EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Dividers_country profiles.indd 6 15/11/2016 15:07:26 Dividers_country profiles.indd 9 28/10/2014 11:08:38
− Australia −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Australia covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Between 2010 and 2015, 14 persons were prosecuted for trafficking in persons; ten males and four women. During the same period, nine persons (six women and three men) were convicted in first instance or after retrial. Four of the persons convicted were foreigners, while five were Australian citizens (four of them foreign-born).
Source: The Office of the Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions.
Victims
Victims of trafficking referred to the Support for Trafficked People Program, by age and gender, 2010-June 2015 35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 Jan- 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 June2015 Women 2081419259 Men 822252 girls 310 24 Boys 1 Source: The Department of Social Services /Australian Red Cross.
Victims of trafficking referred to the Support for Trafficked People Program, by form of exploitation, 2010-June 2015 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Jan- 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 June2015 Unknown 1 Debt bondage 1 Forced marriages 26 domestic servitude 0216115 removal of organs 100 forced labour 1044352 sexual exploitation 20 5 11 12 13 2
Source: The Department of Social Services /Australian Red Cross.
- Cambodia −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Cambodia covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Victims
Number of repatriated victims of trafficking in persons, by countries of return and gender, 2014
Males Females Saudi Arabia, China, 1 Indonesia, 1 23
Malaysia, 23 China, 13 Thailand, Malaysia, 15 108 Saudi Arabia, 7
Source: National Committee for Counter Trafficking.
Number of repatriated victims of trafficking in persons, by form or sector of exploitation, 2014 Other, 4 Marriage, 13
Forced labour: construction, 46
Forced labour: Forced labour: fishing, 93 domestic work, 14
Forced labour: factory work, 19
Source: National Committee for Counter Trafficking.
− China −
The criminal code of China establishes as a crime the abduction of and trafficking in women and children, whereby the “children” are minors who are under the age of 14. Persons involved in the abduction of and trafficking in minors between the ages of 14 and 18 are prosecuted under the “crime of false imprisonment”. China criminalizes other forms of trafficking under other offences, including the crime of forced labour, the crime of organizing and coercing others into prostitution, the crime of organizing the sale of human organs, and the crime of organizing people with disabilities and children to beg.
Investigations and suspects
In 2010, 3,343 persons were arrested and 4,422 prosecuted for the crime of trafficking in women and children. For the crime of child trafficking, 231 persons were arrested and 222 prosecuted. For the crime of forced labour, 28 persons were arrested and 32 were prosecuted. For the crime of organized crime of prostitution, 2,223 persons were arrested and 2,142 prosecuted. For the crime of forced prostitution, 2,199 persons were arrested and 2,662 were prosecuted.
In 2011, 2,906 persons were arrested and 3,315 prosecuted for the crime of trafficking in women and children. For the crime of child trafficking, 289 persons were arrested and 254 prosecuted. For the crime of forced labour, 84 persons were arrested and 81 were prosecuted. For the crime of organized crime of prostitution, 2,280 persons were arrested and 2,267 prosecuted. For the crime of forced prostitution, 1,815 persons were arrested and 2,038 were prosecuted.
In 2012, 2,388 persons were arrested, 3,699 prosecuted and 2,801 convicted for the crime of trafficking in women and children. For the crime of child trafficking, 187 persons were arrested and 224 prosecuted. For the crime of forced labour, 87 persons were arrested, 100 were prosecuted and 27 convicted. For the crime of organized crime of prostitution, 2,246 persons were arrested, 2,163 prosecuted and 2,276 convicted. For the crime of forced prostitution, 1,638 persons were arrested and 1,920 were prosecuted.
In 2013, 1,849 persons were arrested, 2,395 prosecuted and 1,978 convicted for the crime of trafficking in women and children. For the crime of child trafficking, 173 persons were arrested and 192 prosecuted. For the crime of forced labour, 66 persons were arrested and 73 were prosecuted. For the crime of organized crime of prostitution, 2,186 persons
were arrested, 2,159 prosecuted and 2,029 convicted. For the crime of forced prostitution, 1,042 persons were arrested, 1,219 prosecuted and 1,109 convicted.
Source: Government of the People’s Republic of China.
Number of concluded cases from 2012 to 2015 2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0 Buying of Trafficking in Sale of human abducted Forced women and Forced labour organs by women and prostitution children organizations children 2012 1918 66 1024 17 10 2013 1131 51 606 2014 97853520248 2015 85344405
Source: Government of the People’s Republic of China.
