, G. G. and J. Robinsons, Longman and Rees, Symonds, Debrett, Ridgeway and Bagster; and Cambridge: Flower, [1800]) Edgeworth, Maria and Richard Lovell, Practical Education (2 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1798) Enfield, William, A Sermon on the Centennial Commemoration of the Revolution (London: J. Johnson, 1788) —Observations on Literary Property (London: J. Johnson, 1774) Equiano, Olaudah, Equiano’s Travels: His Autobiography. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African, ed. Paul Edwards (London: Heinemann, 1967) Falconar, Maria and Harriet, Poems on Slavery (London: T. and J. Egerton, J. Murray and J. Johnson, 1788) Fawcett, Joseph, The Art of War. A Poem (London: J. Johnson, 1795) —Poems (London: J. Johnson, 1798) —War Elegies (London: J. Johnson, [1802]) 222 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Franklin, Benjamin, Letters to the Press 1758–1775, ed. Verner W. Crane (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1950) —Papers, ed. Leonard W. Labaree (13 vols; New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1960–69) —Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces (London: J. Johnson, 1779) —Private Correspondence, ed. William Temple Franklin (2 vols; London: Henry Colburn, 1817) Frend, William, An Address to the Inhabitants of Cambridge and Its Neighbourhood, Exhorting Them to Turn from the False Worship of Three Persons, to the Worship of the One True God (St Ives: printed by T. Bloom and sold by all the booksellers in Cambridge, W. Davis, Ely, and the printer, 1788) —Thoughts on Subscription to Religious Tests, Particularly That Required By the University of Cambridge (St Ives: printed by T. Bloom and sold by J. and J. Merrill, and J. Bowtell, Cambridge, D. Prince, Oxford, and J. Johnson, London, 1788) Fuseli, Henry, Collected English Letters, ed. David H. Weinglass (London: Kraus Inter- national, 1982) Geddes, Alexander, (anon.) An Apology for Slavery; or, Six Cogent Arguments Against the Immediate Abolition of the Slave-Trade (London: J. Johnson and R. Faulder, 1792) Godwin, William, (anon.) Considerations on Lord Grenville’s and Mr. Pitt’s Bills, Concerning Treasonable and Seditious Practices, and Unlawful Assemblies (London: J. Johnson, 1795) Gregory, George, Essays Historical and Moral (London: J. Johnson, 1785) Hazlitt, William, Complete Works, ed. P. P. Howe (21 vols; London: J. M. Dent, 1930–4) —Letters, ed. Herschel Moreland Sikes, assisted by Willard Hallam Bonner and Gerald Lahey (New York: New York University Press, 1978) —‘My First Acquaintance with Poets’, Liberal, 2 (1823) Hewlett, John, The Jubilee; or, Motives for Thanksgiving and Congratulation Derived from a Consideration of the Character and Conduct of Our Most Gracious Sovereign, King George the Third (London: F. and C. Rivington, J. Johnson and J. Mawman, 1809) Heywood, Samuel, (anon.) High Church Politics: Being A Seasonable Appeal to the Friends of the British Constitution, Against the Practices and Principles of High Churchmen (London: J. Johnson, 1792) —The Right of Protestant Dissenters to a Compleat Toleration Asserted (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson and J. Debrett, 1789) Horne Tooke, John, A Letter to John Dunning, Esq. (London: J. Johnson, 1778) —Epea Pteroenta. Or, The Diversions of Purley. Part I (London: J. Johnson, 1786) —Two Pair of Portraits (London: J. Johnson and J. Stockdale, 1788) Horne Tooke, John, and Price, Richard, (anon.) Facts: Addressed to the Landholders, Stockholders, Merchants, Farmers, Manufacturers, Tradesmen, Proprietors of Every Description, and Generally to All the Subjects of Great Britain and Ireland (London: J. Johnson and J. Almon, [1780]) Horsley, Samuel, A Charge to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of St. Albans (London: n.p., 1783) Hunt, Leigh, Political and Occasional Essays, ed. L. H. Houtchens and C. W. Houtchens (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1962) Jebb, John, (anon.) An Address to the Freeholders of Middlesex, Assembled at Free Masons Tavern, in Great Queen Street, Upon Monday the 20th of December 1779 (3rd edn, London: J. Dixwell, T. Cadell, J. Almon, J. Johnson and J. Bew, 1780) —Works Theological, Medical, Political, and Miscellaneous, ed. John Disney (London: T. Cadell, J. Johnson and J. Stockdale; and Cambridge: J. and J. Merrill, 1787) Bibliography 223

Johnson, John, Jesus the King of Kings: A Sermon Preached at Liverpool, on the 22d [sic] Day of September 1761 (London: J. Johnson, 1762) Johnson, Samuel, Lives of the English Poets, ed. George Birkbeck Hill (3 vols; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1945) Joyce, Jeremiah, Courage and Union in a Time of National Danger (London: J. Johnson and W. Vidler, 1803) Lamb, Charles, Letters, ed. E.V. Lucas and arranged by Guy Pocock (2 vols; London: J.M. Dent, 1950) Lennox, Charles, A Letter from His Grace the Duke of Richmond to Lieutenant Colonel Sharman, Chairman to the Committee of Correspondence Appointed By the Delegates of Forty-Five Corps of Volunteers, Assembled at Lisburn in Ireland; With Notes, By A Member of the Society for Constitutional Information (London: sold by J. Johnson and all other booksellers in Great Britain and Ireland, 1792) Lindsey, Theophilus, Letters, ed. Herbert McLachlan (Manchester: Publication of University of Manchester, 1920) Lofft, Capel, Remarks on the Letter of the Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke, Concerning the Revo- lution in France, and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London, Relative to that Event (London: J. Johnson, 1790; 2nd edn, London: J. Johnson; and Bury St Edmunds: J. Rackham, 1791) Lonsdale, Roger, (ed.) Eighteenth-Century Women Poets (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) Macgowan, John, (pseud.) The Arians and Socinians Monitor (3rd edn, London: W. Row, G. Porter, M. Priestley and J. Barker, 1795) McLachlan, Herbert, ‘More Letters of Theophilus Lindsey’, Transactions of the Unitar- ian Historical Society, 3 (1926), 361–77 Murray, James, (anon.) Sermons to Asses (London: J. Johnson, T. Cadell; and Newcastle: W. Charnley, 1768) Newton, John, One Hundred and Twenty Nine Letters . . . to the Reverend William Bull, ed. T. P. Bull (London: Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1847) Paine, Thomas, Complete Works (London: E. Truelove, 1875) —Rights of Man (London: J. Johnson, 1791) —Rights of Man, Common Sense and Other Political Writings, ed. Mark Philp (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995) —Rights of Man. Part The Second (London: J. S. Jordan, 1792) —Writings, ed. M. D. Conway (4 vols; New York: AMS Press, 1967) Palmer, John, King David’s Death, and Solomon’s Succession to the Throne, Considered and Improved, in A Sermon, Occasioned By the Death of . . . King George the Second, and the Accession of . . . King George the Third Preached in New Broad-Street, Nov. 2, 1760 (London: C. Henderson, R. Griffiths and J. Johnson, 1760) Price, Richard, A Discourse on the Love of One’s Country, Delivered on Nov. 4, 1789, at the Meeting-House in the Old Jewry, to the Society for Commemorating the Revolution in Great Britain (London: T. Cadell, 1789) —Correspondence ...Volume 1: July 1748-March 1778, ed. D. O. Thomas and Bernard Peach (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1983) —Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty, the Principles of Government, and the Justice and Policy of the War with America (11th edn, London: T. Cadell, E. and C. Dilly and J. Johnson, 1776) —Political Writings, ed. D. O. Thomas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) Priestley, Joseph, A Catechism for Children, and Young Persons (6th edn, Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1791) 224 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

