NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT June 2011 NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR MAINSTREAMING GENDER IN CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT
Produced through a multi-stakeholder process on behalf of the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) by:
The Gender Office, International Union for Conservation of Nature - IUCN
Lorena Aguilar François Rogers Fidaa Haddad Natalia Kostus
In collaboration with the Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE)
May/June 2011 TABLE TC: OF CONTENTS
05 SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 06 ACRONYMS 08 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
10 SECTION A: CONTEXT AND METHODOLOGY
10 1. Overview
12 2. Climate Change in Egypt
14 3. Rationale for Developing a Gender Perspective in a Climate Change Strategy
15 4. Mandates, Frameworks on Gender in Egypt
18 5. Methodology
20 SECTION B
20 1. General objective of the Strategy
20 2. Priority Sector 1: Integrated Coastal Management
27 3. Priority Sector 2: Agriculture
35 4. Priority Sector 3: Water
41 5. Priority Sector 4: Tourism
46 6. Priority Sector 5: Health
53 7. Priority Sector 6: Energy and Transport
61 8. Priority Sector 7: Urbanization
68 9. Priority Sector 8: Waste Management 72 SECTION C: INSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES
72 1. Intergovernmental coordination for supporting the mainstreaming of gender in climate change efforts
72 2. Ensure that Gender Criteria (where relevant) are Incorporated in the Development of Projects and Programs Associated with Climate Change in Egypt
73 3. Strengthen Capacity of Implementers of the Strategy
74 4. Secure on-going commitments from funders to support the Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change Efforts in Egypt
75 ANNEXES
82 SUPPORT DOCUMENTS SPECIAL SA: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The National Strategy for Mainstreaming Acknowledgements are also to the task force Gender in Climate Change in Egypt is the group of UNDP, EEAA, and gender experts result of a series of inputs –interviews with who have collaboration and commented policy makers, stakeholder consultation and on various sectors to finalize the National research, among others. We would like to Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in express our sincere thanks to them for their Climate Change in Egypt. advices and to their institutions for supporting their participation. A special word of thanks go to Dr.Mawaheb Abou El-Azm, Chief Executive Officer of National workshop with representatives the EEAA for her exceptional commitment from the Egyptian Environmental Affairs to promote the mainstreaming process and Agency (EEAA), women organizations, adapting the strategy to the Egypt Third Ministries of Water Resources and Irrigation, national Communication. -Agriculture and Land Reclamation, the League of Arab States, the United Nations Last but not least we acknowledge the Development Program (UNDP), USAID, commitment and support of CEDARE for Global Environmental Facility (GEF), League their coordination and support to facilitate of Arab State, academic and research conducting national consultation for the institutions, media, civil society, NGOs and Egypt strategy. CEDARE, held from the 17th to the 19th of May in Cairo, Egypt. We thank all these The development of this Strategy was made governmental institutions and individuals for possible largely due to the generous financial their commitment and dedication in producing support from the Government of Finland. this national strategy.
5
AC: ACRONYMS
CAPMAS Central Agency for Public FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Mobilization and Statistics GTZ German Technical Cooperation CBO Community Based Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product CDM Clean Development Mechanism GEF Global Environment Facility CEDARE Centre for Environment and Development for the Arab Region GHG Greenhouse Gas and Europe GIZ German Organization CEDAW Convention on the Elimination for International Cooperation of All Forms of Discrimination and Development Against Women GIS Global Information System CIHEAM Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques GoE Government of Egypt Méditerranéennes ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone CoP Conference of Parties Management
CO2 Carbon Dioxide Equivalent IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CZM Coastal Zone Management IUCN International Union CoRI Coastal Research Institute for Conservation of Nature
CS Civil Society INC Initial National Communication
EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs INGOs International Non-Governmental Agency Organizations
EEPF Egyptian Environmental Policy MALR Ministry of Agriculture & Framework Land Reclamation
6 MDGs Millennium Development Goals NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
MENA Middle East and North Africa NWRP National Water Resource Plan
MFTI Ministry of Foreign Trade & RE Renewable Energy Industry ROWA IUCN Regional Office for West Asia MoA Ministry of Agriculture SFD Social Fund for Development MoF Ministry of Finance SMME Small, Medium MoFP Ministry of Family & Populations and Micro Enterprises
MoH Ministry of Housing SNC Second National Communication
MoHE Ministry of Health SPA Shore Protection Authority
MoIC Ministry of International SWDS Solid Waste Disposal Sites Cooperation TNC Third National Communication MoTR Ministry of Transport ToT Training of Trainers MoT Ministry of Tourism UN United Nations MoWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation UNDP United Nations Development MSEA Ministry of State Program for Environment Affairs UNFCCC United Nations Framework NAS National Agricultural Strategies Convention on Climate Change
NE Nuclear Energy UNEP United Nations Environmental Program NC National Communication USAID United States Agency NCW National Council for Women for International Development
NEAP National Environmental Action Plan WHO World Health Organization of Egypt 2002/17
NEEDs National Environmental and Economic Development Study for Climate Change
7 EXECUTIVE ES: SUMMARY
Climate change will affect all countries in management, agriculture, water, tourism, all parts of the world, but the impacts of health, energy and transport, urbanization, climate change will be differently distributed and waste2, for example. amongst regions, generations, age classes, income groups, occupations and Today, the Egyptian Constitution guarantees genders1. The poor, the majority of whom the same rights to all citizens, men and are women living in developing countries, women alike. Article 40 of the Constitution will be most disproportionately negatively states that citizens “ … are equal in front of affected. Because climate change affects the law and equal in rights and duties, and women and men differently, a gender that there shall be no discrimination between perspective - firmly rooted in the principle them based on gender, origin, language of gender equality - is essential when or belief.” considering policy development, decision- making, and in the development and Despite this provision, neither the Initial implementation of strategies concerning National Communication (INC), nor the mitigation and adaptation. Second National Communication (SNC) produced by the Government of Egypt for Gender disparities remain among the the United Nations Framework Convention deepest and most pervasive of all inequalities on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to date, and, in fact, hinder the best of development has incorporated gender considerations. efforts profoundly. Gender inequality can The Egyptian Environment Affairs Agency worsen the impacts of climate change; (EEAA) is therefore presently addressing conversely, taking steps to narrow the gender this shortcoming by including gender as gap and empower women can also reduce a crosscutting topic in the Third National these impacts. Climate change and gender Communication (TNC), currently under inequality are therefore inextricably linked. development. The TNC will build on the outputs of the INC, the SNC and other Women are, however, powerful agents of relevant studies and national reports to change and not just helpless victims. Their identify priorities for interventions in this leadership is critical. Women can enhance regard, and to further translate assessments strategies related to integrated coastal into concrete sector-based policies,
1 IPCC. 2001. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II of the International Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Switzerland. 2 Sectors prioritized based on vulnerability.
8 measures and actions with gender and hence Government of Egypt (GoE), are identified forth also sustainability at its core. as: 1) coastal zone, 2) agriculture and 3) water resources This National Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change in Egypt is the Following the thematic outline of the draft result of collaboration between the IUCN TNC, this Strategy elaborates on eight (8) Gender Office, the IUCN Regional Office priority focus areas, each comprising sub- for West Asia (ROWA), the Center for sections on women as agents of change, a Environment and Development for the Arab situation analysis and the state of gender, Region and Europe (CEDARE), the Global a set of recommendations and examples of Gender Office of the International Union for selected action on implementation in each of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and other the following sectors: key national institutions in Egypt to develop a national policy framework on gender Priority Area 1: Integrated Coastal Management and climate change, and integrate these Priority Area 2: Agriculture strategically into the TNC. Priority Area 3: Water Priority Area 4: Tourism The Strategy is the result of a series of Priority Area 5: Health inputs, including interviews with policy Priority Area 6: Energy and Transport makers, stakeholder consultation and Priority Area 7: Urbanization research, and a stakeholder workshop held Priority Area 8: Waste Management from 17 – 19 May 2011 in Cairo, Egypt (see annex list of participants, Annex 3), amongst Finally, the document concludes with a set others. It has been drafted on the basis of of Institutional imperatives required to be in an analysis of the current national priorities place to ensure optimal benefit and delivery. concerning climate change and prioritized with regards to vulnerability, which according to both the INC and the SNC by the
9 CONTEXT AND S:A METHODOLOGY
1. OVERVIEW but carry over 95% of its people and its agriculture. Geographical description Climatic Regions 1. The Arab Republic of Egypt is situated in northeastern Africa and bordered by 5. Egypt is predominantly uninhabited. the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Only 35,000 square kilometers or 3.5% Israel, Palestine and the Red Sea to of the total land area is cultivated and the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya permanently settled. Most of the country to the west. The principal geographic lies within the wide band of desert feature of the country is the Nile River. that stretches from Africa’s Atlantic Coast across the continent and into 2. Egypt has a maximum length from north southwest Asia. to south of about 1085 km (about 675 miles) and a maximum width (near the 6. The general climate of Egypt is dry, hot, southern border) of about 1255 km and arid, with a mild winter season with (about 780 miles). rain over the northern coastal regions, and a hot and dry summer season. 3. Egypt covers a total area of 1,001,450 km2 comprising 995,450 km2 7. Egypt’s geological history has produced of land surface and a water surface four major physical regions: the Nile coverage of 6,000 km2, and with a Valley and Delta, the Western Desert, coastline of 3,500 km on both the the Eastern Desert (also known as Mediterranean and Red Seas. The the Arabian Desert), and the Sinai surface level range from 133 m below Peninsula. The Nile Valley and Delta is sea level in the Western Desert, to 2,629 the most important region because it m above sea level in Sinai Peninsula. supports 99 percent of the population on the country’s present cultivable land. 4. The dominant feature of the northern coastal zone is the low-lying delta of the Population River Nile, with its large cities, industry, flourishing agriculture and tourism. The 8. According to the Central Agency for delta and the narrow valley of the Nile Public Mobilization and Statistics comprise 5.5% of the area of Egypt, (CAPMAS), the midyears population
10 estimate (1997 – 2010) for Egypt was supply and sanitation, job creation, 78,728,000 of which 38,478,000 were education, roads, transportation, female and 40,250,000 male3. energy, electricity, etc.; • Difficulty to ensure basic food supply 9. If the fertility rate of the country and the implementation of poverty remains unchanged, the projection for alleviation programs4. Egypt’s population is 100 million by 2020 and 119 million by 2030. On the Urbanization other hand, if the population control strategy is successfully implemented, 10. Since 1947, urban growth rates have the population of Egypt is expected to averaged around one percentage point be 92 million by 2020 and 104 million higher than was the case for rural by 2030. These high rates of natural areas. Thus, for forty years, the urban population growth have placed profound population has been expanding at the pressures on both the environment and rate of 4% annually. Cairo, the country’s the economy, given the limited available capital and largest city, has been affected natural resources. the most by this urbanization. Between 1947 and 1986, the city’s population In the water and agricultural sectors, grew from 1.5 million to more than 6 this situation is reflected by: million (within the city’s corporate limits) and this led to a rapid expansion of the • Encroachment on the limited informal employment sector, as urban agricultural land by more inhabitants economies have not adequately adjusted and a higher population density. For to the rising demand for jobs. As much 2005, cultivated land amounted to 8.3 as 60 percent of the Egyptian economy million acres, with a cultivated land is concentrated in the informal sector. area being 0.1 acre per capita; • Serious regression of the per capita 11. According to the last statistics, the urban annual share of water. Considering population is 43.4% of total population Egypt’s fixed share of Nile water (55.5 (2010) with rate of urbanization: 2.1% billion m3 annually), the share of fresh annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)5. water per capita in the early nineties was 1000 m3, and it is estimated to 12. Slum dwellers comprise around 828 reach 554 m3 by 2020 and 468 m3 by million people or 33 percent of the 2030, assuming the population growth world’s urban population. In Egypt, a rate remains unchanged; high portion of the urban population • Handicapping size of the national live in slums, amounting to more than budget necessary for basic population 1/3 the population. As in many other needs such as housing, clean water parts of the world, these slum dwellers
3 See annex CAPMAS. 2010. Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/7/2010. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/egypt10/pop10/6.pdf. 4 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt. 5 CAPMAS. Base Population Data.2011. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/.
11 experience varying deprivations and are estimated to be between 115 risks, which can include a lack of durable and 179 million by 2050. Moreover, housing, overcrowding, insufficient temperature rise is expected to access to clean water, poor sanitation, reduce the productivity of major crops, and threats of forced evictions. increase crop water requirements coupled with auxiliary water stress and loss of some lands and fertility in the 2. CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT Nile Delta. Consequently, the overall food production might be significantly 13. According to both the Initial National reduced. Climate change risks could Communication (INC) and the Second therefore seriously impact on both National Communication (SNC) by Egypt’s efforts to achieve the Millennium the Government of Egypt (GoE), the Development Goals (MDGs) and to face vulnerable sectors in the country to those threats6. climate change are identified as: 1) coastal zone, 2) agriculture, and 3) 16. With regards to the health sector, water resources. it is expected that climate change will add to the burden of diseases in 14. Sea level rise is the cause of the most Egypt, both in a direct and indirect serious of climate change impacts, manner. Direct impacts include heat threatening the densely populated strokes and heat-related phenomena Nile Delta that include both extensive (especially to the elderly and children), infrastructure and fertile agriculture skin cancers, eye cataracts and lands. Sea level rise is expected to deaths. The indirect impacts of climate encroach on large areas of low lying change are linked to water shortages lands in the this area and sea water and a diminishing agricultural land, intrusion will increase water logging leading to a shortage of essential conditions and negatively affect soil foods and increasing the likelihood salinity in other lands. of malnutrition. Increased incidence of diseases associated with climate 15. There is also a high degree of change includes transmittable diseases uncertainty regarding the climate such as parasitic-, bacterial- and change impacts on the annual viral diseases, and non-transmittable Nile flood. An expected decline in diseases such as cardiovascular- and precipitation along the North Coast and respiratory diseases, cancers, as well a projected increase in the population as malnutrition7.
6 Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt. 7 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt.