Number of sentenced persons from 2012 to 2015
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Buying of Sale of Trafficking in abducted Forced human women and Forced labour women and prostitution organs by children children organizations 2012 2831 103 1737 27 9 2013 2018 97 1116 2014 1685 170 836 33 53 2015 1389 114 642
Source: Government of the People’s Republic of China.
Taiwan Province of China
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Taiwan Province of China criminalizes forced labour and sexual exploitation.
Investigations and suspects
Number of trafficking in persons cases investigated, by form of exploitation, 2008-2013 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 sexual exploitation 59 42 26 53 62 82 forced labour 40 46 77 73 86 84
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2008-2013 600
500
400
300
200
100
0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 sexual exploitation 452 233 346 259 408 103 forced labour 106 102 110 179 57 246
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2008-2013 400 376
350 300 300 287 300 270 250
200 174
150
100
50
0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
Victims
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2009-2013 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 females 258 258 229 396 319 male 71 66 90 66 47
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
Number of detected victims of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2009-2013 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 forced labour 244 279 263 310 245 sexual exploitation 85 45 56 152 121
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
Number of detected female victims of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2009-2013 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Females in forced labour 173 218 173 244 198 Females in sexual 85 40 56 152 121 explotation
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China
Number of victims of trafficking in persons detected, by origin, 2012-2013
Thailand, 36 Philippines, 98 Mainland China, 110 Cambodia, 24 Viet Nam, 369 Bangladesh, 27 Other, 3
Indonesia, 1,133
Source: Published information on Taiwan Province of China.
− Indonesia−
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Indonesia covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases of trafficking in persons investigated, 2012-June 2015 300
250
200
150 282 100 138 50 110 75 0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2013 250
200
150
100
50
0 2012 2013 Males 103 89 Females 120 58
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2012-June 2015 250
200
150
100 199 164 150 50 69
0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2012-June 2015 300
250
200
150 282
100 138 50 110 75
0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June 2015
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Victims
Number of victims detected by the criminal justice system, by gender and age, 2012-2013 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2012 2013 Adult Women 174 75 Adult Men 46 17 Girls 71 60 Boys 13
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Number of cases of trafficking, by form of exploitation, 2012
Source: Indonesia National Police and Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection.
Indonesian victims of trafficking repatriated, by country of repatriation, 2012- August 2015
Others, 4
North Africa Malaysia, 312 and the Middle East, 389
Other East Asia and the Pacific, 113
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
− Japan −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Japan covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of offences recorded for trafficking in persons, 2012-2015
Source: National Police Agency.
Persons investigated for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2015 60
50
40
30
20
10
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 18 12 14 14 Males 36 25 19 28
Source: National Police Agency.
Persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2015 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 13 10 10 7 Males 25 21 17 19
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2015
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by citizenship, 2012-2015
Other, 3
Thailand, 14
Japan, 94
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Victims Number of victims detected, by age and gender, 2010-2015
60
50
40
30
20
10
0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Women 35 45 25 14 18 44 Men 300004 Girls 402376 Boys 100
Source: National Police Agency/Ministry of Justice/Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Number of victims detected, by form of exploitation, 2010-2015 60
50
40
30
20
10
0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forced Marriage 3 Forced Labour 38 28 9 2 7 34 Sexual Exploitation 5 1718151420
Source: National Police Agency/Ministry of Justice/Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Number of victims detected, by country of citizenship, 2010-2012
Others, 5
Japan - Thailand, 20 domestic trafficking, 46
Philippines, 52
Source: National Police Agency/Ministry of Foreign Affairs/Ministry of Justice/ Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
− Malaysia −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Malaysia covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
The Royal Police reported that 800 cases of trafficking in persons were investigated between 2008 and 2014. Of these, 509 were cases of trafficking for sexual exploitation, and 291 were for forced labour.
Source: Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons.
The Attorney General reported that 38 cases of trafficking were prosecuted in 2014; 26 cases of trafficking for forced labour and 12 cases for sexual exploitation.
Source: Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons.
Victims
In 2014, 303 individuals were granted protection orders and placed in government shelters. In 2012, 309 victims were granted the same assistance. Out of the victims, 295 were female and eight were male. The main citizenships detected were Indonesia (141), Viet Nam (91), and the Philippines (31).
Source: Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons.
Victims
Number of detected victims of trafficking in persons, by legal status, 2010-November 2012
500 471 450 400 350 309 300 250 220 200 150 100 50 0 2010 2011 Jan-Dec2012
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs.
− Mongolia −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Mongolia covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of offences of trafficking in persons recorded, 2012-2015 16 14 12 10 8 14 6 10 11 4 9 2 0 2012 2013 2014 2015
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2015 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 12 5 2 14 Males 3652
Source: Ministry of Justice.
