DOCSLIB.ORG

'She Had Recourse to Her Pen': Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'She Had Recourse to Her Pen': Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton's King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.18573/j.2017.10152 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Weng, Y-C. (2017). 'She had recourse to her pen': Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers . Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture 1780-1840. https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10152 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 R OMANTICT EXTUALITIES LITERATURE AND PRINT CULTURE, 1780–1840 • ISSN 1748-0116 ◆ ISSUE 22 ◆ SPRING 2017 ◆ SPECIAL ISSUE : FOUR NATIONS FICTION BY WOMEN, 1789–1830 ◆ www.romtext.org.uk ◆ CARDIFF UNIVERSITY PRESS ◆ Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture, 1780–1840, 22 (Spring 2017) Available online at <www.romtext.org.uk/>; archive of record at <https://publications.cardiffuniversitypress.org/index.php/RomText>. Journal DOI: 10.18573/issn.1748-0116 ◆ Issue DOI: 10.18573/n.2017.10148 Romantic Textualities is an open access journal, which means that all content is available without charge to the user or his/her institution. You are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from either the publisher or the author. Unless otherwise noted, the material contained in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (cc by-nc-nd) Interna- tional License. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ for more information. Origi- nal copyright remains with the contributing author and a citation should be made when the article is quoted, used or referred to in another work. C b n d Romantic Textualities is an imprint of Cardiff University Press, an innovative open-access publisher of academic research, where ‘open-access’ means free for both readers and writers. Find out more about the press at cardiffuniversitypress.org. Editors: Anthony Mandal, Cardiff University Maximiliaan van Woudenberg, Sheridan Institute of Technology Elizabeth Edwards (Guest Editor),University of Wales Associate Editor: Nicola Lloyd, Bath Spa University Reviews Editor: Katie Garner, University of St Andrews Blog Editor: Emma Butcher, University of Hull Editorial Assistant: Jannat Ahmed, Cardiff University Platform Development: Andrew O’Sullivan, Cardiff University Cardiff University Press Administrator: Alice Percival, Cardiff University Advisory Board Peter Garside (Chair), University of Edinburgh Isobel Grundy, University of Alberta Jane Aaron, University of South Wales Ian Haywood, University of Roehampton Stephen Behrendt, University of Nebraska- David Hewitt, University of Aberdeen Lincoln Gillian Hughes, Independent Scholar Emma Clery, University of Southampton Claire Lamont, University of Newcastle Benjamin Colbert, University of Wolverhampton Devoney Looser, Arizona State University Gillian Dow, Chawton House Library Robert Miles, University of Victoria Edward Copeland, Pomona College Christopher Skelton-Foord,University of Durham Gavin Edwards, University of South Wales Kathryn Sutherland, University of Oxford Penny Fielding, University of Edinburgh Graham Tulloch, Flinders University Caroline Franklin, Swansea University Nicola Watson, Open University Aims and Scope: Formerly Cardiff Corvey: Reading the Romantic Text (1997–2005), Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture, 1780–1840 is an online journal that is committed to fore- grounding innovative Romantic-studies research into bibliography, book history, intertextuality and textual studies. To this end, we publish material in a number of formats: among them, peer-reviewed articles, reports on individual/group research projects, bibliographical checklists and biographical profiles of overlooked Romantic writers. Romantic Textualities also carries reviews of books that re- flect the growing academic interest in the fields of book history, print culture, intertextuality and cul- tural materialism, as they relate to Romantic studies. ‘She had recourse to her pen’ Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers Yi-Cheng• Weng The public, that part of it, at least, with whom novels form the great portion of amusement, is infinitely obliged to [Elizabeth Hamilton] for this admirable exposition of Godwinian principles, and the more so, for having given it in the form of a novel; for the same means by which the poison is offered, are, perhaps, the best by which their antidote may be rendered efficacious. It will in this shape find its way into the circulating libraries of the country, whence is daily is- sued such a pestiferous portion of what are termed enlightened and liberal sentiments. — Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine (1801)1 The Anti-Jacobin Review was warm in its praise of Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, her second novel, published in 1800. The review writes that Hamilton’s ‘admirable exposition’ of the new philosophical principles ‘in the form of a novel’ rendered Memoirs of Modern Philosophers worthy to be classified as ‘the first novel of the day’.2 It regards Hamilton as an exceptional case among ‘ female writers of the day [who are] corrupted by the voluptuous dogmas of Mary Godwin [Wollstonecraft], or her more profligate imitators’, and aligns her with Hannah More, one prominent conservative dubbed ‘the most unexcep- tionable female writer of the times’ by The Anti-Jacobin Review.3 These remarks reflect wider negative views of novels in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, among them Vicesimus Knox’s sense of the age as ‘more corrupt than the preceding’ due to the widening market for fiction, and Charles Lamb’s description of popular novels as ‘scanty