Index

Note: Page numbers in bold refer to Tables; those in italic refer to Figures

Aichelburg, Wolf von 229–30, 234 see also Czech Republic; Hungary; Herbergen im Wind 229, 230 Romania Rückblick 228–9 Charlemagne 254 Austria, labour market restrictions citation, of Romanian German 59–60 literature 233–4 Austro-Hungarian Monarchy 13 code-switching 213–14 status of German in 152, 153–4 Collegium Hungaricum Berlin 233 Colombians, in German Salsa Banat, communities 216 German minority in 226 community of practice 123, German native literature in 224 203–4 Baudelaire, Charles, Bénédiction 229 Salsa 206–7, 208 bilingualism, contextualization, in Austria-Hungary 151 and positioning 198 classroom teaching project 99–109 and use of Saxon dialect 193 dilemmas of 170–1 contextualization cues 11, 187, elite, in Germany 208 189, 193 German-speakers 112, 170–1 Critical Discourse Analysis 28–9, in Hungary 155 185, 188, 245 and monolingual ideology 217–18 topoi 29 theatre productions 85–6, 91, 92 Cuba, Salsa in 211 within families 180–1 culture, Bohemia 4 avoiding use of language 86–90 Böll, Heinrich 228 hybridity of 16 borderlands, street theatre 89 Czech-German 96–117 see also theatre German-Polish 73–92 Czech language, multinational see also state borders regional subsidiaries 123 boundaries, Czech Republic, linguistic 248–50 and dominance of German 80, spatial 250–2 110–11, 179 Braudel, Fernand 165–6 joint teaching project with Britz, Helmut 226 Germany 98–101 Budapest, German mother tongue 154 language policy 125–6 Bulgaria, accession to EU 9 languages of multinational companies 122–44 Calinescu, George 232 languages taught 125–7, 126 Central Europe, multinational companies 127–9 definition 1–2 stories of German-speakers 168–9, German language in 3–4, 51 178–81

261 262 Index

Czechoslovakia 2, 3, 125 EU Commissioner for Multilingualism German minority 11–12, 178–81 7–8 Czechs, perception of Germans EU institutions, limits on 110–12 multilingualism in 41–2 Eurobarometer Special Report: Europeans dance, and Languages (2006) 8, 64, 79, German-Polish project 87–8 112 see also Salsa clubs Europe, Danil˘ a,˘ Dan, ‘The Poet’s Profession’ maps without borders 247 230–1, 234 see also ‘Grande Région’ deixis, European Capital of Culture, personal 113 annual 241 use of 102–3, 104–5 Sibiu/Hermannstadt 242, 246, Der Bund der Vertriebenen (League of 248–55 Expelled People) 56 European Commission, discourse-historical tradition 28 Action Plan 2004-6 on Promoting Dom Kultury 84 Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity 27 dominance, attitude of 80–1 New Framework Strategy for Drang nach Osten 55, 60 Multilingualism (2005) 28 European Union, Eichendorff, Joseph von 229 2004 enlargement 5, 7–8 empires, spheres of influence 2 and borders (Schengen Agreement English, 1985) 75, 92n for commercial communication cultural identities 8, 241–2, 255–7 12, 123, 127, 135–6, 137 diversity in 244–8, 252–5 competence in 138, 139 and Germanic ‘Grande Région’ in Germany 77, 79–80, 91 242, 245–6, 247, 250 as global language 4–5 language policies 7–8, 23–43, 59, in Hungary 160, 161, 162–3 99 as official corporate language migration within 7 129–34 as multilingual 23, 25, 27–8, in Poland 62, 62, 63, 64, 65, 91 36–40, 41 prestige of 62–3 and national identity 7, 251, taught in Czech Republic 125, 255–7 126–7, 126, 137 and national languages 6 use in EU 36, 37, 39 as political organization 27 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus 228 regionalism in 242 Verteidigung der Wölfe 229 supranationalism 23–4, 27 ethnic identity, translation service 34–5 ‘authentic’ ethnicity 212 see also Romania in bilingual classroom teaching European Year of Languages (2001) 105–9 27 and geographical distinction 108 in Hungary 159 family language policy 171–2, 174–5, ethnography, to evaluate bilingual 176–7, 180–1 teaching project 100–1 foreign direct investment, ethnomethodology, and identity Czech Republic 127 formation 101 regional variations 123 Index 263

