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A Monastic Landscape: the Cistercians in Medieval Leinster Bridget M. Lynch THESIS for the DEGREE of PHD DEPARTMENT of HISTORY N

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A Monastic Landscape: the Cistercians in Medieval Leinster Bridget M. Lynch THESIS for the DEGREE of PHD DEPARTMENT of HISTORY N U 0 ‘L\- bc/3. n V NUI MAYNOOTH Olfital «■ tCinarn Vi Huad A monastic landscape: The Cistercians in medieval Leinster by Bridget M. Lynch THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF PHD DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND MAYNOOTH Head of Department: Prof. R.V. Comerford Supervisor of Research: Mr. John Bradley Volume 1 of 2 December 2008 u© . A monastic landscape: The Cistercians in medieval Leinster This study endeavours to discuss the Cistercian monasteries of Leinster with regard to their physical location in the landscape, the agricultural contribution of the monks to the broader social and economic world and the interaction between the cloistered monks and the secular world. The various lands granted to the Leinster houses are identified, discussed, and where possible mapped. This theme is the subject of three different chapters. The lands at foundation are examined then the additional grants and privileges included. The seventh chapter investigates the dissolution of the religious houses. The extents of the monastic possessions that were drawn up at this time permitted a detailed examination of the lands held by the Leinster houses. This chapter also provides a template for a study of the physical, economic and agricultural state of the monasteries. The main overall findings of the thesis relate to the uses and makeup of the Cistercian lands in addition to the situation of these monasteries in the landscape of Leinster. All monasteries of the order in Leinster were found to be situated in close proximity to road and other route ways in addition to territorial and physical boundaries. At dissolution the land of the Cistercians was overwhelmingly under arable cultivation with a figure of 84% arrived at which compares to 72% for lands outside Leinster and 82% for all monasteries recorded in the extents. On the whole the monasteries of Leinster were found to have been in a good state of u . O' repair and were still in production in the mid sixteenth century. It is also stated that the total acreage of the Cistercians in medieval Ireland was in excess of 500,000 statute acres. Perhaps significantly the situation with regard to the Cistercian order post dissolution was discussed in the final chapter. It is clear that the Cistercians maintained a presence in Ireland throughout the sixteenth and earlv seventeenth centuries until the Order was re-estahlishpd This work is dedicated to My grandparents, Joe, Ellen, Dick and Stasia who are always with. me. And to my family and friends who have given me so much. 'My food is to do the will of Him who sent Me, and to finish His work.. .and he who reaps receives wages, and gathers fruit for eternal life, that both he who sows and he who reaps may rejoice together/ 1 1 John 4,34,36. Table of Contents Table of Contents i Acknowledgements ii - iii Abbreviations iv List of figures v - vi Review of the Major Sources vii - xiv Introduction 1 - 6 Chapter 1- The origins and development of monasticism 7 -2 1 Chapter 2- The arrival of the Cistercian Order in Ireland 2 2 -5 1 Chapter 3 -The boundaries and physical features of Leinster 52 -125 Chapter 4 -The monastic complex 126 -194 Chapter 5 - Additional land grants 195 - 234 Chapter 6 -The economy and agriculture 235 - 299 Chapter 7 -Lands held at dissolution 300 - 398 Volume ii Chapter 8 -The post-dissolution situation 399 - 417 Conclusion 418 - 453 Appendix 454 - 463 Bibliography 464 - 477 Figures After 477 i Acknowledgements: I would like to begin by thanking my supervisor Mr. John Bradley, N.U.I. Maynooth for his help and guidance during the research and writing of this thesis. Sincere thanks also to Professor Vincent Comerford, Head of the History Department at Maynooth for all of his help and encouragement. Without the help of the library staff at John Paul II library and the library at St Kieran's College, Kilkenny, both under the auspices of the National University of Ireland Maynooth, the staff at the National Library of Ireland, National Archives, Trinity College, the Office of Public Work's library, Kilkenny County Library, Waterford Institute of Technology and Waterford Municipal Libraries this work would never have reached fruition and so I take this opportunity to thank the staff of each of those repositories. I extend special thanks to Susan O'Driscoll in the Ordnance Survey office. I would like to express my deep appreciation to Sheila Walsh for her years of friendship and for unhesitatingly sharing her huge knowledge of the Cistercians, for giving me access to various books and articles and for batting ideas with me. Thanks to my Office of Public Works colleagues