intellectual viands of the whole female reading public’.4 Like most commentators of this period who saw novels as a ‘complicated drug’ and were quick to characterise them as precipitating the degradation of society, Elizabeth Hamilton was aware of the perceived danger posed by novels to the grow- ing reading public.5 Nevertheless, she perceived the novel as a medium through which to communicate with her audience, and delineate her ideas of femininity, domesticity and religion. However, her outspoken ridicule and caricatures of contemporary radicals in Memoirs of Modern Philosophers ‘did not extend into the blanket condemnation of whiggish radical and liberal politics’, but presents a more complicated case when placed in the context of the early nineteenth century.6 36 ‘she had recourse to her pen’ 37 Our understanding of female writers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has been significantly revised by a growing body of scholarship in re- cent decades.7 My investigation of Hamilton’s novels aims to add to the existing scholarship on conservative writers, and to complicate our understanding of the much-neglected Hamilton, whose published work remains underappreciated and her influence, I believe, not yet fully acknowledged.8 In her 2010 Women Writers and the Edinburgh Enlightenment, Pam Perkins locates Hamilton within Edinburgh philosophical and literary culture, illustrat- ing the capability of women writers for producing polemical and ambitious works and for participating in contemporary political debates. The first book-length monograph devoted to Hamilton appeared shortly afterwards, in 2012, by Claire Grogan. While Grogan examines Hamilton’s literary output across a wide range of genres, this article will mainly focus on Hamilton’s second novel Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, with other examples obtained from her other works and con- temporary writings. I will situate her fictional representations of radical principles within the trajectory of the gradual decline of radical voices from the mid-1790s onwards, as a part of my wider project exploring women writers’ divergent response to political and social disputes in the novel form in this period. Jon Mee has suggested that ‘[t]he world of literary relations, including those between writers and their readers, and between readers and texts, was broadly construed in terms of a conversation of culture’.9 Exploring Hamilton’s fictional representations and caricatures in Memoirs
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards a Poetics of Becoming: Samuel Taylor Coleridge's and John Keats's Aesthetics Between Idealism and Deconstruction
    Towards a Poetics of Becoming: Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s and John Keats’s Aesthetics Between Idealism and Deconstruction Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät IV (Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaften) der Universität Regensburg eingereicht von Charles NGIEWIH TEKE Alfons-Auer-Str. 4 93053 Regensburg Februar 2004 Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Rainer EMIG Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dieter A. BERGER 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... VI English........................................................................................................................ VI German...................................................................................................................... VII French...................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION Aims of the Study......................................................................................................... 1 On the Relationship Between S. T. Coleridge and J. Keats.......................................... 5 Certain Critical Terms................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Enlightenment and Dissent No.29 Sept
    ENLIGHTENMENT AND DISSENT No.29 CONTENTS Articles 1 Lesser British Jacobin and Anti-Jacobin Writers during the French Revolution H T Dickinson 42 Concepts of modesty and humility: the eighteenth-century British discourses William Stafford 79 The Invention of Female Biography Gina Luria Walker Reviews 137 Scott Mandelbrote and Michael Ledger-Lomas eds., Dissent and the Bible in Britain, c. 1650-1950 David Bebbington 140 W A Speck, A Political Biography of Thomas Paine H T Dickinson 143 H B Nisbet, Gottfried Ephraim Lessing: His Life, Works & Thought J C Lees 147 Lisa Curtis-Wendlandt, Paul Gibbard and Karen Green eds., Political Ideas of Enlightenment Women Emma Macleod 150 Jon Parkin and Timothy Stanton eds., Natural Law and Toleration in the Early Enlightenment Alan P F Sell 155 Alan P F Sell, The Theological Education of the Ministry: Soundings in the British Reformed and Dissenting Traditions Leonard Smith 158 David Sekers, A Lady of Cotton. Hannah Greg, Mistress of Quarry Bank Mill Ruth Watts Short Notice 161 William Godwin. An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice ed. with intro. Mark Philp Martin Fitzpatrick Documents 163 The Diary of Hannah Lightbody: errata and addenda David Sekers Lesser British Jacobin and Anti-Jacobin Writers during the French Revolution H T Dickinson In the late eighteenth century Britain possessed the freest, most wide-ranging and best circulating press in Europe. 1 A high proportion of the products of the press were concerned with domestic and foreign politics and with wars which directly involved Britain and affected her economy. Not surprisingly therefore the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary War, impacting as they did on British domestic politics, had a huge influence on what the British press produced in the years between 1789 and 1802.
