NORTHMUNC II OPERATION CONDOR, 1976 Chair: Ryan Zhang

Letter from the Chair:

Dear Delegates,

My name is Ryan Zhang, and I will be serving as the Chair of the “Operation Condor” crisis committee. I am currently a Senior at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School North and have been travelling with the North MUN team since my Freshman year. I currently serve as the Under- Secretary-General of Communications and have the pleasure of training our many passionate delegates.

It is my distinct honor to lead the dedicated team that will make up your Dais and Crisis Staff. They are all exceptionally talented delegates in their own right, and we look forward to making your day one of exciting debate, thrilling crises, and ultimately a great learning opportunity. We can’t wait to see you!

Sincerely

Ryan Zhang Chair, “Operación Cóndor”

Letter from the Moderator:

Dear Delegates,

My name is Albert Sebastian, and as Crisis Director, it is my pleasure to welcome you to Operation Condor! I am a junior at WW-P High School North and have been involved with Model United Nations for the past two years. Throughout my career as a delegate, I have been involved in a diverse array of committees - from General Assemblies to corporate boards and crisis cabinets. I hope to bring this varied perspective to NORTHMUNC II when creating and implementing multitudes of crisis updates.

When I’m not working to bring the best possible conference to you this October, you can find me watching a range of television programs, from documentaries to House of Cards, or scouting for new additions to my numismatic (coin and bill) collection, which I have been working on since the age of 9.

I eagerly await how you, as delegates, will find solutions to the problems that threaten to undermine the order and stability of both Latin America and the world as a whole, as well as advancing your own country’s goals and strategic aims. Feel free to contact me at any time at the following email: [email protected].

Sincerely,

Albert Sebastian Crisis Director, “Operación Cóndor” [email protected].

Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………… .5 Timeline of Events…………………………………………………………………………..6

Committee Positions………………………………………………………………………...7

A Guide to Militant/Intelligence Groups Currently Operating in Latin America………….11

Organizations Friendly to Operation Condor………………………………………………12

Organizations Hostile to Operation Condor…………………………………………...... 13

Challenges ……………………………………………………………………………….....15

Format of Committee and Committee Powers …………………………………………...... 16

Introduction Panama Canal Zone. In 1965, it was declared that the CAA would meet biannually. ¡Bienvenido! Bem vindo! Delegates, As a result of the efforts of the CAA, a welcome to the command room of Operation continent-wide communication and Condor. The year is 1976, and the great intelligence network was created. In the late nations of Latin America face immense 1960s and early 1970s, left-leaning, anti- challenges, ranging from economic American governments were elected across stagnation to the emerging drug trade. What Latin America and then deposed by the looms above all, however, is the threat that militaries of those governments. The military you are tasked to defeat - political dissent and coups were often conducted with the advocacy for anything other than the right- acquiescence, and even outright aid, of the wing dictatorships that rule most of your U.S. government. Top-secret meetings took countries. At the same time that you are place between the military governments of carrying out your joint effort to stamp out countries including Argentina, Paraguay, democratic movements, you will be putting Brazil, Uruguay, and Bolivia. Through a into practice the policies and territorial aims diplomatic network, information about of your respective countries. Do not forget political figures, military personnel, and that your primary responsibility lies to the government officials was circulated nation that you lead, and not to the Operation throughout these nations. - should you fail to remember this, you may However, the formal initiation of very well end up losing your life. ¡Buena Operation Condor did not happen until late Suerte! November 1975, under the Background and History instructions of the Pinochet regime in In 1960, a year after Fidel Chile. This Castro’s successful revolution in multinational pact of Cuba, American General cooperation was Theodore F. Bogart invited his named after Chile's Latin American colleagues to national bird, the discuss the rapid spread of Condor. The secret communism. In a mission of founding document “continental defense against was signed by five of communism”, Latin American figures and the highest-ranking intelligence officers in the United States decided to join together to the Southern Cone, representing the original eradicate any trace of leftism from South member nations: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, America. This meeting resulted in the annual Paraguay, and Conference of American Armies (CAA), first Bolivia. Later on, Brazil, Peru, and held at Fort Amador in the U.S.-controlled Ecuador joined the other member nations. Although the Central American nations of 5

