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Chronology The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1789 Philadelphia , a book of popular 1789 begins with the American and European sacred , storming of the Bastille on 14 July; on published. Daniel Gottlob Tiirk 4 August, Declaration of the Rights of (1750-1813) publishes his Clavierschule. Man by the new French National For a performance of the Hiob by Assembly. Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf ( 1739-99), citizens are first able to buy tickets for the court .

1790 Cosi fan tulle by W. A. Mozart 1790 Death ofjoseph II of ; ( 17 56-91) given, . by succeeded by Leopold II, Grand Duke of E. N. Mehul (1763-1817), given, . . Concert Spirituel, Paris, founded in 1725, closes down.

1791 Mozart's La clemenza di Tito given, Prague, and Die Zauber.fliite, Vienna; he dies (35). First visit to England (-1792) of Haydn ( 1732-1809): nos.93-8. Lodoiska by (1760-1842) given, Paris. 1792 Death of Leopold II of Austria; 1792 Ludwig van (1770-1827) succeeded by Franz II, the last Holy settles in Vienna. 1/ matrimonio segreto by Roman . Execution of ( 1749-180 I) given, Louis XVI; French Republic established, Vienna. Berlin Singakademie founded by with National Convention until 1795. C. F. C. Fasch (I 736-1800). Teatro La Assassination of Gustavus III of Fenice, , opens. Annotated music by dissatisfied nobles; succeeded by bibliography by J. N. Forkel (1749-1818) Gustavus IV. published. 1793 Britain, the United Provinces, , 1794 Haydn's second visit to England Portugal, , Tuscany and the Holy (-1795): symphonies nos. 99-104. Roman Empire declare war on .

1795 Beethoven's first two performed, Vienna. Paris Conservatoire 1795 The Directoire in France (-1799). founded.

1796 The first two of Haydn's late masses 1796 Death of Empress Catherine II of composed, Vienna. ; succeeded by Paul I.

1797 Haydn's op. 76 string 1797 Death of Friedrich Wilhelm II of composed. Cherubini's Midie given, Paris. Prussia; succeeded by Friedrich Wilhelm III. 1798 Haydn's The Creation given, Vienna. Beethoven's op.l3 piano 1798 Battle of the Nile; Horatio Nelson ('Pathetique') written. First collected plays a leading part in the destruction of edition of Mozart's works begun. The the French fleet. Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, , founded. 1799 The Consulat in France, with Bonaparte as First Consul; the 1799 developed for the reform of civil law (the Code Napolion) printing of music. completed 1804.

294 Chronology, 1789-1799

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE , RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1789 William Jones 1789 Antoine Lavoisier 1789 y ( 1746-1794) translates (I 74 3-94) produces his Lucientes (1746-1828) the Sanskrit drama first memoir on becomes court painter to Sakuntala into English, respiration, Traite Charles IV of Spain. making Hindu language ilimentaire de chimie, The monumental and accessible laying the foundations entrance to Edinburgh to Europeans and laying for the study of human University built the foundations of metabolism. Alessandro by Robert Adam comparative philology. Malaspina ( 1754-1810) ( l 728-92), considered explores the north-west his masterpiece. 1790 N. M. Karamzin coast of America (1766-1826) publishes (-1794). 1791 Thomas Sheraton Letters of a Russian (1751-1806) publishes Traveller, becoming the The Cabinet Maker and first Russian to Upholsterer's gain an international Book, extensively reputation (-1802). used both sides of the Atlantic (-1794). 1791James Boswell (I 740-l 795) publishes 1792 The The Life of Samuel johnson. Palace, Tsarkoe Selo, Tom Paine (1740-1809) begun by Gianomo publishes The Rights of Querenghi ( 1744- 1794 Erasmus Darwin Man in reply to Burke's 1817), a gift from (1731-1802) publishes Reflections on the French Catherine II to the Zoonomia, or The Laws of Revolution. future Alexander I Organic Life, primarily (-1796). pathological but 1794 Ann Radcliffe postulating the 1793 The opens as (1764-1823), leading mutability of species the first national exponent of the Gothic (-1796). gallery in Europe. , publishes The Mysteries of Udolpho. 1795 Mungo Park (1771-1806) explores (1762-1814), German West Africa and the Idealist philosopher, River Niger (his Travels 1796 The fantastical expounds 'ethical are published in 1799). Foothill Abbey in the pantheism' in a series of James Hutton Gothic style begun works (-1805). ( 1726-97) publishes by James Wyatt Theory of the Earth, (l746-1813).J. M. W. outlining the new Turner ( 1775-1851) 1798 First edition of science of geology. exhibits his first work in Lyrical Ballads by oils, Fishermen at Sea, at the Royal Academy. (1770-1850) and Samuel Taylor 1798 Edward Jenner Coleridge ( 1772-1834): Thomas Bewick (1749-1823) publishes 1797 the beginning of the ( I 755-1828) publishes Romantic movement in his theory of vaccination against smallpox. A History of literature. , raising the level of William Herschel the woodcut to new (1738-1822) discovers 1799 Friedrich von artistic heights (-1804). Schiller (I 759-1805) the infra-red radiation in completes his Wallenstein sunlight. trilogy, his finest drama.

295 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1800 Beethoven's no. I 1800 Napoleon's army crosses into performed, Vienna. Cherubini's Les deux and defeats the at Marengo; joumies ('The Water Carrier') given, Paris. France in control ofltaly. The French also makes his public debut, defeat the Austrians at Hochstedt and Vienna, playing a Mozart . Hohenlinden.

1801 Haydn's performed 1801 Peace between France and Austria Vienna. Cimarosa dies, Venice (51). marks the passing of the , after 1000 years; Franz II renounces the Imperial Dignity in 1806 and becomes Emperor Franz I of Austria. Assassination ofTsar Paul I of Russia; succeeded by his son Alexander I. Danish against British shipping provokes the Battle of Copenhagen, another victory for Nelson.

1802 Peace of Amiens between Britain and 1802John Field (1782-1837) settles in St France: a temporary peace. Napoleon Petersburg. ( 1752-1832) Bonaparte becomes President of the publishes his three large-scale piano Italian Republic and first Consul of , op. 40; he embarks on eight years France for life; annexes Elba, Piedmont, of travel. The earliest pocket scores (of Parma and Piacenza. symphonies by Haydn) are published. St Petersburg Philharmonic Society founded. 1803 Abolition of Holy Roman Empire 1803 Beethoven's Symphony no.3 ('Eroica') ecclesiastical states and free cities; composed. Peter Schmoll by Carl Maria von German states reconstituted as Weber (1786-1826) given, Augsburg. Confederation of the Rhine, under French Haydn leaves his last and Russian influence. In America, Ohio unfinished. becomes a state of the Union, and the USA buys Louisiana and New Orleans from France.

1804 Napoleon crowned Emperor Napoleon I by Pope Pius VII in Paris.

1805 Beethoven's (first version) 1805 21 October: Battle of Trafalgar, where given, Vienna. Nicolo Paganini Lord Nelson's in5pired action against the (1782-1840) composes his 24 Caprices French and Spanish fleets ensure British op.l. naval supremacy for 100 years. December: Russian and Austrian armies defeated by Napoleon at Austerlitz; Austria forced to give up the Tyrol, Bavaria, Baden, Wiirttemberg and possessions in Dalmatia and Italy.

1806 Napoleon creates his brothers joseph King of Naples and Louis King of Holland (in 1807,Jerome King ofWestphalia). France defeats Prussia atjena and 1806 Beethoven's symphony no. 4, Napoleon occupies Berlin; continental Concerto and Appassionata Sonata ports closed to British ships to cripple the composed. economy.

296 Chronology~ 1800-1806

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1800 Mme de Stael 1800 The invention of the 1800Jacques Louis David (1766-1817) publishes electric battery or (1748--1825), a central De Ia litteralure, treating Voltaic cell by figure of neo-, it as a product of social Alessandro Volta paints his exemplary history and (1745-1827) enables work of heroic official environment. research on electrolysis art, Napolion au Grand St by Davy, Faraday and Bernard, and his Mme others. Ricamier.

1801 Karl Gauss (1777-1855) publishes his Disquisitiones arithmeticae, establishing 1802J.-N.-L. Durand the theories of cyclotomy (1796-1834) publishes and arithmetical forms, Precis et [efons d'architecture and begins his (-1809). calcuations on the orbit 1802 Franc;:ois, Vicomte of Ceres, just discovered 1803 John ·Crome de Chateaubriand by G. Piazzi. (1768-1821) founds the (1768--1848), publishes Norwich Society of Ginie du christianisme, 1803 Essai de statique Artists, with John Sell a defence of Catholic chimique by Claude Cotman (1782-1842) as Christianity against the Berthollet (1748-1822), Vice-President (1806). rationalist philosophers. arguing that the focus of Henry Raeburn chemical affinity must (1756-1823), the 1803 Sunday School be proportional to the leading portrait painter Union founded. masses of the reacting in Scotland, paints The substances. Macnab.

1804 Thomas Telford 1804 Antoine Jean Gros (1757-1834) begins the (1771-1835), 1804 Schiller's Wilhelm construction of the Napoleon's official war Tell written. Immanuel Caledonian Canal artist, paints Plague at Kant (b1724) dies. (-1847). jaffa.

1805 Publication of Voyage 1805 Turner paints The aux regions equinoxiales by Shipwreck, the Alexander von culmination of a new Humboldt (1769-1859) Romantic approach to 1805 and Aime Bonplaud, a landscape. Antonio (1771-1832) publishes study of the geology, Canova ( 1757-1822) The Lay of the Last botany,· economics and begins Venus Victrix, Minstrel, one of his inhabitants of Spanish a marble portrait of highly influential long America (-1834). Napoleon's sister poems. Pauline Borghese. 1806 Humphrey Davy (1778-1829) proposes 1806 Charles Percier theories of electrolysis (1764-1838) and P.-F.- and voltaic action and L. Fontaine ( 1762- gives the first important 1853), chief architects to electrical explanation of Napoleon, build the Arc chemical reactivoity du Carousel, crowned (Elements of Chemical by four bronze horses Philosophy, 1812). looted from Venice.

297 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1807 by Gasparo Spontini 1807 Treaty ofTilsit: Napoleon meets (1774-1851) given, Paris. Alexander I and Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia, who cedes possessions west of the Elbe and Polish lands to form a Duchy of Warsaw under the King of . Abolition of the slave trade in the British Empire through the efforts of William Wilberforce (1759--1833); existing slaves not freed until 1843.

1808 Beethoven's Symphonies nos.5 and 6 1808 French army occupies . France performed, Vienna. Gesellschaft der invades Spain, ousting Charles IV;Joseph Musikfreunde founded, Vienna. The Bonaparte becomes King of Spain and publishing founded, Joachim Murat takes his place in Naples. .

1809 Arthur Wellesley defeats the French at 1809 Spontini's Femand Cortez given, Paris. Oporto, forcing them to retreat from Haydn dies, Vienna (77). Portugal, and then at Talavera (created Viscount Wellington, Duke in 1813). Franz I of Austria, with British aid, declares war on France but is defeated and Vienna is taken by Napoleon; Prince Metternich becomes Chief Minister of Austria.

1810 The annexation of Oldenburg by Napoleon violates the Treaty ofTilsit and alienates Alexander I. Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria.

1811 Beethoven's Fifth 1811 Prince of Wales becomes Prince performed Leipzig. Weber's Abu Hassan Regent for the ill George III. Luddites given, . Damper pedals for the begin destroying machines in England. piano invented.

1812 The Duke ofWellington advances through Spain, taking after the battle of Salamanca. Invasion of Russia by Napoleon, who defeats the at and Borodino and occupies 1812 Field's first published, ; the retreat from Moscow is a Moscow. disaster for the French army.

298 Chronology, 1807-1812

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1807 1807 Robert Fulton 1807 A. D. Zakharov (1767-1830) writes (1765-1815) convinces (1761-1811) begins the Adolphe, a novel of Americans and New Admiralty in St psychological analysis. Europeans of the future Petersburg. Jacob Friedrich Fries of the steamboat with (1773-1843) publishes the sailing of his Clermont 1808 P. Runge Neue oder anthropologische on the Hudson River; (1777-1810), German Kritik der Vernunft, the first steam warship, Romantic, paints two offering a basis of USS Fulton, was built versions of Morning, psychological analysis in 1815. trying to express cosmic for Kant's critical harmony through the theory. Lamb's Tales of colour, from Shakespeare form and numbers. published. Pierre Paul Prud'hon (1758--1823) paints The 1808Johann Wolf- Rape of Psyche. Caspar gang von Goethe David Friedrich (1749-1832) publishes (1774--1840), the the first part of . 1809 Observations on the leading German Geology of the United States Romantic, paints The by William McClure 1809 Cross in the Mountains, (1763-1840): the first in ( 1783-1859) publishes which caused the burlesque A History English. controversy for its use of of New York under the landscape in this pseudonym context. 'Knickerbocker'. 1811 Charles Bell Publication of lectures (1774--1842) publishes 1809 Johann Friedrich by August Wilhelm von Idea of a New Anatomy of Overbeck ( 1789-1869) Schegel (1767-1845), the Brain, establishing and Franz Pforr leader of the new that different parts of the (1788--1812) found the Romantic criticism and brain serve different Nazarenes, or translator of functions. Lukasbriider, in Rome, Shakespeare, Vber turning to primitives for dramatische Kunst und 1812 George Cuvier inspiration to revive Literatur (-1811). (1769-1832) publishes German religious Recherches sur les ossements . 1810 Mme de Stael's foss ides des quadrupedes, De l'Allemagne published, laying the foundations of 1810 Richard Westmacott opening up French modern palaeontology. (1775-1856), literature to German Pierre Laplace neo-classical sculptor, ideas. Heinrich von (1749-1827) publishes begins work on the tomb Kleist (1777-1811) Thiorie analytique des ofCharlesJames Fox at publishes Kiitchen von probabilitis, the basis of Westminster Abbey. Heilbronn. most subsequent work in probability theory. 1811 Publication of Sense Johann Burckhardt and Sensibiliry by Jane (1749-1827), Swiss 1811 Sir John Soane Austen (1775-1817). orientalist, arrives in (1753-1837), English Cairo, travels up the architect, designs 1812 Nile, discovers the Great Dulwich Art Gallery. (1788-1824) publishes Temple at Abu Simbel the first two cantos of and makes the Childe Harold's pilgrimage to Mecca Pilgrimage. (-1815).