Laura, Jim, Christine and Claudia at Jerpoint Abbey and to James and Catherine at Reginald's Tower, Waterford for listening to and encouraging me. Additional thanks to James Barry for various photographs and discussions about sites and monuments across the country. Thanks also to Aighleann O'Shaughnessy, Flora O'Mahony, Tom Pendergast and the guides at Old Mellifont abbey, all under the auspices of the OPW for their interest and help on various topics. I also offer my gratitude to the OPW for permission to use the photographs of the various National Monuments featured in this paper. I express my gratitude to the Training Unit for the financial assistance given to me without which I would have been unable to undertake this research. I wish extend my appreciation to Con Manning of the Department of the Environment Heritage and Local Government for his help and interest and to Dr Ann Lynch for access to the report on her archaeological dig at Tintern Abbey. Thanks to Pat Nolan for the aeroplane trips which allowed me to take the aerial photographs and to Tom and Marian Ryan for their help and encouragement. Thank you to Fr. Pat Comerford, P.P. Slieverue for his help and to his colleague Fr. Dollard, P.P. Conahy for information about the diocese of Ossory. I owe a deep debt of gratitude to Jim Walsh, Slieverue for access to various books which saved me a lot of time and for his constant interest and encouragement. Thanks also to the committee of Eigse Sliabh Rua for their tireless work in promoting and encouraging local history for the last 31 years. The work of Éigse helped to mould my interest in local history since primary school. I offer my appreciation to Fr. Uinseann O Maidín OSCO, Mt Mellary Abbey for his interest, help, support and encouragement. Thanks to Fr. Ciarán and the community at Mt St Joseph's Abbey, Roscrea for access to the monastic library on a previous occasion, I used some of this material in this paper. My deepest thanks go to Jacinta Foley whose constant help and sincere friendship throughout the duration of this project, and longer, is beyond words. All I can say is a very big thank you for all the help typing, visiting, driving, photographing, translating, mapping, listening, discussing and for the copious cups of tea consumed! Thanks to all of my family for their support but especially to Robin, Dean, Megan, Hannah, Ellen, Sarah and Ellie. I offer my love and sincere thanks to Mam and Dad for all the love, support and patience which they have shown to me. This is really the culmination of work which began when I started my B.A. in St Kieran's College, Kilkenny nine years ago and they have had to suffer at first hand the effects of all those years of study and work. Thank you to each and every person who helped me in any way during the research and writing of this thesis. Abbreviations: AC Annals of Connacht, A.D. 1224-1544, ed. A.M. Freeman (Dublin, 1944, repr. 1996) Al Annals of Inisfallen, ed. and trans. Sean Mac Airt (Dublin, 1951) Butler and Bernard, 'Duiske charters' Butler, Constance and Bernard, John, 'The charters of the Cistercian Abbey of Duiske in the county of Kilkenny', R.I.A. Proc., 35 C (1918-20) pp 1-188 Col. docs. Ire. Calendar of documents, relating to Ireland, 1171-1307, ed. H.S. Sweetman (5 vols, London, 1875-86) Carrigan, Ossory Carrigan, William, The history and antiquities of the diocese of Ossory (4 vols, Dublin, 1905) Clyne, Kells Priory Kells Priory, Co. Kilkenny: archaeological excavations by T. Fanning and M. Clyne (Archaeological Monograph series: 3, Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government, Dublin, 2007) I.H.S. Irish Historical Studies hr. Monastic possessions Extents of Irish monastic possessions, 1540-1541, ed. N.B. White (Dublin, 1943) Irish Fiants of the Tudor sovereigns Irish Fiants of the Tudor sovereigns during tlm reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Philip & Mary, and Elizabeth I (4 vols, Edmund Burke, Dublin, 1994) J.R.S.A.I. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland N.L.I. National Library of Ireland O.K.R. Old Kilkenny Review Ormond deeds Calendar of Ormond Deeds, ed. Edmund Curtis (6 vols, Dublin, 1932-43) R.I.A. Proc. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy Statuta Statuta Capitulorum Generaliurn Ordinis Cisterciensis, ed. Joseph Canivez (8 vols, Louvain, 1933-41) Toumland index General alphabetical index to the toumlands and founts, parishes and baronies of Ireland. (Dublin, 1861, repr., Baltimore, MD, 1995) List of figures: 1 Montecassino Abbey 2 CLuny Abbey 3 Map of MeUifont lands 4 Photograph of Jerpoint and Newtown with Arrigle 5 Map of Jerpoint and Duiske lands 6 Map of Killenny and portion of Jerpoint lands 7 Map of Dunbrody and Tintem lands 8 Map of Kilcooley, Hore and Holy Cross lands 9 Map of Kilcooley and Holy Cross lands 10 Aerial view of Dunbrody 11 Aerial view of Abbeyshrule 12 Aerial view of Baltinglass 13 Aerial view of Holy Cross 14 Aerial view of Tintem
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