Nicaragua and El Salvador are not formally part of the Operation, they are linked to it 1936 - After deposing elected through an Argentine-run program known as President Juan Bautista Sacasa, Operation Charly, which provides military Nicaraguan General Anastasio aid to right-wing dictatorships fighting leftist Somoza García engineers a insurgents in those two countries. fraudulent vote and places the country Condor specializes in targeted abductions, under the control of his family. disappearances, interrogations, torture, and transfers of people across borders. Operation 1954 - General Alfredo Stroessner Condor has three main phases. The first was takes control of Paraguay after mutual cooperation among military expelling President Federico Chavez. intelligence services. This includes coordination of political and government 1961 - Colonel Julio Adalberto surveillance along with the exchange of Rivera-Carballo launches a military intelligence. The second is organized cross- coup in El Salvador. After taking border operations to detain/”disappear” power, he commissions death squads dissidents and protestors. The third and most to begin the small-scale murder of secretive is the targeted murder of political leftists. dissidents by death squads. In order to carry out this phase, highly skilled assassins from 1964 - Under the leadership of the member nations are arranged into special Brazilian Generals Pascoal Ranieri teams to carry out assassinations of Mazzili, Olímpio Mourão Filho, subversive enemies. This phase is Humberto Castelo Branco, and Artur specifically aimed at political leaders who are da Costa e Silva, left-wing President feared for their potential to change world João Goulart is deposed and sent into opinion regarding communism or organize exile in then-friendly Argentina. The broad opposition to the military states. president of multinational corporation International Telephones The abundance of countries, dictators and Telegraph prompts President and information has made Operation Condor Johnson to aid the new military more than just a political campaign. It has leaders. turned it into a struggle of power and influence between South American countries, 1971 - General Hugo Banzer took both amongst each other, as long held power in Bolivia through a series of territorial claims resurface, and against the military coups after president René common enemy of leftism. Barrientos died in 1969.

1972 - The intelligence services of Events Leading Up to the Creation of Argentina and Paraguay signed a Operation Condor secret agreement to facilitate a mutual

collaboration in the struggle against Lara is overthrown in a military coup subversion. The police forces of both led by Admiral Alfredo Poveda. of these nations would join forces in the exchange of information to April 1976 - Isabel Perón is undermine and eliminate subversive overthrown in a military coup led by groups, and coordinate the internment General Jorge Rafael Videla, who of dissenters. ramps up a campaign of murder and “disappearance” of dissidents across June 1973 - Civilian President of the continent. Operation Charly is Uruguay Juan Bordaberry dissolves begun by the Argentine Armed Congress and suspends the Forces. constitution.

September 1973 - The Presidential Committee Positions Palace in Santiago, Chile is bombed and attacked by military forces under General Jorge Rafael Videla - President of the command of General Augusto Argentina: Pinochet. Socialist and anti-American President Salvador Allende commits General Videla has recently seized power suicide as the palace is stormed by from President Isabel Perón and now leads Pinochet’s troops. South America’s wealthiest nation, 1974 - Populist Argentine President albeit inheriting a Juan Domingo Perón dies. He is host of problems replaced as president by his wife, from his Isabel, who begins commissioning predecessor, from death squads. hyperinflation and riots to the spectre August 1975 - Ailing Peruvian of the mysterious President Juan Velasco is deposed by and feared Montonero insurgency. The scion Prime Minister General Francisco of a powerful rural family descended from Morales Bermúdez, who promises a one of Argentina’s founding fathers, Videla “return” to democracy that never represents the conservative aristocracy that arrives. has long been firmly against popular rule in Argentina. Videla, like most members of the September 1975 - Operation Condor Operation, stands firmly against any left- is formally begun. wing or democratic movements, and is determined to crush them with deadly force. January 1976 - Ecuadorian President and General Guillermo Rodríguez