299 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1813 and L'italiana in Algeri by 1813 Wellington drives the French out of ( I 792-1868) given, Spain; the British army crosses the Venice. The by Pyrenees into France (October). Napoleon ( 1784-1859) composed. The defeated at Leipzig by allied armies Philharmonic Society of London founded. (October); Confederation of the Rhine and Weber appointed opera director in Prague dissolved. The (-1816). A.-E.-M. Gretry dies, Paris (72). Austrians defeat the French at Valsamo and regain a foothold in Italy. 1814 Final version of Beethoven's Fidelia 1814 Abdication of Napoleon at given, Vienna. Valves applied to brass Fontainebleau (April) and banishment to instruments, enabling them to play Elba; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis chromatically. XVI) becomes king and France recognizes 1792 frontiers. Formal opening of 1815 (1797-1818) begins a of Vienna. Russia hands over Saxony to Prussia, in opposition to period of prolific song composition (ciOO a year to 1817). Rossini settles in Austria, the German states and France. Naples as artistic director ofS Carlo 1815 Napoleon breaks his exile and lands in theatre, to concentrate on serious opera (e.g. , 1816; , 1817). France (March); Wellington and Blucher J. N. Maelzel invents the . defeat him at Waterloo and he is banished to St Helena (dies there, 1820). Under final act of Uune), 1816 Rossini's Il barbiere di Siviglia given, map of Europe redrawn and 38 German Rome. Spohr's Faust given, Prague; his states become the . in the form of a vocal scene composed. Paisiello dies, Naples (76). 1816 Brazil becomes an independent empire under John, Prince Regent of 1817 Weber appointed Royal Saxon Portugal (full independence, 1822). , .. Part I of Indiana admitted to the Union as a state Clementi's published. (followed in 1817 by Mississippi, 1818 Mehul dies, Paris (54). Illinois, 1819 Alabama and Florida).

1818 Beethoven's in B flat 1818 Death of Charles XIII of Sweden; op. 106 ('Hammerklavier') composed. succeeded by Jean Baptiste Bernadotte ( 1763-1844) as Charles XIV, founding a new dynasty which still reigns. Simon Bolivar (1783-1830) declares Venezuela independent.

1819 'Peterloo' massacre in Manchester: II killed and over 400 wounded - the worst incident of repression in the political and industrial unrest after the . Bolivar becomes President of the 1819 Schubert's 'Trout' Quintet composed. Republic of Colombia.

300 Chronology, 1813-1819

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1813 ( 1792-1822) 1814 George Stephenson 1814 Goya paints The completes Queen Mab, (1781-1848) constructs Shootings of 3 May 1808. a visionary, ideological the first effective steam poem which reveals him locomotive, the Blucher. 1815 John Nash as heir to the French and (1752-1835) redesigns British revolutionary 1815 Jean Lamarck the Royal Pavilion, intellectuals. ( 17 44-1829) publishes Brighton, in a mixture of Histoire naturelle des styles (-1823). 1814 Publication of animaux sans vertebres, Waverlry by Scott, propounding four 'laws' 1816 Lord Elgin sells to establishing the form of for evolution. William the nation the sculptures the historical novel. Smith (1767-1839) from the Parthenon in 1815 E. T. A. Hoffmann publishes the first Athens and others he ( 1776-1822) writes geological map, A has acquired from the Elixire des Teufels. Delineation of the State of Turks in 1801-3. England and Wales. Benjamin West 1816 Pierre-Jean de Miner's safety lamp (1738-1820), the first Beranger (1780-1857) invented by Humphrey American painter to publishes the first of his Davy. achieve an international Chansons. Count reputation, paints Christ Leopardi (1798-1837), 1816 John McAdam Healing the Sick the greatest I tali an (17 56-1836) publishes for the Pennsylvania Romantic poet, begins Remarks on the Present hospital. his Canti. System of Road Making; (1789-1854) completes most main roads in his joshua Commanding the 1817 Coleridge publishes Europe were built on his Sun to Stand Still. his Biographia literaria, principles. work of poetic 1817 Sir Francis criticism and philo- 1818 Friedrich Bessel Chantrey (1781-1841) sophy. Georg Wilhelm (1784-1864) publishes designs the monument Friedrich Hegel Fundamenta astronomiae, for the Robinson (1770-1831) publishes codifying and reducing children in Lichfield Encyclopaedie der c4000 star places based Cathedral, admired for philosophischen Wissen- on the work ofJames its naturalism and schaft der Logik, Bradley ( 1729) and simplicity. an attempt to encompass inaugurating a new all human knowledge. of practical astronomy. First Arctic voyage of 1818 1818 John Ross ( 1777-1856), (1757-1827), artis~ (I 795-1821), publishes to search for the North- poet and philosopher, Endymion. Mary West Passage. begins for Wollstonecraft Shelley The Book ofJob and later (1797-1851) writes 1819 One of the greatest The Divine Commedy. Frankenstein. 19th-century chemists, Jons Berzelius 1819 Arthur (I 779-1848), publishes 1819 Theodore Gericault Schopenhauer his Essay on Chemical (1791-1824) exhibits (1788-1860) publishes Proportions, linking his most famous Die Welt als Wille und electrochemistry with painting, The Raft of the Vorstellung, one of the atomic theory. Medusa, based on a chief anti-Christian Discovery of rich recent disaster; his work systems of 19th-century platinum deposits in the had enormous influence, . Urals. notably on Delacroix.

301 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1820 First use (Spohr later claimed} of the 1820 Frankfurt Diet sanctions the Carlsbad conductor's , at the Philharmonic Decrees: freedom of the press abolished, Society concerts, London. Metal piano universities placed under state frames first used. The brass band supervision, revolutionary and liberal movement begins, in Britain and the USA, movements to be suppressed in Germany. in the . Death of George III, succeeded by George IV, Regent since 1811. Missouri 1821 Weber's Der Freischiitz given, Berlin. enters the Union as a free state (Maine Beethoven's last two piano sonatas, opp. as a slave state, 1821}. Revolts crushed in 110-11, composed. Spain, Naples and Portugal. (1809-47) taken to meet Goethe. 1821 Peru declares independence from 1822 Schubert's Symphony no. 8, in ('Unfinished') written. Royal Spain, followed by Guatamala, Panama Academy of Music founded, London. and Santo Domingo. 1823 Beethoven begins the composition of 1822 Start of the Greek War of his late string quartets (-1826). Spohr's Independence after 1821 uprising against given, . the Turks and Turkish atrocities at Chois. Byron dies fighting for the Greeks in 1824. 1824 Beethoven's Symphony no.9 (Choral} performed, Vienna; his 1823 The Monroe doctrine closes performed, St Petersburg. // crociato in Egitto 'American continents to colonial by (1793-1864) given, settlements by non-American Powers' and Venice. Schubert composes Die schiine excludes 'European Powers from all Miillerin. Rossini becomes director of the interference in the political affairs of the Theatre-I tali en, Paris. American Republics'. 1825 Schubert composes his 'Great ' Symphony. by 1824 Death of Louis XVIII; succeeded by Boieldieu (1775-1834) given, the reactionary . Paris. Johann Strauss the elder fc.rms his own , Vienna. The first Italian 1825 Death of Ferdinand of Naples; opera given in New York. Cast iron piano succeeded by Francis I. Death of frames patented. Maximilian I of Bavaria; succeeded by his son Louis I. The Hungarian Diet reopens 1826 Weber's Oberon given, London; he dies after 13 years and Franz I agrees to there (39). Mendelssohn writes his triennial meetings. Death of Tsar A Midsummer Night's . Alexander I; succeeded by younger son, 1827 Schubert composes and two Nicholas I. Decembrist Rising demanding piano trios. ( 1811-86) settles a representative assembly easily crushed. in Paris. F.-J. Fetis founds La revue musicale. Beethoven dies, Vienna (57). 1827 Battle ofNavarino, the last major one 1828 Schubert composes String Quintet in under sail: Russian, French and British C and his last three piano sonatas; he dies, squadron destroys the Turkish and Vienna (31). , a grand Egyptian fleets. opera on a revolutionary theme by D.-F.- E. Auber (1782-1871), given, Paris. by (1795-1861) given, Leipzig. G. Baini's Palestrina biography published. 1829 Rossini's Guillaume Tell given, Paris. 1829 Peace of Adrianople: Turkey agrees to Mendelssohn conducts the first recognize the independence of Greece, the performance since Bach's time of his St Danubian provinces and ; Russia Matthew Passion, Berlin. obtains land south of the .

302 Chronology} 1820-1829

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1820 (1780-1869) 1821 Augustin Fresnel 1821 publishes Meditations, ( 1788-1827) formulates (1776-1837) paints The poitiques et religieuses. the law of double Hay Wain; he profoundly 1821 The Spy published by refraction. influenced French James Fennimore Romantic landscape Cooper ( 1789-1851) 1823 Discovery of Lake artists and eventually Friedrich Schleier- Chad, Central Africa, the Impressionists. macher (1768--!834) by Walter Oudrey publishes Der christliche (1790-1824). 1823 Karl Friedrich Glaube (defining religion Schinkel (1781-1841), 1825 Stephenson's as the feeling of absolute the greatest German Darlington and Stockton dependence which finds architect of the early Railway, the first to its expression in , works on employ locomotive monotheism). traction and to carry the Altes Museum in 1823 Berlin, a Greek Revival both freight and (1799-1837) begins his work. greatest and most passen~rers. sophisiticated work, 1826 Niels Abel (1802- 1824 Jean-Auguste Eugene (-1831). 29), Norwegian mathe- Dominique Ingres 1824 Leopold von Ranke matician, publishes (1780-1867) exhibits (1795-1886) publishes Mimoire sur une propriiti Vow of Louis XIII in Paris Geschichte der roman und remarquable, leading to and is acclaimed as the german Volker von 1494-I 535, equation theory and leader of the opposition the foundation of modern elliptic functions. to the new historiography. of such as Delacroix. 1825 1827 Andre Ampere Foundation of the (1758-1873) begins (I 77 5--1836) publishes , work on I promessi sposi, his greatest work, London; the present a landmark in the Mimoire sur Ia thiorie building, designed by establishment of literary mathimatique des William Wilkins Italian. phinomenes electro- (1778-1839), was dynamique, describing 1827 John Darby opened in 1838. (1800-82) breaks from the laws of action of electric currents. the Church of England 1825 and soon founds the 1827 Georg Ohm (1801--48), American Plymouth Brethren. (1789-1854) publishes Romantic painter, his theory of electricity, founds the Hudson (1797-1856) publishes Ohm's Law, in Die River School with Buch der Lieder, galvanische Kette, defining T. Doughty and Asher containing some of his the relationship between B. Durand. T. Hamilton greatest lyric poems. resistance and current. (1784-1858) begins his 1827 Honore de Balzac John James Audubon masterpiece, the Royal (1799-1850) publishes (I 785-1851) publishes High School in the first of his 91 works Birds of America. Josef Edinburgh in Greek of Comfdie humaine, an Ressel (1793-1857), Revival style. attempt to depict Austrian engineer, takes contemporary French out a patent on the screw 1826 The US National society in fiction. propellor for steamships. Academy of Design 1829 Passing of the founded, with Samuel Catholic Emancipation 1829 Stephenson's Morse (1791-1872) its Act, enabling Roman locomotive Rocket wins first president. Catholics to hold public trials for the Liverpool office in Britain. and Manchester railway.

303 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1830 by 1830 Death of George IV; succeeded by his (1803-69) composed. brother William IV. in ( 1804-57) goes to study in Italy. France; abdication of Charles X and A. B. Marx is appointed professor of music election of Louis Philippe as king under a at Berlin University. constitutional charter. Revolution in Belgium against union with Holland 1831 and Norma by Vincenzo (since 1815); Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Bellini (180 1-35) are given, Milan. becomes king of a neutral Belgium. Meyerbeer's is given, Paris. (1810-56) composes 1831 Revolutionary outbreaks in , his early piano music. Fryderyk Parma and the , suppressed (1810-49) settles in Paris. by Austria.

