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Zardozi Pradesh South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 9(3): 8-19, 2021; Article no.SAJSSE.64021 ISSN: 2581-821X Problems of Life and Livelihood of Zari-Zardozi Workers in Western Uttar-Pradesh Komal Mittal1* and Poonam Singh2 1Department of Economics, Bareilly College, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. 2SRS PG College, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author KM designed the study, managed the literature searches, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol, and the first draft of the manuscript. Author PS managed the analyses of the study. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/SAJSSE/2021/v9i330239 Editor(s): (1) Dr. John M. Polimeni, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, USA. Reviewers: (1) Juana Patlán Pérez, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico. (2) Ademir Jones Antunes Dorneles, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/64021 Received 01 November 2020 Accepted 03 January 2021 Original Research Article Published 01 February 2021 ABSTRACT Zari-Zardozi is a type of hand embroidery and usually done on apparels for embellishment with the help of needle, threads and metal wires. This handicraft work has been taken as patrimonial art in the artisan family. Even a strong presence of this art in the domestic and international market in last decade of 20th century and the first decade of the twenty first century, the plight of labourers was not improved and became so miserable. This descriptive research has been done on Zari- zardozi labourers of different villages of Bareilly, a western Uttar Pradesh’s district famous for this handicraft. There was 150 rural household samples were collected randomly to depict Zari-zardozi labourers’ present actual condition with their socio-economic background. There are two types of workers involved in this sector. One, who are doing this work as their main occupation and engaged in that throughout the year while others are temporary workers whose main occupation is some other but to earn sufficient or to use their holidays, they work for some hours or few days in a month or year. The nature of employment may affect the labour productivity. This paper would try to know the age-group, education, technical qualifications, wages variance between permanent and temporary labourers. With the help of Zari-Zardozi labourers’ inputs it _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected], [email protected]; Mittal and Singh; SAJSSE, 9(3): 8-19, 2021; Article no.SAJSSE.64021 would suggest the major factors affecting wages and would prescribe the possible measures to increase their income. Along with it, this study would try to assess their quality of life up to some extent with socio-economic condition of them. Minimum wage payment, skill development and social welfare schemes within the ambit of structural change of selling may be helpful to improve their poverty ridden condition Keywords: Zari-zardozi; wages; permanent employment; skill-development; quality of life. 1. INTRODUCTION chance to look into their personal life, artistic work and observed the rise & fall of this craft but Art and culture enriched every corner of India is employment and growth of zari-zardozi products known for one or other handicraft activities. Zari- could not resulted in development of labourers. Zardozi is one of them and even passing the five This paper casts a cursory glance at the factors centuries from its evolution, maintains its affecting wages and focuses on the nature of dominance as an elegant embellishment work. employment viz. permanent and temporary This art is a kind of hand embroidery and done workers’ education, technical education or with the help of needle and threads of gold, training of Zari-Zardozi labourers. It would silver and mixed alloy. Different types of raw describe the socio-economic background of material like chandla, sitara, gota, dabka, gizai, these labourers. The aim of the paper is to get to moti etc. are used as per need of the design. know the problems of rural labourers of Zari- This art is done on male-female garments, Zardozi in Bareilly district and suggest the accessories like purses, shoes, belts and home- measures for improvement of life and livelihood decorative pieces. This art has been taken as of them. ancestral profession in the artisan families. Many artisans have adopted this as their main 1.2 Literature Overview occupation or profession but rest of them have adopted it as a supplementary or secondary This study is based on a primary database so occupation to earn livelihood. The gradually review of prevailing literature might be helpful for increasing inflation and decreasing real wages collecting the data and accessing the objectives. have made the condition of labourers pitiable. There are most of the studies based on formal or After the introduction of machinery and mass organized sector but this work has tried to look production, the employment possibilities of this into the studies connected with the unorganized handicraft shrank and low wages compelled the sector too. Gaur and Rana’s [1] study proves that artisans to adopt other sources of livelihood but the socio-economic condition of women in to make up seasonal demand women, teenager unorganized sector is worse than men due to children and other family members of these lower wages, illiteracy, lack of skill, ignorance artisan families also partake themselves in it. and exploitation and it is responsible for their children’s physical, mental, social under- In the production to supply chain of Zari-Zardozi development. Population growth rate is also articles, artisans are the most important link responsible for unemployment or under- because their hand-work creates huge value employment in India [Brahamanand [2]. Prof. addition still they are too much backward. They Jafri [3] found the pitiable condition of zari craft can’t get a good living standard due to low level workers due to extreme low wages and abject of wages. They have right only up to subsistent poverty through his study. Their deplorable living level wages irrespective of value addition of conditions urgently require the protective various finished goods and the most proportion measures. of value addition is sucked by middle-men and other links of the chain. Jeemol and Rani [4] found that most of the workers were operated their own account 1.1 Objective of the Paper enterprises with their family members in zari- zardozi work. Their low skill and heterogeneous Wages is the reward of labourers’ effort and their productivity were the reasons for less earnings. productivity. It is found that wages rate is Bairagya [5] correlated the employment with different in the various sectors of production and education and came to know that secondary within the sector. Bareilly is the studying and education holders were in better condition to gain teaching area for the author who has been living employment than graduate degree holders in among artisans for ten years. Somehow got the both rural and urban areas. While the educated 9 Mittal and Singh; SAJSSE, 9(3): 8-19, 2021; Article no.SAJSSE.64021 had less opportunities of employment because and well connected to the different states of India they were unwilling to do casual jobs, own due to ample transportation facility. It has fertile account work, informal jobs and helping jobs in agriculture land for food crops. Total population household enterprises and Indian job market of Bareilly is 4,448,359 as per latest census could not absorb the increasing educational 2011. There has also been substantial capabilities. Age was also found as a development of industries. It is known not only determinant of permanent employment by them. for Zari-Zardozi but also for Bamboo furniture, Besides, Bairagya [5], Panchappa [6], Shatz & Surma and Kite twine Manjha. Presently this others [7], Chaudhry [8] suggested the vocational district contributes greatly to economic training and capital formation essential for development by progressing day by day in the creating job opportunities for both educated and education and health service sector. Zari-Zardozi uneducated labour force. ICT training and is also selected as a product of Bareilly under investment might boost the productivity growth ‘One District-One Product’ scheme of Uttar across the sectors and regions. It is widely Pradesh Government [13]. accepted that increasing wages convert into higher efficiency level because of better access 2. METHODOLOGY to nutrition and sound health but higher wage bill might be the cause of labour capital substitution. As there is lakhs of Zari-Zardozi labourers live in Productivity is assumed to be the main factor of the vicinity of Bareilly district, the researcher has wages determination by Sahoo [9]. Performance chosen this district as study-area for studying the related pay system is advocated by Gielen [10] socio-economic condition of labourers. To find for screening of efficient workers and out the variance a sample of 150 labourers has enhancement of individual labour productivity. been taken from the rural area of district Bareilly. Bjuggren [11] emphasized that the impact of Exporters, retailers, whole-sellers, middlemen employment protection rules is wider than and labourers are the links of the production educational level of labourers. Sahoo [9] had chain but this study is focused only on labourers. also accepted this in concern with Indian Manufacturing Sector. This work is usually done by labourers at their homes in an unorganized setup so primary data In contrary to previous studies of European have been collected through a questionnaire. countries the paper of Lisi and Malo [12] hit the There are 150 household of zari-zardozi bias that temporary employment might decrease labourers from different villages of District the innovation and productivity.
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