He will stop at nothing to wipe out dissidents governed this populous and diverse country - even if it means torture and the use of death for the past 12 years and was handed the squads. presidency by another general. The military dictatorship had presided over the fastest period of economic and population growth in General Augusto Pinochet - President of the country’s Chile: history, but by the time If there is anyone that can match President Geisel Videla in scale of brutality, it is Pinochet. assumed the Three years ago, he seized power from presidency, in Socialist President Salvador Allende in a 1974, most of dramatic gunbattle in the capital that the growth concluded with Allende’s suicide on the was over, presidential desk. decimated by Now, he leads a the oil crisis. nation rich in mineral Especially as wealth but wracked compared to by political his predecessor, President Emilio Garrastazu polarization - he has Médici, Geisel has a reputation for being already faced an more of a moderate, and has, in the first few assassination attempt. years of his presidency, implemented the Thousands of abertura program that relaxed controls on socialist dissidents in Brazilian society. Although this makes him Chile have been more popular than the generals who preceded taken into custody, and their screams of him, it opens him up to attack from more tortured anguish can be heard throughout conservative wings of the Brazilian Armed Santiago. Pinochet, in addition to sharing Forces - the possibility of another putsch can Videla’s goal of destroying dissent, also never be discounted. At the same time, wishes to make Chile an economic beacon for torture and murder of dissidents continue, the rest of the world, hiring a hot-shot team with the acceptance, if not explicit support, of of U.S.-trained economists to jump start the President. Chile’s statist economy with free market reforms. General Hugo Banzer - President of Bolivia: Five years ago, Hugo Banzer declared General Ernesto Beckmann Geisel - himself dictator of Bolivia by successfully President of Brazil: Born to a family of masterminding a military uprising in Santa humble immigrants, President Geisel did not Cruz, the nation’s largest city. Former come to power on his own - he rose up President Juan José Torres fled to Argentina, through the ranks of an army that has which is now unfriendly territory for him due

to Videla’s coup there. Banzer, as expected, in Latin America for a country of Paraguay’s has banned all left-leaning parties and is an size and even offered to send troops to enemy of free speech. His goal is to bring Vietnam to fight alongside the Americans. order into Bolivia by restoring authority and On the domestic front, Stroessner leads the stifling dissent. He has the overwhelming poorest country in 1970s Latin America, support of the Bolivian military and the albeit the one with the fastest rate of political support of the center right economic growth. Stroessner is a hardline Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario dictator who has already ordered the killing (MNR). of thousands of people in his 22 years in However, power. civilian support for Banzer is Juan María Bordaberry - President of slowly Uruguay: The heir to one of the largest decreasing. He ranches in his country, Bordaberry is the only is known for President in the Operation who is not a having “horror military officer. The handpicked successor of chambers” in authoritarian the basement of President Jorge the Ministry of Pacheco Areco, the Interior. Bordaberry came Banzer is willing to forego all humanitarian to power in a rights so long as his goals for Bolivia are democratic accomplished. election, representing the General Alfredo Stroessner - President of right-wing Paraguay: Out of Colorado Party. all members of After his election, the Operation, Bordaberry’s General administration became increasingly Stroessner has undemocratic, resulting in the imprisonment been the longest and murder of opposition figures as well as lasting by far - he the prohibition of organized labor. In 1973, has been in power Bordaberry dissolved Congress and is now a since 1954. dictator on par with others in the Operation. Stroessner has Being of civilian background, however, he been elected four has an uneasy relationship with the military times since then, never receiving less than and his rule could be under threat in the 80% of the official vote. A strong ally of the coming months. United States, Stroessner has what are among the strongest military links to the superpower

