Universitätsforschungen Zur Prähistorischen Archäologie
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UNIVERSITÄTSFORSCHUNGEN ZUR PRÄHISTORISCHEN ARCHÄOLOGIE Aus der Graduiertenschule “Human Development in Landscapes” Band 206 ´As time goes by´? Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal edited by Martin Furholt, D. Mischka D. “As time goes by” refers to the temporal perspective of monuments. Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka The main idea was to change focus from the notion of durability that is commonly emphasised when discussing monuments in the historical and archaeological disciplines, towards a perspective M. Hinz highlighting biographies and histories of monuments, their changing shapes, associations and forms of use within the dynamic social landscapes of which they are part. 2012 M. Furholt UPA 206 DR. RUDOLF HABELT GMBH, BONN “As time goes by ? ” Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective edited by Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka Offprint Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka “As time goes by” – Meanings, Memories and Monuments KIEL archaeology 2 Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie Band 206 Aus der Graduiertenschule “Human Development in Landscapes” der Universität Kiel 2012 Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 3 “As time goes by ? ” Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th –18th March 2011)” in Kiel Volume 2 edited by Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka 2012 Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 4 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Redaktion: Joachim von Freeden, Frankfurt a. M. Englisches Korrektorat: Giles Shephard, Berlin ISBN 978-3-7749-3764-2 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie. Detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.d-nb.de> abrufbar. Umschlagbild: Karin Winter, Kiel Umschlaggestaltung: Holger Dieterich, Kiel Layout und Satz: www.wisa-print.de 2012 Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 7 Contents 9 Preface 10 The Kiel Graduate School “Human Development in Landscapes” 12 Foreword 13 Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka “As time goes by” – Meanings, Memories and Monuments Monuments and Time 23 Trevor Watkins Household, Community and Social Landscape: Maintaining Social Mem- ory in the Early Neolithic of Southwest Asia 45 Martin Hinz Preserving the Past, Building the Future? Concepts of Time and Prehis- toric Monumental Architecture 61 Emma Cunliffe Modernity, Monumentality and the Moment: A Syrian Case Study Global Perspectives, diverse Strategies 73 Joshua Wright Temporal Perspectives on the Monumental Constellations of Inner Asia 85 Manfred Böhme The Recurring Monument. Records on Hafit- and Umm an-Nar Period Tomb Architecture in the Oman Peninsula 95 Maria Guagnin The Rock Carvings of the Messak: Monuments in a Changing Landscape 105 Kirstin Marx, Christoph Rinne, Monica De Cet, Rainer Duttmann, Rolf Gabler-Mieck, Wolfgang Hamer, Corinna Kortemeier and Jo- hannes Müller Geospatial Analysis of Prehistoric Settlement Structures Considering Monumental Architecture on Mallorca Neolithic and BRONZE AGE Monuments on the Northern European Plain 115 Martin Furholt Monuments and Durable Landscapes in the Neolithic of Southern Scandi- navia and Northern Central Europe 8 Contents 133 Doris Mischka Temporality in the Monumental Landscape of Flintbek 145 Uffe Rasmussen and Henrik Skousen Rituals at Springs during the Early Neolithic in Scandinavia. Non-monu- mental Ritual Behaviour in a Time of Megalithic Tombs and Causewayed Enclosures 159 Erik Drenth A Note on the Re-use of hunebedden in the Netherlands during the Late Neolithic 169 Marzena Szmyt and Janusz Czebreszuk Monumental Funeral Sites: Creation, Long-term Use and Re-use in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. Case Studies from the Polish Lowland 195 Dariusz Król Some Aspects of Analysis of Sub- and Non-Megalithic Tombs in the South- eastern Group of Funnel Beaker Culture 205 Dariusz Król, Jakub Rogoziński and Małgorzata Rybicka Tomb of the Funnel Beaker Culture on Site 7 in Skołoszów, Radymno Commune, Podkarpackie Voivodship 215 Andrzej Pelisiak The Messages – Consigners and Addressees. The Corded Ware Culture Barrows in the Cultural Landscape of the Eastern Polish Carpathians dur- ing the 3rd and 2nd Millennium bc and the Monumental Structures between the Carpathians and the Baltic Sea in the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Age Romanised Europe 233 Carsten Mischka A Monument, Lasting Forever ? Big Roman Villae in the Western Vulkan- eifel as Monumental Complexes through the Times 245 Jana Škundrić The Palace of Felix Romuliana