VOLUME XXXIX SUMMER 2003 Featuring: Beryllium Diffusion of Rubies and Sapphires Seven Rare Gem Diamonds THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE GEMOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Summer 2003 VOLUME 39, NO. 2 EDITORIAL _____________ 83 “Disclose or Be Disclosed” William E. Boyajian FEATURE ARTICLE _____________ pg. 130 84 Beryllium Diffusion of Ruby and Sapphire John L. Emmett, Kenneth Scarratt, Shane F. McClure, Thomas Moses, Troy R. Douthit, Richard Hughes, Steven Novak, James E. Shigley, Wuyi Wang, Owen Bordelon, and Robert E. Kane An in-depth report on the process and characteristics of beryllium diffusion into corundum. Examination of hundreds of Be-diffused sapphires revealed that, in many instances, standard gemological tests can help identify these treated corundums. NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES _______ 136 An Important Exhibition of Seven Rare Gem Diamonds John M. King and James E. Shigley A look at the background and some gemological observations of seven important diamonds on display at the Smithsonian Institution from June to September 2003, in an exhibit titled “The Splendor of Diamonds.” pg. 137 REGULAR FEATURES _____________________ 144 Lab Notes • Vanadium-bearing chrysoberyl • Brown-yellow diamonds with an “amber center” • Color-change grossular-andradite from Mali • Glass imitation of tsavorite • Glass “planetarium” • Guatemalan jade with lawsonite inclusions • Chatoyant play-of-color opal • Imitation pearls with iridescent appearance • Sapphire/synthetic color-change sapphire doublets • Unusual “red” spinel • Diffusion-treated tanzanite? pg. 157 152 Gem News International • “Additional” facets and their effect on scintillation • “Alphabet” agates from Indonesia • Cat’s-eye beryl from Brazil • Magnetic corundum • Large pink fluorite from Pakistan • Crystals of color-change garnet from Bekily, Madagascar • Lion Cut gemstones • A swallowed Tahitian cultured pearl • Trapiche rubies displaying asterism • Cat’s-eye scapolite from Tanzania • Miscellany from Tucson • Cubic zirconia briolettes • A bicolored synthetic diamond • Announcements 167 Thank You, Donors 169 Book Reviews 171 Gemological Abstracts pg. 161 BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE John L. Emmett, Kenneth Scarratt, Shane F. McClure, Thomas Moses, Troy R. Douthit, Richard Hughes, Steven Novak, James E. Shigley, Wuyi Wang, Owen Bordelon, and Robert E. Kane Over the past two years, the heat treatment of corundum involving lattice diffusion of beryllium (Be) at temperatures over 1800°C has become a major issue in the gem trade. Although initially only orange to orangy pink (“padparadscha”-like) sapphires were seen, it is now known that a full range of corundum colors, including yellow and blue as well as ruby, have been produced or altered by this treatment. An extension of the current understanding of the causes of color in corundum is presented to help explain the color modifications induced by Be diffusion. Empirical support is provided by Be- diffusion experiments conducted on corundum from various geographic sources. Examination of hundreds of rough and faceted Be-diffused sapphires revealed that standard gemological testing will identify many of these treated corundums, although in some instances costly chemical analysis by mass spectrometry is required. Potential new methods are being investigated to provide additional identification aids, as major laboratories develop special nomenclature for describing this treatment. arly in 2002, it became apparent that corundum Our initial interpretation—that this color alter- treated by a new technique in Thailand had ation was caused solely by the diffusion of berylli- been filtering into the marketplace unan- um into the stone in an oxidizing atmosphere—was Enounced, particularly in Japan. It was subsequently denied by those involved with the treatment pro- learned that these stones had been traded for at least cess, and was questioned by other gemologists. six months prior to this discovery, perhaps longer. Their arguments hinged primarily on observations The first announcement of this situation—an alert that apparently similar starting materials could issued by the American Gem Trade Association emerge from this process as a variety of colors, or (AGTA) on January 8, 2002—prompted substantial completely unchanged. We believe that those obser- activity in gemological laboratories worldwide. vations are correct, but their interpretation is not. Quite rapidly it was demonstrated that this new pro- To understand the unusual behavior of beryllium in cess involved diffusion of the light element berylli- this material, we will have to examine far more um (Be) into a wide variety of corundum types to closely the origin of color in corundum. alter their color. In addition to their changes