Henry Kissinger - U.S. Secretary of State: An Nicaragua into the classic “banana republic” appointee of former president Richard M. - a country Nixon, Henry Kissinger is the only member where, in the of the Operation who is not a head of state. words of He has, however, been one of the chief Somoza, “the instigators of the coups that brought many people do not Latin American leaders to power in the live to be 1970s. An advocate of realpolitik, which educated, but places practical strategic considerations to be oxen.” above the The West ideological values Point- of the United educated Somoza has ruled Nicaragua with States, Kissinger an iron fist since 1967, with a brief interlude is an often where a rubber-stamp junta ruled in his name. controversial During this time, he has presided over a figure inside the massive 1972 earthquake that attracted beltway due to his strikingly little foreign aid - he embezzled no-holds-barred most of it and sold Nicaraguan blood plasma policy on abroad instead of using it to help his victims. increasing Somoza has had to deal with a growing left- American power wing rebellion by the Sandinista National across the world. Liberation Front that threatens to topple his Through the despotic government. Central Intelligence Agency, headed by rising political star George H. W. Bush, Kissinger has cultivated a network of paid contacts across Latin America that underly Colonel Arturo the immense U.S. political power in the Armando Molina - region. The biggest threat to Kissinger’s President of El hold over the region is the upcoming United Salvador: President States presidential election, where Molina is the latest Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter has iteration of a long line called for a renewed focus on human rights of military rulers and peace across the world. stretching back to 1961. Although General Anastasio Somoza-DeBayle - Molina was elected President of Nicaragua: The Somoza family by the people, the has ruled the Central American republic of vote which brought him to power was almost Nicaragua as their personal fiefdom for the certainly fraudulent. Molina presides over a past 39 years. In this time, they have turned government which is careful to avoid the

extremes of both left-wing and right-wing rule, having implemented a controversial General Francisco Morales Bermúdez - land reform program in 1975 that President of Peru: General Bermúdez, who redistributed some land from the oligarchs took the reins of power from left-leaning who owned them to the farmers who work General Juan Velasco in 1975, is the them. At the same time, however, Molina has grandson of a come down with a heavy hand upon left-wing former militant groups, occupying the University of democratically El Salvador and ordering paramilitary death elected President. squads to go after suspected leftists. The Unlike his leftist movement has attracted many rural forebear, farmers and engaged in increasingly violent Bermúdez shows conflict with the right wing, leading some to no concrete believe that the country may be headed commitment to towards civil war. democracy, although he Admiral Alfredo Poveda - President of deposed Velasco Ecuador: Ecuador has been under military with the stated intention of returning rule since 1972. Admiral Poveda, who called multiparty rule to Chile. He has reversed for a quicker return to democratic rule, many of the socialist reforms of Velasco, overthrew previous President Guillermo distanced himself from the Soviet Union, and Rodriguez at the very entered into closer collaboration with the beginning of this United States and Operation Condor. year. Like Brazilian However, his reforms to liberalize the President Geisel, he Peruvian economy have failed, for the most has been a more part, as the country spirals into economic lenient dictator than crisis. It is up to Bermúdez to hold his grip on those who preceded power against an increasingly riled populace, him, but Ecuador is and kidnapping and murders have not ceased still actively in Peru. involved in Operation Condor, A Guide to Militant/Intelligence Groups with aid to the Currently Operating in Latin America Operation often being provided behind NOTE: Multiple extra-governmental Poveda’s back by other members of the organizations are listed here. A number of armed forces. It is up to the Admiral to decide these organizations are militant groups who whether he is to continue with his push for must be wiped out by Condor, while some are democracy as opposed to the goals of the ones that are actively involved in aiding the Operation, or whether he will return Ecuador Operation. We highly suggest that you to the fold of conservatism. cultivate good relationships with friendly

organizations and ensure that unfriendly ones organization that practices the rituals of the are stamped out so that they do not pose a brotherhood) also has alleged links to threat to Operation Condor’s grip on Latin powerful organized crime groups, such as the America. Sicilian Mafia and the ‘Ndrangheta - who have been aided in drug trafficking activity Organizations Friendly to Operation by the many government officials who are Condor members of the P2. The countries of South (NOTE: In addition to the two “friendly” America, who have some of the largest Italian organizations listed here, many countries immigrant communities in the world, count that are part of the Operation have their many prominent personalities as members of own intelligence agencies that may be of use the lodge, whether Italian or not. In to the overall aims of Condor.) particular, there is significant overlap between P2 and the top leadership of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance. Needless to say, the membership and existence of P2, as well as the possibility that some national leaders in Operation Condor may be initiated members of the lodge, is a closely guarded secret.