According to the national authorities, 16 persons (7 females and 9 males) were convicted for trafficking in persons in the period considered. All the convicted persons were Mongolian citizens.
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Victims
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, by age and gender, 2012-2015 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 women 26 11 2 12 girls 11738
The victims were mainly Mongolian citizens trafficked for sexual exploitation, with the exception of eight victims trafficked for forced labour.
Some victims were domestically trafficked (36), the rest were trafficked to China, Malaysia, India, and Singapore.
Source: Ministry of Justice.
− Myanmar −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Myanmar covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of trafficking in persons offences recorded, 2012-August 2015 140
120
100
80
60 120 124 102 40 82
20
0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-August 2015
Source: Anti-trafficking Police.
Persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-August 2015
400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan-August 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 219 188 215 137 Males 10681152106
Source: Anti-trafficking Police.
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012-2014 250
200
150
100
50
0 2012 2013 2014 Females 147 118 35 Males 70 51 27
Source: Anti-trafficking Police.
Victims
Cases of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2012-August 2015 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Jan-August 2012 2013 2014 2015 Others 1 Adoption 2311 Forced marriage 1348612168 Forced labour 69 107 146 130 Sexual exploitation 50 60 41 25
Source: Anti- Trafficking Police.
All the identified victims were local citizens trafficked abroad or domestically. When trafficked abroad, the largest number of cases were linked to China, Thailand, and Indonesia.
Source: Ministry of Home Affairs/Anti- Trafficking Police.
− Pacific Islands −
This section covers Fiji, the Marshall Islands, and Solomon Islands. The Marshall Islands criminalizes some aspects of trafficking in persons. Solomon Islands introduced a specific offence of trafficking in persons in 2012, while Fiji has had a specific offence on trafficking in persons since 2010. Solomon Islands and Fiji criminalize all aspects listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
In Fiji, between 2012 and December 2014, two cases concluded with the conviction of the prosecuted offenders. In the first case, four men (one Thai and three Chinese citizens) were convicted of trafficking in persons. In the second case, two Fijian men were convicted of slavery and trafficking in children. Source: High Court of Fiji/Office of the Director of Public Prosecution.
Considering the recent introduction of the specific offence on trafficking in persons, no convictions have been reported in Solomon Islands during the reporting period. Source: Human Trafficking in Solomon Islands - American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative.
In the Marshall Islands, two cases of transnational trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation were prosecuted in 2012. No convictions have been reported in the Marshall Islands during the reporting period. Source: Attorney General Office.
Victims
In Fiji, in the two cases reported above, three Thai women, and three Fijian females (one adult and two minors) were trafficked for sexual exploitation in Fiji. Source: High Court of Fiji.
Concerning Fiji, the Committee on the Rights of the Child reported a high number of children working as wheelbarrow boys or shoe-shiners in the markets, as well as a significant number who become involved in prostitution, pornography, and sex trafficking, as well as instances of caregivers engaging children in street-begging. The committee expressed concern about families selling their daughters into marriage and child trafficking victims being exploited in illegal brothels, local hotels, private homes, and other rural and urban locations. Additionally, the traditional practice of sending children to live with relatives or families in larger cities, where they might be subjected to domestic servitude or may be coerced to engage in sexual activity in exchange for food, clothing, shelter, or school fees, may put them at risk of human trafficking. Source: UN Committee on the Rights of the Child.
According to a study conducted in 2014, throughout 2012 and 2013, the Immigration Division of Solomon Islands noted that numerous cases involved indicators of trafficking in persons. These cases have predominantly involved foreign (Asian) male workers on fishing vessels as victims of trafficking. The study shows trafficking in Solomon Islands is an issue which also occurs domestically and affects women and girls. Source: Human Trafficking in Solomon Islands - American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative.
Concerning Solomon Islands, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women reported sexual exploitation of girls in logging areas and through pornography. Source: UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
− Philippines −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in the Philippines covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of cases recorded and persons suspected of trafficking in persons, 2012 - 2015 600
500
400
300
200
100
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cases recorded 261 308 326 274 Persons suspected 375 245 377 566
Source: Inter Agency Council Against Trafficking.
Number of persons convicted at regional trial court of trafficking in persons, by gender, 2012 - 2015 60
50
40
30
20
10
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 15 21 28 29 Males 17 16 29 19
Source: Inter Agency Council Against Trafficking.