—(anon.) A Free Address to Those who have Petitioned for the Repeal of the Late Act of Parliament, In Favour of the Roman Catholics (London: J. Johnson, 1780) —A Letter to the Right Honourable William Pitt . . . on the Subjects of Toleration and Church Establishments (2nd edn, London: J. Johnson and J. Debrett, 1787) —(anon.) An Address to Protestant Dissenters of All Denominations, on the Approaching Election of Members of Parliament, With Respect to the State of Public Liberty in General, and of American Affairs in Particular (London: J. Johnson, 1774) —(anon.) An Appeal to the Serious and Candid Professors of Christianity (4th edn, London: J. Johnson, 1772) —An Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (London: C. Henderson, T. Becket and P. De Hondt, and J. Johnson and B. Davenport, 1765) —An Essay on the First Principles of Government; and on the Nature of Political, Civil, and Religious Liberty (London: J. Dodsley, T. Cadell and J. Johnson, 1768; 2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1771) —An History of the Corruptions of Christianity (2 vols; Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1782) —A Sermon on the Subject of the Slave Trade; Delivered to a Society of Protestant Dissenters, at the New Meeting, in Birmingham (Birmingham: printed for the author and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1788) —A View of the Principles and Conduct of the Protestant Dissenters (2nd ed, London: J. Johnson, [1770]) —Considerations on Church-Authority; Occasioned By Dr. Balguy’s Sermon, on That Subject (London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769) —Defences of Unitarianism, in Three Parts (London: J. Johnson, 1787–90) —Letters to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, Occasioned By His Reflections on the Revolution in France, &c. (Birmingham: printed by Thomas Pearson and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1791) —Life and Correspondence, ed. John Towill Rutt (2 vols; London: R. Hunter, M. Eaton and C. Fox, 1831–32) —Political Writings, ed. Peter N. Miller (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) —Remarks on Some Paragraphs in the Fourth Volume of Dr. Blackstone’s Commentaries on the Laws of England, Relating to the Dissenters (London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1769) —The Conduct to be Observed By Dissenters in order to Procure the Repeal of the Corpora- tion and Test Acts (2nd edn, Birmingham: printed by Thomas Pearson and sold by J. Johnson, London, [1789]) —The Importance and Extent of Free Inquiry in Matters of Religion (Birmingham: printed for J. Johnson, London, 1785) —Theological and Miscellaneous Works, ed. John Towill Rutt (25 vols; Hackney [London]: printed by G. Smallfield, 1817–31) —The Present State of Europe Compared with Antient Prophecies (London: J. Johnson, 1794) —The Theological Repository; Consisting of Original Essays, Hints, Queries, &c. Calculated to Promote Religious Knowledge (1st series, 3 vols; Vol. I, 2nd edn, London: J. Johnson, 1773; Vol. II, London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1770; Vol. III, London: J. Johnson, 1771; 2nd series, 3 vols [IV-VI], Birmingham: printed by Pearson and Rollason for J. Johnson, 1784–88) Radcliff, Ebenezer, A Sermon Preached at Walthamstow, December 13, 1776, Being the Day Appointed for a General Fast (London: J. Johnson, 1776) Robinson-Morris, Matthew (anon.), Considerations on the Measures Carrying On with Respect to the British Colonies in North America (London: R. Baldwin, [1774]) Bibliography 225

Roscoe, William, (anon.) Mount Pleasant: a Descriptive Poem (Warrington: printed for J. Johnson, London; and Liverpool: S. Crane, 1777) Scott, Mary, The Female Advocate: a Poem (London: J. Johnson, 1774) Shelley, Percy Bysshe, Letters, ed. Roger Ingpen (2 vols; London: G. Bell, 1914) Smith, Charlotte, Poems, ed. Stuart Curran (New York and Oxford: and Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1993) Stone, Francis, (pseud.) A Short and Seasonable Application to the Public, In Behalf of A Respectful Address to the Parliament, to Procure a Legal Redress of Notorious, Religious Grievances (London: J. Johnson and J. Payne, 1768) Tattersall, W. F., ‘Letters of James Hurdis to William Cowper’, Sussex County Magazine, 1 (1926–27), 75–8 Toulmin, Joshua, The American War Lamented (London: J. Johnson, 1776) —Two Letters on the Late Applications to Parliament By the Protestant Dissenting Minis- ters (London: J. Johnson, 1774) Tracts. Printed and Published By the Unitarian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and the Practice of Virtue (13 vols; London: 1st series, 1791–1802; 2nd series, 1805) Trimmer, Sarah, The Oeconomy of Charity: or, An Address to Ladies Concerning Sunday- Schools (London: printed for T. Longman, G. G. J. and J. Robinson, and T. Johnson, 1787) Wakefield, Gilbert, A Reply to Some Parts of the Bishop of Landaff’s Address to the People of Great Britain (3rd edn, [London]: sold by the author at Hackney, 1798) —The Defence of Gilbert Wakefield . . . for a Reply to the Bishop of Landaff’s Address to the People of Great Britain ...Delivered in the Court of King’s Bench, on February 21, 1799 (London: n.p., 1799) Walker, George, A Sermon Preached to a Congregation of Protestant Dissenters, at Nottingham, February 27th, 1778 (London: J. Johnson, 1778) —The Dissenters’ Plea, or The Appeal of the Dissenters to the Justice, the Honour and the Religion of the Kingdom, Against the Test Laws (Birmingham: printed by J. Thompson and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1790) —Sermons (4 vols; London: J. Johnson, 1808) Watson, Richard, An Address to the People of Great Britain (8th edn, London: R. Faulder, 1798) Wollstonecraft, Mary, An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution; and the Effect It Has Produced in Europe (London: J. Johnson, 1794) —(anon.) A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in A Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke (London: J. Johnson, 1790) —Collected Letters, ed. Ralph M. Wardle (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1979) —Political Writings, ed. Janet Todd (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) —Posthumous Works, ed. William Godwin (4 vols; London: J. Johnson and G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798) —Vindication of the Rights of Woman: With Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects (London: J. Johnson, 1792; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1986) —Works, ed. Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler (7 vols; London: William Pickering, 1989) Wood, William, Two Sermons, Preached at Mill-Hill Chapel, in Leeds, on the Celebration of the Hundredth Anniversary, of the Happy Revolution (Leeds: printed by Thomas Wright and sold by J. Johnson, London, 1788) Wordsworth, William, An Evening Walk, ed. James Averill (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984) 226 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

—Descriptive Sketches, ed. Eric Birdsall with Paul M. Zall (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984) —Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth I: The Early Years 1787–1805, ed. Ernest de Selincourt, rev. C. L. Shaver (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967) —Prose Works ...Volume I, ed. W. J. B. Owen and Jane Worthington Smyser (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974) —The Prelude (the 1805 Text), ed. Ernest de Selincourt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) Wyvill, Christopher, A Defence of Dr. Price, and the Reformers of England ([York]: printed for J. Johnson and J. Stockdale, London; and York: J. Todd, 1792) —Political Papers (6 vols; York: printed for J. Johnson, J. Debrett and J. Mawman, London; and J. Todd, York, 1794–1804)

4. Literary criticism and scholarship

Antal, Frederick, Fuseli Studies (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1956) Bentley, Jr, G. E., Blake Records (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969) —Blake Records Supplement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988) Blockstone, Bernard, English Blake (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1949) Boulton, James T., The Language of Politics in the Age of Wilkes and Burke (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) Butler, Marilyn, Romantics, Rebels and Reactionaries: English Literature and its Background 1760–1830 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) Crook, Ronald E., A Bibliography of Joseph Priestley 1733–1804 (London: Library Association, 1966) Erdman, David V., Blake: Prophet Against Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1954) Graham, Jenny, ‘The Publication of Part One of the Rights of Man’, Enlightenment and Dissent, 12 (1993), 70–7 Graham, Walter, English Literary Periodicals (New York: Octagon Books, 1966) Keynes, Geoffrey, Bibliography of William Hazlitt (London: Nonesuch Press, 1931) —Blake Studies: Essays on His Life and Work (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1949) King-Hele, Desmond, Erasmus Darwin and the Romantic Poets (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press [now Palgrave], 1986) Lau, Beth, ‘William Godwin and the Joseph Johnson Circle: the Evidence of the Diaries’, unpublished paper read at the MLA Conference, 2001 Mason, Eudo C., The Mind of Henry Fuseli (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951) Mee, Jon, Dangerous Enthusiasm: William Blake and the Culture of Radicalism in the 1790s (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) Pendleton, Gayle Trusdel ‘Towards a Bibliography of the Reflections and Rights of Man Controversy’, Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 85 (1982) Philp, Mark, Godwin’s Political Justice (London: Duckworth, 1986) Reed, Mark L., Wordsworth: The Chronology of the Early Years 1770–1799 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967) Roe, Nicholas, Wordsworth and Coleridge: The Radical Years (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990) Roper, Derek, Reviewing Before the ‘Edinburgh’ 1788–1802 (London: Methuen, 1978) Russell, Norma, A Bibliography of William Cowper to 1837 (Oxford: Oxford Biblio- graphical Society, 1963) Bibliography 227

Smith, Olivia, The Politics of Language 1791–1819 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) Todd, Janet, Mary Wollstonecraft: an Annotated Bibliography (London: Garland, 1976)