1832 L'elisir d'amore by 1832 The Great Reform Bill in Britain (1797-1848) given, Milan. Theobald extends the franchise from half to one Boehm builds his first using a million. Metternich's Six Articles passed revolutionary system of fingering. to maintain despotic government within the German confederation. Giuseppe 1833 Mendelssohn composes his Italian Mazzini (1805-72) founds 'La Giovine Symphony. Gustave Ill by Auber. Chopin's Italia' with aim of national independence. first set of piano studies published. Le menestrel founded, Paris. 1833 Death of Ferdinand VII of Spain; succeeded by his daughter Isabella II 1834 Liszt composes poitiques et (declared of age, 1843). religieuses. Berlioz composes Harold in Italy. First issue of the Neue Zeitschrift for Musik published, Leipzig, edited by Schumann. 1835 Donizetti's given, 1835 Death of Franz I of Austria; succeeded Naples. Lajuive by Fromental Halevy by his son Ferdinand I. (1799-1862) given, Paris. Schumann's composed. Mendelssohn appointed conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. Joseph Mainzer founds a free singing class in Paris. Bellini dies, near Paris (33). 1836 Glinka's given, St Petersburg. Meyerbeer's given, Paris.

1837 Berlioz composes his Grande messe des 1837 Death of William IV. Succeeded by morts. Liszt composes his 24 grands etudes. his niece Victoria in Britain, but in Zar und Zimmermann by (under Salic law) by Ernst (1801-51) given, Leipzig. Richard August, Duke of Cumberland (Victoria (1813-83) appointed musical marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- director in Riga. Field dies, Moscow (54). , 1840). ]. N. Hummel dies, Weimar (58).

1838 Schumann composes Kinderszenen and 1838 Austrians evacuate most of the Papal Kreisleriana. First known piano recital States. People's Charter issued by series given, by lgnaz Moscheles, in Chartists. London. Donizetti settles in Paris.

1839 Chopin composes his Piano Sonata in 1839 Opium war between Britain and B flat minor. China; Hong Kong taken.

304 Chronology, 1830-1839

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE 1830 Foundation of the 1830 Charles Lyell 1830 Eugene Delacroix Church ofJesus Christ (I 797-1875) publishes (1798-1863) paints of the Latter-Day Saints Principles of Geology, Liberty leading the People, in New York by Joseph which greatly influenced celebrating the july Smith (1805-1844). Darwin. Revolution; its mixture (1788-1842) 1831 Michael Faraday of and allegory publishes Le rouge et le (1791-1867) discovers ensured his position as noire. First performance, electromagnetic leader of the French in Paris, of Hernani by induction. Romantic movement. (1802-85) Circumnavigation by 1831 Franz Klenze 1831 Charles Darwin. (1784-1864! begins (1791-1872) Austrian 1832 Completion of the Valhalla, near dramatist, writes Des first continental railway, Regensburg, a copy of Meeres und der Liebe Wellen. from Budweis to . the Parthenon in honour 1832 The chemist]. von of German heroes. Paul (1804-76) publishes Liebig (1803-73) and Delaroche (1797-1856) Indiana, first of her Wohler discover the paints one of his most portrayals of the 'benzoyl radical', a famous works, The Little struggles of individual cluster of atoms (C 7H30) Princes in the Tower. women against social that remains unchanged constraints. through a series of 1832 Antoine-Louis 1833 John Keble transformations. Barye (1796-1875) (1792-1866) starts the 1833 Thomas Graham creates the bronze Lion Oxford Movement, (I 790-185 7) publishes Crushing a Serpent, its which aimed at restoring On the Law of the Diffusion violent movement and 17th-century Anglican of Gases, by which the tense posture influenced High Church ideals. specific gravity of gases by Romanticism. Alfred Tennyson could be determined. l833Francois Rude (1809-92) begins In 1834John Herschel (1784-1855) begins his Memoriam. (1792-1871) conducts famous patriotic high 1835 David Friedrich astronomical relief to complete the Strauss (1808-74) observations of the Arc de Triomphe. writes Leben}esu, southern hemisphere. 1836 Charles Barry denying the historical Charles Babbage (I 795-1860) wins the foundation of super- (1792-1871) invents the competition for the new natural elements in principle of the Houses of Parliament in the gospels. analytical engine, London, built 1839-52. Nikolay Gogo! forerunner of the 1836 Peter von Cornelius (1809-52) writes The computer. (1783-1867) ~orks on Government Inspector. 1837 Louis Daguerre frescoes in the Charles Dickens (1787-1851) invents the Ludwigskirche, Munich. ( 1812-70) begins his daguerreotype, the first literary career with practicable process of 1837 Edward Landseer Sketches by 'Boz' and photography. (1802-73), Queen invents Mr Pickwick. Victoria's favourite 1839 1838 The steamship Great artist, paints The Old (1814-41) writes his Western, built by Shepherd's Chief lsambard Brunei prose masterpiece, A Mourner. Theodore (1806-59), crosses the Hero of Our Times. Edgar Rousseau (1812-67), Atlantic in 15 days. Allan Poe (1809-49) central figure of the writes Tales of the 1839 William Henry Fox Barbizon landscape Grotesque and Arabesque, Talbot (1800-77) school and pioneer of including 'Fall of the produces a photographic open-air painting, paints House of Usher'. negative. his Avenue of Chestnut Trees.

305 The Early Romantic Period

MUSIC AND MUSICIANS POLITICS, WAR AND RULERS

1840 Schumann, after marrying Clara 1840 Death of Friederich Wilhelm III of Wieck, composes over a hundred songs Prussia; succeeded by his son Friederich. (including the Frauenliebe und -Ieben and Wilhelm IV. Dichterliebe cycles). Donizetti's Lafille du regiment and La favorite given, Paris. Paganini dies, (57). 1841 Liszt composes his Reminiscences de Nmma for piano. Schumann's 'symphonic year'. John Hullah opens his singing school for schoolmasters, London. 1842 Wagner's given, Dresden. Verdi's Nabucco given, Milan. Glinka's Ruslan and Lyudmila given, St Petersburg. Mendelssohn's Scottish Symphony ·composed. The Sinfonie sirieuse and Sinjonie of ( 1796-1868) composed. Schumann's and other chamber works composed. The 'Classical Chamber Concerts' of Sterndale Bennett begin, London. Meyerbeer is appointed General- musikdirektor, Berlin. Cherubini dies, Paris (81). 1843 Wagner's Der jliegende Hollander given, 1843 Abolition of slavery in India. Dresden; he is appointed joint Kapellmeister there. Donizetti's given, Paris. Berlioz's treatise on published. Leipzig Conservatory opens, with Mendelssohn its first director. 1844 Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto 1844 Factory Act in Britain regulates the composed. Hurryadi Lasz/6, by Ferenc Erkel working hours of women and children. (1810-93), the foundation of Hungarian national opera, given, Pest. Liszt's connection with the Weimar court (to produce many of his major works) begins. The Musical Times founded, London. 1845 Wagner's Tannhiiuser given, Dresden. Schumann's Piano Concerto written. 1846 Irish Potato ; Robert Peel The first concerts with repeals the Corn Laws in Britain. analytical notes, the Musical Union, begin, London. 1847 Lajos Kossuth (1802-94) elected a 1846 Mendelssohn's Elijah performed, member of the Hungarian Diet. Birmingham. Berlioz's La damnation de Faust performed, Paris. Adolphe Sax 1848 Year of revolutions: uprisings in , develops the family. Paris, Vienna (3), Venice, Berlin, Milan, 1847 Verdi's Macbeth given, . Parma, Papal States, Warsaw, Prague; all 1848 Glinka's , central suppressed except Paris, constitution to Russian nationalist music, composed. granted in Prussia. Abdication of Halka by Stanislaw Moniuszko Ferdinand I of Austria; succeeded by his (1819-72), the foundation of Polish nephew Franz joseph (until 1916). national opera, given concert Abdication of Louis Philippe and French performance, . Wagner flees to Republic proclaimed (February); Louis Weimar to escape arrest. Donizetti dies. Napoleon, nephew ofNapo1eon I, becomes Bergamo (50). President (December).

306 Chronology, 1840-1848

LITERATURE, SCIENCE, FINE AND PHILOSOPHY, TECHNOLOGY, DECORATIVE ARTS, RELIGION DISCOVERY ARCHITECTURE

18~J John Henry 1841James Prescott Joule Newman (1801-90) (1818-89) publishes On advocates a Roman the Production of Heat by Catholic interpretation Voltaic Electricity. 1843 John Ruskin of the 39 Articles, publishes the first of five causing controversy in 1842Julius Robert von volumes, Modem Painters. the Church of England. Mayer (1814-78) L.A. Feuerbach publishes his paper 1844 Turner paints Rain, (1804-72) argues in his Bemerkungen uber die Steam and Speed, a Wesen des Christentums Krafte der unbelebten Natur, forerunner of that Christianity is an propounding the first Impressionism. illusion. Henry law of thermodynamics, Theodore Chasseriau Longfellow (1806-73) on the conservation of (1819-56), Ingres's publishes Ballads and energy. John C. Fremont most gifted pupil, Other Poems. ( 1813-90) explores the decorates the Cour des Oregon trail reaching Comptes in the Palais . Crawford W. d'Orsay, Paris, with Long (1815-78), US allegorical scenes of 1843 John Stuart Mill physician, uses ether to Peace and War (now ( 1806-73) publishes A produce surgical destroyed). System of Logic, stressing anaesthesia. the importance of 1847 Thomas Couture inductive methods while 1844 Samuel Morse (1815-79), French giving deduction its (1791-1872) sends his historical and portrait proper share (his first coded message over painter, exhibits The Principles of Political his 40-mile telegraph Romans of the Decadence. Economy appeared in line from Washington to 1848). Baltimore. (1803-79), the most important German architect of the mid-19th 1847 Charlotte Bronte 1845 Alexander von century, builds his last (1816-55) publishes Humboldt (1769-1859) building in Dresden, the Jane Eyre and Emily publishes the first book Picture Gallery, in Bronte (1818-48) of the Kosmos, describing I tali an Renaissance Wuthering Heights, and illustrating the style. William Makepeace history of the physical Thackeray (1811-ti3) world. Sir John Franklin 1848 Jean Fran<;ois Millet publishes Vanity Fair. ( 1786-1847) leads an (1814-75) paints The expedition to discover Winnower, the first of his 1848 the north-west passage. scenes of rustic life in fils ( 1824-95) writes the which he emphasized its novel La Dame aux 1846 Discovery of serious and melancholy Camilias, which he later Neptune by John Galle. aspects. The Pre- dramatized. Elizabeth Raphaelite Brotherhood Gaskell ( 1810-65) 1847 Sir James Simpson founded in England writes Mary Barton, (1811-70) first uses by Holman Hunt whose cast of working- chloroform as an (1827-1910), John class characters and anaesthetic. Millais (1829-96) and setting in industrial Dante Gabriel Rossetti Manchester were new. 1848 Richard Owen (1828-82), who aimed Anne Bronte publishes (1804-92) publishes The to recapture the sincerity The Tenant of Wildfell Archetype and Homologies and simplicity of early Hall. of the Vertebrate Skeleton. Italian .

307 Index

Page numbers in italics refer to captions to illustrations.

Abel, C. F., 206 Arnault, Antoine-Vincent, 47 Abel, F. L., 271 Arnold, Samuel, 274 Ablesimov, Alexander, 238 , 64, 65, 89, 93, 255 Abraham (arranger), 64, 65 for military band, 132, 133 Academie des Beaux-Arts, 46 (music publishers), 103 a cappella movement, 12 Assen, Benedictus van, 206 Adam, Adolphe, , 54 Athenaeum, 218 , Queen of Britain, 223 Auber, Daniel-Fran~