and its Hinterland, a Changing Landscape from the Bronze Age until the Modern Period 257 Janine Lehmann Loca sacra of the Iberian Peninsula and the Meaning of Monumentality in Time M. Furholt, M. Hinz and D. Mischka, “As time goes by” – Meanings, Memories and Monuments 13 “As time goes by” – Meanings, Memories and Monuments Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka Monuments and memories iants of rituals as a technique of social remembrance. In connection with this, Connerton emphasises the The concept of monumentality, the discussion about importance of material incorporation and inscrip- structures and the interpretation as monuments, tion into human bodily behaviour and material cul- seems to have intensified in recent years (Beier et al. ture. Especially the technique of inscription with its 2009 VI; Landscapes 2010, 76 – 169; Furholt et al. effect of creating durable material outcomes touches 2011). A closer look at the use of this concept reveals upon the function of monuments, as it is commonly its fuzzy nature. In colloquial language, “monumen- understood in archaeology. Bradley (2002, 11) sees tal” seems to be used to describe the size of a build- the form of material culture in general – he names ing in the first place. From the papers of this volume, “monuments”, domestic architecture, decorated it becomes clear that this aspect of monumentality is pots – as a means of actively creating reference to a only a secondary one, and that the defining quality remembered tradition in which it is strategically set. of a monument would rather be found in the mean- “Making a decorated pot according to a time-hon- ing of the Latin word from which it derives, monere, oured formula was an act of remembering just as to remember. There seems to be a broad consensus much as visiting and maintaining a burial mound” on the importance of monuments as a stage for the (Bradley 2002, 11). transmission of socially relevant meanings, of social Surely the question of the intentionality of such memories. It is evident that especially pre-literate “acts of remembering” has to be discussed, but as an societies need special media for the transmission alternative to rather habitual references to past forms of meanings, as the historical and anthropological such a concept is helpful concerning the understand- evidence suggests a fundamental instability of oral ing of memory transmission processes. Moreover, tradition when long time spans are concerned. Fol- Bradley´s statement clearly shows that when speak- lowing Halbwachs (see Marcel / Mucchielli 2003), ing about monuments we normally mean more than “communicative memories” – messages that are only the memorial function. As any built structure maintained in everyday communicational contexts – or artefact can be used for the purpose of preserving do not last more than 80 – 100 years, whereas the social memories, or following Bradley, is used for longer lasting ”cultural memories” need the support this purpose, there seem to be more aspects implicit of special techniques. Such tools are again of differ- in our concept of monumentality. ent nature and stability. Bradley (2002, 8) referring Of course, we tend to restrict the concept to im- to the works of Henige (1974) and Vansina (1985) mobile, built structures. This may be seen in connec- states that even with the help of techniques like tion with the notion of durability that is evidently orally transmitted poetry, as in the case of Homer’s connected to the memorial function. As Bradley tales or Anglo-Saxon genealogies that are stabilised states (see above), mobile artefacts can both have by the use of alliterative verse, meanings are desta- the same durability and memorial function as built bilised or significantly lost after a time of approxi- structures, but they lack the quality of their mate- mately 200 years. rial stability in space. As social memories are spa- Thus Connerton (1989) refers to “commemora- tially located in the landscape – which is especially tive ceremonies”, that is especially performative var- significant given the dialectic relationship between In: M. Furholt / M. Hinz / D. Mischka, “As time goes by?” Monumentality, Landscapes and the Temporal Perspective [Proceedings of the International Workshop “Socio‐Environmen- tal Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes II (14th – 18th March 2011)” in Kiel] (Bonn 2012) 13 – 20. 14 Martin Furholt, Martin Hinz and Doris Mischka landscape and man – through its durable position, Correspondingly, such a meaning-overload could, a built structure is fundamentally more powerful in be identified by evidence of a lack of or a ceasing preserving social meanings in its spatial context than functionality, as for example a fortification