5. History

Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (London: Pimlico, 1995) Doyle, William, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (Oxford, 1992) George, M. Dorothy, London Life in the Eighteenth Century (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965) Goodwin, A., The French Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1977) Money, John, Experience and Identity: Birmingham and the West Midlands 1760–1800 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977) Read, Donald, The English Provinces, c.1760–1960: a Study in Influence (London: Edward Arnold, 1964) Rudé, George, Hanoverian London 1714–1808 (London: Secker & Warburg, 1981) Schofield, Robert E., The Lunar Society of Birmingham: a Social History of Provincial Science and Industry in Eighteenth Century England (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963) Watson, J. S., The Reign of George III 1760–1815 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960)

6. Politics

Anstey, Roger, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition 1760–1810 (London: Macmillan, 1975) Aspinall, A., Politics and the Press c.1780–1850 (London: Home and Van Thal, 1949) Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967) Black, Eugene Charlton, The Association: British Extraparliamentary Political Organiza- tion 1769–1793 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963) Bonwick, Colin, ‘An English Audience for American Revolutionary Pamphlets’, Historical Journal, 19, no. 2 (1976), 355–74 —‘English Dissenters and the American Revolution’, in Contrast and Connection: Bicen- tennial Essays in Anglo-American History, ed. H. C. Allen and Roger Thompson (London: G. Bell, 1976), 88–112 —English Radicals and the American Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977) Cannon, John, Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973) Christie, Ian R., Myth and Reality in Late Eighteenth-Century British Politics (London: Macmillan, 1970) —Stress and Stability in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain: Reflections on the British Avoid- ance of Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984) —Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: the Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics, 1760–1785 (London: Macmillan, 1962) Clark, Dora Mae, British Opinion and the American Revolution (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930) Clark, J. C. D., English Society 1688–1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) 228 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Cone, Carl B., The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England (New York: Scribners, 1968) Cookson, J. E., The Friends of Peace: Anti-war Liberalism in England, 1793–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982) Crane, Verner W., ‘The Club of Honest Whigs: Friends of Science and Liberty’, William and Mary Quarterly, 23 (1966), 210–33 Crossley, Ceri, and Small, Ian (ed.), The French Revolution and British Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) Derry, John, English Politics and the American Revolution (London: J. M. Dent, 1976) Dickinson, H. T., British Radicalism and the French Revolution 1789–1815 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985) —Liberty & Property: Political Ideology in Eighteenth-Century Britain (London: Methuen, 1979) Dinwiddy, J. R., Christopher Wyvill and Reform 1790–1820 (York: St Antony’s Press, 1971) Emsley, Clive, ‘An Aspect of Pitt’s ‘Terror’: Prosecutions for Sedition During the 1790s’, Social History, 6, no. 2 (1981), 155–184 The Genuine Trial of Thomas Paine, for a Libel Contained in the Second Part of Rights of Man, at Guildhall, London, December 18, 1792....Taken in Short-Hand by E. Hodgson (London: J. S. Jordan, 1792) Goodwin, Albert, The Friends of Liberty: the English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979) Graham, Jenny, ‘Revolutionary Philosopher: the Political Ideas of Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)’, Enlightenment and Dissent, 8 (1989) and 9 (1990) Hellmuth, Eckhart (ed.), The Transformation of Political Culture: England and Germany in the Late Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990) Hone, J. Ann, For the Cause of Truth: Radicalism in London 1796–1821 (Oxford: Claren- don Press, 1982) Howell, T. B. and T. J., A Complete Collection of State Trials (23 vols; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown [etc.], 1816–26) Jarrett, Derek, The Begetters of Revolution: England’s Involvement with France, 1759–1789 (Harlow: Longman, 1973) Maccoby, Simon, English Radicalism 1762–1785 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1955) —English Radicalism 1786–1832 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1955) Norris, John, Shelburne and Reform (London: Macmillan, 1963) The Parliamentary History of England, From the Earliest Period to the Year 1803 (24 vols; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown [etc.], 1812–20) Parssinen, T. M., ‘Association, Convention and Anti-Parliamentarism in British Radical Politics, 1771–1848’, English Historical Review, 88 (1973), 504–10 Prochaska, F. K., ‘English State Trials in the 1790s: a Case Study’, Journal of British Studies, 13, no. 1 (1973), 63–82 Rea, Robert, The English Press in Politics, 1760–1774 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1963) Robbins, Caroline, The Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman: Studies in the Transmis- sion, Development and Circumstance of English Liberal Thought from the Restoration of Charles II until the War with the Thirteen Colonies (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961) —‘The Strenuous Whig, Thomas Hollis of Lincoln’s Inn’, William and Mary Quarterly, 7 (1950), 406–53 Royle, Edward, and Walvin, James, English Radicals and Reformers 1760–1848 (Sussex: Harvester Press, 1982) Bibliography 229

Sainsbury, John, Disaffected Patriots: London Supporters of Revolutionary America 1769–1782 (Kingston, Ont.: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1987) Thompson, E. P., The Making of the English Working Class (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991) Veitch, George Stead, The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform (London: Constable & Co., 1913) Williams, Gwyn A., Artisans and Sans-Culottes: Popular Movements in France and Britain during the French Revolution (London: Edward Arnold, 1968)

7. Religion

Abbey, Charles J. and Overton, John H., The English Church in the Eighteenth Century (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1878) Barlow, Richard Burgess, Citizenship and Conscience: a Study in the Theory and Practice of Religious Toleration in England During the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia: Uni- versity of Pennsylvania Press, 1962) Bradley, James E., Religion, Revolution, and English Radicalism: Nonconformity in Eighteenth-Century Politics and Society (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) —‘The Anglican Pulpit, the Social Order, and the Resurgence of Toryism during the American Revolution’, Albion, 21 (1989), 361–88 —‘Whigs and Nonconformists: Slumbering Radicalism in English Politics, 1739–89’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 9 (1975), 1–27 Browne, John, History of Congregationalism, and Memorials of the Churches in Norfolk and Suffolk (London: Jarrold & Sons, 1877) Coomer, Duncan, English Dissent under the Early Hanoverians (London: Epworth Press, 1946) Cowherd, Raymond G., The Politics of English Dissent: the Religious Aspects of Liberal and Humanitarian Reform Movements from 1815 to 1848 (New York: New York Uni- versity Press, 1956) Ditchfield, G. M., ‘Anti-trinitarianism and Toleration in Late Eighteenth Century British Politics: the Unitarian Petition of 1792’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 42 (1991), 39–67 —‘The Parliamentary Struggle Over the Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts 1787–1790’, English Historical Review, 89 (1974), 551–577 —‘The Subscription Issue in British Parliamentary Politics, 1772–79’, Parliamentary History, 7 (1988), 45–80 Downey, James, The Eighteenth-Century Pulpit (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969) Gascoigne, John, ‘Anglican Latitudinarianism and Political Radicalism in the Late Eighteenth Century’, History, 71 (1986), 22–38 Gilbert, Alan D., Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London: Longman, 1976) Greaves, Richard L., ‘Radicals, Rights, and Revolution: British Nonconformity and Roots of the American Experience’, Church History, 61 (1992), 151–168 Haakonssen, Knud (ed.), Enlightenment and Religion: Rational Dissent in Eighteenth- Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) Halley, Robert, Lancashire: Its Puritanism and Nonconformity (2 vols; London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1869) Henriques, Ursula, Religious Toleration in England, 1787–1833 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1961) 230 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Hole, Robert, Pulpits, Politics and Public Order in England, 1760–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) Holt, Raymond V., The Unitarian Contribution to Social Progress in England (London: Lindsey Press, 1952) Ippel, Henry P., ‘British Sermons and the American Revolution’, Journal of Religious History, 12 (1982), 191–205 Jones, R. Tudur, Congregationalism in England 1662–1962 (London: Independent Press, 1962) Lincoln, Anthony, Some Political and Social Ideas of English Dissent 1763–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938) Lovegrove, Deryck, The Established Church, Sectarian People, Itinerancy and the Transformation of English Dissent, 1780–1830 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) Manning, Bernard Lord, The Protestant Dissenting Deputies, ed. Ormerod Greenwood (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952) McLachlan, H., English Education under the Test Acts (Manchester University Press, 1931) —The Warrington Academy: Its History and Influence (Manchester: Chetham Society, 1943) Mellone, Sydney Herbert, Liberty and Religion: the First Century of the British and Foreign Unitarian Association (London: Lindsey Press, 1925) Peaston, A. E., ‘The Revision of the Prayer Book by Dr. Samuel Clarke’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 12 (1959–62), 27–38 Philp, Mark, ‘Rational Religion and Political Radicalism in the 1790s’, Enlightenment and Dissent, 4 (1985), 35–46 Richey, Russell E., ‘The Origins of British Radicalism: the Changing Rationale for Dissent’, Eighteenth-Century Studies, 7 (1973–74), 179–192 Seed, John, ‘Gentlemen Dissenters: the Social and Political Meanings of Rational Dissent in the 1770s and 1780s’, Historical Journal, 28, (1985), 299–325 Sellers, Ian, Nineteenth-Century Nonconformity (London: Edward Arnold, 1977) Sykes, Norman, Church and State in the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1935) Thomas, D. O., The Honest Mind: the Thought and Work of Richard Price (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977) Thomas, Roger, ‘Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and the Test and Corporation Acts’, Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society, 11 (1955–58), 117–127 Thompson, David M. (ed.), Nonconformity in the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972) Turner, William, The Warrington Academy (Warrington: Library and Museum Com- mittee, 1957) Underwood, A. C., A History of the English Baptists (London: Baptist Union Publica- tion Dept, 1947) Watts, Michael, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978) Whitley, W. T., A History of British Baptists (London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1923) Wilbur, Earl Morse, A History of Unitarianism in Transylvania, England, and America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952) —Our Unitarian Heritage: an Introduction to the History of the Unitarian Movement (Boston: Beacon Press, 1925) Wright, Conrad, The Beginnings of Unitarianism in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966) Bibliography 231

