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A Review of Gryllidae (Grylloidea) with the Description of One New Species and Four New Records from the Sindh Pakistan

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A Review of Gryllidae (Grylloidea) with the Description of One New Species and Four New Records from the Sindh Pakistan PREPRINT Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e73693 A review of Gryllidae (Grylloidea) with the description of one new species and four new records from the Sindh Pakistan Riffat Sultana, Suriya Sanam, Santosh Kumar, Sheik Shamsudeen, Fakhra Soomro Disclaimer on biological nomenclature and use of preprints The preprints are preliminary versions of works accessible electronically in advance of publication of the final version. They are not issued for purposes of botanical, mycological or zoological nomenclature andare not effectively/validly published in the meaning of the Codes. Therefore, nomenclatural novelties (new names) or other nomenclatural acts (designations of type, choices of priority between names, choices between orthographic variants, or choices of gender of names)should NOT be posted in preprints. The following provisions in the Codes of Nomenclature define their status: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp) Article 30.2: “An electronic publication is not effectively published if there is evidence within or associated with the publication that its content is merely preliminary and was, or is to be, replaced by content that the publisher considers final, in which case only the version with that final content is effectively published.” In order to be validly published, a nomenclatural novelty must be effectively published (Art. 32.1(a)); in order to take effect, other nomenclatural acts must be effectively published (Art. 7.10, 11.5, 53.5, 61.3, and 62.3). International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) Article: 21.8.3: "Some works are accessible online in preliminary versions before the publication date of the final version. Such advance electronic access does not advance the date of publication of a work, as preliminary versions are not published (Article 9.9)". Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e73693 1 A review of Gryllidae (Grylloidea) with the description of one new species and 2 four new records from the Sindh Province, Pakistan 3 Riffat Sultana1, Surriya Sanam1, Santosh Kumar2, Sheik Mohammad Shamsuddin3, 4 Fakhra Soomro4 5 6 1 Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh- Pakistan 7 2 Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal 8 Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan 9 3 Department of Zoology, Sir Syed college, Kannur University, Kerala, India 10 4 Department of Zoology, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan 11 12 Corresponding author: Riffat Sultana ([email protected]) 13 14 Abstract 15 The family Gryllidae is reviewed, resulting in the recognition of seventeen species, 16 of which one is Modicogryllus? described herein as new. Four species, namely 17 Acheta hispanicus Rambur, 1838, Gryllus septentrionalis F. Walker, 1869, 18 Callogryllus saeedi Saeed, 2000 and Miogryllus itaquiensis Orsini and Zefa, 2017 19 are recorded as new country and state records. Differences from similar species and 20 a taxonomic key to species of Sindh are provided. 21 Key words 22 Gryllidae, new record, review, taxonomic key 23 24 Introduction 25 Crickets are representative of superfamily Grylloidea with four families: 26 Myrmecophilidae, Gryllotalpidae, Mogoplistidae, and Gryllidae. The group dates from 1 Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e73693 27 the Triassic Period and today includes 3726 known living species and 43 extinct 28 ones, 22 extant subfamilies and 7 extinct ones, and 528 extant genera and 27 extinct 29 ones. Most extant subfamilies are distributed worldwide Resh and Carde (2009). 30 Crickets live in virtually all terrestrial habitats from treetops to a meter or more 31 beneath the ground. Members of several subfamilies live in or near treetops and in 32 bushes, grasses, and other herbaceous plants on the soil surface (Nemobiinae, 33 Gryllinae), in caves (Phalangopsinae, Pentacentrinae), and in shallow or deep 34 burrows (Gryllotalpinae, Brachytrupinae); some excavate burrows in logs or standing 35 trees (Pteroplistinae); some beach-dwelling species of Trigonidiinae run and jump 36 readily on water. Many crickets are omnivorous and some seem to feed almost 37 entirely on vegetable matter, yet sometimes consume carrion and even ferociously 38 kill and eat other insects. Several species frequent human dwellings and refuse 39 heaps, most notably A. domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 and the decorated cricket, 40 Gryllodes sigillatus. Subterranean species feed mostly on roots and can be injurious 41 when abundant in crops, gardens, lawns, golf courses, and newly reseeded forests. 