12 17. Neither the INC, nor the SNC produced Possible Impacts of Climate Change by the Government of Egypt to date has on Egypt: incorporated gender considerations. The Egyptian Environment Affairs Agency • Shortage in water resources (EEAA) is presently addressing this due to increasing population and shortcoming by including gender as a increasing evaporation due to crosscutting topic in the Third National increasing temperatures; Communication (TNC), currently under development. • Lower yields of major crops (wheat and maize); 18. The TNC will build on the outputs of the INC, the SNC and other relevant • Erosion of beaches on the studies and national reports to identify Nile Delta; priorities for interventions in this regard, and to further translate assessments • Decreasing quality of fresh water into concrete sector-based policies, due to salinization; measures and actions with gender and hence forth also sustainability at its core. • Deterioration of ecosystems as direct result of climate change; 19. The TNC will become a key tool for decision-making and provide • Sea level rise of 0.5% - 1% over a framework for implementation 100 years, leading to the sinking of at all levels. It will contribute to a 30% of the regions in the city deepened understanding of the value of Alexandria; of incorporating gender in both the development and implementation • 195,000 jobs will be lost; and of policies and measures relating to adaptation and mitigation. It will also • Economic losses estimated at demonstrate the potential contribution USD 35 billion will be suffered in the to the sustainable development of the event of failure to take any action on principal economic sectors in Egypt, climate change. and facilitate the integration of gender- sensitive climate change considerations into national, regional and local sector- specific policies and programs.
20. The TNC will provide the GoE with an Source: Arab League. Arab Framework opportunity to use this National Strategy Action Plan for dealing with issues of on Gender and Climate Change in climate change (in press). Egypt in various practical ways, for example: (i) as a TNC policy paper;(ii) give an action plan for decision-
13 makers how to integrating gender 23. Gender inequality can worsen the considerations in TNC; (iii) to integrate impacts of climate change; conversely, climate change into new national taking steps to narrow the gender policies on women; (iv) to identify gap and empower women can also and hire national gender expert(s) to reduce these impacts. Climate change conduct research and participate in and gender inequality are therefore the TNC process; and (v) to include inextricably linked. By exacerbating women and women’s organizations as inequality overall, climate change stakeholders participating in the Project slows down progress towards gender Steering Committee. More specific equality and henceforth impedes efforts recommendations on integrating gender to achieve wider goals such as poverty considerations in enabling activities for reduction and sustainable development. the preparation of Egypt TNC in Annex 2. 24. Gender inequality also intersects with climate risks and -vulnerabilities. 3. RATIONALE FOR “Women’s historic disadvantages – their DEVELOPING A GENDER limited access to resources, restricted PERSPECTIVE IN A CLIMATE rights, and a muted voice in shaping CHANGE STRATEGY8 decisions – make them highly vulnerable to climate change. The nature of this 21. Climate change will affect all countries vulnerability varies widely, cautioning in all parts of the world, but the against generalization. But climate impacts of climate change will be change is likely to magnify existing differently distributed amongst regions, patterns of gender disadvantage”10. generations, age classes, income groups, occupations and genders9. The 25. Women are, however, powerful agents poor, the majority of whom are women of change and not just helpless victims. living in developing countries, will be Their leadership is critical. disproportionately negatively affected. 26. Women can enhance strategies related 22. Because climate change affects women to integrated coastal management, and men differently, a gender perspective agriculture, water, tourism, health, - firmly rooted in the principle of gender energy and transport, urbanization, and equality - is essential when considering waste11, for example. policy development, decision- making, and in the development and 27. Incorporating a gender perspective implementation of strategies concerning successfully and effectively requires mitigation and adaptation. that men and women understand
8 Aguilar, L. 2009. Training Manual on Gender and Climate Change. IUCN-GGCA. San José, Costa Rica. 9 IPCC. 2001. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II of the International Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Switzerland. 10 UNDP. 2007.Human Development Report 2007 - 2008. Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. UNDP.USA. 11 Sectors prioritized based on vulnerability.
14 the process of climate change, and and overall implementation of programs share information on counteracting and projects. its negative impacts on an equal basis to both women and men. It is 30. To date, many efforts to mainstream important that women have equal gender have too often been confined access to knowledge, awareness, to simplistic, ad-hoc and short-term capacity building, resources and technical interventions that have technology, which are prerequisites in failed to challenge inequitable power influencing climate change. Likewise, it structures and, therefore, also failed is fundamental that women participate to ensure optimal implementation. more actively in decision-making and Gender disparities remain among the policy development at all levels. deepest and most pervasive of all inequalities and, in fact, hinder the best 28. Two complementary principles that of development efforts profoundly. are accepted globally underlie this Strategy: (i) gender equality and (ii) the 31. According to the 2005 United Nations empowerment of women12. Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report, gender continues 29. Building on the understanding as set to be “one of the world’s strongest out above, this Strategy acknowledges markers for disadvantage” and reducing gender mainstreaming as the primary inequality would be instrumental in methodology employed, seeking to making progress towards achieving recognize and bring to the fore the the Millennium Development Goals diverse roles, needs and contributions (MDGs). Such inequalities span all of both women and men in the sectors and are equally pervasive in the sustainable development agenda. environment sector. Rather than merely adding women’s participation onto existing strategies and programs post facto, mainstreaming 4. MANDATES, FRAMEWORKS gender aims to transform unequal ON GENDER IN EGYPT social and institutional structures by recognizing the promotion of gender 32. The Egyptian Constitution guarantees equality as a central driving principle the same rights to all citizens, men - reducing vulnerability - enhancing and women alike. Article 40 of the significantly the efficiency, effectiveness Constitution states that citizens “ … are
12 Equality between women and men is a principle that ensures human development while, at the same time, is a fundamental objective in the fight against poverty. Women and men play different roles and have different responsibilities in their families, in their community or in society. They participate in different ways in the social, cultural, economic and political life of their countries and communities. Understanding these differences allows a more focussed intervention when developing policies, programmes and projects meant to improve the condition of people. Above all, what is intended is that these differences do not generate or worsen conditions of inequality and exclusion.
Empowerment is a process for women to gain power and have more control over their lives and is an effective route leading to gender equality and also to reducing poverty. It involves consciousness raising, building self-confidence, improving health and wellbeing, and broadening options and opportunities. Empowerment is an important strategy to transform power structures in all spheres: legislation, education, institutions and in any entity, whether public or private, that predominates, in this case male, and is detrimental to women’s social condition.
15 equal in front of the law and equal in on Sustainable Development, 2002); rights and duties, and that there shall be paragraph K of the Beijing Platform for no discrimination between them based Action (Fourth World Conference on on gender, origin, language or belief.” Women, 1995); the World Conference on Human Rights (1993); the International 33. The Government of Egypt is furthermore Conference on Population and also a signatory to, and member of, a Development (1994); the World Summit number of key international agreements for Social Development (1995); the that already commit the country to Millennium Declaration (2000); and the gender mainstreaming. These include requirements and agreements set out chapter 24 of Agenda 21 (United in the Convention on the Elimination Nations Conference on Environment and of All Forms of Discrimination Against Development, 1992); the Johannesburg Women (CEDAW). Plan of Implementation (World Summit
CEDAW, Climate Change and Egypt
Egypt ratified CEDAW in 1981. In its • CEDAW also recognizes that women preamble, CEDAW states that State should have equal rights to “obtain all Parties are bound to guarantee men types of training and education, formal and women equal opportunities in terms and non-formal, including […] the of economic, social, cultural, civil, and benefit of all community and extension political rights13. services, in order to increase their technical proficiency”15. • In a provision that has great relevance to the regulation of issues relating • CEDAW furthermore requires State to climate change, CEDAW obliges Parties “to take all appropriate State Parties to take “all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination measures to eliminate discrimination against women in other areas of against women in rural areas in order to economic and social life in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, that they participate in and women, the same rights”16. and benefit from rural development” and “participate in the elaboration • In particular, and in relation to financial and implementation of development mechanisms, there is a need to ensure planning at all levels”, and “in all that women have “access to credit community activities”14. and loans, marketing facilities, and
13 Article 2(a). 14 Article 14.2. 15 Article 14.2(d). 16 Article 13.
16 appropriate technology […]” 17, as change agreements; and (iii) equitable well as the “the right to bank loans, participation in, and access to, financial mortgages and other forms of mechanisms and technologies. financial credit”18. • These may also be interpreted • The cumulative effect of these as to require States to ensure the provisions is to place obligations on fullest possible participation of countries to ensure that women are women in law and policy making at granted equal opportunity and that the international level, where such laws necessary conditions exist to enable and policies are deemed necessary to their:- (i) participation in decision prevent discrimination. making; (ii) negotiation on climate
34. In 2004, the “National Strategy for 36. The main activities of the gender unit Women Empowerment” was developed are to: through a multi-stakeholder process convened by the National Council for a. Educate women on environmental Women (NCW). Cabinet endorsed problems and health-related topics; the Strategy and integrated principles b. Enable women to perform their thereof in various policies and programs productive functions while preserving emanating from different Egyptian and conserving the environment; government institutions. c. Empower women to assume responsibility of community 35. Gender equality is also of primary development to promote sustainable concern to the Egyptian Environmental development; and Affairs Agency (EEAA). Policy guidelines d. Cooperate with NGOs concerned for the Egyptian Environmental about women and environment issues. Policy Framework (NEAP) call for “… A holistic, gender sensitive and 37. The National Environmental Action participatory approach”. A Gender Unit Plan of Egypt 2002/17 acknowledges was established in EEAA in 2002 with the importance of women as a key the objective: “To mainstream gender part of Egypt’s social structure and issues, particularly the rights of women recognizes that the environment affects to access employment opportunities and women differently as a direct result get a proper education, through good of their relationship to nature, their governance and adopting democracy age and/or certain cultural aspects. and popular participation”. It furthermore also states that the
17 Article 14.2(g). 18 Article 13(b).
17 promotion of women’s participation is change. A workshop with male and one of the major premises for social female stakeholder representatives was and economic development and that convened from the 17th to the 19th of there is a need to create an enabling May in Cairo, Egypt (see annex list of environment for women to play an participants, Annex 3). effective role in establishing projects and executing activities which support 41. The main objectives of the workshop their families and positively change their were to: environmental practices. a. Identify and understand the 38. In 2008 Egypt approved its “National importance and interconnectedness Strategy for Sustainable Development”. of gender and climate change; The framework of the strategy b. Develop a national strategy on addresses women challenges as part gender and climate change for Egypt, of the implementation of any action identifying appropriate entry points, related to sustainable development, policy- and other recommendations and identifies the action needed to and actions; and strengthen women’s role and benefit c. Considering both adaptation and from them. mitigation, mainstream gender into the Third National Communication in a coherent, integrated and 5. METHODOLOGY sustainable manner.
39. In light of the above, the EEAA, in 42. The Strategy defines the role that collaboration with IUCN Regional Office the EEAA will play in initiating and for West Asia (ROWA), the Center for facilitating these efforts internally, as Environment and Development for the well as with strategic partners at the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE), national, regional and international the Global Gender Office of the levels. It seeks to mainstream gender International Union for Conservation of in climate change action as outlined Nature (IUCN) and other key national in the Third National Communication, institutions in Egypt, engaged in the to overcome constraints - and take development the present “National advantage of opportunities - that Strategy for Mainstreaming Gender in promote gender equality, as well as Climate Change in Egypt”. strengthen the role of the gender unit in the EEAA in specific topics such as 40. The Strategy is the result of a series of climate change. inputs: interviews with policy makers, stakeholder consultation and research, 43. The framework for integrating a among others. It has been drafted on gender perspective in climate change the basis of an analysis of the current efforts in Egypt covers the period national priorities concerning climate 2011–2016. It establishes objectives,
18 outlines substantive activities with 45. The development of this Strategy reachable indicators within the ambit was made possible with the generous of eight priority sectors as identified financial support from the Government by participants, integrated coastal of Finland. management, agriculture, water, tourism, health, energy and transport, urbanization, and waste.
44. The EEAA has the mandate for implementation of this Strategy. Several institutional imperatives are indicated that could be considered in the successful implementation of the strategy and the EEAA will do so in collaboration with various strategic partners.
19 S:B
1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE OF THE STRATEGY
To mainstream gender considerations to implement mitigation and adaptation into national climate change initiatives activities and henceforth benefit from and policies, so that both men and women various climate change programs and- have equal opportunity to understand, funds, contributing to the national economic, participate, and decide effective measures environmental and social sustainability.
2. PRIORITY SECTOR 1: INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT
Women as Agent of Change: Integrated Coastal Management
• Women play a fundamental role in both during and after disasters. enhancing cooperation amongst Women are therefore an important various stakeholders, especially where group to include in identifying and these have conflicting interests. They preparing safe areas for villagers have a deep understanding that the to escape floods, and to establish livelihoods of their families depend on local early warning-, monitoring- and the coastal and marine resources and communication systems. that conflict can negatively affect this. • Women are instrumental in the • Women living in coastal areas can successful implementation of be instrumental in disaster risk climate change adaptation strategies reduction and - recovery and can in coastal zones. lead improved community welfare • Women are guardians of indigenous
20 resilience practices that can help role in coastal zone management the poor reduce risks associated can have increased sustainability, with hazards. efficiency and profitability. • If provided with access to emergency • Women extension workers and loan funds, women can be research assistants in coastal fundamental in ensuring community management projects ensure better survival and reducing poverty in access to a range of locations and coastal zones. activities involving women who gather • If provided with credit, training and aquatic products. leadership development skills, women’s
Situation Analysis: Integrated Coastal in industrial, tourism- and agricultural Management Sector19 activities and the infrastructure serving these activities. 46. The coastal zones of Egypt extend for more than 3,500 km along the 48. Apart from sea level rise, an increase Mediterranean- and Red Sea coasts. in the frequency and severity of storm Climate change will adversely impact on surges along the coast will also impact coastal zone management in Egypt and this coastal infrastructure such as the most significant impact along the harbors, urban settlements and roads, coast will be that of sea level rise. amongst others, negatively. These direct and indirect impacts are expected 47. Urban settlements on the Egyptian to lead to the immigration – and re- coast are especially vulnerable to sea settlement - of 6 to 7 million people from level rise due to the Mediterranean the Nile Delta. shoreline’s relative low elevation compared to the land around it. Sea 49. Sea level rise also impacts on level rise will impact on the Nile Delta agricultural areas, subsequently affecting region and will involve inundation of as crops and henceforth also threatening much as 10-12% of the northern low food security, posing considerable lands. The Delta and its north coast challenges for women and men. are hosts to several main towns and cities such as Alexandria, Port Said, 50. It is expected that the increase in sea Damietta and Rosetta, collectively temperature due to climate change accommodating several million will cause fish distributions to shift people, as well as large investments northwards and/or to go into deeper,
19 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt. Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt.