Franconian language see Moselle German literature, Franconian language in Hungary 224 Frankfurt am Main, Salsa clubs in Romania 224, 226–7, 228–31 207–17 Romanian 233–6 Frankfurt (Oder) 92n German minorities, dance theatre project 87–8 expulsion of 4, 156 theatres 74, 82 in Hungary 13–14, 155, 156–9, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung 156 29 in Poland 10–11, 56, 65–7 Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 29 German-speakers, coverage of EU expansion 33 bilingualism 112 French language, life stories 165–82 in Czech Republic 128 Germanic languages, in Transylvania in EU institutions 36, 37–9 242–3 in Poland 62 Germany, bilingual schooling 205 ethnic Volk ideology 204 Gazeta Wyborcza 30 Germanization policy 58–9 coverage of EU expansion 33 inability to speak Czech 111–12, reference to 140 languages/multilingualism inability to speak Polish 77, 79–80, 31–2, 31, 36–40 81, 89–90, 91 view of Germany 57 joint teaching project with Czech gender identity, and language Republic 98–101 212–13 labour market restrictions 59–60 German language, language policies 25, 204–6, 243 among national minorities 4, 5, media coverage of EU expansion 30, 13–14, 162 32–43 asymmetry with Czech 98, migrants from West to former East 110–13, 114–17 185–200 asymmetry with Polish 76–81 mistrust of Poles 60 in Central Europe 3–4, 6, 53, monolingual ideology 204, 217–18 243–4 multilingualism in public discourses and European Grande Région 242, 204–6 245–6, 247, 250 newspapers (empirical materials) in Hungary 149–63, 169–78 29–32 learners 51 perception of Czechs 110–11 in multinational headquarters and Polish borderland 73–6, 78 123, 129–30 relations with Poland 54–61, 67–8 Polish attitudes to 53–4, 55–6, Salsa clubs 15–16, 203–19 57–8, 60–1, 78, 80–1 state funding for theatre 84 prestige of 51, 73, 79, 89, 90–1, teaching of Polish 77–8 112 theatres 74 role in EU institutions 36, 37, 39 under Nazism 55–6 in Romania 224 unification 26 Saxon dialect 15, 185–200 Germany, East (GDR) 4, 15 taught in Czech Republic 125 and unification (1990) 185–6 as working language 114–17, 114, see also Saxon dialect; Saxony 125 Géza II, King of Hungary 242, 249 264 Index

Görlitz 74, 91, 92n Russian language in 160 dance theatre project 87, 88 stories of German-speakers 169–78 plays in Polish 82–3, 85 and Transylvania 242 street theatre 89 ‘Grande Région’ 242, 245–6, 247, identity, 250 discursive 187–8 as heart of Europe 251, 253–4 gender 212–13 Grass, Günther 228 language and ethnicity 103–9 and membership categorization Habsburg Empire 3, 4, 150-3, 160-2 101–2 Germanization policies 13 and migration 187 Hakata 58, 60, 69n see also membership categories Hanslik, Peter, JuThe director 85 identity formation, Hartau/Hartava, bilingual teaching and ethnomethodology 101 project 99–100 European 255–7 hegemonic multilingualism 43 language and 14–15 Herder, J.G. 151–2, 227 Interface, dance theatre project 87 History of the Literary Cultures of International Postmodernism: Theory East-Central Europe 226 and Practice 225, 226 Hockl, Hans Wolfram 228 Istoria literaturii de la origini pân˘aîn Hodjak, Franz 226 present 232 Holy Roman Empire 4, 242 Istoria literaturii române 231 homeland, poets’ references to 230, Istoria literaturii române de azi pe mâine 235–6 231 Hungarian language 13–14, 157–8 Hungarian literature, in Transylvania Jelenia Gora, Teatr Jeleniogórsko 89 227, 231–2, 234 Juncker, Jean-Claude, Prime Minister Hungary 2–3 of Luxembourg 254 bourgeois use of German 150, 153 census data 158–9, 159 ethnic identity in 159 Kándyádi, Sándor 234, 235 German as foreign language ‘Hallotak napja Bécsben’ 235 159–60, 161, 162 Kolozsvári Papp, László 234 German literature in 224, 233–6 Kulturkampf, Bismarckian 57, 60 German minorities in 13–14, 155, 156–9, 156 language asymmetry, German as minority language Czech-German 98, 110–13, 114–17 154–9 German-Polish 76–81 German mother tongue in Budapest language classes, in multinational 154 company 129–30 German schools 157 language for communication, German villages 150 vs. language for emotion 138–9 language policy 155 vs. language for privacy 140–2 minority rights 157 vs. language for social purposes native vs. standard German 154, 137–8 157–8 vs. language as symbol 134, 135–7 nineteenth-century national language conflict 97 identity 151–4 language ideologies 24–5, 42 role of German in 149–50 language maintenance 169 Index 265