Barbier-Walbonne, Mme, 60 61, 72, 89, 92, 126, 151, 213 Barmann, Heinrich, 124 Symphony no. 5, 20, 21, 61, 92, !51, 211,213 Barnett, John, 228 Symphony no. 6 (''), 92, 117, 126, Baroque music 213 used as model, 59 Symphony no. 7, 213 see also 'ancient' music and early music Symphony no. 9, 20, 73, 95, 100, 136, 149, Bartleman, James, 211 152, 215, 215, 216 Batiste, Edouard, 59 Die Weihe des Hauses, 215 Beauharnais, Eugene de, 19 Belgium, 8, 9 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin, 1-3 Belinsky, Vissarion Grigorievich, 246 Beer, Herz, 128 Belleville-Oury, Anna Caroline, 255 Beer, Jakob Liebmann, see Meyer beer, Bellini, Vincenzo, 23, 51, 56, 148, 17 5, 176, Giacomo 186, 266 Beethoven, Johann van, 3 Hexameron on themes from, 125 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 3-5, 8, 16, 26, 39, 68, influence, 274 85-6, 87, 88-9, 93-5, 103, !56, orchestration, 186 174nl6,255,267 performances of works by, 56, 148, 220, 266, Berlioz and, 73, 75 276,290 chamber music, 91-2 politics, 192 concerts, 92-5 vocal writing, 171, 186 copyright, views on, 6 I Capuleti e i Montecchi, 189 Hoffmann and, 10 Norma, 29, 30, 171, 186, 189n29, 194-5, influence, 218 230, 290; works based on, 67, 68-9 Liszt and, 69 II pirata, 188, 188, 276 London and, 95, 211, 213, 215-16, 215 , 56, 115, 185, 186, 188 novel about, 256 La sonnamhula, 56, 115, 172, 186, 188 orchestration, 20-21 Benda, Ernst Friedrich, 109 , 2 5-6 Benda, Franz, 109 performances of works by, 10, 19, 42, 44, 61, Benda, Georg, 109 67, 71, 72, 73, 95, 97, 100, 115, 116, Benedict, Julius, 30, 230 117, 118, 122, 126, 127, 134, 136, 148, benefit concerts, see under concerts 151, 152,211,213,215,215,223,252, Bennett, William Sterndale, 228-9 253,261,288 Beranger, Pierre-Jean de, 42, 44, 57 publications of music by, 254 Berezovsky, Maxim Sonzontovich, 239 Wagner and, 19, 30, 148 Beriot, Charles- Auguste de, 125, 215 works, arrangements of, 271, 272 Berlin An die ferne Geliehte, 25 cathedral, and , 120, 121, 127 bagatelles, 90 concerts spirituels, I 09 Battle Symphorry, 5, 5, 95, 122 Corsica House, 109 Choral Fantasia, 92-3, 127 court/Sanssouci, 127-8 Christus am Oelherge, 122 English House, I 09 concertos, 211 Euterpe Orchestral Society, Ill, 134 Coriolan, 84 Hofkapelle, 109-10,111-12,115,116, , 103 117, 120, 121, 134, 135 , 5 Hofoper, 110, Ill, 112-14 Fidelia, 3, 4, 49, 146, 221 Hotel de Paris, 116 Missa solemnis, 95, 252, 288 Konzerte fUr Kenner und Liebhaber, 109 Piano Concerto no.3, 215 Liedertafel, 120, 143 Piano Concerto no.4, 92, 215 Musikalische Assemblee, 109 Piano Concerto no.5, 5, 215 Musikiibende Gesellschaft, 109 piano sonatas, 67 Nationaltheater, I 10, Ill , 89, 12 7 Opera, 101, 122 in C, 254 orchestral school, 117 Die Ruinen von Athen, 12-13 Philharmonic Society, 119 , 89 Residenztheater, 114-15 string quartets, 91, 92, 118 Schauspielhaus, 114, 122 symphonies, arrangements of, 133, 134 Singakademie, 118-1.9, 119, 120, 143 Symphony no. I, 61, 89, !51 Singverein, 119 Symphony no. 2, 115 Society of Musicians, 127 Symphony no. 3 ('Eroica'), 20, 21, 39n16, Stern'sche Gesangverein, 121

309 The Early Romantic Period

Berliner musikalische Zeitung, Ill, 117 Bogota Berlioz, Hector, 10, 14, 16, 19, 28, 39, 43, 44, Academia Nacional de Musica, 287 54,63, 73-8,74,75,255 Sociedad Filarm6nica, 287 and development of , 25 Bohrer, Herr, 114 and Russia, 251, 253, 255 Boieldieu, Fran<;;ois-Adrien, 49-50, 57, 62, concerts, 75-7, 75, I 04 73, 132 instrumentation, 23 in St Petersburg, 248 journalism, II, 76 La dame blanche, 50, 276 Liszt and, 69 Jean de Paris, Ill, 144 London and, 225, 231 , Accademia Filarmonica, 163, 239 on Berlin, I 09 Bonaparte, Jerome, 4, 85 on Italy, 166, 181 Bonaparte, Joseph, 19 on Mehul, 49 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see Napoleon III performances of works by, 54, 74, 77--8, Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I 255 Bondini, Pasquale, 150 Wagner and, 148 Boosey, Thomas, 229 Beatrice et Benedict, 77 Borra, Giulio, 193 Benvenuto Cellini, 54, 74-5, 74, 229 Bortnyansky, Dmitry, 239, 241, 249 La damnation de Faust, 30, 59, 76, 104 Boston L 'enfance du Christ, 49, 77 Boston Academy of Music, 272 Grande messe des morts, 20, 58-9, 75 Federal Theater, 269, 270 Harold en ltalie, 25, 75 , 270-1, 272 Ulio, 74 Musical Academy, 270 Les nuits d'eti, 58 Philharmonic Society, 270 Romeo et Juliette, 30, 75, 76, I 04 Boston Musical Gazette, 272 songs, 57--8 Botkin, Vasily, 256 Symphoniefantastique, 25, 28, 73--4, 75 Braham, John, 205, 215 Symphonie funebre et triomphale, 59, 75 Brahms,Johannes,28,63, 79,100,105 Les trr!Jens, 77-8 Brambilla, Giovanni, 84-5 Traiti de /'instrumentation, 22-3, 73 Branchu, Caroline, 50 Bernard, N., 255 brass instruments, 22, 24, 37, 38, 53, 240, 240, Bertati, Giovanni, 168 264 Berton, Henri-Montan, 34, 57 Breitkopf, Bernhard Christoph, 155 Best, Anthony, 21 Breitkopf, Bernhard Theodor, 242 Best, Mary Ellen, 21 Breitkopf, Christoph Gottlob, 154 Bethlehem Seminary, 263, 264 Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Immanuel, 153--4 Beutler, Herr, 132 Breitkopf & Hartel, 6, 10, 103, 150, 153--4 Bianchi, Francesco, 169, 205 Brendel, Franz, 90, 156 Billings, William, 264-5 Brennglas, Adam, 126 Billington, Elizabeth, 205 Bridgetower, George, 207 Bilse, Benjamin, 135 Brief, 1., 254 biographies, 155, 256 Broadwood (piano-makers), 229 Bishop, Anna, 221 Brockhaus (publishers), 155 Bishop, Henry, 213, 220, 221, 225 Brown, Francis, H., 259 Bizet, Georges, 56 Brubi, Antonio, 37 black music, 265, 267, 276--8, 285 Bruckner, Anton, 89, 105 , 275, 276--8, 277, 285, 286-7, Bruhl, Karl von, 112, 122 289 Brussels, 8, 9 Blangini,Joseph, 57 buccin, 3 7, 38 Bliesener brothers, 116 Buenos Aires Bliesener (clarinettist), 115 cathedral, 288 blues, 265 Escuala de Musica y Canto, 288 Blume (singer), 133 Sociedad Filarm6nica, 288 Blyma, Franz Xaver, 248 Teatro Coliseo, 289 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 239 Teatro de Ia Rancherfa, 289 Boccherini, Luigi, 64, 71 Teatro de y Comedias, 289 Bochsa, Nicolas, 21 7, 221 Bull, Ole, 255 Bocquillon, Guillaume (Wilhelm), 44, 57 Bulow, Hans von, 112 Boely, Alexandre, 59 Bunn, Alfred, 230 Boesi, Jose Antonio Caro de, 286-7 Bureau de Musique (publishers), 154

310 Index

Burghersh, Lord, 216, 21 7 politics, 4, 34, 39, 41, 49 Burgmiiller, Frederick, 55 , 115 Burke, Edmund, 192 Les deux journies, 49, 144, 244 Burney, Charles, 213 Lodoiska, 48, 49, 127, 144 Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 68, 75, 184, Marche religieuse, 58 186 Midie, 48, 48, 49 , 59, 119 Caecilian movement, 102-3 sacred works, 58, 59 Caldwell, James, 276 songs, 57 Calkin, James, 228 string quartets, 64, 71 Callcott,John Wall, 209-10, 210 Symphony in D, 63 Cannabich, Christian, 115 children, 37, 44, 207, 228 Canobbio, Carlo, 241 Chopin, Fryderyk, 8, 16, 22, 26, 65, 66, Canthal (conductor), 135 69-70, 70, 90, 129 Caracas Bellini compared to, 186 Academia de Musica, 286 Liszt and, 69 Coliseo/Teatro Publico, 287 London and, 231 Teatro Caracas, 287 piano concertos, I 00 Teatro de Ia , 287 piano sonatas, 22 Teatro Municipal, 287 Chorley, Henry, 218 Carmagnole, La, 34 Choron, Alexandre, 12, 41, 43, 59 Carr, Benjamin, 273, 274-5 choruses/, 104, 112, 132-3, 270 Carr, Thomas, 274 benefits for, 122 Carreno, Jose Cayetano, 286 boys', 99 Casper, Johann Ludwig, 129, 130 concerts by, 118-21, 127 Castelli,]. F., 103 in , 282, 283 Casti, Giambattista, 169 in London, 208 Castil- Blaze, 53-4 in Vienna, 93 , 167, 187, 188-9 male, 97, 120-1, 208 Catalani, Angelica, 112, 124, 252, 255 Christy, E. P., 267 Catel, Charles, 18, 33, 34, 47, 61 Minstrels, 266 Catherine II (the Great), Empress of Russia, Ciceri, Pierre-Luc-Charles, 53 236,238-9 Cimarosa, Domenico, 40, 169, 205, 238 Cavaille-Coll, Aristide, 59 , 190 , Catterino, 247, 248, 249 11 matrimonio segreto, 169, 170, 244 celebrations/ceremonies, 40, 41; see also , 16 7 festivals , 21-2, 23 censorship/ censors class, 55 in England, 202, 210, 220,221, 230-1 and appreciation of music, 6-7 in France, 42, 44, 46-7 and participation in music, 44, 214 in Italy, 169, 175, 182, 192 and subject matter of opera, 49 Cesari, Adela, 284 audiences', 43-4, 73, 93, Ill, 135, 179, chamber music, 20, 21, 64-5, 70-2, 89, 202,203,209,223,225,226 91-2, 264 in Austria, 8~ concerts of, 91-2, 116, 117, 118, 125, 225 in Berlin, II 0-11 chant, 59, 249-52 in Latin America, 280-2, 283-4 Chappell, Samuel, 229 in Vienna, 93 Charles Felix, King of Sardinia, 162 Liszt and, 67-8 Charles III, King of Naples, 160 'classical' /'classics' of music, early uses of Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, Vicomte de, term, 10, 202, 203 3, 51 Clementi, Muzio, 10, 88, 154, 207, 213, 218, Chelard, Hippolyte-Andre-Baptiste, 221 229 Chenier, M.-J., 47 Clementi (piano-makers), 10 Cherubini, Luigi, 39, 47, 49, 61 Clementi (publishers), 6, 229 and Paris Conservatoire, 33, 41, 46, 61 Cocks, Robert, 229 Berlioz and, 78 Colbran, Isabella, 182 in London, 211,213 Collin, Heinriffi Joseph von, 84, 103 influence, 49, 51 Colon, Pedro Nolasco, 286-7 performances of works by, 72, 97, 115, 247, Colonne, Edouard, 77 252 Comelli, Adele, 188

311 The Early Romantic Period composers Dalayrac, Nicolas-Marie, 39, 276 conditions, 177 Dance, William, 210 Latin American, grants for, 282 dancing, 16-18, 17, 93, 101, 123-4, 130-1, players rather than singers, 207 130, 179,180,275,276,277,27~281,285 speed of work on operas, 176-7, 190, 195 Dancla, Charles, 71 training, 175--6 Danhauser,Josef, 68 concertos, 207,210-11,225,232 Danton, Georges Jacques, 35 concerts, 7-8, 44 Danzi, Franz, 119-20 benefit,43,95, 121-4,125,206-8, Da Ponte, Lorenzo, 205 219-20,252 Dargomi'zhsky, Alexander Sergeyevich, 246, Berlioz's, 75-7, 76, 104 249,254,255,256 finances, 60, 75, 76, 93, 111, 121-2, 124, Dauprat, Louis Fran~ois, 72 207-8 David, Felicien, 44, 73, 75--6 in Berlin, 109-12, 115-30, 132-7 Le disert, 13, 59, 75 in Dresden, 143 Lalla-&ukh, 76 in houses, 95, 97, 109, 128-30 Le perle du Bresil, 76 in Latin America, 281, 287, 288 David, Ferdinand, 152 in Leipzig, 143-4, 151-3 David, Giovanni, 189n29 in London, 95, 120, 202-3, 204-9,209, Davi'dov, Stepan Ivanovich, 248 210-13,214-16,215,218-20,220, Davis, John, 276 222,223-6,224,22~229-30,231-2 Davison, James William, 218, 228 inParis,60-2,62, 71-3,76,77,226 Debussy, Claude, 58, 79 in Russia, 252-4 Degtyaryov, Stepan Anikiyevich, 239, 241, in USA, 269, 275, 277-8 246,255 in Vienna, 88, 89, 91-7, 99-102, 104 Dehn, , 89 length, 207, 212 Delacroix, Eugene, 44, 69, 77 private, 202, 218-19 Della Maria, Pierre, 49 promenade,226,227 Demachy, P. A., 36 repertory, 10,60,62-4,93-7,99-102,115- Dessauer,Josef, 100 16,118-20,121-2,127,133-5,207, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 155 210-11,212,215,223-6,231-2,269 Devienne, Fran.;ois, 60, 61 restrictions on audiences, 202, 210 Devrient, Eduard, 112, 129, 130 Schubert's, 95, 96 Devrient, Wilhelmine, see Schroder-Devrient, subscription, 72-3, 111, 115, 116, 119, 151, Wilhelmine 202,208,210 Diabelli, Anton, 6, 103 ticket prices, 73, 111, 124, 134, 151, 202, Dibdin, Charles, 205 207,210,219,223,226 Dittersdorf, Carl Ditters von, 269 , 19-20, 212-13, 225, 229 Dixmerie, Nicolas-Bricaire de Ia, 39 Conradi, August, 134 Doche,Joseph, 57 Conservatoire National Superieur de Doebbelin, C. T., 110 Musique, see Paris, Conservatoire Dohler, Theodor von, 125 contests, 88 Doles, Johann Friedrich, 151 Cooke, Thomas S., 228 Dolgoruky, Prince, 243 copyright, 6, 191, 195 Donizetti, Gaetano, 23, 44, 56, 102, 115, 175, Corelli, , 202, 208, 267 176, 186, 189, 190-1, 196, 220 Corelli,Jean, 55 and Naples, 163 Corri, Philip Anthony, 210 Rossini and, 174 Costa, Michael, 230, 231 politics, 192 Cramer, Fram;ois, 210 , 56 Cramer, John Baptist, 207, 210, 213, 218, 229 Dom Sebastien, 53 Cramer, William, 206, 207, 210 Don Pasquale, 191 Cramer (piano-makers), 229 Don Sebastiano, 102 criticism, 96, 213, 216, 218-19, 228, 229, 255, L'elisir d'amore, 191 256, 261, 267-9; see also journals Lafavorite, 53 Crotch, William, 217 Linda di Chamonix, 102 Cruikshank, George, 203 Lucia di Lammermoor, 29, 184, 189, 191 Cuba Lucrezia Borgia, 182, 191 Academia de Musica, 285 Maria di &han, 102, 102 Academia de Musica S Cecilia, 285 , 183 Czemy, Carl, 66, 93 Les mar!Jirs, 53

