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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography)

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ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse What is ERCP? Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancrea- tography is a procedure that combines upper Esophagus gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and x rays U.S. Department Common of Health and to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic bile duct Human Services ducts. ERCP is also used to diagnose prob- Liver lems, but the availability of non-invasive tests NATIONAL such as magnetic resonance cholangiography Stomach INSTITUTES OF HEALTH has allowed ERCP to be used primarily for Gallbladder cases in which it is expected that treatment Pancreas will be delivered during the procedure; see “How is ERCP performed?” Duodenum Main What is upper gastrointestinal pancreatic (GI) endoscopy? duct Large intestine Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure that uses Small intestine a lighted, flexible endoscope to see and per- form procedures inside the upper GI tract. The upper GI tract includes the esophagus, The bile ducts carry bile from the liver to the stomach, and duodenum—the first part of duodenum. The pancreatic ducts carry pancreatic juice from the pancreas to the duodenum. the small intestine. What are the bile and The pancreatic ducts carry pancreatic juice, a liquid the pancreas makes to help break pancreatic ducts? down food. A group of small pancreatic Ducts are tubelike structures in the body ducts in the pancreas empties into the main that carry fluids. The bile ducts carry bile, pancreatic duct. a liquid the liver makes to help break down food. A group of small bile ducts—called the The common bile duct and the main pancre- biliary tree—in the liver empties bile into the atic duct join before emptying their contents larger common bile duct. Between meals, into the duodenum through the papillary the common bile duct closes and bile collects orifice at the end of the duodenal papilla—a in the gallbladder—a pear-shaped sac next to small, nipplelike structure that extends into the liver. the duodenum. Liver Biliary tree Common bile duct Duodenal papilla (bile ducts) Pancreas Gallbladder Duodenal papilla Duodenum Main pancreatic duct Papillary orifice The common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct join before emptying their contents into the duodenum through the papillary orifice at the end of the duodenal papilla—a small, nipplelike structure that extends into the duodenum. 2 ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) When is ERCP used? Patients should tell their health care pro- vider about all health conditions they have, ERCP is used when it is suspected a person’s especially heart and lung problems, diabetes, bile or pancreatic ducts may be narrowed or and allergies. Patients should also tell their blocked due to health care provider about all medications • tumors they take. Patients may be asked to tem- porarily stop taking medications that affect • gallstones that form in the gallbladder blood clotting or interact with sedatives, and become stuck in the ducts which are usually given during ERCP to help • inflammation due to trauma or illness, patients relax and stay comfortable. such as pancreatitis—inflammation of the pancreas Medications and vitamins that may be restricted before and after ERCP include • infection • nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, • valves in the ducts, called sphincters, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil), and that won’t open properly naproxen (Aleve) • scarring of the ducts, called sclerosis • blood thinners • pseudocysts—accumulations of fluid • high blood pressure medication and tissue debris • diabetes medications How does a person prepare • antidepressants for ERCP? • dietary supplements The health care provider usually provides Driving is not permitted for 12 to 24 hours written instructions about how to prepare for after ERCP to allow the sedatives time to ERCP. completely wear off. Before the appoint- The upper GI tract must be empty. Gener- ment, patients should make plans for a ride ally, no eating or drinking is allowed 8 hours home. before ERCP. Smoking and chewing gum are also prohibited during this time. 3 ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) How is ERCP performed? into the ducts. The dye, also called contrast medium, allows the ducts to be seen on ERCP is conducted at a hospital or outpa- x rays. X rays are then taken to see the ducts tient center by a doctor and assistants who and to look for narrowed areas or blockages. have specialized training in this procedure. Patients receive a local anesthetic that is Procedures to treat narrowed areas or block- gargled or sprayed on the back of the throat. ages can be performed during ERCP. To see The anesthetic numbs the throat and calms the ducts during treatment procedures, the the gag reflex. doctor uses x-ray video, also called fluoros- copy. Special tools guided through the endo- An intravenous needle is inserted into