Language Management Theory 12, newspaper coverage of EU 123–4 expansion 7–8, 30–1 language teaching, reference to English in Poland 62, 62, 63, 64, languages/multilingualism 65 31–2, 31 German in Hungary 155, 157 membership categories 101–3 German in Poland 61–5, 62, 63, language and ethnicity 103–9 66–7 Mercouri, Melina 241 joint Czech-German project migration, 98–101 historical 10, 13, 14, 149 Polish in Germany 77–8 and identity 187 language/multilingualism, references and multinational companies in German and Polish media 12–13 32–40 from West Germany to Saxony 15, language(s), 185–200 ‘core’ European 35, 43 within European Union 7 facility in 64 Mihaiu, Virgil 234 and identity 73, 78, 97, 101, Millay, Edna St Vincent 229 142–3, 172–4 ‘minority bilinguals’ 214–15 as investment 52, 53 modernity, transience and change loss of speech varieties 167–8 255 public and private 175 Moselle Franconian language 246, recovery of family language 176–7 248–50 and social structure 96 motivation, instrumental 52, 179 stateless 248–50 Motzan, Peter, Vânt potrivit pâna la tare as symbolic capital 3, 51-2, 212, 233–4 214 Mucha, Stanisław, Die Mitte (film) 1 translation and interpretation 124 Müller, Herta 233 linguistic legacies 170 multilingualism, Lisbon Strategy (2000) 27 in borderlands 76–7 literature, in EU institutions 7–8, 41–2 Saxon 235 in European Union 23, 25, 27–8, transnational 16 36–40, 41 see also German literature; German view of 31–2, 31, 34–6 Hungarian literature; poetry; and identity 214 Romanian literature and language function 96 logistics, languages for 136 Polish view of 32–40, 42–3 Luxembourg 8, 9, 17, 242, 243 in public discourses in Germany as Capital of Culture 245, 248–55 204–6 nationalism 254 symmetric 97, 98–9 and Transylvania 246, 248–50 multinational companies, in Czech Republic 127–9 Magyar minorities 4 example of Company X 129–34 Magyar Nyelv˝or (periodical) 152 language policies 142–4 Maiorescu, Titu 233 limited communications within Malta, and Maltese language 35 140 media, and migration 12–13 analysis of media coverage of EU operational languages 122 expansion 32–40 parent-subsidiary relations 122 266 Index multinational companies – continued nationalism 55–6 project data 124–5 newspapers (empirical materials) regional subsidiaries 122–4 29–32 music, transcending language 88 perception of EU as ‘Tower of Babel’ 36–40 narrative, and time 166–7 post-1989 transformation 26, narrative positioning 191–7 54–5, 56 Nasz Dziennik 30 relations with Germany 54–61, coverage of EU expansion 33–4 67–8 view of Germany 57–60 teaching of German in 61–5, 62, national culture, hybridity 16 63, 66–7 nationalism, and linguistic theatre in 84–5 homogeneity 3–4, 5, 97 Polish language, nations, asymmetry with German 76–81 imagined 244–5 lack of prestige for Germans 79 nation states 2 as language of theatre productions native speakers 8 81–5 Nazi Germany 2–3 in Polish-German families in Neiße, River 74, 89 Germany 58–9 Noailles, Anne de 232 political views, and choice of language 64, 78–9 Oder, River 74 Orban, Leonard, EU Commissioner for Popa, Marian, Romanian literary Multilingualism 7 history 231–2 Other, linguistic construction of 54, Popescu, Simona 233–4 67, 244 positioning 187–8 formulaic 189–90, 196–7, 199 Paksándi, Géza 234 narrative 191–7, 199 Pecian, Ovidiu 231 Preußische Treuhand (Prussian Trust) Piru, Alexandru 231, 232 56, 57, 58 poetry, German 229–31 Poland 2 Radio Maryja (Poland) 30 borders 65, 74 Romania 2–3 debate on language ideologies 25, accession to EU 9, 252–3 42–3 ethnic diversity 225 English language teaching 62, 62, ‘Europeanness’ of 253–4 63, 64, 65 fluency in German 77–8, 89 German language literature 224, and German borderland 73–6, 78 226–7, 228–31 German language in 10, 51–68 German literature in Romanian German minority 10–11, 56, 65–7 literary histories 231–3 German-speaking schools 59, 67 literature 16–17, 224–37 labour market 64 nationalism in 225 language policy 8, 66–7, 68 perception from West 248 language skills 33, 35 Romanian literature, Romanian media coverage of EU expansion German literature in 233–6 30–1, 33–43 Romanticism 246 media perception of German poetry of 229–30 language 54, 56–60 Roth, Hermann 235–6 Index 267