312 Index

Donzelli, Domenico, 189n29, 215 'Ethiopian songs', 267 Dorn, Heinrich, 130 Eunicke, Johanna, 112, 115 Dotzauer, Johann Friedrich, 148 Euterpeiad, The, 26 7-8 Dresden exoticism, 12-13 Dreyssigsche Singakademie, 143 Eybler,Joseph, 102, 103 Hofkapelle, 142, 143 Hofoper, 142-3 Falcon, Cornelie, 53 Hoftheater, 143, 143, 149 Fasch, Carl Friedrich Christian, 118 Liederkreis, 142 Faure, Gabriel, 58, 59, 79 Liedertafel, 143 Fechner, Mme (), 128 Opera, 144-9 festivals Theater auf dem Linckeschen Bade, 142 music, 7, 96-7 Tonkiinstlerverein, 143 revolutionary, 35-7, 36, 38, 59 Dreyschock, Alexander, 125 Fetis, Fran<;ois-Joseph, 12, 64, 67 Du Mont, Henri, 59 Field, John, 10,207,252,255 Dubois, Theodore, 46 Fink, Gottfried Wilhelm, 136 Dubyansky, Fedor, 241, 242 Fischer, Joseph, 112, 115 Duchambge, Pauline, 57 Flemming (), 117 Dumas, Alexandre (the elder), 68 Florence, Teatro Pergola, 185 Duparc, Henri, 58 flute, 21 Duport,J. P.,J. L., 110 Focosi, A., 165 Duprez, Gilbert-Louis, 54, 189 Fodor-Mainvielle, Josephine, 255 Dussek,Jan Ladislav, 65, 127, 154, 203, 218 , 131, 239, 247, 287-8 Dutch Academy, 12 Fomin, Evstigney Ipatovich, 238, Duvernoy, Frederic Nicolas, 33, 60, 62, 63-4 239-40 Dwight, John Sullivan, 269 Forkel,Johann Nikolaus, 155 Dyer, S. 0., 277 Foster, Stephen, 20, 267 Fragonard, Alexandre Evariste, 14 early music France performances of, 12, 12, 97, 152, 202, 208, revolution of 1789, 32, 46, 110 226 revolution of 1830, 20, 42 publications of, 97, 154, 155, 209 revolution of 1848, 44-5 studies of, 12 see also Paris used in churches, 59, I 02-3 Franck, Cesar, 25, 59, 79 see also 'ancient' music Franklin, Benjamin, 264 Ecstedt, A. I. Fitztum von, 253 Frezzolini, Erminia, 248 Edelmann, Jean-Frederic (the elder), 285 Friedrich, Caspar David, 27 Edelmann, Jean-Frederic (the younger), 285 Frohlich, Josephine, 94 education, musical, 18-19, 33, 117, 118, 161, Fry, William, 274 175-6 Fry, William Henry, 274 for working-class children, 226-8 Fiirstenau, Anton Bernhard, 148 in Berlin, 117, 118 in Latin America, 282, 283, 285, 290 Gade, Niels, 135 in London, 213-14, 216-17, 226-8 Gail, Sophie, 57 in Russia, 252 Gallardo, Lino, 286-7 in USA, 262, 264, 268, 272 Galletti, Andrea, 244 Egyptian melodies, 13 Galli, Filippo, 189, 284 electricity, 4 Galuppi, Baldassare, 238, 239, 240 EHzaga, Jose Mariano, 283 Ganz brothers, 117-18 Elleviou,Jean, 48 Garat, Pierre-Jean, 57, 60 Eisler, Fanny, 95, 102 Garcia, Jose Mauricio Nunes, 289-90 Eltz, Josef, 85 Garda, Manuel (the elder), 30, 51, 284 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 20 family, 30 Engel, G., 137 Garda, Pauline, see Viardot-Garda, Engel (conductor), 135 Pauline Erard (piano makers), 65 Gardiner, William, 271 Erdi:idy, Countess Marie von, 86 gas lights, 4 Ernst, Heinrich Wilhelm, 125 Gautherot, Mme, 203 Esnaola, Juan Pedro, 288 Gautier, Theophile, 58 Esterhazy, Count Valentin, 236, 239 Gaveaux, Pierre, 35, 49

313 The Early Romantic Period

Gay, Claudio, 281 Guglielmi, Pietro Alessandro, 169 Geiger, A., 90, 101 Guhr, Karl, 221 Geminiani, Francesco, 202, 208 Guilmant, Alexandre, 59 Gern, Georg, 120 guitar, 254 Gersten berg, Johann Daniel, 242 Gungl, Josef, 134-5 Geyer, Floduard, 120-1 Gurilyov, Alexander, 254 Gilbert, W. S., 190 Gutierrez y Espinosa, Felipe, 286 Giomale musicale del Teatro Italiano di St Gyrowetz, Adalbert, 95 Petroburgo, 241-2 glees, 217 Haak (violinist), 110 Glinka, Mikhail lvanovich, 239, 246, 247, 249, Habeneck, Franc;ois-Antoine, 8, 19, 42, 61, 62, 251-2,254,255,256 72-3, 74-6 A Life for the Tsar, 20, 248, 250 Halevy, Fromental, 44, 115, 196 &sian and Lyudmila, 248 Lajuive, 29, 53, 55, 196 Gluck, Christoph Willibald von, 33, 50, 51, Handel, George Frideric, 99, 103, 202, 216, 73, 114, 132 267 Berlioz and, 78 performances of works by, 96-7, 152, 208, operas described as revolutionary, I 223,252,268,270-1,273 Rossini and, 14 7 Alexander's Feast, 118 Wagner and, 148 Belshazzar, 98, 118 Alceste, 112, 148, 164 Israel in Egypt, 118 Armide, 148 jephtha, 118 Iphiginie en Au/ide, 148 joshua, 118 Iphiginie en Tau ride, 4 7 , 118, 129 Goethe, J. W. von, 6, 7, 73, 77, 96, 119, 141 , 118, 120, 129, 271 Gogo!, Nikolay Vasilyevich, 246 Samson, 127 Gomez, Jose Antonio, 183 Semele, 129 Gossec, Franc;ois-Joseph, 18, 33, 34, 37, 41, , 118 61, 62, 63 Te Deum, 127 Marche lugubre, 61 Hanslick, Eduard, 15, 90, 97, 100, 101-2, 104 O.ffrande aIa Iiberti, 4 7 Hansmann (), 119 Pere de l 'univers, 3 7 Harmonicon, 218, 220 Gottlieb, Johann, 109 harmony, 21-2, 169 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, 286 , 226 Gotzenburger,Jakob, 12 Harrison, Samuel, 211 Gounod, Charles, 56, 59, 79 Hartel, Gottfried Christoph, 154, !56; see also Faust, 30 Breitkopf & Hartel Romio et Juliette, 30 Hasenclever,J. P., 129 Gozzi, Carlo, 185 Haslinger, Tobias, 103 grands motets, 32-3, 38 Hasse, Johann Adolf, 142 Granville, J. J., 45 Hauptmann, Moritz, 89 Graun, Carl Heinrich, 109 Hausmann (cellist), I 10 Der Todjesu, 109, 118 Hawes, William, 229 Graupner, Catherine, 269, 270 Haydn, Joseph, 33, 86, 99, 103, 203, 216, 255, Graupner, Gottlieb, 269-70 267, 290 Greatorex, William, 208 arrangements of works by, 133, 271, 272 Gregorian chant, see chant Barbaja and, 182 Gretry, Andre-Ernest-Modeste, 47, 50, inLondon,206,207,207-8 246 influence, 218 Les deux avares, 244 Mayr and, 169 Richard Coeur-de-lion, 4 7 performances of works by, 2, 60, 62, 71, 72, Griboedov, Alexander Sergeyevich, 245 97, 101, 116, 118, 122, 134, 136, 151, Griesbach, John Henry, 228 152,223,241,252,253,255,268,269, Grillparzer, Franz, 84, 86, 94 270-71,273 Grisi, Carlotta, 55 publications of works by, 153, 154, 254, 274 Grisi, Giulia, 51 Rossini and, 174 Gross (cellist), 110 The Creation, 101, 118, 122, 151,271 Grund, Francis]., 259 masses, 119-20 Guardasoni, Domenico, 150 The Seasons, 101,118,151 Guasco (singer), 102 string quartets, 64

314 Index

Hegel, G. W. F., 4 Janiewicz, Felix, 207 Heine, Heinrich, II jazz, 165 Heinrich, Anthony Philip, 261-2, 262 Jeitteles, Alois, 25 Heller, Stephen, 65 , 15-16, 99, 128, 216 Hensel, Fanny, see Mendelssohn, Fanny Jewson, Frederick Bowen, 228 Henselt, Adolf von, 252 'Jim Crow', 265--6, 266 Herbst, Johannes, 264 Joachim, Joseph, 125, 129, 130 Herke (teacher), 252 Joseph II, , 4, 84, Herold, Ferdinand, 50, 51 143 Herz, Henri, 8, 15, 65, 67 Josephine, Empress, 51 Hexameron on themes from Bellini, 125 journalism/journals, 8, I 0, II, 15, 44, I 03, Hiller, Ferdinand, 65, 129 105, Ill, 123,150,153,155--6,183, Hiller, Johann Adam, 150, 151, 153 213,218,241-2,254-5,267-8 Hillier, Catherine (Catherine Graupner), 269, Jullien, Louis, 226, 227, 231 270 Himmel, Friedrich, Ill, 144 Kalkbrenner, Friedrich, 65, 67, 71, Hoffmann, E. T. A., 7, 10, 12, 89, 91, 114, 120, 211 156 Kanne, Franz August, 103 Undine, 114 Karamzin, Nikolay Mikhailovich, 245 Hoffmeister, Franz Anton, 89, 154 Kashin, Daniil, 249, 255 Hoffmeister & Kiihnel (publishers), 150 Kastner, Jean-George, 22 Holst, Fraulein von, 132 Kauer, Ferdinand, 144 Hopkinson, Joseph, 274 Kemble, Adelaide, 230 bands, 240, 240 Kenner, Josef, 91 Horsley, Charles Edward, 228 Khandoshkin, I van Y evstafyevich, 242 Hugo, Victor, 44, 45, 54, 68, 75, 186, 191 Khmel'nitsky (writer), 247 Hernani, 44, 45 Khripunov, Yury, 243 Les misirables, 44 Kiesewetter, Christoph Gottfried, 214 Le roi s'amuse, 182 Kiesewetter, Raphael Georg, 12, 97 Hullah,John, 226-8 Kind, Friedrich, 99 Hummel, Johann Nepomuk, 65, 86,221, , Prince Ferdinand Bonaventura, 5 252 Klein, Bernhard, 120, 128, 129 concerts, 99, 207, 215, 219-20, 252 Klein, Elisabeth, 128 performances of works by, 211 Klein, Lili, 128 publications of works by, 274 Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb, 7, 88 Septet, 89 Knyazhnin, Jakov, 240 Hiinerftirst (conductor), 135 Knyvett, Charles, 211 Hiinten, Franz, 8, 15 Koch, Heinrich Gottfried, 150 hymns, 265, 272 Korner, Th., 127 see also revolutionary hymns Kovaleva, Praskov'ya, 241 Kozlowski, J6zef, 241 lffiand, August Wilhelm, Ill, 112 Kraisil, Ludwig, 94 impresarios, 182, 242 Kreutzer, Konradin, Nachtlager von Granada, , contests in, 88 99 Indy, Vincent d', 59 Kreutzer, Rodolphe, 34, 47, 62 Institut National de Musique, see Paris, Lodoiska, 48 Conservatoire violin concertos, 115, 116, 127 instrument-making, 22, 24, 37, 42, 44, 229 Kroll,Josef, 134, 135, 136, 137 instrumentalists, see string playing and Krylov, Ivan Andreyevich, 245 wind playing; see also education Kiihnel, Ambrosius, 154 instrumentation, see orchestration Kullak, Theodor, 128 Isabey, Jean Baptiste, 14 Kiistner, Karl Theodor von, 115 Isouard, Nicolas (Nicolo), 49, 276 , 144 Laade (conductor), 135 I tuarte, Julio, 284-5 Lablache, Luigi, 51, 189 Lacepede, Etienne de, 63 Jackson, Andrew, 259 Lachner, Franz, 94 Jackson, George K., 270 Lafermiere (librettist), 239 Jadin, Louis, 57, 65 Lamas, Jose Angel, 286 Janet, G., 52 Lamennais, Felicite de, 44