8. Bibliography and the book trade

Almon, John, Memoirs of a Late Eminent Bookseller (London: n.p., 1790) Anon., The Cases of the Appellants and Respondents in the Cause of Literary Property, Before the House of Lords . . . 26 Feb. 1774 (London: J. Bew, W. Clarke, P. Brett and C. Wilkin, 1774) Belanger, Terry, ‘A Directory of the London Book Trade, 1766’, Publishing History, 1 (1977), 7–41 English Short Title Catalogue [CD Rom] (London: British Library, n.d.) Feather, John, A History of British Publishing (London: Routledge, 1988) —‘British Publishing in the Eighteenth Century: a preliminary subject analysis’, Library, 8 (1986), 32–46 —‘The English Book Trade and the Law’, Publishing History, 12 (1982), 51–74 —The Provincial Book Trade in Eighteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985) —‘The Publishers and the Pirates: British Copyright Law in Theory and Practice, 1710–1775’, Publishing History, 22 (1987), 5–47 Gerring, Charles, Notes on Printers and Booksellers (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1900) Hansard, Luke, The Auto-Biography of Luke Hansard Printer to the House 1752–1828, ed. Robin Myers (London: Printing Historical Society, 1991) Hanson, T. W., ‘Richard Edwards, Publisher’, Times Literary Supplement (8 August 1942), 396 Knight, Charles, Shadows of the Old Booksellers (London: Peter Davies, 1927) Korshin, Paul J. (ed.), The Widening Circle: Essays on the Circulation of Literature in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1976) Lackington, James, Memoirs of the Forty-Five First Years of the Life of James Lackington (7th edn; London: printed for the author, 1794) Marston, Edward, Sketches of Some Booksellers of the Time of Dr. Samuel Johnson (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1902) Maxted, Ian, The London Book Trades 1775–1800: a Preliminary Checklist of Members (Folkestone: Dawson, 1977) Mumby, F. A. Publishing and Bookselling: a History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949) Myers, Robin, and Harris, Michael (ed.), Development of the English Book Trade 1700–1899 (Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1981) —Sale and Distribution of Books from 1700 (Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Press, 1984) —Spreading the Word: the Distribution Networks of Print 1550–1850 (Winchester: St Paul’s Bibliographies, 1990) Nichols, John, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century (9 vols; London: Nichols, Son & Bentley, 1812–15) Nineteenth Century Short-Title Catalogue Series I Phase I: 1801–1815 (Newcastle: Avero, 1985) Plant, Marjorie, The English Book Trade (London: Allen & Unwin, 1965) Plomer, H. R., A Dictionary of Printers and Booksellers who were at Work in England, Scotland and Ireland from 1726 to 1775 (Oxford: Bibliographical Society, 1932) Raven, James, Judging New Wealth: Popular Publishing and Responses to Commerce in England, 1750–1800 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992) Rogers, Deborah D., Bookseller as Rogue: John Almon and the Politics of Eighteenth-Century Publishing (New York: Peter Lang, 1986) 232 Romanticism, Publishing and Dissent

Timperley, C. H., A Dictionary of Printers and Printing (London: H. Johnson [etc.], 1839) Walters, Gwyn, ‘The Booksellers in 1759 and 1774: the Battle for Literary Property’, Library, 29 (1974), 287–311

9. Newspapers and Periodicals

Analytical Review Anti-Jacobin Review Critical Review Edinburgh Review Examiner Gentleman’s Magazine Gospel-Magazine, or Spiritual Library Monthly Review Morning Post Oeconomist; or Englishman’s Magazine The Times Index

abolitionism, see under slave trade and fast-day discourses, 137–8, Aikin, Anna Laetitia, see Anna 139, 148, 207 n39, 208 n64 Laetitia Barbauld and foreign news and literature, Aikin, Arthur, 177, 214 n71 93–4, 158, 162, 197 n13, Aikin, Charles Rochemont, 177, 208 n69 214 n71 and France, 94–5, 96, 105, 112, Aikin, John Jr, 20, 30, 61, 70, 71, 124, 132, 134, 149, 152, 168, 73, 88, 92, 95, 96, 100–1, 198 n21, 206 n27, 208 n68 137–8, 151, 159, 163, 166, 173, & n69 175, 179, 205 n18, 211 n26, impartiality of, 87–9, 94, 168–9 213 n59 & n65, 214 n71 & and Ireland, 158, 160 n75, and Johnson’s trial, 158, 160–1, Aikin, John Sr, 30 162 Aikin, Lucy, 175, 214 n71 launch, 86–9 Almon, John (1737–1805), 5–7, 17, and Paine, 150, 168–9 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 52, 54, and ‘rational’ dissent, 86, 199 55, 56, 57, 79, 191 n55 n33, 200 n55 America and Reflections controversy, émigrés to, 141, 142, 143, 144–5 102–3, 104, 105, 111, 116, pre-war relations with Britain, 117, 123, 203 n100, 32–5, 37–8, 43, 45 204 n106 Unitarianism in, 43, 151, 151, and Test and Corporation Acts, 176, 190 n35 89, 90, 97, 98, 100, 101, War of Independence (1776–83), 198 n17 45–8, 50, 52, 55–7, 71, 74, and treason trials, 147 76, 93, 118, 129 anti-Catholicism, 15–16, 38, 59–60, Analytical Review (1788–98), 88–9, 66–7, 72, 95, 173 92, 106, 107, 120, 129–30, 143, Anti-Jacobin Review, 159–60, 161, 157, 158, 161, 162, 165, 168, 162, 165, 166, 168 172, 180, 181, 183 n18, anti-Jacobins, 141, 149, 212 n49 183 n27, 193 n11 & n27, Arians, 10, 12, 36, 46, 52, 57, 67, 194 n32, 201 n76, 202 n83, 164, 187 n81 205 n8, 207 n42 & n50, Association for Preserving Liberty 209 n79, 210 n23 and Property Against and America, 145, 151, 209 n80 Republicans and Levellers Anti-Jacobin attacks on, 159–60, (1793), 125 162 atheism, xii, 8, 18, 19, 29, 43, 52, and anti-war sentiment, 134, 65–6, 94–5, 101, 139, 142, 158–9, 161, 162 149–50, 159, 165, 168, 180, and Birmingham Riots (1791), 211 n30 114 contributors to, 88, 114, 161, Baptists, 2–3, 4, 5, 12, 114, 142, 170, 174, 201 n71 143, 148, 177, 203 n100, demise of, 170 208 n63