a vein scope and into the ducts allow the doctor in the arm if sedatives will be given. Doctors to open blocked ducts, break up or remove and other medical staff monitor vital signs gallstones, remove tumors in the ducts, or while patients are sedated. insert stents. Stents are plastic or expand- During ERCP, patients lie on their back or able metal tubes that are left in narrowed side on an x-ray table. The doctor inserts an ducts to restore the flow of bile or pancreatic endoscope down the esophagus, through the juice. A kind of biopsy called brush cytology stomach, and into the duodenum. Video is allows the doctor to remove cells from inside transmitted from a small camera attached to the ducts using a brush that fits through the the endoscope to a computer screen within endoscope. The collected cells are later the doctor’s view. Air is pumped through the examined with a microscope for signs of endoscope to inflate the stomach and duo- infection or cancer. denum, making them easier for the doctor to Occasionally, ERCP is done after gallbladder examine. surgery, if a surgical bile leak is suspected, to When the doctor locates the duodenal find and stop the leak with a temporary stent. papilla, a blunt tube called a catheter is slid through the endoscope and guided through the papillary opening. Once the catheter is inside the papilla, the doctor injects a dye 4 ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) What does recovery from What are the risks ERCP involve? associated with ERCP? After ERCP, patients are moved to a recov- Significant risks associated with ERCP ery room where they wait for about an hour include for the sedatives to wear off. Patients may • infection not remember conversations with health care staff, as the sedatives reduce memory • pancreatitis of events during and after the procedure. • allergic reaction to sedatives During this time, patients may feel bloated or nauseous. Patients may also have a sore • excessive bleeding, called hemorrhage throat, which can last a day or two. • puncture of the GI tract or ducts Patients can go home after the sedatives • tissue damage from radiation exposure wear off. Patients will likely feel tired and should plan to rest for the remainder of the • death, in rare circumstances day. When ERCP is performed by an experi- enced doctor, complications occur in about Some ERCP results are available immedi- 6 to 10 percent of patients and these often ately after the procedure. Biopsy results are require hospitalization.1 Patients who usually ready in a few days. experience any of the following symptoms after ERCP should contact their health care Eating, Diet, and Nutrition provider immediately: Unless otherwise directed, patients may • swallowing difficulties immediately resume their normal diet and medications after having an ERCP. The • throat, chest, or abdominal pain that health care provider can answer any specific worsens questions about eating, diet, and nutrition. • vomiting • bloody or dark stool • fever 1Andruilli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G, et al. Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2007;102:1781–1788. 5 ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) Points to Remember • During ERCP, the doctor inserts an endoscope down the esophagus, • ERCP is a procedure that combines through the stomach, and into the upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy duodenum. and x rays to treat problems of the bile and pancreatic ducts. • The doctor injects contrast medium into the ducts and x rays are taken to see the • Upper GI endoscopy is a procedure ducts. that uses a lighted, flexible endoscope to see and perform procedures inside the • Special tools that slide through the upper GI tract. endoscope allow the doctor to open blocked ducts, break up or remove • Ducts are tubelike structures in the gallstones, remove tumors in the ducts, body that carry fluids. The bile ducts or insert stents. carry bile, a liquid the liver makes to help break down food. The pancreatic • Significant risks associated with ERCP ducts carry pancreatic juice, a liquid include infection, pancreatitis, allergic the pancreas makes to help break down reaction to sedatives, excessive bleeding, food. puncture of the GI tract or ducts, tissue damage from radiation exposure, and, • The common bile duct and the main in rare circumstances, death. pancreatic duct join before emptying their contents into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. Hope through Research • The health care provider usually pro- The National Institute of Diabetes and vides written instructions about how to Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) prepare for ERCP. conducts and supports basic and clinical research into many digestive disorders. • Driving is not permitted for 12 to 24 hours after ERCP to allow the Participants in clinical trials can play a more sedatives time to completely wear off. active role in their own health care, gain Before the appointment, patients should access to new research treatments before make plans for a ride home.
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