Victims
Trafficking victims assisted in prosecution of trafficking in persons cases, by age and gender, 2012-2015 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Men 52 92 105 81 Women 529 487 680 442 Girls 167 188 261 150 Boys 15 28 37 18
Source: Inter Agency Council Against Trafficking .
Trafficking victims assisted in prosecution of trafficking in persons cases, by form of exploitation, 2012-2015 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Forced labour 69 48 131 23 Sexual exploitation 694 747 952 562
Source: Inter Agency Council Against Trafficking.
− Republic of Korea −
The specific offence of trafficking in persons covering all aspects listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol was enacted in March 2013. The previous offence covered just trafficking for sexual exploitation. Other forms of trafficking were prosecuted under other offences of the criminal code.
Investigations and suspects
Persons investigated for trafficking in persons and other related offences, by gender, 2012- 2015 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 162 202 166 172 Males 390 432 518 508
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons and other related offences, by gender, 2012- 2015 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 64 48 57 70 Males 261 215 263 277
Source: Ministry of Justice.
Persons convicted of trafficking in persons and other related offences, by gender, 2012-2015 140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Females 22 15 17 24 Males 109 95 86 86
Source: Ministry of Justice.
The numbers reported above on persons investigated, prosecuted, and convicted refer to trafficking in persons and other different, related offences, including ‘looting of human beings for profit or other purposes’, ‘trade in women’ and others.
Source: Ministry of Justice.
− Thailand −
The current legislation on trafficking in persons in Thailand covers all forms of trafficking indicated in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol.
Investigations and suspects
Number of investigations for trafficking in persons, 2009-2014 800
700 674
600
500
400 306 280 300
200 103 81 97 100
0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Number of persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons, 2009-2014 600
500 483
400
300
200 155 126 128 93 100 64
0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Number of persons convicted of trafficking in persons, 2009-2014
250 230
200
150
104 100
55 46 49 50 40
0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Victims
Number of victims of trafficking detected by the police, by age, 2012-2014 1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0 2012 2013 2014 adults 160 263 215 minors 432 757 380
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Number of victims of trafficking detected by the police, by citizenship, 2012-2014 Lao People's Other/unknown Democratic , 140 Republic, 267
Cambodia, 271 Thailand , 1,254
Myanmar, 275
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Assisted victims of trafficking in persons, by age and gender, 2012-2015 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 Women 26 50 26 128 Men 121 112 139 258 Boys 141 107 48 33 Girls 250 411 90 52
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Assisted victims of trafficking in persons, by form of exploitation, 2012-2015
Begging, 143
Sexual exploitation, 832 Forced labour, 1,018
Source: Office of Anti- Trafficking in Persons Committee.
Assisted victims of trafficking in persons, by citizenship, 2012-2015
Lao People's Other/Unknown, Democratic 15 Republic, 345 Cambodia, Bangladesh, 148 161
Stateless (from Rakhine State in Myanmar), 142 Myanmar, 498
Thailand, 664
Source: Office of Anti-Trafficking in Persons Committee.
− Viet Nam −
The specific offence of trafficking in persons (art. 119 of the criminal code) covers all forms of trafficking listed in the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol. The local authorities also use the offence of “fraudulently exchanging or appropriating children” (art. 120 of the criminal code) to prosecute trafficking cases.
Investigations and suspects
Number of offences of trafficking in persons (art. 119 and 120) recorded, 2012- June 2015 600
500
400
300 487 507 469 200
100 200
0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June2015
Source: Annual report of the steering committee on preventing and combating criminals.
Persons prosecuted for trafficking in persons (art. 119 and 120), 2012-June 2015 500 450 400 350 300 250 453 200 416 389 150 100 198 50 0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June2015
Source: The supreme people’s procuracy of Viet Nam.
Persons convicted for trafficking in persons, by level of conviction and article of the criminal code used, 2012-June 2015
2012 2013 2014 Jan-June2015
307295306
150 125114 79 89 90 46 49 23 2 1 13 3
Persons Persons Persons Persons convicted in first convicted in convicted in first convicted in instance appeal (art 120) instance appeal (art 119) (art120) (art119)
Source: The supreme people’s court of Viet Nam.
Victims
Detected victims of trafficking in persons, 2012-June 2015 1400
1200
1000
800
600 1206 903 400 871
200 449
0 2012 2013 2014 Jan-June2015
Source: Annual report of the steering committee on preventing and combating criminals.
All detected victims were citizens of Viet Nam, trafficked either domestically or abroad. When trafficked abroad, victims were repatriated from China, Malaysia, and other countries in East Asia.
Source: Annual report of the steering committee on preventing and combating criminals/Immigration Department of the Ministry of Public Security of Viet Nam.