233 234 Index

Barbauld, Anna Laetitia (née Aikin), Riots (1791), 98, 113–14, 117, xii, xiii, 30–2, 38, 39, 70, 71, 120, 130, 143 78, 136, 148, 151, 156, 162, Blackburne, Francis, 21, 22, 63, 171, 173, 178, 179, 180, 196 n60 208 n65, 213 n59, 214 n71 Blackstone, William, 16–17 & n78 Blake, William, xii, 78, 119–20, and Analytical Review, 88, 130, 157, 175, 198 n19 211 n25 Blasphemy Act (1698), 3, 18–19, and Monthly Magazine, 159 81, 108, 122 works: An Address to the Opposers Bonaparte, Napoleon, 160–1, 171 of the Repeal of the Bonnycastle, John, 164, 169, 173, Corporation and Test Acts 179, 180, 213 n58 (1790), 100–1; Poems (1773), booksellers 30–2, 71; Sins of Government, in America, 150–1 Sins of the Nation (1793), in France, 149–50 137–9 in Germany, 149, 162, 208 n69 Barlow, Joel, 116, 118, 120, 121, in London, 5, 6, 7, 39–42, 156, 128, 153, 164, 169, 201 n76, 165, 166, 178–9 202 n80 prosecution of, 6, 155–64, 158, in France, 124, 127, 132, 133, 172, 180, 212 n48 145, 204 n109, 209 n71 provincial, 5, 22, 39, 41, 42, 84, works: Advice to the Privileged 135–7, 147–8, 155, 192 n75, Orders (1792), 116–17, 118, 214 n75 124, 132, 145–6, 202 n84, in Scotland, 39, 41–2 209 n77; Advice to the see also under individual names Privileged Orders. Part II Boswell, James, 10, 30, 32, 36, (1793), 124–5, 205 n13; The 192 n75 Conspiracy of Kings (1792), Bowles, William Lisle, 148 117–18, 119, 129; A Letter to Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre, the National Convention of 126, 134, 206 n25 France (1792), 123–4, 145–6 Bristol, 10, 11, 20, 21, 43, 44, 45, Baron, Richard, 15–16, 36 109, 148, 161, 162, 170, 177, Beaufoy, Henry (MP), 80–1, 89 189 n23, 206 n35, 208 n70, Becket, Thomas (bookseller), 7, 10, 214 n75, 40 British Critic, 160 Beddoes, Thomas, 148, 152, 161, Buckland, James (bookseller), 4, 7, 170, 176 72, 186 n72 Beloe, William, 160, 210 n14 Burgh, James, 36–7 Belsham, Thomas, 83, 109, 142, Burke, Edmund, 23, 39, 42, 43, 44, 170–1, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 47, 48, 52, 94, 97, 98, 99–100, 180 109, 120–1, 122, 123, 133, 142, Bentley, Thomas, 7–8, 43, 61 186 n73 & n76, 200 n63, Bicheno, James, 148 206 n25 Bigge, Thomas, 137 Reflections on the Revolution in Binns, John (LCS deputy), 158 France (1790), xii, 101–2, 109, Birmingham, 49, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 111: literary responses to, 68, 74, 77, 82, 84, 86, 96, 97, 102–13, 115–22, 129, 167 98–9, 105, 147, 170, 176 Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of, 4–6 Committee of Protestant Butterworth Bayley, Thomas, 21, Dissenters, 96, 98 214 n71 Index 235

Cabinet, 135 Cooper, Thomas, 77, 120–1, 124, Cadell, Thomas Jr (bookseller), 12, 132, 144, 150, 176, 203 n99 13, 28, 35, 36, 40, 48, 55, 83, copyright, 39–42, 151, 174, 178, 92, 96 207 n42 Cadell, Thomas Sr (bookseller), 12, Corporation Act (1661), 3, 79–80, 186 n72 89–90, 95–101, 157, 181, Cambridge, 22, 26, 27, 53, 84–6, 182 n6, 215 n83 143, 147–8, 177, 200 n62, Cottle, Joseph (bookseller), 148, 204 n2, 205 n10, 206 n35 162 Cambridge Intelligencer, 148, County Association Movement, 53, 212 n48 56, 136 Cambridge University, 8, 17, 22, Cowper, William, xii, xiii, 41, 91, 54, 81, 83–5, 172, 187 n83, 71–6, 105, 120, 127, 137, 139, 204 n5 141, 174, 198 n19, 205 n15 Canterbury, 37, 86 and Analytical Review, 88, 174, Cappe, Catharine, 171, 193 n27 201 n76, 202 n83 Cappe, Newcome, 19, 46–7, 64, works: Anti-Thelyphthora (1781), 125, 147, 171, 196 n60, 62; Life and Posthumous 212 n50 Writings (1803–6), 174, 213 Cartwright, John, 38, 46, 47, 49, n64; Olney Hymns (1779), 71, 51, 53–4, 55, 74, 136, 152, 165, 72, 151, 204 n3; Poems 169, 170, 172, 180, 192 n66, (1782), 72–3; Poems, in Two 196 n60, 203 n93 Volumes (1786), 174; The Catholics, 3, 15, 29, 38, 52, 59–60, Task (1785), 73–6, 77, 91, 69, 79, 88, 100, 143, 173 111–12, 127, 151, 205 n7 see also anti-Catholicism Crabb Robinson, Henry, 169, ‘Chapter Coffee House’ booksellers, 200 n62, 214 n73 40–1, 48, 196 n72 Cruttwell, Richard (bookseller), Charnley, William (bookseller), 137 148 Christie, Thomas, 86–7, 94, 102, Cuthell, John (bookseller), 155, 156, 111–13, 117, 121, 123, 124, 157, 160, 162, 163, 211 n28 127, 149, 170, 196 n60, 197 n9, 202 n86, 203 n93, 204 n2, Darwin, Erasmus, 60, 61, 86, 159, 206 n22, 208 n59 160, 174, 176, 213 n59 Church of England, 52, 64, 74, 96, works: The Botanic Garden 100, 105, 114, 117, 124, 139, (1789–91), 92, 118, 119, 151, 141, 142, 156, 191 n48 202 n82 & n83; Zoonomia; or, dissenting attacks on, 14, 16, 17, The Laws of Organic Life (2 46, 63, 80–2, 101, 104, 105, vols, 1794–96), 140, 151, 107, 117, 124, 139, 141, 145, 159, 174 155–6 Davenport, Benjamin (bookseller), Clarke, Samuel, 10, 27, 112 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 35, ‘Club of Honest Whigs’, 32, 36, 46, 194 n31 56 Davies, Thomas (bookseller), 10, Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 161–2, 41 176, 177, 178, 208 n65, Davy, Humphry, 170 212 n49 Debrett, John (bookseller), 79, 80, Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine 89–90, 148, 164, 200 n49 Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de, Declaration of Rights of Man (1789), 93–4, 149, 206 n25 95, 108, 111, 112, 134 236 Index didactic literature, 9, 36, 70–1, 94, Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 173, 143, 173, 174, 178, 194 n32, 175 207 n50, 213 n53 education, 8, 9, 36, 74, 84–5, 94, see also education 114–15, 116, 124, 170 Dilly, Charles and Edward see also didactic literature (booksellers), 34–5, 36, 37, Enfield, William, 20–1, 40, 42, 70, 41, 42, 48, 54, 57, 72, 148, 71, 72, 88, 92, 136, 151, 159, 196 n60, 208 n59 170, 202 n88, 213 n59 Disney, John, 22, 25, 47, 53, 65, 66, Equiano, Olaudah, 77–8 83, 92, 95, 97, 100, 108, 122, Erskine, Thomas, 109, 125, 147, 142, 144, 150, 152, 171, 176, 156, 163, 196 n60 180, 192 n66 Essex Street Chapel, 27–8, 43, 53, dissenters, 2–3, 29 54, 59, 65, 84, 123, 137, 142, attitudes: to America, 30, 34, 144, 152, 171, 173, 177, 179, 45–8, 57; to Church, 29, 63, 187 n2, 214 n69 96, 99, 100–1, 107; to France Estlin, John Prior, 109, 148, 161, and French Revolution, 92–3, 177, 196 n60, 208 n65 94–5, 100–13, 115, 139, 144, evangelicalism, 71, 76, 143, 177, 153, 161, 135, 205 n18; to 194 n31 Hanoverian monarchy, 2–3, Exeter, 20, 142, 148, 205 n10 30, 45, 46–7, 85, 108, 114, Eyres, William (printer), 21, 30, 76, 157; to State, 29, 63, 83, 85, 77 95, 96, 99, 107, 127; to Stuart monarchy, 3, 92, 95 Falkner, Matthew (printer), 121, and elections, 24, 44, 45, 54, 74, 135, 143 173, 199 n34 fast-day discourses, 45–8, 71, 125, and ‘Glorious’ Revolution, 68–9, 137–40, 141–2, 147–8, 171–2, 92–3, 95–6, 141, 157 194 n30, 204 n3 political activity, 23–6, 29, 53–4, Fawcett, Joseph, 148, 152, 161, 175, 56, 97, 23–5, 52, 57, 79–80, 171, 177, 208 n67 89–90, 95–101, 121, 135, Feathers Tavern Association, 22–3, 181, 182 n6 26, 29, 53, 54, 79 dissenting academies, 8–10, 19, 46, Fleming, Caleb, 11, 12, 15–16, 18, 61, 81, 83, 152, 173, 177 36, 185 n48 see also individual names Flower, Benjamin, 147, 200 n62, Dobson, Thomas (bookseller), 212 n48 150–1 Fordyce, George, 54, 163, 164, Dodsley, James (bookseller), 13, 193 n4 101, 166 Fox, Charles James (1749–1806), Dumouriez, Charles François, 149, 52, 74, 80, 89, 98, 99, 100, 209 n80 103, 108, 109, 110, 118, 119, Dyer, George, 114, 148, 159, 170, 122–3, 136, 152, 157, 159, 168, 200 n62, 201 n71 172, 173, 186 n67, 194 n36, Dyson, George, 152, 209 n78 199 n34 France, 4, 5, 30, 56–7, 74, 91, 92, Eaton, Daniel Isaac (bookseller), 93–4, 101, 106, 108, 112, 116, 129, 153, 164, 165, 166, 121, 123–4, 127, 128, 132, 142, 202 n83, 204 n106, 205 n15 155–6, 157–9, 159, 161, 171–2, Edgeworth, Maria, xii, 173–4, 175, 175, 179 180 see also French Revolution Index 237