21 cooler, waters - impacting detrimentally a. Physical and biological differences on fishing industry along the coast, and that can handicap their initial impacting directly on the livelihoods of response to natural hazards; people who’s living depend on it20. b. Social norms and given roles (related to the expected behavior of women) 51. Increased water salinity in the coastal that affect the way they react to a lakes in Egypt is also expected to disaster; and affect fish species and will also impact c. An inequitable distribution of negatively on fresh water supply aid and resources as a result of (see water). social hierarchies.
Gender in the 56. For example, according to the 2006 Coastal Management Sector Population Census, an estimated 37.3% of women are illiterate with a ratio of 52. Women and men living on the coast 1.67 women to 1 man21. Women with and the Nile Delta will be differently lower literacy levels are less likely impacted by climate change, especially to respond to written early warning when it relates to hazards. announcements and instructions. Poor education leads to less involvement 53. Adaptation and vulnerability to hazards in decision-making, as well as less is a social issue and need to be representation in disaster response considered within a gender context. organizations and -training. All of these factors lower the capacity of women to 54. Women can be more vulnerable to the respond to disasters effectively. negative impacts of natural hazards due to their socio-economic position in 57. Although women are disproportionately Egyptian society. Political and social impacted by disasters and sudden factors include initial conditions of a environmental changes, women also person, the resilience of their livelihood, contribute to curbing the impacts of the opportunities for self-protection, climate change. Women’s knowledge and their access to social protection and responsibilities related to natural and social organization. Therefore it is resource management have proven fundamental that in vulnerability studies critical to community survival. and assessment of risks and potential hazards a gender analysis is conducted. 58. In fishing communities, women are - and have always been - present in 55. In Egypt, women are more vulnerable the fishing industry. In most instances due to: their participation is neither socially
20 AQUAMAPS. 2010. AquaMaps (08/2010): Standardized distribution maps for currently 11,500 species of fishes, marine mammals and invertebrates. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.aquamaps.org. 21 CAPMAS. 2010. Distribution of Population (10 years & over) by Sex & Educational Status According to Final Results of 2006 Population Census. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/egypt/finalpop/12.pdf.
22 acknowledged nor economically c. Recognize that women are powerful remunerated. This is largely due to the agents of change and that their fact that the stages at which women leadership is critical; become or are involved, are often not d. Improve women’s access to, and the most visible or apparent. control over, natural resources in order to reduce poverty and Recommendations: Integrated vulnerability, manage and conserve Coastal Management Sector natural resources more effectively and ensure that women have 59. In Egypt, there has been a general resources to adapt properly; lack of information and understanding e. In fishing communities consideration concerning the extent to which women should also be given to the different participate economically in small- points of view, needs and interests scale fisheries sector countrywide. It of women and men, which does, at is therefore fundamental to generate the same time, involve working in knowledge about the differentiated roles a differentiated manner with these that women and men have in coastal groups, granting particular relevance areas in order for adaptation efforts to and visibility to women; reach both of them successfully. f. Development of training and educational programs for women 60. Actions that can contribute towards and girls (particularly in vulnerable promoting gender equity and equality communities) that provide general in adaptation measures undertaken in information about hazards, and coastal regions, include: provide strategies to cope with these. More attention should be given to a. National studies should produce fishermen and fishing areas when gender-differentiated data on the setting adaptation strategies to impacts and vulnerabilities of climate climate change. Since around 20% of change and emphasize the capacities the sample knows about the climate of men and women to adapt. change and its effects, awareness Studies should also determine the programs should be directed to the advantages of implementing gender- people around the wet land areas to sensitive adaptation projects in start adaptation projects to eliminate coastal zones and the Nile Delta; the climate change effects on the b. The Government should understand local communities; and use the knowledge and g. Gender sensitive programming specialized skills of women in natural should be giving more weight disaster survival and management especially in the fishing areas; and strategies and these should be h. Activation of the local radio and recognized and included in the design television roles as one of the most and implementation of any integrated important sources of information for coastal zone management strategy. fishermen and their families, with emphasis in training.
23 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (ICM)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To develop economic Stocktaking of natural Gender disaggregated • EEAA and SPA and social valuations of resource assets related to map indicating • EEAA, SPA, natural resources and CZM disaggregated by sex economic and social MOP and MOF its impact on women value of resources Analysis of economic and social valuation of the natural Report includes resources disaggregated economic and social by sex valuation of those resources and entry points for women
Policies implemented to support women in CZM sector
To strength a gender Analyze the current conflict Reduction of conflicts • EEAA perspective relating patterns related to resources • EEAA/NGOs to CZM through use and to conservation, Number of potential • NGOs establishing sustainable and development entry points to identify • EEAA/NGOs patterns of cooperation women’s • NGOs among women Conflict resolution process • EEAA in place with women’s Number of awareness • NGOs participation campaign conducted to • Private sector women for CZM Enhance women’s participation in CZM issues Number of women participating in CZM Establish networks of women initiatives NGOS and CBOs for the management of coastal zone Number of women in selected areas trained in each geographical area
Number of families benefiting from women participation in CZM
24 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (ICM) (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Number of networks established for management of CZ
To establish a Restructure the ICZM Number of women • EEAA sustainable institutional national committee to include represented in the and regulatory 1/3 of its members as women committee framework for CZM taking into account Conduct regular 3-4 Mapping of women’s participation committee meetings annually women’s roles and in the decision making responsibilities in the process committees
Number of decisions impacting positively on women in CZ
To develop a Identify and make available Increase in funds • MOP sustainable financial financial mechanism that fund access y women • SFD mechanism to fund and support women’s projects • MOF gender projects in CZM and their participation in CZM National fund • EEAA established • SPA Establish women’s national fund for adaptation in CZM Number of projects successfully implemented
To enhance the Built awareness in coastal Number of people with • MOP resilience in fishing and Delta communities on the knowledge in relation • SFD communities in relation impacts of climate change to climate change • MOF to the effects of in the fishery industry and and CZM • EEAA climate change marine ecosystems • SPA Adaptation strategies Develop adaptation strategies in place in the most with women and men in vulnerable communities coastal communities
25 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT (ICM) (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Conduct workshops to Improvement in the improve women’s role and fishery industry activities in the fishery sector Increase number on Sustainable fishing farming non-traditional projects in CMZ Processing of marine resources New jobs associated with the fishery sector Empower women to seek for women new opportunities within the fishery sector Increase food consumption from fish protein
Increase family income
To enhance DRR Coordinate with the National DRR in Egypt • National Risk measures by Risk Management Center incorporated gender Management mainstreaming gender to incorporate gender considerations Center considerations consideration in climate • Women NGOs related hazards Number of women • Local trained in DRR and governments Develop awareness in women climate change and women organizations in relation to climate change Number of initiatives effects on CZ conducted by women to adapt to climate change Fund adaptation strategies effects in CZ targeting women to cope with hazards associated to climate change
26 3. PRIORITY SECTOR 2: AGRICULTURE
Women as Agent of Change: Agriculture
• Women ensure nutritional status • Women use chemical and organic of their families, are responsible pesticides, insecticides, and for family diet and food provision, fertilizers; they can be fundamental in processing, and purchase; and have an implementing climate change adaptation important role in agricultural production. strategies directed at controlling • In rural areas, women are responsible growing numbers of harmful insects for making decisions on how much and and diseases, contributing to sustaining what kind of food crops will be planted. agriculture and food security. By choosing climate change resilient • Women are primarily responsible for crops, women can be fundamental in daily care and handling of livestock, ensuring food security and increasing including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, agricultural yields. and in some instances camels, and • Women farmers work in all stages can be instrumental in climate change of agricultural production, especially adaptation strategies. in plowing, cultivating, weeding, • Women farmers are custodians of harvesting, packing, and storing, traditional knowledge and indigenous and are instrumental in ensuring coping strategies that can be sustainable agricultural production. essential in reducing the impacts of climate change.
Situation Analysis: Agriculture Sector the productivity of especially two major crops in Egypt, i.e. wheat and maize, 61. The contribution of the agriculture sector predicting a loss of 15% and 19% in Egypt exceeds 13% of the GDP and by 2050 respectively. Losses in crop generate over 30% of employment productivity are mainly attributed to the opportunities. About 57% of the total projected temperature increase, crop- population furthermore also lives in water stress, pests and disease, as well rural areas, where poverty prevails and as the inundation and salinization of where other opportunities are minimal. 12% to 15% of the most fertile arable land in the Nile Delta area as a result 62. For the agriculture sector, climate of sea level rise and subsequent salt- change studies predict a reduction in water intrusion22.
22 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt.
27 63. Climate change studies indicate a Gender in the Agricultural Sector25 reduction in rangeland that will impact on animal production where women are 67. In most Egyptian societies, women play responsible and this will affect her as an important role in agriculture, despite well as her community and family. the variations in division of labor from one cultural setting to the other. 64. Nearly 70% of the poor or food-insecure in Egypt live in rural areas. A large share 68. In Egypt, 70% of the women farmers of these people depend very much and agricultural workers do not earn on agriculture for their food supplies wages for work and just 10% allocated (produced locally) and for generating to them from their income. incomes. The increase in food and fuel prices and the avian influenza 69. The percentage of illiterate women epidemic, as well as existing poverty working in agriculture (aged 15-45 and unemployment, has diminished the years) comprises 40.3% of the total coping capacity of families with limited illiteracy in Egypt for the same age. incomes. The average consumption of persons in the poorest decile23 is 1,466 70. Female agricultural workers comprise Egyptian Pound - less than half of the 23% of the total workers in this sector, national average - and only 15% of and 58% of total female rural workers. consumption of persons in the richest decile. This underscores the need for 71. Land ownership records do not always targeting the poor and responding to the exist in some countries and are seldom challenge of food security24. disaggregated by gender. In the case of Egypt, however, many studies point 65. As such, enhancing sustainable to the fact that women rarely own land. agricultural and rural development Only 5.7% of landowners in Egypt are as a means to reduce poverty and women26 and much of this land tend food insecurity within the expected to be relatively small. Moreover, when climate changes is therefore a women actually do own land, a male prerequisite for sustainable social and member of the family often controls economic development. such land until marriage, and after marriage her husband or son controls it. 66. Soil erosion and soil pollution also occur due to waste from factories that are 72. Women take part in all agricultural established near the agricultural areas. stages, especially tasks such as storing, marketing, cultivating and harvesting.
23 In descriptive statistics, a decile is any of the nine values that divide the sorted data into ten equal parts, so that each part represents 1/10 of the sample or population. 24 Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt. 25 Afaf Marei, A. 2009. Second Shadow Report for the CEDAW Coalition Egypt. The Egyptian Association for Community Participation Enhancement (EACPE). Cairo, Egypt. Report on the economic deprivation and legal exclusion of rural women in Egypt. The Egyptian Organization for Development Rights. Cairo, Egypt. 26 World Bank. 2003. Arab Republic of Egypt Gender Assessment. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPGENDER/Resources/CGA.pdf
28 73. In rural areas, females are mostly 77. Access to decision-making, technology, employed in the informal sector, credit, and awareness-raising on comprising 71.6% of all women workers agricultural techniques need to be in these areas with little or no social and provided to women farmers, in order other benefits. for them to realize their full potential in agriculture and related climate 74. Malnourished women are at higher risk change adaptation. for developing iron-deficiency-anemia during climate related food shortages. 78. Women need to be provided with In Egypt, 26% of males compared to information on climate change and 35.6% females in group age 11-19 year nutrition, so that they can demand were diagnosed with anemia in 2005. local foods contributing to reduction Rates of anemia are higher in rural than of emissions. urban areas in Egypt.27 79. Women extension workers and Recommendations: advisory service providers have to be Agricultural Sector made available, as they are crucial in reaching women farmers, delivering the 75. There is a need to improve the capacity messages in a good way for women, of officials and technicians in the and giving them proper guidance at the agricultural sector on the importance of right time; they have important role in gender so that policies, and initiatives the communities they work with and can benefit women and men. be imperative for implementing climate change adaptation strategies. 76. Protection on conditions of women’s agriculture work needs to be assured, 80. Training needs to be provided to women, because women have an important role including both perspectives on behaviors in agriculture in Egypt, however, they that should be stopped because of work long hours in manual labor, nearly climate change impacts, and at the same half of women agriculture workers are time providing alternative behaviors and illiterate, earn limited wages or do not tools that are readily available. earn any wages for their work, do not have health benefits or social protection, and often work in hazardous agriculture crops and materials.