315 The Early Romantic Period

Lamoureux, Charles, 77 Harmonies poitiques et religieuses, 68 Lanari, Alessandro, 182 Lyon, 67-8 Landaeta, Juan Jose, 286-7 Paraphrase on themes from Norma, 68-9 Lanner,Joseph, 16, 97, 99, 100, 103-4 piano concertos, I 00 Laporte, Pierre, 221-3, 230 Piano Sonata in B minor, 22 Larrazabal, Felipe, 287 Les preludes, 25 Laube, Heinrich, 155 literature, 7, 54, 73,84-5,89-90, 141, 184, LeBrun (horn player), 110 191,245-7 Lecerf (conductor), 127 as entertainment in 'soirees', 127 Lefevre, Xavier, 62, 63-4 about music, 256 Leidel (conductor), 132 lithography, 4 Leipzig, 101, 103 Litolff, Henry, 130 Conservatory, 153, 230 Lobe, J. C., 147, 148n8 Gewandhaus, 153 Lobkowitz, Prince F. J. von, 5, 92 Gewandhaus concerts, 149, 151-3, 154, Locatelli, Pietro Antonio, 242 155 Loiseau, Louis-Luc, 50 Gewandhaus , !51 Lomakin, Gavriil Yakimovich, 251 Grosses Concert, !51 Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasilyevich, 245 Liedertafel, 150 London,95, 201 Musikausiibende Gesellschaft, 151 Almack Rooms, 206 Singakademie, 150 , 206 Stadttheater, 150-51 Chapel Royal, 208 Thomaskirche, 150, 151 Concerts d'Hiver, 226 Leip;;iger Allgemeine Zeitung, 155 Concerts of Ancient Music (Ancient Leip;;iger Lesegesellschaji, !55 Concerts), 206, 208, 211, 216, 217, 223, Leip;;iger Zeitung, !55 229 Lemmens, Jacques-Nicolas, 59 Covent Garden Theatre, 202, 203, 203, 205, Lemoine, Gustave, 57 206,206, 213, 220, 221, 223, 226, 227, Leon, Tomas, 284 230-1 Lepsius, Elisabeth, 128 Crown and Anchor Tavern, 206, 210 Lepsius, Richard, 128 Drury Lane Theatre, 202, 203, 205, 206, Lermontov, Mikhail Yuryevich, 246 220,221,223,226,231 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 7, 141 Exeter Hall, 216, 226 Lesueur, Eustache, 34 , 206, 224 Le Sueur,Jean-Franc;ois, 18, 33, 34, 40, 41, King's Theatre (Her Majesty's Theatre), 47,49,58, 73 203,204,204,206,213,220,221-23, , 48 222, 230, 231 La mort d'Adam, 50 Philharmonic Society, 19, 20, 210-13, , 50 214-16, 215,221,223, 224, 225, sacred works, 58, 59 229-30, 231-2 Le triomphe de Trajan, 50 Professional Concerts, 206-7, 210, 211 Lichnowsky, Prince Carl von, 86 , 217, 221, 228 Liebig, Karl, 135, 137 royalcourt,208-9, 223 lieder, 25-6, 27, 92, 100 Royal Society of Musicians, 214 lighting, 4 Sacred Harmonic Society, 216, 226, 231 Lind, Jenny, 11, 30, 97, 112, 125, 128, 129, Stjames's Palace, 208-9 154, 231, 255 St Paul's Cathedral choir, 209 Lipinski, Carl, 148 Vocal Concerts, 211 Liszt, Cosima, 67 Westminster Abbey, and choir, 208, 216 Liszt, Franz, 10, 22, 65, 66, 67-9, 68, 78, 228, Willis Rooms, 206 253,255 Lortzing, Albert, 123, 135, !50-I and class, 67-8 Die beiden Schiit;;en, 151 and education, 44 Der Wildschiit;;, 151 and London, 231, 232 Zar und Zimmermann, 20, 115, 151 Berlioz and, 25 Louis-Philippe, King of France, 42-3, Chopin and, 69 59 concerts, 125, 126, 129, 214-15, 226 Lucas, Charles, 228 journalism, II, 67, 68 Lully, Jean-Baptiste, 41 Annies de pelerinage, 68 Lumley, Benjamin, 223, 230-1 Ce qu'on entend sur Ia montagne, 25 Liitke, L. E., 114

316 Index

L'vov, Alexey Fyodorovich, 249, 251, 256 Meignen, Leopold, 274 L'vov, Fyodor, 251 Meissonnier, Jean-Antoine, 57 L'vov, N. A., 239 Menageot, F.-G., 13 Lyre, The, 268 Mendelssohn, Abraham, 128, 129-30 Lyser, Johann Peter Theodor, 87 Mendelssohn, Fanny, 130 Mendelssohn, Felix, 7, 10, 19, 129-30, 152 and early music, 12, 118, 152 Macfarren, George Alexander, 228 andLondon,225,229-30,231-2 Maclise, Daniel, 220 concerts, 7-8, 151-3, 215, 225 Maddox, Michael, 242, 243, 244-5 conducting, 225 Maelzel,Johann Nepomuk, 4 on meaning in music, 7 Magazin muzkal'rrykh uveselenry, 242 painting, 25 Mahler, Gustav, 27 performances of works by, 71, 101, 119, 120, Mainzer, Joseph, 226-8 133, 134, 152, 154, 253 Malibran, Maria, 51 Schumann on, 15-16 Manfredini, Vincenzo, 238 Sterndale Bennett and, 228 Manfroce, Nicola, 167, 169nl3 teaching, 152 Manns, August, 135 Die heiden Piidagogen, 130 Mantius, Eduard, 112 chamber music, 20 Manzoni, A., 191 Fingal's Cave, 25 Mara, Gertud Elisabeth, 124n33 Die Heimkehr aus der Fremde, 130 Marcello, Benedetto, 208 Meerestille und gliickliche Fahrt, 133 Mares, Jan Antonfn, 240 Der Onkel aus Boston, 130 Mario, Giovanni Matteo, 248 piano concertos, 152 market forces and music, 6, 8-10, 43 St Paul, 15, 20, 101, 152 Marschner, Heinrich Songs Without Wordr, 7 , 114, 115 Symphony no. 3 ('Scottish'), 152 Der Templer und diejiidin, 115 Symphony no. 4 ('Italian'), 25 Der Vampyr, 150 Violin Concerto, 152 Marseillaise, La, 34-5,34, 37, 47 Die wandemden Komodianten, 130 Martfn y Soler, Vicente, 205 Mendelssohn, Leah (Leah Salomon), Martini, Giovanni Battista (Padre), 163, 129-30 189-90,239,246 Menzel, Adolph, 125 Marx, Adolph Bernhard, 129 Mercadante, Saverio, 56, 186-7 Marx, Pauline, 112, 148 Metastasio, Pietro, 84-5, 166-7 Mason, Lowell, 271-2 metronome, 4 Massenet,Jules, 56 Metternich, Prince Klemens, 67 Matinsky, Mikhail, 238, 239 / Matthiii, August, 151 Coliseo Nuevo/Teatro Principale, 283, 284 Maurfcio, Jose, 289-90 Conservatorio Nacional de Musica, 283 Mayer, Charles, 252 Philharmonic Academy, 283 Mayr, Johann Simon, 169, 174, 175 Sociedad Filarm6nica Mexicana, 283 , 167-9 Teatro de Las Gallos, 284 meaning in music, 7, 2H, 28 Meyer, H. J., 135-6 Mechanics' Institutes, 228 Meyer, Leopold de, 65 Mehul, Etienne-Nicolas, 38, 40, 47, 49, 57, 61 Meyer (conductor), 135 and Paris Conservatoire, 18, 61 Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 13-15, 39, 51, 53, 56, Berlioz and, 78 76, 127, 128, 129, 148, 196, 255 performances of works by, 97, 115, 132 and education, 44 politics, 4, 34 Berlioz and, 75 La caverne, 48 instrumentation, 23 Chant du dipart, 35 performances of works by, 51, 52, 53, 112, Hi/ina, 144 114, 115, 133, 148, 220, 221, 247-8, Horatius Codes, 4 7 255 L 'irato, 244 VVagnerand, 14,39,53,148 Lejeune Henri, 63 L 'africaine, 78 joseph, 49, 144 II crociato in Egitto, 51 Joseph in Aegypten, 112 Emma di Resburgo, 112, 145 symphonies, 63 Ein Feldlager in Schlesien, 114, 133 , 49 Das Ho.fftst von Fe"ara, 114

317 The Early Romantic Period

Meyerbeer, Giacomo cont'd La clemen;;a di Tito, 167 Les Huguenots, 13, 14-15, 20, 30, 53, 54, 196, concertos, 211,215 226 Cosi fan tulle, 112 Le prophete, 14, 52, 54-5, 78, 196 , 14, 15, 51, 99, 144, 150, 213, Robert le diable, 14, 29, 53, 54, 115, 14 7, 221, 290 24 7---8 Die Entfrihrung aus dem Serail, 144 Milan ldomeneo, 167, 188 musical education in, 19, 175-6 masses, 119-20 , 102, 162, 163, 165, 171, 176, 180, Le noz;;e di Figaro, 150, 170, 213 183, 195 Requiem, 87, 118, 120, 121,252 Milder-Hauptmann, Anna, 112, 129 Symphonies nos. 39-41, 61, 116 military bands, 132-4 Die Zauberfote, 87, 113, 114, 144, 221, 244, Miller (theorist), 252 273 'minstrelsy', 265-7 Mudie, Thomas, 228 Mitterwurzer, Anton, 148 Mueller, Georg, 264 Molitor, Simon, 97 Muller brothers, 125 Momigny, Jerome-Joseph de, 59 Musard, Philippe, 226 Monpou, Hippolyte, 57 Musical Library, 218 Monsigny, Pierre-Alexandre, 244, 246 Musical Times, 218 Montero, Jose, 287 Musical World, 218 Monteverdi, Claudio, 176 music festivals, 7, 96-7 Moore, T., 263 musicians Morales, Melesio, 284 actions by, 221, 230 Moralt, Georg, 128 demands on, 10 Moralt, Joseph, 128 employment, 33, 70, 214, 217 Morelli, Francesco, 244 numbers of professional, II 0 Morichelli, Anna, 60 pay and conditions, 72, 112, 126, 214, 219, Morlacchi, Francesco, 146-7, 148 241 Tebaldo e /so/ina, 146 pensions, 112, 116 Moscheles, Ignaz, 16-18, 93, 129, 153, 215, training, see education 216 see also orchestral musicians, singers, string and London, 16-18, 215, 216, 229-30 playing and wind playing conducting, 216, 225 music instruction books, 242 historical concerts, 226 performances of works by, 125 Nabholz,J. C., 240 Moscow Naples Petrovsky Theatre, 243-4, 245 musical education in, 19, 161, 163, 175 Vauxhall Theatre, 244 royal theatres, 182 Znamenka Theatre, 243 San Carlo Theatre, 162, 163, 164, 176, Mosel, Ignaz von, 103 182 Moser, Carl, 110, Ill, 115, 116-18, 124 Napoleon I, 4, 5, 8, 18-19,40-1,50-1, 110 Mozart, Leopold, 18 and Italy, 160-1,174 Mozart, Wolfgang , 25, 86, 88, 103, and Saxony, 141, 142 163, 169, 203, 207, 216, 255, 267 Napoleon III, 45 arrangements of works by, 133, 271, 272 national , 8, 34, 251, 287, 290 Barbaja and, 182 National Guard (France), 33 biography of, 256 nationalism concerts commemorating, 93 in art, 141 influence, 218 in English music journals, 218 Lortzing and, !51 in Latin America, 280, 284 Mayr and, 169 Russian, 256 Paer and, 147 Verdi's operas and, 191-3 performances ofworks by, 51, 61, 71, 72, 97, Naumann, Johann Gottlieb, 127 99, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, Neate, Charles, 210, 213, 215, 228 119-20, 121, 127, 129, 134, 136, 144, Negro music, 265, 267 150, 152, 209, 211, 213, 215, 221, Neidhart, A. H., 133 223-5,244,252,253,255,262,273, Neue Berliner Musik ;;eitung, 123 290 Neue Berliner musikalische Zeitung, 127 publications of works by, 154-5, 254, 274 Neue Zeitschriftfor Musik, 8, 150, !56 Rossini and, 174 Neukomm, Sigismund von, 88, 290