Franklin, Benjamin, 32, 36, 38, Gordon Riots (1780), 59–60, 69 42–3, 44, 45, 48, 51, 93, 118, Gore, John (bookseller), 7, 8, 10, 136, 172, 198 n27 20, 71, 76, 191 n47 works: Political, Miscellaneous, and Gregory, George, 76, 78, 175, Philosophical Pieces (1779), 213 n65 56–7, 60, 172, 213 n59; Some Griffiths, Ralph (bookseller), 2, 8, Information to Those who 64, 193 n11 would Remove to America (1794), 144–5 Hackney, 111, 113, 115, 138, 142, French Revolution, xii, 90, 91–3, 144, 150, 176, 201 n71, 95–6, 97, 99–100, 101, 103, 213 n54 106, 107, 108, 111–12, 119, New College, 83, 177, 212 n50 120, 123–5, 127, 128, 131–2, Hansard, Luke, 35, 166 133–4, 142, 146–7, 149, 153, Hardy, Thomas, 123, 145–6 210 n14 Hartley, David Jr, 148 literary responses to, 101–8, Hartley, David Sr, 51, 63, 177, 178 111–13, 115–22, 127–34, Harwood, Edward, 10, 12, 185 n61 139, 140, 143, 144, 148–50, Hayley, William, 174, 180 153, 161 Hays, Mary, 152, 159, 162, 169, Frend, William, 84–6, 95, 109, 114, 175 143, 165, 198 n24, 200 n54 Hazlitt, William Jr, 11, 175, 177–8, Fuseli, Henry, xii, 7, 88, 94, 120, 201 n69, 209 n78, 213 n58 124, 134, 164, 169, 170, 174, Hazlitt, William Sr, 10–11, 12, 19, 175, 177, 179, 180, 184 n35, 25, 177, 178, 190 n35 195 n48, 198 n19, 201 n74, Henderson, Christopher 202 n88, 211 n28 (bookseller), 2, 8 Fysshe Palmer, Thomas, 86 Henry, Thomas, 61, 177 Hewlett, John, 71, 163, 179, 180 Gales, Joseph (printer), 135, 143 Heywood, Samuel, 79–80, 89, 96, Geddes, Alexander, 78, 88, 102, 97, 99, 105, 110, 114, 152, 124, 143, 164 196 n60, 198 n27, 208 n63, General Body of Protestant 211 n29, 215 n83 Dissenting Ministers, 3, 24, 25, Hoadly, Benjamin, 97, 112, 52, 96 198 n27 George III, 1, 3–4, 6, 17, 38, 43, 45, Hodgson, Solomon (bookseller), 49, 118, 125, 129, 152, 155, 137, 206 n34 169, 179 Hoghton, Sir Henry (MP), 23, 25, George IV (as Prince of Wales), 180, 52 199 n34, 207 n42 Holcroft, Thomas, 129, 145, 147, Germany, 136, 149, 162, 208 n69, 164, 174 209 n78 Hollis, Thomas, 36, 37 Girondins, 126, 127, 131, 134, Horne Tooke, John, xii, 50–1, 52, 149 53, 92, 95, 101, 107, 124, ‘Glorious’ Revolution (1688), 5, 69, 145–7, 149, 159, 161, 165, 172, 80, 92–3, 95–6, 107, 112, 120, 180, 192 n66, 194 n36, 202 125, 133, 143, 165 n80, 203 n99, 208 n61 Godwin, William, xii, 133, 134, Horsley, Samuel (Bishop of St 152–3, 154, 159, 160, 162, David’s), 64–5, 97, 101, 143, 164–5, 169, 174, 175, 177–8, 180 180 Howard, John, 92 238 Index

Hoxton Academy, 10, 23, 152, helps found Essex Street Chapel, 177 n72 27–8 Hull, 137, 143 imprisonment, 142 n46, 157, Hunt, James Leigh, 180, 197 n4 163, 169–70, 213 n60 Hunter, Rowland, 179–80, 181 launches Analytical Review Hurdis, James, 139–41, 151 (1788–98), 86–9 and Lindsey, 26–7, 42–3, 170 Ireland, 52, 157–8, 160, 210 n15 links with dissenting academies: 8–9, 10, 20–1, 61 Jacobins, 101 (Burke), 120, 121, links with Liverpool, 7, 61, 170 125, 126, 129, 134, 146, 149, links with Priestley in America, 153, 164, 168, 201 n67 150–1, 170–1, 175–6, 209 n80 Jardine, David, 148, 208 n65 literary circle, xiii, 124, 126, 127, Jebb, John, 22, 27, 54–6, 63, 65–6, 132, 162, 164–5, 180, 74, 83–4, 85, 86, 136, 152, 172 210 n14, 212 n49 Jeffries, Edward, 79, 90, 97, loyalist publications, 139–41 196 n60 move to Paternoster Row, 7 Johnson, John, 1, 2, 3, 7, 71 move to St Paul’s Churchyard, Johnson, Joseph 20–1 and America, 32–5, 37, 42–9, partnership with Benjamin 56–8, 93, 116, 143, 144–5, Davenport, 7, 11–12, 150–1, 187 n6, 201 n76, 194 n31 209 n71 partnership with John Payne, 12 anti-slavery publications, 75–8 and politics, 50–1, 52–6, 134–8, anti-war publications, 134, 172–3 135–9, 148–9, 158–9, 161, and Priestley’s controversial 171, 179 theology, 62–5, 67–9, 167, appearance at treason trials, 170 145–7, 202 n84 publication of fast-day discourses, bookseller for Society for 45–8, 71, 125, 137–40, 141– Promoting Knowledge of the 2, 147–8, 171–2, 204 n3 Scriptures, 65–6, 170 publications related to and campaigns for repeal of Test Birmingham Riots (1791), and Corporation Acts (1787), 113–14, 130 79–82, (1789), 89–90, (1790) publications related to French 96–101 revolution, 91, 93, 94, 95, death, 179 102–25, 127–34, 140, 148, and dissenters’ campaigns for 149–50, 153, 161, 210 n13 relief from subscription, 23–6 publishes 5 November sermons, early life, 1–2 68–9, 92–3, 96 early relations with Priestley, 8–9 relations with authors, see under and Feathers Tavern movement, individual names 21–3 religious views, 11–12, 28 final years, 169–81 and SCI, 54–6, 102, 117, 124, first involvement with ‘rational’ 145–6, 165, 202 n80, dissenters, 10–11 203 n100, 204 n2 first publications, 1, 3–4 shop on Fish Street Hill, 1, 5, 7 and France, 91–4, 124, 126, 127, and Theological Repository, 132, 149 (1769–73) 18–19, (1784–8) and Gordon Riots, 59–60 67–8, 82, 87, 143 Index 239

