Chronology the Early Romantic Period
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Chronology The Early Romantic Period MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS 1789 Philadelphia Harmony, a book of popular 1789 French Revolution begins with the American and European sacred music, storming of the Bastille on 14 July; on published. Daniel Gottlob Tiirk 4 August, Declaration of the Rights of (1750-1813) publishes his Clavierschule. Man by the new French National For a performance of the oratorio Hiob by Assembly. Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf ( 1739-99), citizens are first able to buy tickets for the Berlin court opera. 1790 Cosi fan tulle by W. A. Mozart 1790 Death ofjoseph II of Austria; ( 17 56-91) given, Vienna. Euphrosine by succeeded by Leopold II, Grand Duke of E. N. Mehul (1763-1817), given, Paris. Tuscany. Concert Spirituel, Paris, founded in 1725, closes down. 1791 Mozart's La clemenza di Tito given, Prague, and Die Zauber.fliite, Vienna; he dies (35). First visit to England (-1792) of Joseph Haydn ( 1732-1809): symphonies nos.93-8. Lodoiska by Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842) given, Paris. 1792 Death of Leopold II of Austria; 1792 Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) succeeded by Franz II, the last Holy settles in Vienna. 1/ matrimonio segreto by Roman Emperor. Execution of Domenico Cimarosa ( 1749-180 I) given, Louis XVI; French Republic established, Vienna. Berlin Singakademie founded by with National Convention until 1795. C. F. C. Fasch (I 736-1800). Teatro La Assassination of Gustavus III of Sweden Fenice, Venice, opens. Annotated music by dissatisfied nobles; succeeded by bibliography by J. N. Forkel (1749-1818) Gustavus IV. published. 1793 Britain, the United Provinces, Spain, 1794 Haydn's second visit to England Portugal, Naples, Tuscany and the Holy (-1795): symphonies nos. 99-104. Roman Empire declare war on France. 1795 Beethoven's first two piano concertos performed, Vienna. Paris Conservatoire 1795 The Directoire in France (-1799). founded. 1796 The first two of Haydn's late masses 1796 Death of Empress Catherine II of composed, Vienna. Russia; succeeded by Paul I. 1797 Haydn's op. 76 string quartets 1797 Death of Friedrich Wilhelm II of composed. Cherubini's Midie given, Paris. Prussia; succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm III. 1798 Haydn's The Creation given, Vienna. Beethoven's op.l3 piano sonata 1798 Battle of the Nile; Horatio Nelson ('Pathetique') written. First collected plays a leading part in the destruction of edition of Mozart's works begun. The the French fleet. Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, Leipzig, founded. 1799 The Consulat in France, with Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul; the 1799 Lithography developed for the reform of civil law (the Code Napolion) printing of music. completed 1804. 294 Chronology, 1789-1799 LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1789 William Jones 1789 Antoine Lavoisier 1789 Francisco Goya y ( 1746-1794) translates (I 74 3-94) produces his Lucientes (1746-1828) the Sanskrit drama first memoir on becomes court painter to Sakuntala into English, respiration, Traite Charles IV of Spain. making Hindu language ilimentaire de chimie, The monumental and literature accessible laying the foundations entrance to Edinburgh to Europeans and laying for the study of human University built the foundations of metabolism. Alessandro by Robert Adam comparative philology. Malaspina ( 1754-1810) ( l 728-92), considered explores the north-west his masterpiece. 1790 N. M. Karamzin coast of America (1766-1826) publishes (-1794). 1791 Thomas Sheraton Letters of a Russian (1751-1806) publishes Traveller, becoming the The Cabinet Maker and first Russian writer to Upholsterer's Drawing gain an international Book, extensively reputation (-1802). used both sides of the Atlantic (-1794). 1791James Boswell (I 740-l 795) publishes 1792 The Alexander The Life of Samuel johnson. Palace, Tsarkoe Selo, Tom Paine (1740-1809) begun by Gianomo publishes The Rights of Querenghi ( 1744- 1794 Erasmus Darwin Man in reply to Burke's 1817), a gift from (1731-1802) publishes Reflections on the French Catherine II to the Zoonomia, or The Laws of Revolution. future Alexander I Organic Life, primarily (-1796). pathological but 1794 Ann Radcliffe postulating the 1793 The Louvre opens as (1764-1823), leading mutability of species the first national art exponent of the Gothic (-1796). gallery in Europe. novel, publishes The Mysteries of Udolpho. 