Russian language, Soviet Union 2–3 compulsory in Soviet Union 3 Spanish language, in Czech Republic 128–9 as challenge to English as global in Czechoslovakia 125 language 210–11 in Hungary 160, 161, 162 to create ‘other’ identity 209–10 in Poland 54, 61–2, 64 in Czech Republic 128 and German Salsa clubs 16, Salsa, traditional communities 206–7 207–17 Salsa clubs, prestige of 216 Germany 15–16, 203–19 role in EU 40 heteronormativity 211–12 state borders, Saxon dialect 15, 185–200 European 247 examples and analysis 191–7 and language contact 9, 10, 11 and identity 187 and reciprocal language competence perception of 186, 188 12 phonological variables 190–1, 190 Steinbach, Erika, CDU politician 56, use of by migrants 188–9 57, 58 see also Transylvania Süddeutsche Zeitung 29 Saxon literature 235 coverage of EU expansion 32–3 Saxony 77 reference to Kulturstiftung Sachsen 83 languages/multilingualism migrants in 15, 185–200 31–2, 31, 34–6 Schäßburg 236 Switzerland, use of German in 83 Scherg, Georg 228 Szocs,˝ Géza 233 Schlesak, Dieter, So Nah, so Fremd: Heimatlegenden 236 teachers, language use among Schwellenangst (‘threshold fear’) 92n, 114–17, 114 94 Teutonic Knights 55, 69n Second World War 2–3 theatre, and Hungarian Germans 155–6 alternative 85, 86–90 and Polish view of Germany 55–6 bilingual productions 85–6, 91, 92 Shakespeare, William, The Tempest and cultural borders 74–5, 81–5 (bilingual German–Polish in third language (English) 91–2 production) 86–7 use of Polish in 81–5, 91 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 229 time, Sibiu/Hermannstadt, Transylvania, Braudel’s ‘layers’ 165–6 as Capital of Culture 242, 246, and loss of speech varieties 167–8 248–55 Toldy, Ferenc 232 position in Europe 253 translation, Romanian German Silesia 4 literature in 233–6 German minority in 66 transnational communities, and Słubice 92n multilingual competence theatre in 82 218–19 social identity, language and 11, 96, Transylvania, 101–9 contact zone 16, 17 social networks, and choice of German language literature in 224, language 140–1 228, 229–30 sociolinguistics, variationist 189–90 German minority 226 Sohar, Paul 235 Germanic languages in 242–3 268 Index

Transylvania – continued values, attached to language 52–3 Hungarian literature 227, 231–2, variationist sociolinguistics 189–90 234 and Luxembourg 246, 248–50 Wieler, Michael, Theater Görlitz 82, position in relation to Europe 252 83 Romanian poetry 230–1 Wittstock, Joachim 234 see also Saxon dialect Wprost (Polish weekly magazine) Transylvanian Saxons 242–3 56–7 Treaty of Good Neighbourliness (1991) (Polish–German) 55, 66 Trianon, Treaty of (1920) 2, 155, 242 Zgorzelec 84, 89, 92n Turks, ethnic minority in Germany theatre in 82, 85 215–16 Zittau, bilingual teaching project 99 Ukraine 1 Civic Society 99 and Poland 64 theatre 82