Johnson, Joseph continued Llandaff, Bishop of, see under trial, 155–64, 172 Watson, Richard and Wilkite movement, 5–7, 17, Locke, John, 13, 34, 35–6, 37, 85, 164 99, 112, 178, 198 n27 and Unitarian Book Society, Lofft, Capel, 96, 102, 103, 104–5, 108–9, 122, 170, 176 112, 121, 136, 159, 196 n60, Jones, David (‘Welsh Freeholder’), 200 n62, 201 n66 113, 147 London Corresponding Society Jordan, Jeremiah Samuel (LCS), 123, 145–7, 151, 153, (bookseller), 106, 110, 111, 158, 164, 165, 169, 203 n101, 115, 116, 122, 125, 145, 155, 210 n18 156, 157, 158, 163, 166, Longman, Thomas (bookseller), 7, 206 n32, 210 n8 41, 70, 73, 143, 162, 178, 179, Joyce, Jeremiah, 171–2 212 n48, 214 n71 ‘Junius’, 17, 25, 31 Louis XVI, 95, 112, 119, 120, 125, 126, 128, 130, 131 Kearsley, George (bookseller), 6–7, Lunar Society, 8, 60–1, 113, 114, 118 34 Keats, John, 213 n58 Macaulay, Catharine, 31, 37, 38, Keith, George (bookseller), 2, 4, 35, 189 n21, 196 n60 71 Malthus, Thomas, 165, 171, 178 Kippis, Andrew, 10, 25, 32, 36, 57, Manchester, 20, 21, 33, 49, 61, 77, 65, 72, 83, 92, 111, 121 n93, 86, 120–1, 135, 144, 181, 152, 183 n27, 184 n35, 196 n60 203 n99, 206 n35, 212 n51, 214 n71, 185 n56, 193 n5 Lafayette, 94, 119, 120, 205 n17 March, John (printer and Lamb, Charles, 175, 178 bookseller), 135–6, 143 Lardner, Nathaniel, 12, 25, 66, 85, medicine, 5, 21, 54, 61, 135, 185 n48 148, 169, 170, 174, 193 n4, Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 61, 196 n72 93–4, 213 n59 Millar, Andrew (bookseller), 7, 35, Leeds, 11, 19–20, 49, 92, 136, 143, 36, 39 212 n50 Milton, John, 35, 36, 75, 97, 99, libel, 109–10, 118 174, 198 n19 Fox’s Libel Bill (1792), 109, 119, Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, 122–3 Comte de, 93, 94, 205 n17 prosecutions for, 13, 17, 109, 122– Montgomery, James, 158 3, 125–6, 129, 131–2, 142–3, Monthly Magazine, 159, 210 n22, 155–64, 169, 212 n48, 180 213 n65 Lindsey, Theophilus, 21–3, 26–8, Murray, James, 16, 137 36, 42–3, 48, 53, 54, 59, 60, 63, 65–6, 75, 80, 84–7, 92, 95, 96, Newcastle, 80, 137 97, 98, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, Newton, John, 71–2, 76, 77, 139, 110, 122, 132, 142, 144, 151, 143, 151, 174, 194 n38, 169, 170, 176, 177, 193 n27, 204 n3 194 n38, 196 n60, 199 n47, Norwich, 21, 88, 92, 135–6, 138 211 n28, 213 n67 Nottingham, 46, 47, 53, 99 Liverpool, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 33, 45, 71, 76, 80, 86, 170, Oxford, 8, 52, 81, 83–5, 148, 180, 177, 191 n47, 195 n48 185 n62 240 Index

Paine, Thomas, xii, 48, 98, 111, Observations on the Nature of 112, 114, 115–16, 118, 120–8, Civil Liberty (1776), 48–50 131–4, 136, 140–3, 145, 152, Priestley, Joseph 153, 155, 157, 159, 164–6, and America, 32–4, 42–3, 44, 51, 168–9, 179, 202 n80 56, 57, 187 n6, 190 n35: works: Age of Reason (1794–5), emigration to, 141, 144, 150, 159, 172; Atheism 150–1, 171, 175, 197 n4 Refuted (1798), 159; Common and Analytical Review, 86, 88, Sense (1776), 48, 57, 106; 197 n77 & n80 ‘Letter to Henry Dundas’ attacked in Anti-Jacobin, 159, 160 (1792), 123, 145, 203 n100, and Birmingham Riots (1791), 214 n72; Rights of Man 113–14 (1791–2), xii, 105–10, and campaigns for repeal of Test 111–12, 115–17, 121–6, 128, and Corporation Acts, 80–2, 129, 130–1, 133, 145–6, 157, 95–6, 97–100 164, 166 death, 176 Payne, John (bookseller), 12, 16, and dissenters’ campaigns for 18, 20, 21, 34, 36 relief from subscription, 23–6 Percival, Thomas, 20, 21, 43, 61, early relations with Johnson, 8–9 70, 71, 73, 121, 151, 170, 173, emigration, 141, 144, 150–1, 171, 174, 196 n60, 214 n71 175, 197 n4 Phillips, Richard (bookseller), 159, and Feathers Tavern movement, 175–6, 205 n15 22–3 Pitt, William, the elder (Earl of and France, 93–4, 95, 96, 124, Chatham), 4, 5, 6, 13, 24, 51, 139, 142 56–7 and Lunar Society, 60–1 Pitt, William, the younger, 74, 79, moves to Birmingham, 60 80–1, 89–90, 99, 105, 110, 123, and politics, 51, 141–2, 168 136, 152, 155–6, 157–8, 161, and science, 42, 60–1, 75, 93–4, 168, 172, 194 n36, 210 n10 102, 118, 199 n34 poetry, 17, 30–1, 39, 62, 71–6, 77, and Shelburne, 24–5, 27, 51–2 78, 91–2, 117–20, 127–30, and Society for Promoting 135–6, 137, 141, 142, 147, Knowledge of the Scriptures, 161–2, 170, 171, 174–5, 180, 65–6 192 n69, 201 n76, 207 n42 and Socinianism, 12 Price, Richard, 9, 25, 27, 32, 36, 43, at Warrington, 8–9 48–50, 51, 52, 55–7, 60, 65, 71, and Wilkes, 13, 16–17, 33–4, 49 83, 84, 92, 93, 97–8, 101, 103–5, and Unitarian version of bible, 107, 111, 112, 113, 119, 121–2, 95, 113 136, 140, 149, 165, 177, 186 works: An Address to Protestant n76, 192 n66 & n75, 196 n60, Dissenters of All 198 n19, 200 n54, 204 n2 Denominations, on the works: A Discourse on the Love of Approaching Election of One’s Country (1789), 95–7, Members of Parliament (1774), 100, 198 n19, 202 n82; The 43–5, 50; An Appeal to the Evidence for a Future Period of Serious and Candid Professors Improvement (1787), 82–3; of Christianity (4th edn, Facts: Addressed to . . . All the 1772), 20, 29, 170, 200 n54; Subjects of Great Britain and The Conduct to be Observed by Ireland (1780), 50–1; Dissenters in order to Procure Index 241

Priestley, Joseph continued Present State of Europe the Repeal of the Corporation Compared with Antient and Test Acts (1789), 95–6, Prophecies (1794), 139, 141–2; 202 n86; Defences of The Present State of Liberty in Unitarianism (1787–90), 84, Great Britain and Her Colonies 97; Disquisitions Relating to (1769), 32–4, 44, 141; Matter and Spirit (1777), 51–2, Remarks on . . . Blackstone’s 193 n8; An Essay on a Course Commentaries (1769), 16–17, of Liberal Education (1765), 9, 36; A Reply to the 13, 36, 50, 187 n4, 189 n23, Animadversions on the History 213 n59; An Essay on the First of the Corruptions of Principles of Government Christianity, in the Monthly (1768), 13–15, 16, 19, 21, 32, Review (1783), 64; A Sermon 35, 42, 92, 93, 187 n6; on the Subject of the Slave Trade Experiments and Observations (1788), 77; Theological on Different Kinds of Air (1774; Repository, (1769–73) 18–19, rpt., 1790), 199 n34; A 21, 28–9, 65, (1784–8) 67–8, Familiar Illustration of Certain 82, 87, 113, 143; A View of the Passages of Scripture (1772), Principles and Conduct of the 24, 29, 200 n54; A Free Protestant Dissenters (1769), Address to Those who have 17–18; The Use of Christianity, Petitioned for the Repeal of the Especially in Difficult Times Late Act of Parliament, in (1794), 144 Favour of the Roman Catholics Protestant Association, 59–60 (1780), 60; A General View of the Arguments for the Unity of Radcliff, Ebenezer, 25, 46, 186 n76 God (1783), 66, 170, 200 n54; Rees, Abraham, 83, 152, 177, An History of the Corruptions of 196 n60 Christianity (1782), 62–4, 67, Rees, Owen (bookseller), 179, 102, 143; An History of Early 212 n48, 214 n75 Opinions Concerning Jesus religious subscription, see under Christ (1786), 67; The Thirty-Nine Articles Importance and Extent of Free Remnant, James and William Inquiry in Matters of Religion (booksellers), 149, 162, (1785), 68–9, 80–1, 82, 89; 208 n69 Institutes of Natural and republicanism, 105, 106–8, 115, Revealed Religion (1772–4), 24, 116–19, 124, 126, 128–31, 62, 170, 193 n8; Lectures on 145–6, 155, 156, 165, 180 History and General Policy Revolution Society of London, 92, (1788), 204 n5; A Letter of 96, 101, 109, 152 Advice to those Dissenters who Ridgway, James (bookseller), 142, Conduct the Application to 164 Parliament (1773), 26; A Letter Rivington, John (bookseller), 41, to the Right Honourable 70, 72, 143, 157, 166, 180 William Pitt (1787), 80–2; Robinson, Anthony, 114, 161, 177 Letters to the Philosophers and Robinson, George (bookseller), 7, 70, Politicians of France (1793), 135, 137, 152, 164, 165, 179 142; Letters to the Right Rockingham, Charles Watson Honourable Edmund Burke Wentworth, Marquis of, 13, 25, (1791), 103–5, 112; The 33, 39–40, 51–3 242 Index