27 CAPMAS. 2005.Health Statistics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/
29 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: AGRICULTURE
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To increase women Raise awareness amongst Number of women • Agricultural participation in women about the benefits of using drought resistant Extension of adaptation projects/ planting drought resistant and and salt tolerant trees MoA programs related to salt tolerant trees and crops and crops • Agricultural agriculture Research Improve efficiency of the Number of small chains Center water storage system and earthen dams • NGOs through construction of small constructed • MoWI dams and rehabilitation of • Farmers’ the springs Number of springs associations rehabilitated • Agriculture Introduce agricultural Development practices among women Number of projects and Credit to increase sustainable developed and Bank production and productivity implemented by rural woman Introduce low cost technologies for woman and Food and nutritional communities on managing security improved plant, livestock production and water resources Improvement of soil quality Adopt efficient, cost-effective and sustainable use of food Number of women processing trained on new technologies Train woman to adapt to climate change through Number of women introducing new technologies using the new related to agricultural activities technologies
Increase number of women participating in food processing
Number of women trained
30 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: AGRICULTURE (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To increase women Raising awareness of Number initiatives • MoA participation in whole rural community undertaken by women • Ministry decision-making and about importance of women Solidarity and implementation related participation in decision Implement pilots per Social Justice to food security and making in natural resources governorate • IUCN agricultural programs management • NGOs or projects Number of agricultural • MoWI Promote women’s lands owned by women • CARE participation in decision- International making positions at local • CEDARE levels • UNDP • Farmers’ Give priorities for supporting associations to organization that women participate actively in decision making
Promote woman participation in small- scale enterprises and food processing transformation industries
Capacity Building on Communication and leadership skills
To increase Enhance efficiency of local Number of new platform • CEDARE participation of local NGOs and committees by: for women • UNDP communities in • MOA adaptation projects/ • Raising awareness of Number of adaptation • NGOs programs related to stakeholders/committees projects about • Private sector agriculture on how to adapt to climate agriculture/climate • Media change change developed and • International • Revive the use of implemented by rural Centre for traditional knowledge and communities • Agricultural practices Research
31 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: AGRICULTURE (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
• Establish development Number of community and advocacy association leaders represented for women and community in NGO’s, municipality mobilization (disaggregated by sex) • Promote community participation in decision- Number of awareness making at local level and media campaigns • Encourage the investment for public by women in animal production and bio-product Number of animal industries to enhance job production and bio- opportunities and minimize waste enterprises waste established by women
Contribution of sector to GDP
To contribute to the Involve women in conception Projects about climate • MOA empowerment of and implementation of change developed and • NGOs women and local projects/programs related implemented by rural • Private Sector communities, through to climate change and women • Media access to agricultural sustainable use of natural • MoWI technologies resources Number of women • International (machineries and having governmental Center for harvesting, seeding) Ensure that governmental incentives Agricultural other activities incentives targeted women Research for mitigation and Women representation • Agriculture adaptation to climate Promote women’s access to at the district- and Development change and sustainable decision making-entities and governorate councils and Credit use of natural the risk management, natural Bank resources disaster management, and Number of awareness community natural resource Campaigns management committees of the governorate and district Number of women local councils attends the awareness campaigns
32 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: AGRICULTURE (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Conduct awareness Training materials used building campaigns on targeted women needs gender, agriculture and and situation climate change, for the local authorities and rural women that are members of local councils, to explain the benefits for both parties in the access and control of the technologies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and to natural resources
To ensure that plans, Assign a Gender Focal Point NWRP assigned GFP • MoA, MoP, strategies, programs (GFP) for the national (inter- MoF and EEAA and budgets of ministerial) level committee National policies and • Gender units in government bodies, NAS include gender each Ministries funding agencies and Revisit the National and climate change • International NGOs promote gender Agricultural Strategies NAS, considerations Center for equality, access to and legislations to ensure Agricultural natural resources and that gender and climate Research advance mitigation and change are taken into • National adaptation to climate consideration Committee change • NGO’s • With support from CEDARE, UNDP, IUCN, GEF
33 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: AGRICULTURE (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To improve the Develop a training protocol Number of officials and • MOA capacity of officials for the agricultural sector agricultural extension • Ministry and technicians in the engineers trained Solidarity and agricultural sector on Conduct trainings on gender, Social Justice gender agriculture and climate Data available on • IUCN change women and agriculture • NGOs in Egypt • Care Conduct research on International women’s role in agriculture Number of policies • CEDARE revised • UNDP To examine policies, programs, and projects and to analyze them from a gender perspective and to redraft them, if necessary, in a way, that secures higher access of women to resources in rural and remote districts
34 4. PRIORITY SECTOR 3: Situation Analysis: Water Sector WATER 81. The largest part of Egypt’s freshwater resources is limited to the natural flow of Women as Agent of Change: Water the River Nile and presents around 95% of the country’s water. The remaining • Women are primarily responsible 5% are constituted from groundwater for the collection and management and rainfall28. of water for household use, and can make choices and decisions 82. The total annual water budget in Egypt that are key to sustainability, amounts to total 81.2 billion m3 of and that can significantly increase available water for use per year and the efficiency and effectiveness of does not meet demand, particularly water allocation. by the agricultural sector. Recycling of • Women farmers involved in some used water is therefore carried out irrigation can contribute to with the objective of covering the deficit sustainable water use in between Egypt’s water supply and agriculture and safe agriculture demand. waste disposal, if provided with the necessary information. 83. Egypt’s water budget is composed of • Women ensures household 58.7 billion m3 of fresh water, 16 billion sanitation and they can - if given the m3 of recycled water and 3.65 billion m3 right guidance and information about of treated sewage water. Agriculture is alternative naturally sustainable the main consumer of water in Egypt, sanitation techniques, access using about 67 billion m3 per year, which to decision-making and funds - represent about 82% of the country’s improve both the quality and water budget. Drinking water, consumed purity of main water sources. by more than 95% of the Egyptian • Women benefit from improved population, uses almost 9 billion m3 per water management, sanitation year, and represents about 11% of the infrastructure and techniques and country’s water budget29. they provide a crucial perspective once they have access to 84. Egypt’s SNC states that water resources decision making. are very vulnerable to climatic change. • Women prioritized issues that Several expected effects as a result of increase health and the social climate change would aggravate the wellbeing of the entire community. current situation in the country and include, amongst others, the size and
28 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt. 29 Ibid.
35 intensity of expected impacts. Although in planning and decision-making these have not yet been fully assessed, processes remains a pre-requisite of this will translate as follows: any policy in order to prevent gender- based interests engulfed in water • Changes in river flows, which could management policies. cause water shortage (in case of decreased rainfall) or flooding (in 88. The total amount of water that women case of periodic increased rainfall); manage is 21.331 billion m3 that • Deterioration of ground water quality; represents 38% of the total Egyptian • Change in rates, duration, places and share of water from the Nile River (55.5 intensity of rainfall; and billion cubic meters). This percentage • Change in wind direction. represents women who share irrigation activities with men, but who do not own 85. The MDG Progress Report produced agricultural lands by themselves (16.934 by Egypt in 2010 furthermore also billion cubic meters). On the other hand, considers the vulnerability of Egypt’s women who own agricultural lands water resources to climate change as manage 16% of the total amount of an emerging challenge and one that water managed by women30. has to be addressed urgently to ensure sustainable development. This is due to 89. Most studies show that female the growing per capita demand for fresh members are restrained in their water as a result of Egypt’s population participation through cultural barriers growth. Importantly, however, the report and stereotypes, for example when does not take into account the effects awareness and management committee of climate change that will place further meetings are conducted at unsuitable strain on water resources. times for women (i.e. usually late at night or during the midday), whereas in Gender in the Water Sector remote areas the social barriers are due to lack of education, experience and 86. Egypt views social concerns within the lack of information, leading to female water sector as an important factor members are overlooked, marginalized contributing to the economic efficiency and excluded. and environmental protection of the country. However, there is no particulars 90. Various projects implemented on attention given to the need for the water management found that participation of women. female31 farmers often have difficulty in approaching water management 87. The formulation of specific policies officials, as only women from influential to support the inclusion of women families and/or female officials are
30 CIHEAM. 2007.Mainstreaming Gender Dimensions in Water Management for Food Security and Food Safety. Options Méditerranéennes, Serie A n.77. Sagardoy,J.A., Lamaddalena, N., Quagliariello, R., Chimonidou, D., Geulloubi, R. and Pinca, V. (eds).Larnaca, Cyprus. 31 Afaf Marei, A. 2009. Second Shadow Report for the CEDAW Coalition Egypt. The Egyptian Association for Community Participation Enhancement (EACPE). Cairo, Egypt.
36 allowed to address public meetings. 94. It is imperative to acknowledge that Leaders furthermore also pay little women have special needs with regards attention to the interest of small farmers to water management, and that they and female-headed households. require a voice in decision-making, in order for women to fully participate Recommendations: Water Sector in meetings and decision-making on issues that impact on, and seeks to 91. When developing water relates policies address the special needs of women. it is advisable to have a gender team/ group of experts participating in 95. Capacity building is required to increase the processes. women’s public participation in decision- making, building their confidence and 92. It is fundamental that climate change allowing them to engage fully. and gender are integrated in the National Water Resources Plan (NWRP) 96. The capacity of women and men in the and, in policies and strategies and local communities on water savings adaptation measures proposed. needs to be enhanced.
93. It is of the utmost importance to 97. Raise awareness and build the capacity increase coordination between gender of officials to effectively deal with focal points in related ministries (e.g. women in the water sector and hence water, agriculture, housing, industry, take on board their recommendations. environment) in order to enhance planning for water needs, -saving and -management.
37 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: WATER MANAGEMENT
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To ensure that climate Assign a Gender Focal Point NWRP assigned GFP • Ministry change and gender (GFP) for the national (inter- of Water are integrated in ministerial) level committee Number of women Resources the National Water participating in regional and Irrigation Resources Plan Strengthen the role of strategic negotiations (MWRI) (NWRP) and, policies women’s participation in • EEAA and strategies and regional negotiation such as National policies and • National adaptation measures Nile basin NWRP include gender Committee proposed and climate change • NGO’s Revisit the NWRP, strategies, considerations and legislations to ensure that With support from gender and climate change Number of meetings/ CEDARE, UNDP, are taken into consideration delegations include IUCN, GEF women’s participation Develop different funding scenarios for integration Amount of funds of gender issues in water assigned for promotion management programs and gender equality projects
To assure that officials Enhance the role of the Number of training • MWRI and technicians of gender unit (within MWRI) sessions conducted • EEAA all the components including gender • National of the water sector Capacity building needs dimension in Committee understand the concept assessment climate change • NGO’s of climate change impact on gender and Conduct training activities on Number of technicians With the support their role as agents transversal issues at all levels trained of CEDARE, of change UNDP, IUCN, Provide refresher courses on Number of initiatives, GEF water and gender issues at projects that top management level mainstream gender
Awareness campaign on the impact of climate change on women and their role in adaptation
38 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: WATER MANAGEMENT (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To enhance the Expand the training activities Number of training • MWRI capacity of women undertaken by academic activities incorporating • MOA and men in the local institutions and government a gender perspective. • National communities on water and NGOs to include a gender Committee savings perspective in research, Amount of gender • NGOs planning, monitoring and disaggregated data • Donors evaluation exercises available for use. With the support Developed a non- Number of program of CEDARE, conventional media campaign converge for women UNDP, IUCN, directed to women in relation role GEF, Care to water scarcity and climate International change (e.g. street theater, Number of messages radio soap operas, etc.) targeted women’s needs and situation Raise awareness amongst women and agricultural Number of sessions association about the conducted at top benefits of planting low management level. water requirement crops and irrigation systems Number of women leaders and religious Training of trainers for women leaders trained leaders at local levels and religious leaders
39 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: WATER MANAGEMENT (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To build the capacity of Prepare short courses for Number of courses • MoWI local communities on community environmental conducted • Water User water management educators with woman Association participation Percentage of women • Higher participation in courses Municipalities Promote the development, • NGOs validation, dissemination and Number of women • Donors transfer of technologies for participating in the the efficient use/ low cost dissemination sessions technologies at household level with particular focus Number of new on vulnerable populations technologies being (through engaging NGOs used by women and and CBOs) men
Value traditional knowledge Number of exchange through the creation of networks functioning an experience exchange effectively networks Number of women Educate women and trained communities in issues related on minimizing use Number of pollution of chemicals, pesticides, complains reduced river pollution (ground water) climate change and sustainable use of natural resources
40 5. PRIORITY SECTOR 4: manual and young laborers and in areas TOURISM where other economic opportunities are limited.
Women as Agent of Change: Tourism 99. The growth performance and resilience of Egypt’s tourism sector over the year • Women are community 2009 confirms that tourism is a principal leaders and get involved in generator of income and foreign entrepreneurial and local tourism exchange earnings which contributes initiatives, specifically when they around 11.3% of GDP directly are provided with training and and indirectly. access to credit. • Women improve local living 100. Climate change directly impacts on conditions and broaden and tourism, especially where it is related strengthen women’s economic to nature. Coral reefs and other marine autonomy if provided with the ecosystems, constituting a major opportunity to get involved in attraction in Red Sea resorts, are new non-traditional occupations highly vulnerable to climate change. in eco-tourism. On the other hand, sea level rise on • Women are primarily responsible low elevations such as those on the for hand-made crafts production, Mediterranean coast will also experience which they sell at local markets. losses of beaches. The impact of • Women work at home in small increasing temperatures and frequencies scale, flexible enterprises based on and severity of extreme events are family labor in sustainable tourism. also expected to negatively impact the archaeological heritage in Egypt.
101. A further benefit of an integrated tourism Situation Analysis: Tourism Sector32 strategy is that it allows women to enter non-traditional areas of employment, 98. The potential and value of tourism such as those in the SMME sector, in efforts to facilitate socio-economic retail, catering, conference services, development is immense, particularly and many others. in developing countries. However, for all its benefits, the tourism industry Gender in the Tourism Sector is also extremely fickle. Tourism is a labor-intensive industry generating an 102. The extent of occupational segregation estimated 12.6% of Egypt’s employment by gender is clearly apparent in the the provision of jobs in hotels and other tourism labor market. Most women are related tourism services, especially for confined to low-level jobs, and they are
32 Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt.
41 often relegated to traditional professions 106. In Egypt, better-educated women or support functions while at the same are more attracted by employment in time tending to be underrepresented in the tourism sector, with much lower professional and managerial positions. representation of women in lower ranking positions than there male 103. A study was commissioned by the counterparts, but with marginally better Egyptian Tourism Federation took a representation (24%, i.e. 1:4) at middle random sample of 25,000 employees management- and higher levels. in the tourism sector; it indicated that almost 25% of the women employees Recommendations hold a university degree and another 60% have intermediate or higher 107. There are significant opportunity for intermediate education levels. The women to be taken up in the tourism share of women among managers is industry relatively quickly through for almost 24% of middle managers and example, providing opportunities in 15% of high-level managers33. eco-tourism, and by encouraging and making it attractive for women to enter 104. According to the CAPMAS34, women non-specialized positions in lower paid accounted for 22–28% of the total positions within the formal tourism tourism workforce in 2008 with a sector such as in hotels, and so forth. total share of women personnel in employment in hotels and restaurants 108. Tourism is a sector that allows women ranging between 8% and 13%. to enter the job market relatively quickly Some publications reveal even lower and obtain relatively stable employment, percentages, varying between 5% despite possible handicaps in and 6%. education. This is particularly important where there is a high dependency of 105. Poor reporting and failure to capture other family members on her income, the casual jobs that are often carried and/or where she is the single head of out by women, as well as marginal the household. forms of employment in small family restaurants and non-classified hotels 109. Encourage women involvement in such as cleaning staff, kitchen, dining eco-tourism. Egypt has 24 protected room and café assistants, and many areas covering 15% of the country’s other low-skilled occupations in small surface area. enterprises, makes it hard to interpret official figures accurately.
