King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.18573/j.2017.10152 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Weng, Y-C. (2017). 'She had recourse to her pen': Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers . Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture 1780-1840. https://doi.org/10.18573/j.2017.10152 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. 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Sep. 2021 R OMANTICT EXTUALITIES LITERATURE AND PRINT CULTURE, 1780–1840 • ISSN 1748-0116 ◆ ISSUE 22 ◆ SPRING 2017 ◆ SPECIAL ISSUE : FOUR NATIONS FICTION BY WOMEN, 1789–1830 ◆ www.romtext.org.uk ◆ CARDIFF UNIVERSITY PRESS ◆ Romantic Textualities: Literature and Print Culture, 1780–1840, 22 (Spring 2017) Available online at <www.romtext.org.uk/>; archive of record at <https://publications.cardiffuniversitypress.org/index.php/RomText>. Journal DOI: 10.18573/issn.1748-0116 ◆ Issue DOI: 10.18573/n.2017.10148 Romantic Textualities is an open access journal, which means that all content is available without charge to the user or his/her institution. You are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from either the publisher or the author. 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To this end, we publish material in a number of formats: among them, peer-reviewed articles, reports on individual/group research projects, bibliographical checklists and biographical profiles of overlooked Romantic writers. Romantic Textualities also carries reviews of books that re- flect the growing academic interest in the fields of book history, print culture, intertextuality and cul- tural materialism, as they relate to Romantic studies. ‘She had recourse to her pen’ Radical Voices in Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers Yi-Cheng• Weng The public, that part of it, at least, with whom novels form the great portion of amusement, is infinitely obliged to [Elizabeth Hamilton] for this admirable exposition of Godwinian principles, and the more so, for having given it in the form of a novel; for the same means by which the poison is offered, are, perhaps, the best by which their antidote may be rendered efficacious. It will in this shape find its way into the circulating libraries of the country, whence is daily is- sued such a pestiferous portion of what are termed enlightened and liberal sentiments. — Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine (1801)1 The Anti-Jacobin Review was warm in its praise of Elizabeth Hamilton’s Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, her second novel, published in 1800. The review writes that Hamilton’s ‘admirable exposition’ of the new philosophical principles ‘in the form of a novel’ rendered Memoirs of Modern Philosophers worthy to be classified as ‘the first novel of the day’.2 It regards Hamilton as an exceptional case among ‘ female writers of the day [who are] corrupted by the voluptuous dogmas of Mary Godwin [Wollstonecraft], or her more profligate imitators’, and aligns her with Hannah More, one prominent conservative dubbed ‘the most unexcep- tionable female writer of the times’ by The Anti-Jacobin Review.3 These remarks reflect wider negative views of novels in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, among them Vicesimus Knox’s sense of the age as ‘more corrupt than the preceding’ due to the widening market for fiction, and Charles Lamb’s description of popular novels as ‘scanty intellectual viands of the whole female reading public’.4 Like most commentators of this period who saw novels as a ‘complicated drug’ and were quick to characterise them as precipitating the degradation of society, Elizabeth Hamilton was aware of the perceived danger posed by novels to the grow- ing reading public.5 Nevertheless, she perceived the novel as a medium through which to communicate with her audience, and delineate her ideas of femininity, domesticity and religion. However, her outspoken ridicule and caricatures of contemporary radicals in Memoirs of Modern Philosophers ‘did not extend into the blanket condemnation of whiggish radical and liberal politics’, but presents a more complicated case when placed in the context of the early nineteenth century.6 36 ‘she had recourse to her pen’ 37 Our understanding of female writers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries has been significantly revised by a growing body of scholarship in re- cent decades.7 My investigation of Hamilton’s novels aims to add to the existing scholarship on conservative writers, and to complicate our understanding of the much-neglected Hamilton, whose published work remains underappreciated and her influence, I believe, not yet fully acknowledged.8 In her 2010 Women Writers and the Edinburgh Enlightenment, Pam Perkins locates Hamilton within Edinburgh philosophical and literary culture, illustrat- ing the capability of women writers for producing polemical and ambitious works and for participating in contemporary political debates. The first book-length monograph devoted to Hamilton appeared shortly afterwards, in 2012, by Claire Grogan. While Grogan examines Hamilton’s literary output across a wide range of genres, this article will mainly focus on Hamilton’s second novel Memoirs of Modern Philosophers, with other examples obtained from her other works and con- temporary writings. I will situate her fictional representations of radical principles within the trajectory of the gradual decline of radical voices from the mid-1790s onwards, as a part of my wider project exploring women writers’ divergent response to political and social disputes in the novel form in this period. Jon Mee has suggested that ‘[t]he world of literary relations, including those between writers and their readers, and between readers and texts, was broadly construed in terms of a conversation of culture’.9 Exploring Hamilton’s fictional representations and caricatures in Memoirs