    [Show full text]
  • Erasmus Darwin's Romanticism
    Rhyme and Reason: Erasmus Darwin’s Romanticism Noel Jackson ore remarkable, it may seem, than the sudden disappearance of Mscientific poetry from the late-eighteenth-century English liter- ary landscape is the fact that it was ever widely read in the first place. “Philosophical poetry,” as it was then known, and especially the work of its most famous practitioner, Erasmus Darwin, has been scorned as a gimmicky, tedious, frequently laughable exercise. This ugly stepsister of didactic verse amalgamates poetic fancy and scientific fact, yoking versified descriptions to prose notes detailing the contemporary state of research in natural philosophy, industrial technology, botany, chem- istry, and medicine, to name only a few subjects of this poetry. In an often-cited letter to John Thelwall, Samuel Taylor Coleridge boasted of his catholic taste in poetry, professing an almost equal appreciation for “the head and fancy of Akenside, and the heart and fancy of Bowles,” among others1 — but none for such fanciful productions of the brain as Darwin’s paean to the steam engine, in part 1 of The Botanic Gar- den, The Economy of Vegetation.2 Coleridge’s disappointed wish, recorded 1 Coleridge to Thelwall, December 17, 1796, in Collected Letters of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ed. Earl Leslie Griggs, 6 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1956 – 71), 1:279. Here- after cited as STCL. Coleridge’s opinion of The Botanic Garden is concise enough: “I absolutely nauseate Darwin’s poem” (Coleridge to Thelwall, May 13, 1796, in STCL, 1:216). 2 Darwin published part 2 of the poem, The Loves of the Plants, first, in 1789.
    [Show full text]
  • MO Grenby. Writing Revolution: British Literature
    The definitive version of this article is published by Blackwell as: M. O. Grenby. Writing Revolution: British Literature and the French Revolution Crisis, a Review of Recent Scholarship. Literature Compass 2006, 3 (6), 1351-1385 http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118578169/abstract Writing Revolution: British Literature and the French Revolution Crisis, a Review of Recent Scholarship 1 M. O. Grenby Abstract The French Revolution had a profound effect on almost all aspects of British culture. French events and ideas were avidly discussed and disputed in Britain. Long-standing British political and cultural debates were given new life; new socio-political ideologies rapidly emerged. The sense of political, religious and cultural crisis that developed in the 1790s was only slowly to dissipate. Generations afterwards, many British thinkers and writers were still considering and renegotiating their responses. The effect of the Revolution Crisis on British literature was particularly marked, something that was widely recognised at the time and has been the focus of much scholarship since. It has become something of a cliché that British literary Romanticism was born out of the Revolution. The last few decades have produced new waves of powerful criticism which has re-examined the relationship between the Revolution Crisis and the works it shaped. Different strands of radical writing have now received detailed investigation, as have equally complex conservative responses. Writing by and for women is now receiving as much attention as writing by men, and previously neglected forms, such as the popular novel, pamphlets and children's literature, are now the subject of an increasing number of studies.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCIABILITY AS POLITICAL ACTIVISIM: WRITING for CHANGE in the 1790S
    SOCIABILITY AS POLITICAL ACTIVISIM: WRITING FOR CHANGE IN THE 1790s by LAURA ELIZABETH MCDONALD (Under the Direction of Roxanne Eberle) ABSTRACT This thesis examines Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, Charlotte Smith’s Desmond, and William Godwin’s Caleb Williams as works of political activism. I approach these texts within the context of a newly developed sociability that combines the coffeehouse of the mid-eighteenth century with the new developments in publishing and the circulation of texts. In a time of constant political change, these texts engage with a new audience of men and women who are becoming more actively involved in agitating for political reforms. Because of these new audiences, Burke, Smith, and Godwin modify their methods of persuasion and didacticism to educate and convince their readership of their own political stance. The works discussed combine the political with the literary to convince new audiences of political arguments. INDEX WORDS: Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, Charlotte Smith, Desmond, William Godwin, Caleb Williams, Romantic sociability, French Revolution, Jüergen Habermas SOCIABILITY AS POLITICAL ACTIVISIM: WRITING FOR CHANGE IN THE 1790s by LAURA ELIZABETH MCDONALD A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Athens, Georgia 2010 © 2010 Laura Elizabeth McDonald All Rights Reserved SOCIABILITY AS POLITICAL ACTIVISIM: WRITING FOR CHANGE IN THE 1790s by LAURA ELIZABETH MCDONALD Major Professor: Roxanne Eberle Committee: Elizabeth Kraft Chloe Wigston Smith Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the careful direction of Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Patronage and Professionalism in the Writings of Hannah More, Charlotte Smith and Ann Yearsley, 1770-1806