318 Index

New Musical Fund (England), 214 , 101, 103, 161, 206,206, 226 New Orleans orchestral musicians, 19-20 Negro Philharmonic Society, 277 action by, 221 St Charles Theater, 276 benefits for, 122 Nichelmann, Christoph, 109 deputizing, 209, 214 Nicolai, Otto, 93, 99, 100-01, 165-6 entry to profession, 213-14 Die Iustig en Weiher von Windsor, I 00-0 I, pay and conditions, 72, 112, 126, 135, 204, 114 208-9,211-12,214 Nicolai family, 128 pensions, 116 Nicolini, Guiseppe, 290 training, 175, 214 Nicolo, see Isouard, Nicolas Niedermeyer, Louis, 59 in Berlin, 110, 111-12, 116, 117, 126-7, Nixon, John, 205 131, 134 Norma, see under Bellini, Vincenzo in Dresden, 148 Norwich Mercury, 213 in Latin America, 282, 283 Nourrit, Adolphe, 30, 53, 54 in Leipzig, 151, 155 Nouvel/isle, 255 in London, 204,205, 208, 211-13, 214, 221, Novello, Vincent, 209, 229 224, 229 novels about music, 256 in Naples, 163 in Paris, 61, 72-3 Odoevsky, Price Vladimir, 251, 252, in Russia, 241, 245, 253 256 in theatres, 46 Offenbach,Jacques,45, 78-9 in USA, 269-70 Olivares, Juan Manuel, 286-7 in Vienna, 91, 93 Onslow, Georges, 71 leadership/conducting, 19-20,61, 212-13, opera, 28-30,87-8 214, 225, 229 and politics, 8, 9, 13,46-8, 55-6,91, 104, orchestration, 14, 20--21, 22-3, 100, 169, 151, 169, 181, 191-3 174, 184-5, 240 and revolutionary hymns, 39 organs, 59 arrangements from, 64, 65 ornamentation, 207 controversies over, 16 Ortega, Aniceto, 284 costumes, 13 d'Ortigue, Joseph, 59 finances, 181, 182, 195, 204-5 Oury, Anna Caroline, 255 forms, 170, 173-4, 187 overtures, 25-6, 63 in Berlin, 109-10, 112-15, 113, Ozi, Etienne, 33, 63-4 114 in Dresden, 142-3 Pacini, Giovanni, 176, 187 in Italy, 160, 162, 163, 164-75, 176-89, Paer, Ferdinanda, 41, 44, 51, 146-7 190--7 Camilla, 146-7 in Latin America, 282, 283-4, 288, 289, Ijuorusciti di Firenze, 146 290 Leonora, 146 in Leipzig, 149-51 Sargino, 146 in London, 203-4, 213, 217, 220--3, Paganini, Nicolo, 15, 44, 65, 68, 95, 96, 124, 230--1 129,252,255 in Paris, 46-56 Berlioz and, 75 in Russia, 238, 241, 242-5, 247-9, and publicity, II, 97 250 London concerts, 219-20, 220, 221 in USA, 262, 273-4, 275-6 pageants, 50 in Vienna, 90--1, 97-9, 102, 104 Paisiello, Giovanni, 40, 41, 51, 169, 205, 238, opira-comique, 48-50 246 realism in, 14 II barbiere di Siviglia, 238, 244, 283 rehearsal, 195 Nina, 172 spoken dialogue in, 48, 49 II re Teodoro in Venezia, 169 status, 45-6 Palacios y Sojo, Pedro, 286 subject matter, 13-14, 29, 39, 48-9, 54-5, Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, 12, 172, 182, 184, 186, 187, 196 189 ticket prices, 43, 177-9, 203 Palschau, Johann Gottfried Wilhelm, 242 types, 20 Paniagua, Cenobio, 284 voices used, 187-9 Panseron, Auguste, 57 operatic fantasies, 65, 67 Pantaleoni (singer), 125

319 The Early Romantic Period

Paris piano music, 65-70, 96, 284-5, 286 Chapelle (Royale), 32, 33, 41, 43, 58 in concerts, 99-100 Concert de Ia Loge Olympique, 60 piano playing, 207, 252 'Concerts de Ia rue de Clery', 61, 62 , 22, 65, 229 Concert Spirituel, 33, 60, I 00, !51 Picasarri,Jose Antonio, 288 Conservatoire, 18, 33, 41, 46, 62, 72, 76 Piccinni, Niccolo, 50, 172 concerts in, 61-2, 62, 72-3, 76 Pisarev (writer), 247 Ecole de Musique de Ia Garde Nationale, Pividor, G., 178 18 Pixis,Johanq Peter, 65, 67 Ecole Royale de Chant, 18, 33, plainchant, 59, 249-52 Institut de Musique Religieuse Classique, 'plantation songs', 267 12, 41,43 Pleyel, Camille, 211 musical education in, 18 (see also Pleyel, Ignace, 34, 63, 64, 206, 274 Conservatoire) Pleyel (piano makers), 65 Notre Dame, 32-3, 58, 59 Pohlenz, Christian August, !51 Nouvelle Societe Philharmonique, 77 Poland, 8 Opera, 33, 42, 43-4, 47, 48, 50-1, 52, 52, politics 74-5, 78, 79 male choirs and, 97 concerts spirituels, 72 music and, 141, 149 finance, 43, 50, 53 opera and, see under opera Opera-Comique, 47-8, 51, 56, 60 Popov, M., 238 Opera-National, 56 population, 4, 42, 110, 201, 272 population, 4, 201 Portugal, Marcos, 290 Salle des Italiens, 4 7 Potter, Cipriani, 215, 218, 228 Salle Pleyel, 71 Prac,Jan Bohumir, 239 Theatre de Ia Porte-St-Martin, 46 Prague, 101 Theatre Favart, 48 Price, Henry, 287 Theatre Feydeau (Theatre de Monsieur), Price, Jorge W., 287 47-8,48,60-1 printing, 4, !53 Theatre-ltalien, 42, 43, 51, 56 programme music, 25--6, 65, 90 Theatre-Lyrique, 56, 78 progress, idea of, 3 Parthey, Gustav, 129 publicity, 10, 67, 95, 208, 219 Parthey, Hans, 128 publishing, 153, 155-6, 213, 245 Parthey, Lili, 128 contracts, 6, 70 Pasdeloup, Jules, 77 music, 6, 10, 34, 42, 44, 57, 89, 103, 144, Pashkevich, Vasily, 239 153-5,229,242,254-5,274,285 Pasta, Carlo Enrico, 288 of concertos, 207 Pasta, Giuditta, 43, 51, 169, 181, 215, of early music, 97, 154, 155, 209 248 of operas, 46 Patti, Adelina, 286 Puccitta, Vincenzo, 290 Pearman, William, 286 Puget, Liiisa, 57 pensions, 209, 214, 245 Pugin, Augustus Charles, 204 Peralta, Angela, 284 Pushkin, Alexander, 245--6, 254 Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, 251 periodicals, see journals Quantz, Johann Joachim, 18 Peter, Johann Friedrich, 264 Quarenghi, G., 237 Peters, Carl Friedrich, !54 Quarter(y Musical Magazine and Review, 213, Peters (publishers), 144, 154-5 216, 218-19 Petipa, Lucien, 55 Petrov, Osip Afanasevich, 248 Raaff, Anton, 187-8 Philadelphia Rachadell, Nicolas Quevedo, 287 Chestnut Street Theatre, 273 Radziwill, Prince Madej, 119 Musical Fund Society, 273, 274 Rameau,Jean-Philippe, 33, 39 population, 272 Rastrelli, Bartolomeo Francesco, 237 Philadelphia National Gazette, 273, 274 Read, Daniel, 264, 265 Philidor, Fran<;;ois-Andre Danican, 39, Rebagliati, Claudio, 288 244 Reekers, Johannes, 23 Phillips, Henry~ 215 recordings, 169nl3, 239nn4,6 Phillips, William Lovell, 228 rehearsal, 193; see also orchestras, leadersliip/ philosophy, 89-90 conducting

320 Index

Reicha, Antoine, 18 literary, 54 Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, 5, 25, 84, 86, 88, London and, 231-2 92-3, 109 musical scholarship and, 12 Reimers, Carl, 155 opera and, 147, 183-6, 191 Reinagle, Alexander, 273, 274 politics and, 192 Reinhardt (clarinettist), 114 Russians and, 245-6, 251 Reissiger, Carl Gottlieb, 115 Vienna and, 89-90, 101 religiou§ music, 12, 29-30, 58-9, 102-3, Romberg, A., 127 119-20, 209-10 Romberg, Bernhard, 252, 253, 255 in Berlin, 119-20 Ronconi, Giorgio, 102, 248 in concerts, 231 Rossi, Gaetano, 147 in England, 209-10 Rossi, Lauro, 284 inFrance,29-30,41,58-9 Rossini, Gioachino, 44, 51, 54, 68, 73, 147, in Italy, 161, 189-90 166,168, 169, 170-1,.172-3, 174-5, in Latin America, 286 186, 190, 220, 255 in Russia, 249-52 and Naples, 163 in USA, 263-4, 265, 268, 271-2, 277 arrangements of works by, 93, 266 Rellstab,Johann Karl Friedrich, 109 influence, 51, 166, 183, 187, 190, 196 Rellstab, Ludwig, 118, 134 Meyerbeer and, 145 Renaissance music, 12, 59 Morlacchi and, 147 performances of, 97, 208 orchestration, 184-5 used as model, 59 performances of works by, 19, 73, 97, 114, Reveil du peuple, Le, 35 136, 148, 182, 255, 262, 275, 283, 289, revolutionary songs and hymns, 34-5,34, 37, 290 38,39-40,42,47,48 politics, 192 revolutions, 1-4, 8, 97 popularity, 13, 42, 51, 86, 95, 97, 103 ofl848,44-5, 104-5,110,123,167,192, Schumann on, 8 193, 194, 196 II barbiere di Siviglia, 112, 172, 213, 27 5, see also under France 289 Rice, Thomas D., 265-6, 266 Lll Cenerentola, 172, 274 Richardson, Samuel, 172 Lecomte Ory, 51 Riemann, Hugo, 89 La donna del /ago, 51 , 184 Ries,Ferdinand, 19-20,95,211,213 Elisabetta, d'lnghilterra, 112 Ries, Hubert, 118 La ga:u;a ladra, 112, 172 Rietz, Eduard, 129 Guillaume Tell, 51-3, 115, 196, 230 Rietz, julius, 155 L 'italiana in Algeri, 86, 114, 170, 173, 190 Righini, Vincenzo, Ill, 115, 119 Mosliin Egitto, 171, 174, 192 Rio de Janeiro Otello, 112, 189n29 Conservatory, 290 , 51, 93, 170, 171,171, 181, 189 Real Teatro de SaoJoao/Sao Pedro de , 190 Alcantara, 290 Tancredi, 86, 112, 173 , 290 , 185 riots, 8, 9, 13, 166, 203, 230 , 51 Risorgimento, 191-2 Roubaud, B., 74 Ritter, Georg Wenzel, 110 Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph, 34 Ritz, Eduard, 119 Lll Marseillaise, 34-5, 34, 37, 47 Robespierre, M. F. M. I. de, 37 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 86, 167, 280 Rocamora, Victorio, 283 Le devin du village, 238 Rochlitz,Johann Friedrich, 91, 156 Rowlandson, Thomas, 204 Rode, A., 127 Royal Society of Musicians (England), 214 Rode, Pierre, 33 Rubini, Giovanni Battista, 51, 188, JlJB, 248, Rolla, Anton, 148 255 Romagnesi, Antoine, 57 Rubinstein, Anton, 256 romances, 56--8, 247, 254 Rudolph, Archduke of Austria, 95 Romani, Felice, 185 Rungenhagen (composer), 119 Romanticism, 6--7, II, 16, 26, 27, 28, Russell, Henry, 263 44 and folksong, 287--8 Beethoven and, 89 Sacchini, Antonio, 50, 205 Heinrich and, 261 Sack, Johann Philipp, 109