33 El Feiky, A. 2007. Problems Facing Female Participants in The Egyptian Labor Force. Dissertation. American University of Cairo. Egypt. 34 CAPMAS. 2010. Status of Man & Woman in Egypt. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/educ/wom_man_e?lang=0&lname=free
42 110. Build awareness and develop 113. Due to the unpredictable nature of adaptation strategies in women and tourism, it is imperative to ensure women organizations in the tourism that the income of women remain sector informing them of the effects of predictable and stable. This can be climate change. achieved by enhancing the capacity of women to enter other formal sector 111. Encourage civil society women groups employment opportunities and could to monitor CO2 emissions and to take include training in, for example, the necessary corrective measures. financial management, human resource management, etc. 112. Disseminating women indigenous knowledge and success stories related to tourism industries through education programs and public awareness campaigns.
43 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: TOURISM
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Build awareness and Develop updating campaigns Number of women as • Egyptian develop adaptation for women in tourism direct beneficiaries of Minister strategies in the campaign of Tourism women and women Use tourism fairs to • Egyptian organization in spread messages about Tourism the tourism sector climate change Authority about the effects of • EEAA climate change Develop an adaptation Strategy funded and • Private sector strategy with women implemented organizations working on tourism
To create an enabling Conduct a gender audit of Gender audit completed • Egyptian environment that the tourism sector to identify Minister of support and encourage opportunities for entry Strategy developed Tourism women to enter the • Egyptian formal tourism sector Develop capacities in Increase amount of Tourism women to engage in women working in the Authority different positions within formal tourist sector • EEAA the formal sector • Private sector Increase income in Negotiate a quota system household with companies in the formal tourist sector for job that requires less skilled jobs35
35 Household services, waiters, kitchen staff, cleaning staff, among others.
44 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: TOURISM (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Create new models of Establish a pilot project to Establish an electronic • Egyptian tourism which women provide new job opportunities platform to provide data Minister of can find alternative job and give a model of new and info. For M/F Tourism opportunities, especially touristic initiative • Egyptian in eco-tourism Number of visitors M/F Tourism Train women on new models to the electronic sites Authority of job opportunities in • EEAA Eco-tourism The variety of new • Governmental adaptive activities in Bodies Data and information should the pilot project • Civil Society be available to M/F who was • Private Sector affected by climate change • International and works in the touristic Organizations industry
Open market for Female involvement on Number of new touristic • Private Sector innovative touristic marketing process sites that was not on • Ministry of resources in the touristic map Tourism, unrecognized areas Culture and with different Programs Number of population Economics (health, religious, rural M/F engaged in these and desert tours) sites
The variety of activities creates in the new sites
45 6. PRIORITY SECTOR 5: HEALTH
Women as Agent of Change: Health
• Women are the guardians of health • Women are primarily responsible within the family, and they can educate caretakers of the elderly and and disseminate good health children who, at higher risk of heat practices, if they are provided with related illness and if given preventative information skills and associated tools, information and hygiene guidance can and the right environment. reduce the incidence of heat strokes • Women are essential for the nutritional and heat related illnesses. status of families. If they are • As the principal caregivers women granted access to resources, women are responsible for the survival of can ensure proper nutrition during vulnerable populations, such as pregnancy and early childhood to children, elderly and disabled, and at prevent early childhood malnutrition the same time respond to challenges of and decrease incidences of rescuing others during extreme climate underdevelopment and stunting. events. If given proper training and • In desert areas, women are responsible resources, women are instrumental for fetching water, cleaning food, and in successful disaster risk reduction waste disposal, and they can prevent and recovery. the spread of infectious diseases.
Situation Analysis: Health Sector 115. Informal settlements and the millions living in them under unhygienic 114. Climate change is projected to affect the conditions, with minimal or no basic lives and wellbeing of Egyptian people infrastructure services, further increase in the coming decades, putting men and the magnitude of environmental health women at increased risk though direct hazards – exasperated by climate- and indirect threats to human health. related phenomena. Climate change will impact health in Egypt directly though heat strokes and 116. Other, indirect, health impacts of climate heat related phenomena, and deaths change - related to reduced access to and injuries in climate change events; clean water, poor sanitation, decreased and indirectly though malnutrition and air quality and a higher number and underdevelopment due to decreased variety of insects/vectors/rodents - food availability and quantity, and limited include increases in transmittable water availability and quality. diseases (parasitic such as malaria
46 and schistosomiasis, bacterial such required, establishing clearly the linkages as diarrhea and cholera, and viral) between climate change, health and and non-transmittable diseases gender at the grassroots level. (cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and cancers36. Gender in Health Sector39
117. Furthermore, climate change will 144. In Egypt, women are impacted by gradually build-up pressure on the malnutrition and increased incidences economic and social systems that of underdevelopment and stunting, sustain health, which are already especially in times of food shortages under stress in Egypt37. Climate during and after a crisis. The prevalence change impacts on health in Egypt will of stunting in children under 5 was depend on age, socioeconomic class, estimated to be 23% in 2005, however, occupations and gender; putting the increased due to food shortages vulnerable populations such as rural (associated with avian and swine flu people relying on natural resources outbreak and world food shortages) to for their livelihood and food, the poor, 29% in 2008, including 14% severely women, elderly, and children, at stunted children. increased risk38. 145. Women have higher ecological 118. Whilst there are some efforts to reduce vulnerability in Egypt due to negative the impacts of climate change in some effects of malnutrition and stunting of sectors, currently, however, there are no infectious diseases that may associated efforts to cope with the different direct with climate change, because they and indirect impacts of climate change are responsible for are responsible on health and even less so from a for collecting and managing water as gender perspective. Moreover, building well as taking care of underdeveloped institutional capacity must be pursued children and adults, increasing their vigorously in order to deal adequately burden, poverty, and hardship.40 with the necessary adaptation measures, providing the country with both a 146. Climate change has been recognized strategy. Furthermore, trained capacity to as an emerging challenge to maternal implement the required measures is also health in Egypt. Maternal mortality rate
36 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt. 37 Egyptian Organization for Development Rights. 2011. Report on the economic deprivation and legal exclusion of rural women in Egypt. The Egyptian Organization for Development Rights. Cairo, Egypt. 38 Costello, A., M. Abbas, A. Allen, S. Ball, S. Bell, R. Bellamy, S. Friel, N. Groce, A. Johnson, M. Kett, M. Lee, C. Levy, M. Maslin, D. McCoy, B. McGuire, H. Montgomery, D. Napier, C. Pagel, J. Patel, J. A. Puppim de Oliveira, N. Redclift, H. Rees, D. Rogger, J. Scott, J. Stephenson, J. Twigg, J. Wolff and C. Patterson. 2009. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet, 373 (9676):1693–1733. IPCC. 2001. Climate change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden,P.J., Dai, X., Maskell K., and Johnson, C.A. (eds.). Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 39 Ministry of Economic Development. 2010. Egypt’s Progress towards Achieving the MDGs. Cairo. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.mop.gov.eg/PDF/2010%20MDGR_English_R51.pdf 40 UNDP and Institute of National Planning. 2010. Egypt Human Development Report. Cairo. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.undp.org.eg/Portals/0/EHDR%202010/NHDR%202010%20english.pdf
47 is 55 per 100 thousand live births in 124. Addressing gender inequalities in 2008 in Egypt. Maternal health has been contamination from infectious diseases improving over the years in Egypt due to in an integrated manner is needed, improved accessibility, the adoption of along with awareness rising campaigns an integrated maternity care, within the for women to take steps necessary for primary health care system. reducing opportunities for infectious disease transmission. Recommendations: Health Sector 125. Training campaigns are required for 119. Improve the national technical and women to understand the risk from scientific knowledge on the link between extreme climate events and disaster climate change, climate variability risk management strategies; as well and public health and ensure gender as, establishing networks of women mainstreaming in this sector. and local stakeholders to design and implement disaster risk reduction, 120. Obtain disaggregated data on the management and recovery plans for their impacts of climate change and health community and gender disaggregated towards better implementation of projects vulnerability assessment. and identifying of target groups 126. Financial resources need to be provided 121. Having a gender focal point in for pregnant women and women with the targeted ministries to ensure young children to ensure proper nutrition, implementation of mainstreaming gender especially in a time of crisis. in polices, plans of actions activities within this sector. 127. Establish a mathematical model or/ and geographic information system mapping 122. An understanding of climate change and the hot spots and endemic diseases its gender differentiated impacts and and set up a regional prescription for its implications for health and health- each community to preserve them from seeking behavior should be incorporated catching these diseases. into training of health professionals and development of health sector responses to climate change.
123. Empowerment programs for women and trainings on health, hygiene, the prevention of transmittable and non- transmittable diseases should be implemented with the help of community health extension workers.
48 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: HEALTH
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Build the technical Identify the differentiated Number of scientific • National NGOs and scientific capacity effects between men and researches and • International of national and women on climate related interventions conducted NGOs professional institutions diseases • Media in the area of climate Number of training • MoH change and health with Conduct researches and workshops • EEAA gender perspective intervention measures to • MoIC protect people from potential Number of validated diseases that results from methodologies climate change Number of awareness Define the recommendations classes and training and results with conducted how to disaggregated data us the alternative technologies Support professional training in medicine and medical Usage of new entomology, ensuring that the alternative technologies academic curricula include used by women methodologies to identify the climate change related Number of men and diseases women affected
Validate methodologies to Decrease of patients determine the effects of GHG with respiratory emission on public health diseases
Validate methodologies to determine the effect of firewood stoves on the incidence of respiratory diseases in fire-wood using households, identify adequate technological changes
49 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: HEALTH (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Build a general Carry out training courses on Number of training • Gender knowledge and vision impacts of climate change workshops and trainees Departments on the gender issue on health and gender for all targeted on all Ministries related to both climate related stakeholder • Gender change and health Number of focal points institutions and Conduct awareness through the heath sector organizations campaigns to the local • MoH communities targeting women Number of gender • EEAA in particular strategies and plans, produced for the issues Ensure the media coverage on climate change and messages based on and health women needs
Design polices to Secure resources to identify Percentage increase • MoF reduce the risk of the most vulnerable areas in allocated financial • MoH vector-borne and and redefine the financial resources in that regard • MoHE GHG emission related resources allocated to vector- • Academia diseases with gender borne diseases prevention Policies reviewed and • Research perspectives adjusted institutes Review and adjust existing policies in order to increase Number of poor women the access of vulnerable accessible to health populations to health care particularly women and populations in either poverty Inclusion of combat conditions or below the vector-borne diseases poverty line courses in education curricula gender Increase education and perspectives and communication levels communication tools regarding fighting vector- borne diseases, particularly in vulnerable population
50 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: HEALTH (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Prepare educational package on health issues with gender perspectives (mainly vector- borne diseases)
Build the institutional Secure adequate resources Increase of resources • MoH capacity of Ministry to implement policies on allocated to implement • EEAA of Health regarding health for Egypt, with health policies for Egypt • MoF medical entomology particular emphasis of the • MoHE sector to increase strategic objectives Number of campaigns • Medical the most vulnerable Research population access Increase the mobile Institutions to health campaigns to the isolated areas and vulnerable grass roots (women and children) to ensure their access to knowledge and protection
Raise awareness Radio messages, TV lashes Number of provided • EEAA on the linkages and spots on climate change messages (especially • MoF between health and in regards to health and the popular) • MoHE climate change climate change • Medical Number of TV channels research Short films produced for and private media Institutions public awareness provided the climate • Media change and health material
Number of films targeting locals and grass roots
51 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: HEALTH (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Build cooperation with Implement projects and Number of projects • NGOs NGOs and civil society interventions within the local on the field of climate • Ministry working on the field within the local NGOs for change and health with of Social of health the impact of climate change a gender perspective Solidarity on health with a gender • MoH perspectives Number of awareness • EEAA campaigns conduct on Provided a technical and climate change related awareness training for women diseases alternative on methods of protection techniques in the area of diseases and alternatives technologies in cooking, firewood
52 7. PRIORITY SECTOR 6: Situation Analysis: Energy and ENERGY AND TRANSPORT Transport Sectors41
128. Domestic energy consumption in Egypt Women as Agent of Change: is rapidly increasing as a result of Energy and Transport ongoing economic growth. Recent and forecasted consumption patterns signal • Women are primary decision- an alarm to those responsible for the makers in household consumption country’s future economic development and if provided with information and and energy security. incentives, can be instrumental in lowering emissions. 129. At present, petroleum products and • If women are provided with natural gas represent the main sources information and good practices, of primary energy in Egypt and also they can play a fundamental role in represents the main sources of GHG saving energy by adjusting their emissions in the country. Hydrocarbons daily routine. (oil and gas) represent over 90% of • Women can educate their children Egypt’s energy resources (a situation and promote green energy-use that is expected to continue for at least behavior, thereby reducing emissions. the next 20 years) with natural gas • Women can be influential actors in slowly replacing crude oil. Since the switching to renewable energy early 1990s, large amounts of natural sources and technologies, especially gas reserves have been discovered and at the household and local level. there has consequently been a trend • Women have specialized knowledge to substitute petroleum products with and needs and can provide natural gas as an alternative fuel. valuable input during the design of household energy technology, 130. Energy efficiency and renewable energy considerably enhancing their resources are also expected to play a effectiveness and efficiency. critical role in meeting the increased • Professional women in the energy demand for energy in future. There is sector can be role models and a massive untapped potential in the support initiatives to enhance the renewable energy sector, but this is held role of women in renewable energy. back by very little commercialization for • If women are encouraged to renewable energy installed capacity. use public transportation in a manner that is convenient to 131. Renewable energy sources currently them their contribution in lowering include hydropower (representing about GHG is considerable. 11% of energy production in Egypt for
41 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt. Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt
53 2006/07) and generated mostly through • Diversifying the energy supply hydro-powered stations and wind resources by increasing renewable energy. Solar energy (solar thermal and resources such as wind, solar and solar photovoltaic) in areas such as al- bio-energy; and Koraemat, Beni Suef Governarate, and • Allocating the country’s natural biomass energy also hold significant resources in a manner that potential going forward. maximizes the economic and social development mandates. 132. Awareness remains a vital challenge for renewable energy. This includes the 135. To this end, energy efficiency and lack of information on the benefits of renewable energy are now becoming renewable energy to different categories critical to Egypt’s energy resource of society and appropriate applications planning, and if properly designed and of each category, even at the level of applied, energy efficiency can be the households in rural and desert areas, most cost-effective tool to managing such as the use of biogas units. demand, deferring future energy supply investments and contributing to global 133. In 2008 and 2009, the overall energy climate change mitigation efforts. subsidies in Egypt were larger than the entire fiscal allocation towards education 136. With regards to the transport sector, the and health. The richest quintile in SNC indicates that energy intensity in Egypt accounts for a disproportionately this sector in Egypt is particularly high large share of the energy subsidy and due to the low efficient-engines using compensating the poorest two quintiles hydrocarbons fuels, and the fact that it would only cost a tiny fraction of the relies heavily on road transport as the entire energy subsidy. main means of transportation in Egypt42.