    Patronage and Professionalism in the writings of Hannah More, Charlotte Smith and Ann Yearsley, 1770-1806. Kerri Louise Andrews Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of English November 2006 The candidate confirms that the work submitted is her own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. 1 Abstract This thesis examines the changes which were occurring in the literary marketplace at the end of the eighteenth century. The place of the traditional aristocratic patrons was gradually being taken by publishers and book sellers, who were increasingly dealing with writers direct. This move away from patronage towards a new form of professionalism took place during two decades of intense political upheaval and questioning of national identity, and at a point where women writers were being seen increasingly as a natural part of literary culture. The argument is focused on three case studies of women who came to prominence in the 1780s, and explores their different experiences of life as professional writers, patrons and protegees. Their work is placed within the context of two significant political and social events; the beginnings of the movement to abolish the slave trade in 1788, and the French Revolution. In particular, the thesis enagages with the Revolution's descent into the Terror in the 1790s, and the response of British writers to this most brutal phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte Smith - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series Charlotte Smith - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive Charlotte Smith(4 May 1749 – 28 October 1806) Charlotte Turner Smith was an English Romantic poet and novelist. She initiated a revival of the English sonnet, helped establish the conventions of Gothic fiction, and wrote political novels of sensibility. Smith was born into a wealthy family and received a typical education for a woman during the late 18th century. However, her father's reckless spending forced her to marry early. In a marriage that she later described as prostitution, she was given by her father to the violent and profligate Benjamin Smith. Their marriage was deeply unhappy, although they had twelve children together. Charlotte joined Benjamin in debtor's prison, where she wrote her first book of poetry, Elegiac Sonnets. Its success allowed her to help pay for Benjamin's release. Benjamin's father attempted to leave money to Charlotte and her children upon his death, but legal technicalities prevented her from ever acquiring it. Charlotte Smith eventually left Benjamin and began writing to support their children. Smith's struggle to provide for her children and her frustrated attempts to gain legal protection as a woman provided themes for her poetry and novels; she included portraits of herself and her family in her novels as well as details about her life in her prefaces. Her early novels are exercises in aesthetic development, particularly of the Gothic and sentimentality. "The theme of her many sentimental and didactic novels was that of a badly married wife helped by a thoughtful sensible lover" (Smith's entry in British Authors Before 1800: A Biographical Dictionary Ed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sound and Vision: Sonic Experience in Wordsworth, Blake, and Clare
    SOUND AND VISION: SONIC EXPERIENCE IN WORDSWORTH, BLAKE, AND CLARE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY RYAN HAAS APRIL 2016 © 2016 by Ryan Douglas Haas. All Rights Reserved. Re-distributed by Stanford University under license with the author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Share Alike 3.0 United States License. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/ This dissertation is online at: http://purl.stanford.edu/hr083wp8159 ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Roland Greene, Primary Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Albert Gelpi I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Blakey Vermeule Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies. Patricia J. Gumport, Vice Provost for Graduate Education This signature page was generated electronically upon submission of this dissertation in electronic format. An original signed hard copy of the signature page is on file in University Archives. iii Abstract This dissertation re-orients the study of Romantic poetry by advocating a shift in Romanticist critical discourse away from the visual sensorium and towards a focus on sound.