321 The Early Romantic Period

St Petersburg Schubert, Ferdinand, 104 Bol'shoy Theatre, 246 Schubert, Franz, 16, 26, 86, 90, 91, 94, 95-6, The Hermitage, 236, 237, 238 103, 104 imperial chapel, 249-51 concerts, 95, 96 Pavlovsk Music Hall, 253 performances of works by, 10, 95-6, 225, university concerts, 253 253 Saint-Saens, Camille, 79 publication of works by, 103 Saint-Simonians, 44 Schubertiads, 94, 95 Salieri, Antonio, 50, 86, 87, 88, 246, 290 chamber music, 20, 21, 95,96 Der Rauchjangkehrer, 88 Das Dorjchen, 95 La Scuola de' gelosi, 244 Erlkonig, 95, 96 Tarare, 1-3 Gesang der Geister iiber dem Wasser, 95 Salomon, Charles K., 228 lieder,25-6,27,57,95,96 Salomon,]. P., 206, 207, 211 , 89, 95 music, 217, 282, 285, 288-:9 piano music, 90, 96 salons, 128-30, 216, 218, 253-4 piano trios, 95 Salvi, Lorenzo, 248 Die schOne Miillerin, 26, 27 Sand, George, 68, 69 string quartets, 95, 96 Sandunova, Elizaveta, 245, 255 String Quintet inC, 21 Sanquirico, Alessandro, 171, 183 Symphony no. 8 in B minor ('Unfinished'), Santiago de Chile 21, 26-7 Sociedad del Cuarteto, 288 Symphony no. 9 ('Great C major'), 10, 21, Sociedad de Musica Chisica, 288 135, 152-3, 231-2 Teatro de Ia Republica, 288 'Trout' Quintet, 21 Teatro de Ia Universidad, 288 Schubert, Karl Bogdanovich, 253 Teatro Municipal, 288 Schultz, Johann Philipp Christian, !51 Santley, Charles, 166 Schulz,Josephine, 130 Sarmiento, Domingo, 289 Schulze-Kilitschky, Josephine, 112 Sarrette, Bernard, 18, 33, 37, 41 Schumann, Clara, see Wieck, Clara Sarti, Giuseppe, 205, 238, 240-1, 251 Schumann, Robert, 8, 10, II, 16, 26, 27, 28, Le gelosie vi/lane, 169 67, 89, 129, 253 Saumell, Robredo Manuel, 285-6 andLondon,225,231 Sax, Adolphe, 24, 53 and Neue Zeitschrift for Musik, 156 Saxony, 141-2 and Sterndale Bennett, 228 saxophone, 22, 24 criticism and journalism, 8, 13-16, 30, 67, Scarlatti, Alessandro, 161 156, 228 Schade, C. F., 109 on Mendelssohn, 15-16 Schebest, Agnes, 148 on Meyerbeer, 13-15 Schemelli, Georg Christian, 153 performances of works by, 253 Schicht, Johann Gottfried, !51 chamber music, 20 Schikaneder, Emanuel, 87 Manfred overture, 253 Schiller,]. C. F. von, 7, 141, 191 Das Paradies und die Peri, 119, !52 Schimon, Ferdinand, 146 Piano Concerto, I 00 Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, 113, 114, 114, 122 piano pieces, 90 Schlesinger, A.M., 130 Symphony no. I, 26, 27, !52 Schlesinger, Maurice, 6 Symphony no. 2, !52 Schmidt, Johann, 89 Symphony no. 4, !52 Schneider, Friedrich, 119 Schuppanzigh, lgnaz, 91,95 Schneider, Georg Abraham, 116, 132-3 Schwind, Moritz von, 91 Schneider,Julius, 119, 120 Scio, Julie Angelique, 48 Schoberlechner, Franz, 252 Scott, Walter, 54, 184, 186, 192 Schoenberg, Arnold, 27 Scribe, Eugene, 13, 14, 53 scholarship, musical, 12, 89; see also early Sechter, Simon, 89 music Seconda,Joseph, 142 Schiiller,J. C., 90, 101 Seidel, Friedrich Ludwig, 116 Scholze, Johann Sigismund (Sperontes), 153 Seidler, Caroline, 112 schools, 118, 127; see also education Seidler (violinist}, 110 Schott (publisher), 6 Selivanovsky (publisher), 242 Schriider-Devrient, Wilhelmine, 112, 132, Semper, Gottfried, 143, 143 144, 148 Senefelder, Aloys, 4 322 Index

Senkovsky, Osip, 256 Stasov, Vladimir, 253 serfs, 241 Steibelt, Daniel, 4 7, 65, 88, 207 Seyfried, lgnaz von, 93, 103 Stendhal (Henri Beyle), 51, 165, 169 Seyler, Abel, ISO Stern,Julius, 135 Shakespeare, William, 73, 75, 191 Stevenson, John, 263 , 213 Stifter, Adalbert, 84 Verdi compared to, 196 Stockhausen, Margarethe, 215 Shakhovskoy (writer), 247 Storace, Nancy, 205 Shaw, George Bernard, 183, 197 Storace, Stephen, 205 Sheremetev, Count, 241, 246, 251 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 267 Shestakova, Lyudmila, 247 Strauss, Johann (the elder), 16-18, 93, 97, 99, Shirreff, Jane, 230 100, 101, 103-4, 134, 135 Signalefiir die musikalische Welt, 123, 133, ISO, string instruments, 22 !56 string playing, 19, 21, 72, 110, 112, 207, 244 Sikhra, Audrey, 254 string quartets, 64-5, 71, 91-2 Silva, Francisco Manuel da, 290 concerts of, 116, 117, 118, 125, 136 singers, 112, 167, 207 Stiimer (singer), 130 action by, 230 style, 62-3, 169 fees, 181, 193, 203-4, 243 descriptions of, 202, 203 technique,30,54,99, 161,171,188,189 subsidies, government, 181, 182, 193, 282 training, I 8, 19 Siie, Eugene, 54 voices favoured, 187-9 suffrage, 42, 45 singing, , 34, 35; see also choruses/choirs Sullivan, Arthur, 190 , 20 Sulzer, Salomon, 99 Smart, George, 213, 216, 221, 225 Siissmayr, Franz Xaver, 86-7 Smithson, Harriet, 28, 76 Swan, Timothy, 264 Society of British Musicians, 218 , 25-6 Sokolovsky, Mikhail, 238 symphonies, 63 song cycles, 25-6, 27 symphonies concertantes, 63-4 songs, 56-8,242,247,254,262-3,267 Szymanowska, Maria, 215 revolutionary, 34-5,34, 37, 39-40, 42, 48 satirical, 60-61 Tadolini, Eugenia, 102 see also lieder Tamberlik, Enrico, 248, 284 Sonnleithner, Leopold von, 95, !OS Tamburini, Antonio, 230, 248 Sonntag, Nina, 221 taste, 49, 93, 97, 103-4,207,211,214,223, Sontag, Henriette, 97, 114, 128, 255 255-6,267 Sperontes, I 53 distrust of new/modern music, 136, 216, , 20 225 spirituals, 265 Taubert, Wilhelm, Ill Spohr, Louis, 124, 129, 214 Tausch (composer), 115 and conducting, 19--20, 225 Taylor, Raynor, 273 performances of works by, 215 Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Il'yich, 249 Faust, 115, 117 technology, 4 jessonda, 114, 144, ISO Teplov, Grigory, 241 Die Kreuifahrer, II 5 Tessier, Auguste, 275 Septet, 89 Thalberg, Sigismond, 65, 66-9, 66, 99-100, Spontini, Gaspare, 39, 51, 112, 117, 122,221 228,284 Berlioz and, 78 Fantasy and Variations on themes from music used in church, 249 Norma, 67, 68 performances of works by, 13, 73, 112, 113, Thalheim,Jenny, 128 114, 117, 132, 148, 247, 249 theatre Rossini and, 14 7 in France, 46 , 114 in Italy, 162, 163, 177-9 Femand Cortez, 13, 51, 112 in Latin America, 282, 285 !, 51,113,114,117 in London, 213 La vestale, 29, 51, 112, 148, 249 in Paris, 39, 41, 43, 46 Spontini Foundation, 122 in Russia, 244, 246-7, 249 Stadler, Maximilian, 103 in USA, 269-70, 273 Stamitz,Johann, 33 music for, 46, 126 Stamitz, Karl, 269 theorists, 89

323 The Early Romantic Period

Thibaut, A. F. J., 11, 12 Macbeth, 182, 184, 185, 186, 191-2 Thomas, Ambroise, 46 Nabucco, 8, 171-2, 191-3 Tichatschek,Joseph, 112, 148 , 182, 186, 194, 195-6 ticket prices, see under concerts and under Simon Boccanegra, 195 opera Latraviata, 172,174,195-6 Tieck, Ludwig, 91, 142 It trovatore, 173, 187, 189, 195 Times, The, 219 Les vepres siciliennes, 79 , 229 , 197 Tischbein,J. H. W., 6 Veron, Louis, 43-4, 53 titles (of pieces of music), 90 Verstovsky, Alexey Nikoayevich, 248-9, 251, Titov, Alexey Nikolayev, 248, 249 254,255,256 Titov, N. S., 242 Vestris, Lucia Elizabeth, 215 Tomasek, Vaclav, 90, 96 Viala, Agricola, 4 7 tone poems, 25-6 Viardot-Garcia, Pauline, 112, 125, 128, 132, Traetta, Tommaso, 238 248, 255 training, see education Victoria, Queen of Britain, 215 Trollope, Frances, 99 Vielgorsky, Count Mikhail, 253 choirs, 264 Vienna Truhn, Hieronymus Friedrich, 136 Conservatory, 99 tuba curva, 3 7, 38 dance halls, 17 Tucholsky, Kurt, 97 Gesellschaft der adeligen Damen, 95 Tuczek, Leopoldine, 112, 128 Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, 93, 100, Tulou, Jean-Louis, 72 104, 105 Turchaninov, Pyotr lvanovich, 251 Grosser Redoutensaal, 100 Karntnertortheater, 3, 93, 95, 99, 102, 102, Urusov, Prince, 242, 243 104 usA constitution, 4 Musikverein, 91 and Mendelssohn, 101 National Singspiel, 143 Nationatheater, 104 Vaccai, Nicola, 187 philharmonic concerts, 100-01 Valentino (conductor), 72 population, 201 valves, 22, 24 St Stephen's Cathedral, 99 variations, 65, I 03, 284 , 99 Varlamov, Alexander Egorovich, 251, 254, , 90, 104 255, 256 Winterreitschule, 97, 98 V arnhagen, Karl, 128 Vierne, Louis, 59 V arnhagen, Rahel, 128 Vieuxtemps, Henry, 255 vaudeville, 24 7, 249 Viezzoli, G., 187n26 Velasco, Juan Antonio de, 287 Villoteau, Giullaume, 13 Velasquez, Jose Francisco, 286-7 Vinogradov, M.A., 251 Velluti, Giovanni Battista, 147, 167 Viotti, Giovanni Battista, 60, 62-3, Venice 203 , 164,171, 177,178, 181,195 Virginia Minstrels, 266 music schools, 175 Vleck, Jacob van, 263 orphanages, 161 Vogl,Johann Michael, 94 San Carlo, 193 Vogler, Georg Michel (Abbe), 119-20 Verdi, Giuseppe, 8, 79, 175, 186, 187, 189, , F. M. Arouet de, 35, 37, 39, 190, 191-3, 195-6, 197, 283 184 orchestration, 185 Vorisek,Jan Hugo, 96 politics, 192-3 Vorobeva, Anna Y aklovlevna, 248 vocal writing, 171-2 Vorontsov, Count, 242 , 51 Vorotnikov (composer), 251 Un ballo in maschera, 189n28 La battaglia di Legnano, 193 Wackenroder, W. H., 16, 89 Don Carlos, 79 Wagner, Cosima, 67 Emani, 104, 191-2 Wagner, Richard, 44, 79, 89, 90, 99, 185, 186 , 191 and Dresden Opera, 148-9 La forza del destino, 195 Beethoven and, 19, 30, 148 Ungiomo di regno, 191 Berlioz and, 75 I Lombardi alia prima crociata, 191, 192, 193 Meyerbeer and, 14, 39, 53, 148

324 Index

Wagner, Richard, cont'd Weller (conductor), 132, 133 Weber and, 148 Wesley, Charles, 274 influences, 14, 149 Wesley, Samuel, 209 on Mehul, 49 Western Messenger, The, 268 politics, 15, 16 Westphalia, 4 Der .fliegende Hollander, liS, 147, 148-9 Westrop, Henry, 228 Lohtngrin,29, 149,164 Wieck, Clara (), 8, 28, 102, Die Meistersinger, 14 124-5, 125, 129, 253 Rienzi, 14, 39, 133, 148-9, 149 Wiener Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, I 03 Tannhiiuser, 29, 39, 79, 148-9 Wieprecht, Wilhelm, lll, 120-1, 133-4, , 184 137 Waldmiiller, Ferdinand Georg, 85, 94 Wignell, Thomas, 273 waltzes, 16-18, 93, 97 Wilhem (Bocquillon, Guillaume), 44, 57 Warren, James, 152 William IV of Britain, 223 Washington, George, 264 wind instruments, 22, 23, 24, 37,38 Weber, Bernhard Anselm, 122 wind playing, 18, 19, 23, 61, 110, 112, 179--81, Weber, Carl Maria von, 16, 89, 129, 145, 186, 207,214 220,255 Winter, Peter von, 87 and Dresden Opera, 143-7 Wolf, Hugo, 90 in England, 219, 221 women influence, 14, 249 composers, 57 novel, Tonkiinsters Leben, 14 7 in audiences, 43, 151, 179 on Mehul, 49 in choirs, 270 performances of music by, 53-4, 73, 97, instrumentalists, 207, 214 112, 114, l17, 127, 130, 132, 134, 145, London Philharmonic Society and, 212 150,215,220-1,247,253,255,276 restrictions on, 43 politics, 8 Wiirst, Richard, 134 views on music, 7 Wagner and, 148 Zagoskin, Mikhail Nikoleyevich, 245 Abu Hassan, 112 Zaneboni, Joseph, 244 , 97-9, 114, 144-5, 147 Zeitungfor die elegante Welt, !55 Der Freischiit;;., 28-9, 29, 49, 53-4, 99, 114, Zeiter, Carl Friedrich, 117, 119, 120, 114, 144, 147, 150, 184, 220-1, 247, 129 276 Zeno, Apostolo, 84-5 Oberon, l14, 117, 130, 221 Zhilin, Alexey, 255 Silvana, 112 Zhukovsky, Vasily Andreyevich, 245 songs for four voices, 127 Zimmermann (violinist), 118 Weigl, joseph, 87 'Zip Coon', 266 Die Schwei;;.eifamilie, 87, 144 znamenny chant, 249 Das Waisenhaus, 87, 144 Zumsteeg,Johann Rudolf, 25

325