134. A set of key issues need to be dealt with 137. Based on a Cabinet of Ministers as a matter of urgency. These include: decision, the Ministry of Transport adopted a strategy for improving national • Promotion and implementation transport and urban traffic, in addition of energy efficiency programs in to achieving the control of exhaust supply transmission demanding and emissions from road-going vehicles. emphasizing women needs. The strategy includes improving public • Restructuring of the energy pricing to transport; improving energy efficiency; guard against abuse and inefficiencies; fuel switching; the development and • Rationalizing energy consumption in use of new propulsion technologies; the demand sectors without reducing the development of rail transport and service levels or negatively impacting new methods for freight transport; the economic development targets; development of power train technologies;
42 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt.
54 shifting from diesel to electrified railways; emotional wellbeing. There are obvious and the development and use of fuel health risks associated with waiting cells technology. for long periods in inclement weather, particularly for older women, and Gender in the Energy respiratory problems triggered by traffic and Transport Sectors43 pollution and poor air quality.
138. There are significant differences 142. Some of the problems of travelling between women’s transport demands by public transport affect women’s and experiences, as opposed to those wellbeing by producing strong, negative of men—differences in access to private emotions. Long waits after a tiring transport, in patterns of commuting and day produce frustration and anger. employment, in child-care and elderly Overcrowding on public transport care responsibilities, in basic attitudes involves invasion of personal space to private and public transport - to justify that many find distressing, and which treating women separately. renders women vulnerable to sexual abuse. Fear of harassment and attack 139. Within that group ‘women’ there are produces high levels of anxiety. highly important distinctions which depend - for example - upon income, 143. Air pollution caused public transport age, household, elder- and child-care vehicles that are not properly responsibilities, ethnicity, employment maintained or environmentally friendly, status, degree of disability, location, can also seriously impact on a woman’s class and education maternal health. All of these, particularly the last, can act as a strong deterrent to 140. Transport plays a significant role in either women travelling at all. exacerbating or improving the relative disadvantage of women. Transport 144. Similarly, energy-related planning poverty is very evident in many parts regarding electricity generating capacity of Egypt and this compounds the many and energy delivery systems are not other difficulties associated with living on gender neutral; men and women are a low income. Poor transport options limit affected differently by energy policies access to employment and social support wherever their home, work, and networks, and to health, recreational and community roles differ. It is important to sports facilities, restricting both quality of identify the energy services of primary life and ‘life chances’. importance to women and consider options for improving the efficiency and 141. Transport or the lack of it can also effectiveness of such services. impact directly on women’s physical and
43 Hamilton, K. 2001. Gender and Transport in Developed Countries. Background Paper for the Expert Workshop “Gender Perspectives for Earth Summit 2002: Energy, Transport, Information for Decision-Making” Berlin, Germany. University of East London. United Kingdom. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: www.unedforum.org and www.earthsummit2002.org Workshop website www.earthsummit2002.org/workshop.
55 145. Mainstreaming gender-sensitivity into Recommendations: Energy and energy and climate-related policies Transport Sectors and projects requires a paradigm shift that recognizes women’s contributions 148. Collection of gender-disaggregated to climate change responses and data on energy demand, supply and promotes the development of new consumption patterns is needed for opportunities for women in the energy energy efficiency and renewable sector. To accomplish this goal, energy programs to be successfully women generally need to gain greater mainstreamed in the national confidence and expertise in business planning process. management to build their capacity to undertake new economic activities. 149. Energy efficiency and renewable energy They may also require technical training programs should be mainstreamed in to enable them to operate, manage and the national planning process through market new energy equipment. appropriate entry points on gender.
146. Innovative financing and credit 150. Create gender sensitive set of energy schemes for expansion of energy related goals. services can serve as a catalyst for new entrepreneurial activities for women, 151. Training program for women to teach if energy access is effectively linked them that renewable energy is more with income-generating opportunities. beneficial and effective than non- Women could use equipment for their renewable energy in reducing emissions own activities, plus also sell energy and saving money. services to earn income, or actually learn to build, sell, maintain or repair 152. Training program for women is needed energy technologies. to educate them that renewable energy is more beneficial and effective than 147. Furthermore, emission reduction non-renewable energy in reducing credits under the Clean Development emissions and saving money. Mechanism (CDM) could potentially be used to improve energy efficiency 153. Actively involve women in the design of in ways that would provide benefits to new technologies for renewable energy women in poor areas, but so far it has and energy efficiency. been used mainly for efficiency gains in large facilities, and the transaction costs 154. Introduce and promote green energy have generally been too high for small- alternatives, and provide women scale projects led and implemented with access to technology, financial by women. However, there are special mechanisms, and incentives. provisions for ‘bundling’ small projects, and projects can also be aggregated as 155. The capacity of officials and decision ‘Programs of Activities. makers must be enhanced to recognize
56 the differentiated needs of women and from area to area, and it is therefore men in transport, and this understanding essential for policy makers and needs to be reflected in policy. transport operators to gather information locally in line with best gender balancing 156. A sustainable transport strategy practice in order to understand the is furthermore needed to take into characteristics of women when they account the sector’s impact on climate consider sustainable transport initiatives change, e.g. on the environment and to combat climate change. air pollution, energy conservation, traffic congestion, and passenger 158. Opportunities should be identified safety, taking into account the special where women can be included in the requirements of women. transport economy.
157. Enhance public transportation 159. The needs of women should be included systems and provide access to public in the design and implementation of transportation for women and men. The public transport spaces. particular balance among these will vary
57 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: ENERGY AND TRANSPORT
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Disaggregated data Development of studies in the Disaggregated • Universities, on energy supply, energy sector database established • Research consumption and Centers demand by gender Coordinate with research National policies and • Ministry of available institutes to conduct studies programs on energy Energy both in rural and urban areas are gender sensitive • High Council of Energy Revision of national legislation on energy in order to ensure that gender considerations are taken into account
To encourage women Development of public Number of training • Ministry of and men in their awareness campaigns in courses held to rise Energy communities to reduce schools, community centers women’s capacity • High Council of the emission of GHG at and places of worship to bring Energy household level about behavioral change Number of communities • EEAA involved in campaigns • Gender Unit Development of public • National campaigns to encourage Reduction of per capita Council for citizens to reduce amount of consumption Women electricity consumption • NGOS Water saving per Introduce a program for household measuring carbon footprint within the household Amount of Co2 reduction per Develop and introduce household carbon taxes and incentives for energy saving Reduction in energy bills Introduce an eco-labeling system Number of women trained on eco-labeling Develop training campaigns on eco-labeling with women and women organizations
58 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: ENERGY AND TRANSPORT (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To promote the Promote the participation of Number of solar panels • EEAA participation of women women and men in renewal installed • Gender Unit and men in renewal energy efforts at household • National energy efforts at level Number of wind Council for household level through technologies used by Women the introduction of Campaigns to encourage women • NGOs efficient, innovative and families to switch to solar sustainable systems of panels or wind energy Increase number of energy use energy efficient bulbs Conduct a program to used from 6 to 80 promote solar heaters in rural millions in three years areas through women Reduction of wood Training course for women consumption and men for maintenance and management of PV panels Number of houses and wind technologies using composting
Introduce composting as an Kind of technologies alternative to produce energy available for women and to eliminate waste Number of women Establish financial accessing funds mechanism (energy fund for women) to assist in Number of women having efficient household working in official appliances energy units & projects on cleaner production
To create awareness Design and conduct training Number of women • Ministry of on the relation between course for women and trained Transport climate change and women groups • Women NGOs transportation in Reduce emissions • Committee for women and women Develop initiatives and Sustainable groups programs that encourage Number of women car- Transport women to use public pooling • EEAA transportation
59 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: ENERGY AND TRANSPORT (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To build awareness Revision of transportation Gender-sensitive • Ministry of and influence policies and programs to transportation policies Transport decision makers reflect women’s needs in place • Women NGOs on the relationship • Committee for between transportation Assess the viability and put Innovative system to Sustainable policies and programs in place an innovative public reduce GHG emissions, Transport and gender transportation system through in hands of women • EEAA the Nile in hands of the women Number of women as concessionaries of Identified possible women “water taxis” in Cairo NGOs or Unions Increase in income Design of the system in household and a reduction in electricity bills
To take into account Incentivize conversion Number of projects • MSEV and integrate both projects to renewable energy operated by or • MSEA gender and the converted to renewable • Ministry of principles of a Green Integrate gender energy and lead by Education, Economy, renewable mainstreaming into the women • Ministry of and efficient energy strategy and raise awareness Culture use, in the development Number of women and • Cabinet and implementation of Calculate and track savings men adapting this new • Media this Strategy gained through conversion strategy • Civil Society of energy • Local Number of houses Authorities Calculate and track women operated by/converted involved in conversion to renewable energy of energy Reduction of energy subsidies per year in United States Dollars
60 8. PRIORITY SECTOR 7: URBANIZATION
Women as Agent of Change: Urbanization
• When urban design and services— female labor force in urban areas can including water, sanitation, transport bring economic benefits that go far and markets—address women beyond a single town or city. The Food empowerment and promote equal and Agriculture Organization (FAO) opportunities, greater social and highlights the “major role” of female economic benefits can be achieved. urban migrants in “reducing rural • Women can and do contribute to poverty by sending money back to their disaster management and the home villages.” creation of resilient communities. • UN-HABITAT’s Global Report on Promoting women’s equal leadership in Human Settlements 2005: Financing adopting more environmentally sound Urban Shelter notes that micro-credit practices—for example, around fuel institutions, which have largely focused use (for cooking and lighting) and in on giving small entrepreneurs the credit materials for home reconstruction—can they need to set up and expand their reduce the negative impact of disasters. businesses, have recognized “the • Women play a strong role in importance of home-based income- mobilizing communities in post-crisis generating activities, particularly reconstruction, and their contributions for women. should be further encouraged. • When urban design and services— • As women gain more equality in the including water, sanitation, transport economic sphere, the effects of and markets—address gender poverty on families can also be discrimination and promote equal reduced. The World Bank states that opportunities, greater social and studies from developing and developed economic benefits can be achieved. countries “consistently show that • With more of them expanding into when mothers have greater control loans for housing, “they have become over resources, more resources are key partners in municipal initiatives allocated to food and to children’s health to improve the living conditions of (including nutrition) and education.” poor households in both urban and • Unleashing the full potential of the rural areas”.
61 Situation Analysis: Urbanization with rural to urban migration cause staggering rates of population increase 160. Climate change is one of the most of almost 4% annually in Egypt’s dangerous threats ever faced by urban centers47. humankind. Fuelled by two powerful human-induced forces that have 163. In 2008, Cairo, Egypt’s capital had a been unleashed by development population of an estimated 18 million and manipulation of the environment people. The city has been deeply in the industrial age, the effects of transformed by global dynamics of urbanization and climate change are urbanization that have increased its converging in ways that threaten to population by more than six times in the have unprecedented negative impacts last 60 years. While the in-migration of on urban quality of life, and economic rural population has represented one of and social stability. the major fueling factors for this urban expansion, recent studies have shown 161. Egypt’s cities are growing fast and will that this is no more the case. While in continue to grow. Although Egypt is the 1960 35% of Cairo’s inhabitants were only large country to have become less born outside the city, by 1996 this urban in the last 30 years, according number had reduced to 12%48. The to the World Bank44, nonetheless the capital’s growth is now due mainly to current level of urbanization in Egypt is natural population increase and to the 50.4% of total population living in cities, incorporation of surrounding villages and is expected to rise to 59.6% in and rural populations49. 202545.The urban population growth rate is predicted at 2.41% for 2010 to 2015 164. Cities around the world are responsible and is expected to decrease to 2.08% for up to 70% of the world’s harmful for 2020 to 202546. greenhouse gas emissions. If these cities don’t take action for a sustainable 162. With an annual national population change, there will be a deadly collision growth rate of 2.2–3% over the past between urbanization and climate decades, Egypt has approximately change, according to the United 1million new citizens to house every 8 Nations Human Settlements Program months. Population growth combined (UN-Habitat)50.
44 World Bank. 2011.World Development Indicators. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators 45 UN Habitat. 2011. Egypt- Statistics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/nafrica/egypt.htm 46 UN Habitat. 2011. Egypt- Statistics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/nafrica/egypt.htm 47 GIZ. 2011. The Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas, Egypt, http://egypt-urban.net/context/urbanisation-in-egypt 48 Vignal, L. and Denis, E. 2006. Cairo as Regional-Global Economic Capital? In: Singerman, D. and Amar, P., Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture and Urban Space in the New Globalised Middle East. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo. 49 Development Planning Unit, University College London, and Urban Training Institute. 1999. An Overview of the Water Supply and Sanitation System at Metropolitan and Peri-Urban Level: The Case of Greater Cairo Region. Unpublished Draft Paper, Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2011/GRHS.2011.Abridged.English.pdf 50 UN Habitat. 2011. Egypt- Statistics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/nafrica/egypt.htm.