1795 Mungo Park Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1771-1806) explores (1762-1814), German West Africa and the Idealist philosopher, River Niger (his Travels 1796 The fantastical expounds 'ethical are published in 1799). Foothill Abbey in the pantheism' in a series of James Hutton Gothic style begun works (-1805). ( 1726-97) publishes by James Wyatt Theory of the Earth, (l746-1813).J. M. W. outlining the new Turner ( 1775-1851) 1798 First edition of science of geology. exhibits his first work in Lyrical Ballads by oils, Fishermen at Sea, at William Wordsworth the Royal Academy. (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor 1798 Edward Jenner Coleridge ( 1772-1834): Thomas Bewick (1749-1823) publishes 1797 the beginning of the ( I 755-1828) publishes Romantic movement in his theory of vaccination against smallpox. A History of British English literature. Birds, raising the level of William Herschel the woodcut to new (1738-1822) discovers 1799 Friedrich von artistic heights (-1804). Schiller (I 759-1805) the infra-red radiation in completes his Wallenstein sunlight. trilogy, his finest drama. 295 The Early Romantic Period MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS 1800 Beethoven's Symphony no. I 1800 Napoleon's army crosses into Italy performed, Vienna. Cherubini's Les deux and defeats the Austrians at Marengo; joumies ('The Water Carrier') given, Paris. France in control ofltaly. The French also Carl Czerny makes his public debut, defeat the Austrians at Hochstedt and Vienna, playing a Mozart concerto. Hohenlinden. 1801 Haydn's The Seasons performed 1801 Peace between France and Austria Vienna. Cimarosa dies, Venice (51). marks the passing of the Holy Roman Empire, after 1000 years; Franz II renounces the Imperial Dignity in 1806 and becomes Emperor Franz I of Austria. Assassination ofTsar Paul I of Russia; succeeded by his son Alexander I. Danish action against British shipping provokes the Battle of Copenhagen, another victory for Nelson. 1802 Peace of Amiens between Britain and 1802John Field (1782-1837) settles in St France: a temporary peace. Napoleon Petersburg. Muzio Clementi ( 1752-1832) Bonaparte becomes President of the publishes his three large-scale piano Italian Republic and first Consul of sonatas, op. 40; he embarks on eight years France for life; annexes Elba, Piedmont, of travel. The earliest pocket scores (of Parma and Piacenza. symphonies by Haydn) are published. St Petersburg Philharmonic Society founded. 1803 Abolition of Holy Roman Empire 1803 Beethoven's Symphony no.3 ('Eroica') ecclesiastical states and free cities; composed. Peter Schmoll by Carl Maria von German states reconstituted as Weber (1786-1826) given, Augsburg. Confederation of the Rhine, under French Haydn leaves his last string quintet and Russian influence. In America, Ohio unfinished. becomes a state of the Union, and the USA buys Louisiana and New Orleans from France. 1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor Napoleon I by Pope Pius VII in Paris. 1805 Beethoven's Fidelio (first version) 1805 21 October: Battle of Trafalgar, where given, Vienna. Nicolo Paganini Lord Nelson's in5pired action against the (1782-1840) composes his 24 Caprices French and Spanish fleets ensure British op.l. naval supremacy for 100 years. December: Russian and Austrian armies defeated by Napoleon at Austerlitz; Austria forced to give up the Tyrol, Bavaria, Baden, Wiirttemberg and possessions in Dalmatia and Italy. 1806 Napoleon creates his brothers joseph King of Naples and Louis King of Holland (in 1807,Jerome King ofWestphalia). France defeats Prussia atjena and 1806 Beethoven's symphony no. 4, Violin Napoleon occupies Berlin; continental Concerto and Appassionata Sonata ports closed to British ships to cripple the composed. economy. 296 Chronology~ 1800-1806 LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1800 Mme de Stael 1800 The invention of the 1800Jacques Louis David (1766-1817) publishes electric battery or (1748--1825), a central De Ia litteralure, treating Voltaic cell by figure of neo-classicism, it as a product of social Alessandro Volta paints his exemplary history and (1745-1827) enables work of heroic official environment. research on electrolysis art, Napolion au Grand St by Davy, Faraday and Bernard, and his Mme others. Ricamier. 1801 Karl Gauss (1777-1855) publishes his Disquisitiones arithmeticae, establishing 1802J.-N.-L. Durand the theories of cyclotomy (1796-1834) publishes and arithmetical forms, Precis et [efons d'architecture and begins his (-1809). calcuations on the orbit 1802 Franc;:ois, Vicomte of Ceres, just discovered 1803 John ·Crome de Chateaubriand by G. Piazzi. (1768-1821) founds the (1768--1848), publishes Norwich Society of Ginie du christianisme, 1803 Essai de statique Artists, with John Sell a defence of Catholic chimique by Claude Cotman (1782-1842) as Christianity against the Berthollet (1748-1822), Vice-President (1806). rationalist philosophers. arguing that the focus of Henry Raeburn chemical affinity must (1756-1823), the 1803 Sunday School be proportional to the leading portrait painter Union founded. masses of the reacting in Scotland, paints The substances. Macnab. 1804