Roland, Manon, 134, 149, 208 n68, Southey, Robert, 161, 162, 176, 173 210 n22, 212 n49 Roscoe, William, 76–7, 134, 177, Spence, Thomas, 164, 165 195 n48 Stedman, John Gabriel, 78 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 94, 103, Stockdale, John (bookseller), 56, 83, 112, 161 90, 122 Rutt, John Towill, 172, 181 n83 Stone, John Hurford, 150 Strahan, William (printer and Savile, Sir George (MP), 28, 34, 47, bookseller), 41, 43 52, 53, 59, 136 Sunday schools, 70, 137, 193 n27 Sayers, Frank, 135–6 see also Sarah Trimmer science, 38–9, 42, 60–1, 75, 89, 92, Symonds, Henry Delahoy 93–4, 102, 118, 137, 140, 174, (bookseller), 123, 142 199 n34, 213 n53, 214 n71 Scott, Mary, 38–9 Taunton, 23, 25, 45–6, 86, 88, 142, sermons, 1, 4, 6, 11, 16, 28, 35, 57, 148, 161 68–9, 71, 92–3, 113, 136, 144, Taylor, William, 135–6 170–2, 173, 176, 179, 200 n54 Test Act (1673), 3, 15, 24, 96, 97, see also fast-day discourses 79–80, 89–90, 95–101, 107, Seven Years War, 4, 32, 35, 37, 74, 141, 157, 181, 182 n6, 215 n83 78, 179 Thelwall, John, 145, 146, 147, 153, Seward, Anna, 174 161, 209 n79 Sheffield, 49, 135, 136, 143, 158 Theological Repository, (1769–73) Shelburne, William Petty, 2nd Earl 18–19, (1784–88) 67–8, 82, 87 of, 24–5, 27, 48, 51–2, 56, 60, Thirty-Nine Articles 74, 93, 99–100, 134, 136, campaigns against, 22–6, 52, 187 n79, 191 n49, 198 n27, 83–6, 172 201 n76 subscription to, 2–3, 14, 21, 81, Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 180 83, 98 Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph Comte, Thompson, John (printer and Abbé, 94, 119, 149 bookseller), 98, 114, 205 n15 slave trade, 71, 75–8, 91–2, 103, tithes, 3, 50, 81, 95, 101 139, 172, 173, 195 n48 Todd, John (bookseller), 122, 136, Smith, Charlotte, 174–5 137 Society of the Friends of the Toleration Act (1689), 3, 15, 16, People, 121, 123, 203 n93, 122, 180, 181 213 n54 Toulmin, Joshua, 25–6, 45–6, 47, Society for Constitutional 65–6, 86, 88, 89, 122, 142, 144, Information (SCI), 53–4, 55, 148, 159, 161, 170, 171, 176–7, 56, 61, 65, 101, 104, 108, 109, 196 n60, 197 n80, 200 n54, 117, 123, 124, 125, 135, 136, 203 n100, 213 n54 144, 145–7, 165, 169, 171, Towers, Joseph, 57, 192 n75, 192 n75, 202 n80, 203 n93 & 203 n93 n101, 213 n54 Treason Trials (1794), 145–7, 152, Society for Promoting Knowledge 153, 171, 202 n84, 203 n98 & of the Scriptures, 65–6, 79, 83, n101 84, 87, 108, 170, 196 n63, Trimmer, Sarah, xiii, 70–1, 143, 202 n82, 203 n100 151, 165, 178, 180, 194 n32, Socinians, 10, 11, 12, 19, 24, 57, 207 n50, 210 n14 183 n24, 187 n81 Turner, William Jr, 137 Index 243

Turner, William Sr, 19, 65, 88, 137 Watson, Richard (Bishop of ‘Two Acts’ (1795), 151–2, 154 Llandaff), 22, 130, 131, 155–7, 158, 212 n48 Unitarian Fund, 177 Wedgwood, Josiah, 7–8, 43, 60, 61 Unitarian Society, 108–9, 110, 122, Wilberforce, William, 77, 78 142, 170, 171, 176, 177, 178, Wilkes, John, 4, 5–6, 7, 13, 16–17, 180, 214 n68 & n70 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 43, 49, Unitarianism, 11, 12, 15, 18, 19, 186 n67 21, 22, 23, 27, 62, 67, 68–9, William III, 69, 79, 92, 107 81–2, 84–6, 137, 161, 176–7, Williams, Helen Maria, 208 n68 181 Wollstonecraft, Mary, xii, xiii, 71, in America, 43, 151, 176, 94, 106, 114, 115, 117, 124, 126, 190 n35 127, 132–4, 139, 141, 148, 149, Anglican reaction to, 64–5, 75, 152, 159, 160, 164–5, 173, 96–8, 101, 122, 159, 162, 188 n17, 204 n1, 210 n14 & n15 194 n32 & n38 and Analytical Review, 88, 94, 96, Johnson’s connections with, 160, 170, 195 n45, 207 n42 27–9, 65–6, 95, 122, 159, works: An Historical and Moral 170–1, 176–7, 179 View of the Origin and Progress Unitarians, 23, 28, 59, 68, 70, 84, of the French Revolution 86, 113, 134, 135, 137, 142, (1794), 134, 151; ‘Letter on 148, 150, 152, 170–1, 176–7, the Present Character of the 179, 180, 181, 196 n63, French Nation’ (1793), 197 n77, 213 n54 132–4; Posthumous Works United Irishmen, 158, 160, 210 n15 (1798), 133, 160, 165, 204 n1; Vindication of the Rights of Vaughan, Benjamin, 52, 56, 79, 93, Men (1790), 103, 105, 107, 100, 172, 196 n60, 198 n27 112, 115; Vindication of the Volney, Constantin François Rights of Woman (1792), xii, Chasseboeuf, Comte de, 94, 114–16, 129, 130–1, 195 n45, 149–50, 152, 209 n71 202 n86, 205 n13 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de, women’s rights, 38–9, 103, 114–15, 4–5, 112, 150 129, 130, 173, 189 n23, 201 n66 women’s writing, 30–1, 38–9, 70–1, Wakefield, Gilbert, 47, 66, 83, 99, 103, 114–15, 169, 171, 173–5 155–7, 158–9, 160–1, 162, 163, Wood, William, 25, 47, 92, 137, 169, 172, 193 n5 & n11, 196 n60, 212 n50 198 n24, 201 n71, 212 n46, Wordsworth, William, 127–32, 162, 214 n71 208 n67 & n70 Walker, George, 46–7, 98–9, 171, Wyvill, Christopher, 53, 56, 69, 74, 192 n66, 196 n60, 212 n51 121–2, 136–7, 165, 169–70, Walker, Thomas, 144 172, 196 n60 Warrington, 7, 8, 10, 18, 20, 30, 31, 76, 77, 92 York, 19, 46, 53, 122, 136, 171, Warrington Academy, 8, 9, 10, 177, 136, 137 n35 20–1, 23, 30, 46, 47, 61, 62, 66, Yorkshire, 20, 21, 53, 136–7, 143, 79, 80, 87, 98, 99, 136, 173, 195 n48, 212 n50 184 n35, 185 n61, 191 n47, Yorkshire County Association, see 192 n3, 195 n48, 208 n65, under County Association 212 n51 Movement