62 165. Egypt’s growing population also puts Gender and urbanization52 pressures on available land, and urbanization poses a serious threat to 169. The processes of urbanization and agricultural land resources in Egypt. the nature and scale of rural-urban Population growth and extension of migration have to some extent been inhabited areas increase the waste shaped by gender roles and relations. disposal causing deterioration of river water quality51. 170. Urban planning has to date focused, to a large extent, on physical and spatial 166. Coastal cities that are at risk from aspects of urban development. However, storms will be doubly at risk as sea- there is increasing recognition of the level rise increases hazards from discrimination women face in relation to coastal flooding and erosion. The access to employment, housing, basic scale of the risk from these extreme services etc., and the need more effort weather events is much influenced by some governments and international by the quality of housing and agencies to reduce this53. infrastructure in that city, the extent to which urban planning and land- 171. Women in cities often suffer use management have successfully disproportionately, not only because ensured risk reduction within urban they are, on average, poorer than men construction and expansion, and the (three-fifths of the world’s one billion level of preparedness among the city’s poorest people are women and girls), population and key emergency services. but often also because they experience greater difficulty in accessing resources 167. Urban areas therefore have a pivotal and services tailored to their needs, and role in both climate change mitigation decision-making opportunities. and adaptation, including both threats as well as an equally compelling set 172. At the same time many of those forced of opportunities. to live in slums and informal settlements that are often built on marginal or 168. The concentration of people, industries dangerous land that is not deemed and infrastructure in cities in Egypt, suitable for permanent residential as well as other social and cultural structures, such as steep slopes, activities, can make urban areas flood plains or industrial areas. Faulty vehicles of innovation, where strategies construction methods and missing can be catalyzed to reduce greenhouse or inadequate infrastructure design gas emissions and to improve coping contribute further to slope degradation. mechanisms and reduce vulnerability to These populations are even more climate change impacts. vulnerable to the impacts of climate
51 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt. 52 Women Watch. 2010. Gender Equality and Sustainable Urbanization. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/urban/ 53 Rachel Masika,R., de Haan, A. and Baden,S. 1997. Urbanization and Urban Poverty: A Gender Analysis. BRIDGE No. 57. Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex Brighton. United Kingdom.
63 change, such as heavy rain, flash floods Recommendations: Urbanization and landslides. 177. A gender equality perspective of urban 173. Even in cases where woman-headed poverty is important because men and households do not necessarily suffer women experience and respond to worse conditions than other slum poverty in different ways. Access to dwellers, shelter is a good place to start income and assets, housing, transport for empowering women. For women, the and basic services is influenced home is often not only a place to live, by gender-based constraints and but where they raise their children and opportunities. Gender-blind urban perhaps work to earn their living. services provision may not meet the needs of women if their priorities are not 174. Many development agencies have noted taken into consideration. that women tend to have lower rates of decision-making and participation in 178. Successful responses to the challenges disaster management activities. Yet, of climate change will require changes they are often severely affected. in how urban areas in Egypt operate. Such responses also demand 175. Over the last few decades, there has closer coordination between local been substantial progress in women’s governments, civil society, community access to power and decision-making, and private sector stakeholders, while at but there is still persistent under- the same time building new connections representation by women in politics. between central power structures Women make up only 9 per cent of and marginalized segments of urban mayors and 21 per cent of female populations. councilors in the world. Only 18 per cent of members of parliament are women. 179. Attention to gender issues in the design and implementation of urban water and 176. Women are most often careers for the sanitation programs can bring wide elderly. But with increased urbanization health, social and economic benefits to and greater numbers entering the women and their communities. workforce, women are less likely to be at home during the day to spend time 180. A growing number of urban governance with older relatives. While governments programs and tools have been promote more gender equitable work developed to improve women’s places, they should also invest in participation and empowerment, gender-responsive programs and targeting diverse groups of women services for older people, providing not from the grassroots to technical experts only care but also support for them to to the highest levels of academia stay active. and politics. By empowering citizens
64 and enabling them to request greater 181. In future, Egypt will therefore have to gender equality and accountability, create more environmentally sustainable these initiatives play a strong role urban development. For urbanization in helping towns and cities develop to be sustainable, governments, into vibrant and sustainable living policy makers and the development environments, with equitable economic community need to understand the and social benefits. gender impacts of rural-urban migration, international migration, slum growth and rapid urbanization.
65 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: URBANIZATION
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To integrate climate Following up of building Adoption of building • MoH change issues and code law for adoption by code law • The Cabinet gender participation in people assembly as priority in • MoEE urban planning its agenda Start up enforcing • EEAA this law • Ministry Operationalization of higher of Local council for green building Adequate gender Development with emphasis on women representation in • MoT participation in the council the council • NGOs
Endorse the coordination Concrete operational between different sectors decisions taken by (landscaping, energy, the council transportation & waste) Number of integrated Capacity building and training actions done by for transformation towards the municipality green building showing reduction in GHGs emission and/ Distributing social services or adaptation and (schools, hospitals, markets) measures to climate in new urban areas to cover change percentage of all women needs in an women share in council appropriate way decision making and activity implementation
Number of social services well distributed
66 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: URBANIZATION (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Enhancement of Building the capacity towards Number of trainees • NGOs capacity building, adoption of green building and attendees in • MoF public awareness concepts in urban planning green building sector • MoH for successful and implementation and integrated urban implementation planning Using the concept of sustainable transport within Decreased pressure on and between new urban areas private transport. (public transport, roads, traffic management, etc.) Decreased number of patents with respiratory Amending the existing EIA disease (public health template to include climate enhanced). proof provisions Energy saving bulbs Conducting public awareness campaigns to increase the Number of CFL bulbs participation of women in used in households and energy efficiency, waste man- commercial centers agement in new urban areas. increased.
Integrating environmental Recycling activities of awareness activities using solid waste increased. different tools in different stages of education Number of schools (magazines, movies, songs applying these tools & plays) increased
To analyze women Ensure all women Women needs • MoH needs to be integrated needs integrated in the integrated in the • The Cabinet in the building code building code building code • MoEE regulations and law • EEAA through deliberation • Ministry process with women in of Local urban areas Development • MoT • NGOs
67 9. PRIORITY SECTOR 8: tons from industrial sources and 30 WASTE MANAGEMENT million tons from agricultural sources, according to estimates for the year 2000.
Women as Agent of Change: 184. The total amount of municipal wastewater Waste Management generated annually is approximately 4 billion m3, according to estimates from • In rural areas, the access to year 2000. About 45% of the generated sanitation infrastructure is domestic wastewater is treated in important for women as caretakers wastewater treatment plants (see section of the family to ensure food on water), with the rest either remaining hygiene, clean drinking water, untreated or treated through on-site garbage collection, and adequate facilities such as septic tanks. personal hygiene. • Women are responsible for 185. Industrial wastewater is well controlled household sanitation and the by successive laws developed since disposal of wastewater and solid 1962, and which limit the concentration waste, and they therefore have of pollutants in the effluent.Approximately an important role in ensuring safe 8% of municipal solid waste is compost- disposal of waste and recycling, ed, 2% recycled, 2% land-filled and 88% if given access to information disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites. and technologies. • Women farmers are responsible 186. Agricultural wastes are used in the for agriculture waste management production of organic fertilizers, animal and disposal, and if their capacity is fodder and food or energy production built and they are allowed access to (biogas – see energy). A large amount decision-making, they can increase of agricultural waste is openly burned in environmental sustainability of the fields and national efforts are being agriculture production considerably. exerted to minimize this practice.
187. Solid waste is one of the largest sectors causing pollution in Egypt, but also Situation Analysis: Waste a significant contributor to climate Management Sector54 change. Solid waste contributes directly to greenhouse gas emissions through 182. Egypt generates mainly two categories the generation of methane from the of waste, i.e. solid waste and effluent. anaerobic decay of waste in landfills, and the emission of nitrous oxide from 183. The total annual amount of solid waste solid waste combustion facilities. Both generated in Egypt is about 17 million of these greenhouse gases have high tons from municipal sources, 6 million global warming potential: methane
54 EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo. Egypt.
68 has 21 times the warming potential of 192. To achieve effective community waste carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide has management, municipalities and NGOs/ 310 times the warming potential. CDAs need to understand and respond to gender differentiated roles and Gender in the interests in waste management. Waste Management Sector 193. Women should be involved with men 188. According to CENACT55 (Community as waste management planners and Environment Action Project) both women decision makers, as mobilizers and and men (and children and youth of both awareness raisers, as discerning sexes) are involved in the production clients of waste management of agricultural and domestic waste. services, as receivers of social and Likewise, they are also negatively economic benefits, and as organizers affected by waste pollution increasing of on-going activities that builds health risks and decreasing quality of life. on the achievements of successful However, women (due to their role as waste management. health keepers) suffers a double burden, as they also carry much of the costs 194. Women’s role in recycling and waste incurred through looking after the sick, management within the household made ill by poor waste management. includes a variety of opportunities. These include recognizing women 189. Household members have different roles as an important partner in reducing in handling different types of waste and GHG emissions associated with in carrying out hygiene and cleanliness waste disposal. practices in the home and community. 195. Additionally, recycling can become 190. Women, in particular, are key managers a profitable activity, such is the case of household waste and cleanliness and of plastic, glass and aluminum and of guiding hygiene practices of children. for which many social enterprise Woman at home acts as the enforcer opportunities exist that are suitable for of recycling. Therefore, women’s take-up by women, and that have the support of and contribution to waste potential to increase household income. management is essential. 196. Incentives are essential to promote Recommendations: Waste the investments in the Integrated Solid Management Sector Waste Management (ISWM) and using principles of Reject, Recycle and Reuse 191. To develop an integrated waste (RRR), in order to increase the share of management system taking into women in this sector. consideration gender aspects.
55 CENACT. 2005. Gender Equality Strategy. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.egyptpsu.com/Cida/UserFiles/Image/PDF/Gender/ policies%20and%20strategies/CENACT%20GENDER%20EQUALITY%20STRATEG-latest-with%20workplan.pdf
69 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: WASTE MANAGEMENT
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
To develop an Analysis of waste Updated gender- • EEAA integrated waste management from a sensitive action plan • NGO’s management system gender perspective for integrated waste • Local taking into consideration management Governments gender aspects Assessment of national • Private Sector policies and plans from a Number of gender gender perspective training courses for decision-makers and Building capacity of implementers implementing agencies Number of stakeholders Involvement of other sector involve stakeholders (including academia, research centers, Percentage reduction in local governments, NGO’s solid waste and effluent and private sector) in all process Reduction of GHG associated with waste
To enhance women’s Raise women and women Number of trained • EEAA role in community NGOs awareness about women in waste • NGO’s waste management waste management and process • Private Sector initiatives related projects at urban and • Local rural areas Number of women Governments implementing waste • Health Train women in separation management in their Institutions from source (sorting) community (Monitoring) to facilitate recycling in urban areas Number of waste management project • EEAA Support women in waste lead by women • NGO’s recycling programs through • Media NGO’s, local governments Reduction of disease • Women NGOs and private sector in urban associated with • Local and rural area pollution in communities Governments
70 EXAMPLES OF ACTION: WASTE MANAGEMENT (CONT.)
INDICATORS OBJECTIVES ACTION STEPS OF SUCCESS RESPONSIBLE
Provide technical support for Number of campaigns new mechanisms such as: and clubs waste minimization club and raise media role for change consumption pattern
To encourage and Identify case studies that Number of waste • EEAA support projects and achieve good results projects lead by women • NGO’s initiatives on waste • Private Sector reduction which protect Support projects solving Incentives available for • Local environment and have problem with direct benefit for start up business Government business appeal women such both in urban and rural areas as: biogas Number of female jobs units, recycling products, created and composting. Increase in income
71 INSTITUTIONAL S:C IMPERATIVES
197. The following institutional imperatives 2. ENSURE THAT are build upon the existing national GENDER CRITERIA institutional set ups for gender and (WHERE RELEVANT) climate change issues to ensure optimal ARE INCORPORATED IN benefit and delivery. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS AND 1. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS ASSOCIATED COORDINATION FOR WITH CLIMATE CHANGE SUPPORTING THE IN EGYPT MAINSTREAMING OF GENDER IN CLIMATE 200. The Third National Communications CHANGE EFFORTS project funded by the GEF and implemented by UNDP and EEAA is 198. It is highly recommended that provision an existing platform to mainstream should be made within the composition gender issues in programs and projects of the National Inter-ministerial due to its mandate to prepare Egypt’s Committee on Climate Change, to future projects pipeline in mitigation include a permanent gender expert and adaptation. with a dedicated Terms of Reference. This gender expert should be a person 201. Also the planning and follow up with a credible track record in gender, department in EEAA could play a critical environment and development. The role in mainstreaming the gender issues expert will be required to maintain in climate change national projects in close ties with other gender experts at next five years plan (2012-2017) through the national and international level to direct and close communication with the ensure efficiency and representatively. gender unit in the Ministry of Planning.
199. It is important to utilize the current 202. Utilized the DAG sub group on energy gender focal point in EEAA and in the and environment chaired by one of RBOs and other gender focal point the donors agencies and co chaired in concerning ministries who are well by EEAA to oversee the integration of trained to mainstream gender issues at gender issues in climate change donors the regional and local level funded projects.