    [Show full text]
  • Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton's Memoirs Of
    R OMANTICT EXTUALITIES LITERATURE AND PRINT CULTURE, 1780–1840 • ISSN 1748-0116 ◆ ISSUE 22 ◆ SPRING 2017 ◆ SPECIAL ISSUE : FOUR NATIONS FICTION BY WOMEN, 1789–1830 ◆ www.romtext.org.uk ◆ CARDIFF UNIVERSITY PRESS ◆ Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture, 1780–1840, 22 (Spring 2017) Available online at <www.romtext.org.uk/>; archive of record at <https://publications.cardiffuniversitypress.org/index.php/RomText>. Journal DOI: 10.18573/issn.1748-0116 ◆ Issue DOI: 10.18573/n.2017.10148 Romantic Textualities is an open access journal, which means that all content is available without charge to the user or his/her institution. You are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from either the publisher or the author. Unless otherwise noted, the material contained in this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 (cc by-nc-nd) Interna- tional License. See https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ for more information. Origi- nal copyright remains with the contributing author and a citation should be made when the article is quoted, used or referred to in another work. C b n d Romantic Textualities is an imprint of Cardiff University Press, an innovative open-access publisher of academic research, where ‘open-access’ means free for both readers and writers. Find out more about the press at cardiffuniversitypress.org. Editors: Anthony Mandal, Cardiff University Maximiliaan
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte Turner Smith: a Harbinger of Romantic Poetry?
    CHARLOTTE TURNER SMITH: A HARBINGER OF ROMANTIC POETRY? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÖKÇE SERT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE SEPTEMBER 2018 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bilal Kırkıcı Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hande Seber (Hacettepe Uni., IED) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik (METU, FLE) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Margaret Sönmez (METU, FLE) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nil Korkut Naykı (METU, FLE) Assist. Prof. Dr. Serkan Ertin (Kocaeli Uni., IDE) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Gökçe Sert Signature : iii ABSTRACT CHARLOTTE TURNER SMITH: A HARBINGER OF ROMANTIC POETRY? Sert, Gökçe Ph.D., Department of English Literature Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik September 2018, 229 pages Charlotte Smith, a prolific and prominent poet of the late 18th century, inspired many of her successors with the innovative poetic genres and subject matter that she introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • ABOUT the POET and HIS POETRY William Blake
    ABOUT THE POET AND HIS POETRY William Blake William Blake was born in London on November 28, 1757, to James, a hosier, and Catherine Blake. Two of his six siblings died in infancy. From early childhood, Blake spoke of having visions—at four he saw God ―put his head to the window‖; around age nine, while walking dathrough the countryside, he saw a tree filled with angels. Although his parents tried to discourage him from ―lying," they did observe that he was different from his peers and did not force him to attend conventional school. He learned to read and write at home. At age ten, Blake expressed a wish to become a painter, so his parents sent him to drawing school. Two years later, Blake began writing poetry. When he turned fourteen, he apprenticed with an engraver because art school proved too costly. One of Blake‘s assignments as apprentice was to sketch the tombs at Westminster Abbey, exposing him to a variety of Gothic styles from which he would draw inspiration throughout his career. After his seven-year term ended, he studied briefly at the Royal Academy. In 1782, he married an illiterate woman named Catherine Boucher. Blake taught her to read and to write, and also instructed her in draftsmanship. Later, she helped him print the illuminated poetry for which he is remembered today; the couple had no children. In 1784 he set up a printshop with a friend and former fellow apprentice, James Parker, but this venture failed after several years. For the remainder of his life, Blake made a meager living as an engraver and illustrator for books and magazines.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlotte Smith and Early British Romanticism: Her Writing, Her Critics, Her Influence
    Charlotte Smith and Early British Romanticism: Her Writing, Her Critics, Her Influence by Brent Raycroft Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia June 1996 © copyright by Brent Raycroft, 1996 National Library Bibliotheque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A0N4 K1A0N4 Yourltle Votre reference Our file Notre reference The author has granted an L'auteur a accorde une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irrevocable et non exclusive allowing the National Library of permettant a la Bibliotheque Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada ae distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prefer, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque maniere et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soit pour persons. mettre des exemplaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes interessees. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantiels de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent etre irnprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-612-15900-0 Canada ' i Name RZ&TT RfiHCfloFr Dissertation Abstracts International and Masters Abstracts International are arranged by brc- general subject categories.
    [Show full text]