42 Copulation takes place with the intervention of a rather small spermatophore and, 43 according to the groups, the eggs are laid in the ground or in the stems of herbaceous 44 plants. 45 The classification of the Gryllidae has been established by Henri de Saussure in a 46 remarkable monograph published in Geneva in the years 1877 and 1878. In this 47 thorough work, the author points out the most important morphological characters 48 and establishes the larger divisions of the group. Although a great number of species 49 have been described since the publication of Saussure's work, this work remains the 50 basis of the modern classification of the Grylloidea. The Gryllidae are abundant 51 throughout Sindh, the most cultivated region and major crops of Pakistan that are 52 damaged by mole crickets, ground crickets, field crickets, house crickets, etc. The 53 Gryllidae live in different types of habitats such as moist soil, herbs, shrubs, grasses, 54 and vegetation. The fauna of Gryllidae from Sindh is still insufficiently known. 55 Considering the ratio of described species to species unknown to science, it can be 56 assumed with some confidence that the number of unknown species is 57 proportionately smaller in the Gryllidae. It was therefore felt necessary to revise the 2 Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e73693 58 family from this region. Description, taxonomic keys, and illustration for all 17 known 59 species are provided; bionomics and ecological accounts are also briefly discussed. 60 In this manuscript we offer one new species and four new records from Pakistan, 61 which helps in filling gaps in our knowledge of the Gryllidae of Pakistan and brings 62 information up to date. 63 64 Material and methods 65 All specimens were collected from the different agricultural crops of various districts 66 of Sindh. Material was brought to Entomology and Bio-control Research Laboratory 67 (EBCRL), Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Methodology for 68 euthanasia was adapted from Vickery and Kevan (1983) and Riffat and Wagan 69 (2015) with slight modifications: specimens were killed by using Potassium cyanide 70 or Chloroform in standard entomological killing bottles for 5–10 minutes. Samples 71 were not left longer because their colours could be change. 72 Pinning of samples was done quickly after killing. An insect pin was inserted on the 73 pronotum posterior to transverse sulcus, slightly to the right of the median carina. 74 The head was directed slightly downwards on the stretching board. The left wings 75 were set with the long axis of the body nearly at a right angle to the pin. The posterior 76 legs were bent beneath the body to minimize the possibility of breakage and to 77 occupy a smaller area. The abdomen was dropped below the wings and not obscured 78 by the hind legs. 79 Fully dried specimens were preserved in insect cabinets with labels providing 80 collection date, habitat, locality, and collector’s name. Naphthalene balls (C10H8) 81 were placed in boxes to prevent the attack of ants and other insects. Specimens 82 were identified through the bibliographies given by Riffat and Wagan (2015), and 83 Orthoptera Species File (OSF) (Cigliano et al. 2020) was consulted. 84 Photographs of the various species were prepared. Line drawings were made with a 85 camera lucida fitted on a microscope (Ernst Leitz Wetzlar Germany 545187) and 3 Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/arphapreprints.e73693 86 these were improved with the help of the software Adobe illustrator CC-2015. Each 87 figure is of one body part of all included species for comparison. 88 Measurements of various body parts were calculated in millimetres (mm) through 89 microscope (Oculas) 10x10 graph, compass, divider, and rule. Species distributions 90 were mapped using latitude and longitude information for available sites of species. 91 The material (TN: 802 SEM) has been deposited in Sindh Entomological Museum 92 (SEMJ), Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Pakistan 30.3753° 93 N, 69.3451° E. 94 95 RESULTS 96 Family Gryllidae 97 Subfamily Gryllinae 98 Tribe Gryllini 99 Genus Acheta Linnaeus, 1758 100 Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) 101 Figures 1-11, Table 1 102 Material examined: PAKISTAN- Sindh Prov. • 2♂, 8♀; Riffat, Surriya; 28 Aug. 2019; 103 Mithi N 24.7436°, E 69.8061°, 11♂, 17♀; Riffat, Surriya; 30 Aug. 2019; Naushahro 104 feroze N 26.8463°, E 68.1253°, 3♀; Surriya, Riffat; 3 Sep. 2019; Chachro N 105 25.1156°, E 70.2557°, 5♂, 11♀; Riffat, Surriya; 11 Sep. 2019; Umerkot N 25.3549°, 106 E 69.7376°, 5♂, 16♀; Surriya, Riffat; 12 Sep. 2019; Nara N 34.6851°, E 135.8048°, 107 12♂, 24♀; Surriya, Riffat; 17 Sep. 2019; Nagarparkar N 24.3572°, E 70.7555°, 1♂, 108 4♀; 14 Aug. 2019; Tharparkar N 24.8777°, E 70.2408°, 2♂, 9♀; Riffat, Surriya; 16 109 Aug. 2019; Sanghar N 26.0436°, E 68.9480°, 1♂, 8♀; Riffat, Surriya; 17 Aug. 2019; 110 Islamkot N 24.7014°, E 70.1783°. 111 Description 4 Author-formatted, not peer-reviewed document posted on 30/08/2021.
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