72 203. It is also strongly recommended that this Program should develop the capacity a Gender Consultative Support Group to promote gender equality and equity. to the gender expert in the Inter- Ministerial Committee be established. 207. Training therefore needs to be tailored- The necessary expertise could be made and targeted on specific issues, drawn from gender focal points from such as gender and water or gender international organizations, the gender and energy, for example. Training unit in line ministries and EEAA, women should furthermore be systematic, organizations and donors, amongst continuous, and adapted to the duties others. Particular attention should be and responsibilities assigned to each given to the establishment of gender- person within a division or project. sensitive reporting, monitoring and evaluation systems. 208. In the case of projects undertaken in the field, it cannot be said that traditional 204. It is strongly recommended to training in gender has been particularly strengthen the capacity of the civil effective in bringing about the required society for mainstreaming gender issues changes in sustainable development in climate change projects at the local and environmental interventions. level. As the GEF is the contributor to climate change programs and projects. 209. A learning-by-doing or experiential It is recommended to integrate gender learning approach has, however, issues in the upcoming strategy of Small greatly aided program and project staff Grants Program for OP 5. to incorporate gender issues within the project and program cycle, to distil 3. STRENGTHEN CAPACITY OF lessons from the field, and to support IMPLEMENTERS OF bottom-up policy development. THE STRATEGY 210. Of vital importance in this capacity 205. Climate change activities will require building process is the need to build combined efforts from different awareness of climate change issues sectors and stakeholders. Therefore among women’s organizations in there is a need to develop a common Egypt. This will allow participating understanding on what gender organizations to identify opportunities considerations associated with climate for their full participation in the change are. processes and implementation of the Convention on Climate Change. 206. Gender workshops or training courses should never be stigmatized as 211. The importance of the development of specialized courses reserved only for a specific training protocol that will form “Gender Specialists” or for women an integral part of this Program cannot alone. It is important that all staff, be underestimated. Various institutions policy advisors, and senior managers within Egypt can support this process, associated with the implementation of such as IUCN and UNDP.
73 4. SECURE ON-GOING 213. Bilateral meetings with important COMMITMENTS FROM international funding mechanism such FUNDERS TO SUPPORT as the GEF could be pursued and THE STRATEGY FOR have proven very successful in other MAINSTREAMING GENDER instances. A useful platform for such IN CLIMATE CHANGE meetings could for example be the COPs EFFORTS IN EGYPT and associated negotiating meetings.
212. An intensive campaign for fundraising for the full implementation of this Program will be necessary. As an initial activity, donor meetings could be conducted to present the Strategy to interested parties.
74 ANNEX 1: POPULATION ESTIMATE A:1 BY SEX &GOVERNORATE 2010
75 ANNEX 2: GENDER RECOMMENDATION A:2 FOR TNC
GENDER change (Output 3.2) in priority areas RECOMMENDATIONS of agriculture, water, costal zones, FOR ENABLING ACTIVITIES and new areas, as identified in the FOR THE PREPARATION OF gender and climate change strategy EGYPT THIRD NATIONAL for Egypt: tourism, health, energy COMMUNICATION TO and transportation, urbanization, THE UNFCCC and waste.
I. Integrate gender considerations in c. Take into account new policies and Outcome 2: Updated report on policies research on adaptation to climate and measures to mitigate climate change change with a gender perspective, prepared and capacity to collect this and provide a listing of potential and information on an on-going basis for current adaptation measures with a future NCs strengthened gender lens in Egypt (Output 3.3).
II. Include gender considerations in d. Integrate gender considerations in Outcome 3: Updated assessment of Vulnerability and Adaptation Chapter climate changes, vulnerability to climate (Output 3.4). Involve gender experts change and measures to adapt to climate in review medium-term and long-term change prepared; capacity to collect scenarios for all priority areas and this information on an on-going basis for national workshop to highlight findings future NCs strengthened from the V&A study and gather comments (Activities 3.4.1 and 3.4.6) a. Incorporate gender disaggregated socio-economic data in long-term III. Include the National Strategy on Gender climate change scenarios (Activity and Climate Change in Egypt as a policy 3.1.4) in analysis of climate change in paper and conduct a briefing for decision- Egypt (Output 3.1) makers on integrating gender in TNC (Output 4) b. Include gender consideration, collect gender disaggregated data, IV. Compile and synthesize information and include gender analysis in the relevant to Article 6 of the UNFCCC assessment of vulnerability to climate (education, training, and public
76 awareness), and Article 4 (technology VI. Include women and women’s transfer), with gender considerations organizations as stakeholders (Output 4.2) and integrate climate change participating in the Project Steering into new national policy on women Committee, and gender expert as one of (Activity 4.2.2) the TNC project experts (Output PM 2)
V. Identify and hire appropriate national gender expert to conduct research and participate in TNC process (Output PM 1)
77 ANNEX 3: LIST OF A:3 PARTICIPANTS
MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT 17th–19th of May, Cairo, Egypt
S. No. NAME ORGANIZATION TITLE EMAIL
1 Ahmed Farouk Mohamed Center of Development Programme Manager [email protected] CDR Service
2 Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Rehim CEDARE Regional Knowledge Management Program Manager
3 Dr. Amr Abdel-Meguid CEDARE Senior Regional Specialist
4 Alshimaa Ahmed EEAA
5 Dr. Azza Shalaby Plan Egypt, a children’s Gender adviser development NGO
6 Ms.Bahiga Hussien Media – Al Ahaly News [email protected] Paper Egyptian Institution of Right for Development
7 Mr. Basem Sayed CEOSS Deputy Manager
8 Eman Ismail Abd Elaal Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
9 Ms. Fatma El Mallah League of Arab States Adviser to the Secretary (LAS) General of the League of Arab States on Climate Change
78 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT (CONT.) 17th–19th of May, Cairo, Egypt
S. No. NAME ORGANIZATION TITLE EMAIL
10 Eng. Fady Ramzy “My Egypt” Electronic Editor in Chief www.myegyptmag.com Magazine
11 Eng. Galal Moawad Care International Senior Community Development Expert
12 Dr. Hala Yossery Ministry of Agriculture and Researcher, Desert Land Reclamation Research Center (DRC
13 Hassan Baraka Media
14 Ms. Heba Shawary EEAA Head of Agreements heba_shrawy@ and International yahoo.com Organization
15 Mr. Khaled Mubarak Environmental Section, Deputy Head of khaled.mubarak@ Al-Ahram Media Delegation yahoo.com
16 Ms. Lamiaa Imam Egyptian office for Youth and Development
17 Dr. Mawaheb Abou El-Azm EEAA Chief Executive Officer [email protected]
18 Dr. Mahmoud Roushdy Research Institute for Researcher Ministry of Climate Change and Water Resources and Environment Irrigation
19 Mr. Mohammed Abd Elhakim Egyptian Institution of Researcher Right for Development
20 Dr. Mohamed Alraey Dean of the Institute of 03-4285792 [email protected] Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University
79 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT (CONT.) 17th–19th of May, Cairo, Egypt
S. No. NAME ORGANIZATION TITLE EMAIL
21 Mohamed Ali Fahem Agricultural Research Researcher ali.mohamed73@ Center gmail.com
22 Dr. Mohamed Bayoumi UNDP National Project mohamed.bayoumi@ Coordinator- GEF undp.org Program Officer
23 Dr.Mohamed Tawfik Suez Canal University Professor
24 Mohey El-Dien Mohamed Agricultural Research Researcher in Agricultural [email protected] Saed Center Research Center
25 Ms. Mona Arishi CDR
26 Eng. Nagwa Al-Khashab Ministry of Water General Director for Resources and Irrigation water advisory
27 Dr. Omar El-Badawy CEDARE Regional Land Resources Programme Manager
28 Dr. Samia Abdel-Aziz Barsi Consultant [email protected] CDR
29 Dr. Sayed Sabry EEAA Project Manager The Third National Communication Project
30 Dr. Samir Tantawy EEAA Head of Mitigation in Climate Change Department
31 Samia El-Marsafawy Agricultural Research Agro Meteorology Climate samia.mahmoud@ Center Change Specialist yahoo.com
80 MULTI-STAKEHOLDER WORKSHOP TO DEVELOP A NATIONAL STRATEGY FOR GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN EGYPT (CONT.) 17th–19th of May, Cairo, Egypt
S. No. NAME ORGANIZATION TITLE EMAIL
32 Ms. Shahira Wahbi League of Arab States Chief of SD & International [email protected] (LAS) Environmental Cooperation
33 Ms. Samah Saleh EEAA Coordinator: EEAA Gender Unit
34 Ms. Vivian Fayez CEOSS Deputy Manager of projects and agreements
35 Ms. Yasmine Fouad EEAA Director of Global Environment Facility (GEF) Unit
81 SUPPORT SD: DOCUMENTS
Afaf Marei, A. 2009. Second Shadow Report for the CEDAW Coalition Egypt. The Egyptian Association for Community Participation Enhancement (EACPE). Cairo, Egypt.
Aguilar, L. 2009. Training Manual on Gender and Climate Change. IUCN-GGCA. San José, Costa Rica.
Agrawala, S., Moehner, A., El Raey, M., Conway, D., van Aalst, M., Hagenstad, M., Smith, J. 2004. Development and Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile. OECD. Paris, France.
Arab League. Arab Framework Action Plan for dealing with issues of climate change (in press).
Aziz, N. 2010. Integrating Gender in Water Management Projects: Egypt Case Study. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://ressources.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a62/06002404.pdf.
CAPMAS. 2010. Distribution of Population (10 years & over) by Sex & Educational Status According to Final Results of 2006 Population Census. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/egypt/finalpop/12.pdf.
CAPMAS. 2010. Status of Man & Woman in Egypt. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.msrintranet.capmas.gov.eg/pls/educ/wom_man_e?lang=0&lname=free.
CAPMAS. 2011. Population Estimates By Sex & Governorate 1/7/2010. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/egypt10/pop10/6.pdf.
CAPMAS. 2011. Base Population Data. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.capmas.gov.eg/.
CENACT. 2005. Gender Equality Strategy. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.egyptpsu.com/Cida/UserFiles/Image/PDF/Gender/policies%20and%20strategies/ CENACT%20GENDER%20EQUALITY%20STRATEG-latest-with%20workplan.pdf.
82 CIHEAM. 2007.Mainstreaming Gender Dimensions in Water Management for Food Security and Food Safety. Options Méditerranéennes, Serie A n.77. Sagardoy,J.A., Lamaddalena, N., Quagliariello, R., Chimonidou, D., Geulloubi, R. and Pinca, V. (eds).Larnaca, Cyprus.
Costello, A., M. Abbas, A. Allen, S. Ball, S. Bell, R. Bellamy, S. Friel, N. Groce, A. Johnson, M. Kett, M. Lee, C. Levy, M. Maslin, D. McCoy, B. McGuire, H. Montgomery, D. Napier, C. Pagel, J. Patel, J. A. Puppim de Oliveira, N. Redclift, H. Rees, D. Rogger, J. Scott, J. Stephenson, J. Twigg, J. Wolff and C. Patterson. 2009. Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission. The Lancet, 373 (9676):1693–1733.
Development Planning Unit, University College London, and Urban Training Institute. 1999. An Overview of the Water Supply and Sanitation System at Metropolitan and Peri-Urban Level: The Case of Greater Cairo Region. Unpublished Draft Paper, Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2011/GRHS.2011.Abridged.English.pdf Egypt, SNC, 2010.
EEAA. 1999. Egypt Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt.
EEAA. 2010. Egypt Second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Cairo, Egypt.
EEAA. 2010. Egyptian Environmental Policy Framework. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/english/main/Policies.asp.
Egyptian Organization for Development Rights. 2011. Report on the economic deprivation and legal exclusion of rural women in Egypt. The Egyptian Organization for Development Rights. Cairo, Egypt.
El Feiky, A. 2007. Problems Facing Female Participants in The Egyptian Labor Force. Dissertation. American University of Cairo. Egypt.
GIZ. 2011. The Participatory Development Program in Urban Areas, Egypt. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://egypt-urban.net/context/urbanisation-in-egypt.
Guenena N., Lambert V., Radwan H. 2010. Gender Assessment and Analysis: USAID/Egypt. USAID. Washington, USA.
Handoussa, H. 2010. Situation Analysis: Key Development Challenges Facing Egypt. UNDP- Ministry of International Cooperation. Cairo, Egypt.
83 Hamilton, K. 2001. Gender and Transport in Developed Countries. Background Paper for the Expert Workshop “Gender Perspectives for Earth Summit 2002: Energy, Transport, Information for Decision-Making” Berlin, Germany. University of East London, UK. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: www.unedforum.org and www.earthsummit2002.org Workshop website www.earthsummit2002.org/workshop.
IPCC. 2007. Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). IPCC. Switzerland.
IPCC. 2001. Climate change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Houghton, J. T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden,P.J., Dai, X., Maskell K., and Johnson, C.A. (eds.). Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
IPCC. 2001. Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Report of Working Group II of the International Panel on Climate Change. IPCC. Switzerland.
Masika,R., de Haan, A. and Baden,S. 1997. Urbanization and Urban Poverty: A Gender Analysis. BRIDGE No. 57. Institute of Development Studies University of Sussex Brighton. United Kingdom.
Ministry of Economic Development. 2010. Egypt’s Progress towards Achieving the MDGs. Cairo. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.mop.gov.eg/PDF/2010%20MDGR_English_R51.pdf.
OECD. 2010. Gender Equality and Social Institutions in the Arab Republic of Egypt. Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://genderindex.org/country/egypt-arab-rep.
Sherman, D. 2009. Climate Change in Egypt: Rising Sea Level, Dwindling Water Supplies. Climate Institute. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.climate.org/topics/international-action/egypt.html.
UN Habitat. 2011. Egypt- Statistics. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://ww2.unhabitat.org/habrdd/conditions/nafrica/egypt.htm.
United Nations. 2010. The Millennium Development Goals Report. New York, USA.
UNDP. 2007. Human Development Report 2007/2008 Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world. New York, USA.
84 UNDP and Institute of National Planning. 2010. Egypt Human Development Report. Cairo. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.undp.org.eg/Portals/0/EHDR%202010/NHDR%202010%20english.pdf
Vignal, L. and Denis, E. 2006. Cairo as Regional-Global Economic Capital? In: Singerman, D. and Amar, P., Cairo Cosmopolitan: Politics, Culture and Urban Space in the New Globalized Middle East. American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt.
Women Watch. 2010. Gender Equality and Sustainable Urbanization. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/urban/.
World Bank. 2003. Arab Republic of Egypt Gender Assessment. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTMNAREGTOPGENDER/Resources/CGA.pdf.
World Bank. 2009. Gender and Agriculture Sourcebook. Washington, USA.
World Bank. 2011.World Development Indicators. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
85