in color, these stones The diffusion of beryllium into corundum cre- exhibit many other features—both internal and on ates yellow, orange, or brown color components. the surface—that indicate very high-temperature heat The effectiveness of this process in turning pale-col- treatment and/or long periods of treatment. Taken ored or nearly colorless corundum into vibrant yel- together, these features indicate that a new treatment lows and oranges is dramatic. No less dramatic is regime has been introduced into the jewelry trade. the alteration of pink sapphire to a “padparadscha” appearance or a vivid orange, as well as the conver- sion of bluish rubies to a fine red color. It also can See end of article for About the Authors and Acknowledgments. reduce the amount of blue in dark blue sapphires, GEMS &GEMOLOGY, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 84–135. rendering them a more attractive color (figure 1). © 2003 Gemological Institute of America 84 BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE GEMS &GEMOLOGY SUMMER 2003 Figure 1. The berylli- um diffusion process can affect many colors of corundum, includ- ing ruby and blue sap- phire. The Be-diffused stones shown here range from 0.40 to 5.05 ct. Photo by Harold & Erica Van Pelt. We start this discourse with a short historical article. The original diffusion process in which discussion of corundum heat treatment and the titanium was diffused from the outside of a piece connection of this new treatment to previous pro- of corundum into the bulk of the stone, producing cesses. That is followed by a summary of recent a blue layer under the surface, was called “surface progress on beryllium diffusion. Next we delve diffusion” by some gemologists (see, e.g., Hughes, deeply into the causes of color in corundum, 1997, pp. 121–124). However, the term surface dif- extending the current understanding, to elucidate fusion is used in many other disciplines to mean a how a minute amount of this light element can process by which a material moves over a surface, cause such a variety of dramatic color alterations. rather than through the surface into the interior. To this end, we performed a series of Be diffusion As recommended by the International Union of experiments in one of our laboratories. We also Pure and Applied Chemistry (Kizilyalli et al., studied a large number of Be diffusion–treated sap- 1999), the scientifically correct term for the pro- phires (some, both before and after treatment), cess by which a foreign material moves into and untreated sapphires, and sapphires treated only by through a solid is lattice diffusion, previously heat, using a variety of gemological and analytical referred to in the scientific literature as bulk diffu- methods. On the basis of the examinations and sion. For the purposes of this article, we will use testing conducted, we present criteria for determin- the term lattice diffusion or (in its shortened form) ing if stones have been Be diffused—some are quite diffusion to describe this process. simple, and some require advanced analytical instrumentation. Finally, we note that this new treatment process BACKGROUND has caused gemological laboratories to re-evaluate Corundum has been heat treated with moderate their thinking about corundum treatments in gener- color improvement since antiquity. However, al, and the manner in which the treated stones today’s modern heat-treatment techniques pro- should be described on laboratory reports and other duce dramatic results when compared with the documents in particular. Current descriptive lan- subtle changes of the past. The historic turning guage used on reports issued by the AGTA point was the discovery, apparently in the 1960s Gemological Testing Center and the GIA Gem (see Crowningshield, 1966, 1970; Beesley, 1982), Laboratory is presented. that the translucent milky white to yellow to Before we proceed, let us take a moment to brown and bluish white sapphire from Sri Lanka, explain the nomenclature that we will use in this known as geuda, could be transformed to a fine BERYLLIUM DIFFUSION OF RUBY AND SAPPHIRE GEMS &GEMOLOGY SUMMER 2003 85 transparent blue by atmosphere-controlled high- 1993, GIA researchers reported on the experimental temperature heating. This discovery was made production of red “diffusion-treated” corundum possible by the availability of simple furnaces (McClure et al., 1993). capable of reaching temperatures in the 1500°C In October 2001, Australian gemologist Terry ≥ range. The striking color change in the geuda Coldham informed one of the authors that a treater material was caused by the dissolution of rutile in Chanthaburi, Thailand, had developed a new inclusions in the stone, and by the inward diffu- method to transform bluish red Songea (Tanzania) sion of hydrogen from the reducing atmosphere. stones to a