Alianza Anticomunista Argentina/Argentine Anticommunist Alliance [Triple A] (Argentina)

Propaganda Due [P2] (Italy) Originally closely linked to the governments of Juan and Isabel Peron in Argentina, the Many cranks around the world have often Triple A is led by current Argentine proclaimed the existence of an international Ambassador to Spain and alleged Satanist conspiracy led by the mysterious brotherhood José López-Rega. The Triple A has engaged known as the Freemasons. Propaganda Due, in the brutal murder of up to 1,500 people however, is the real deal. P2, which is led by within Argentina, and also has collaborated shady Italian banker and ex-fascist Licio with intelligence agencies outside of the Gelli (pictured), has been implicated in country itself to enable the creation of death crimes including the murder of the head of squads and the silencing of any and all the Vatican Bank, an attempted coup in Italy enemies of the Operation. Unlike P2, the (known as the Golpe Borghese) and the existence of the group is publicly known, unsettling theft of the hands of the corpse of although its membership and leader are not. late Argentine President Juan Peron from his Note that although the Triple A’s main base grave. The lodge (a Freemason term for an of operations is in Argentina, they are not tethered to that country alone, and in no way

are subject to the Argentine government - Comprised of some 10,000 members, this they are an independent organization that organization believed in supported deposed President Isabel Peron. highly progressive platforms, as well as Organizations Hostile to Operation Marxist and Trotskyist Condor ideals. Notable actions of (Although some countries that are part of this group include an the Operation may not have active leftist armed movement to terrorist groups on their soil, all Operation control a popular Chilean members have had insurgencies in the past. radio station to broadcast their message, It is the duty of committee to eradicate every bombings of various important political single one of the listed organizations.) landmarks, and even political abductions and assassinations. Leaders include Andrés Montonero Peronist Movement/Movimiento Pascal Allende, the nephew of the late Peronista Montonerohi [Montoneros/MPM] deposed President Salvador Allende. (Argentina) Perhaps the most infamous Farabundo Martí Popular Forces of and shadowy armed Liberation/Fuerzas Populares de Liberación organization in Latin Farabundo Martí [FPLM] (El Salvador) America. Led by an alliance of leftist students and some members of the movement within the Catholic Church known as “liberation theology,” this organization started out in support of Argentine strongman and two-time President Juan Domingo Peron. After other followers of Peron, including Triple A leader José López-Rega, killed A leftist Guerrilla group that proposes the members of the Montoneros, the group went only successful way to prevent alleged rogue. The MPM has murdered former military oppression from the El Salvadoran President Pedro Aramburu, a government government is to face an armed revolt. minister, the head of Argentina’s trade union, Membership to this organization has steadily and several economic figures. Although it is risen, including young college students and the only explicitly religious leftist group in farmers who were attracted to the leftist Latin America, it is also probably one of the ideals that the organization is proposing. most violent and feared.

Revolutionary Left Movement/Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria [MIR] (Chile)

People’s Revolutionary Army/Ejército forms of leftist propaganda to the Uruguayan Revolucionario del Pueblo [ERP] public. (Argentina)

Frente Sandinista de Liberación The military branch of the Worker’s Nacional/Sandinista National Liberation Revolutionary Party of Argentina. Although Front [Sandinistas] (Nicaragua) originally rooted in Trotskyist ideals, the group has now changed its focus to Maoist philosophies. The group has been involved in launching many political abductions and assassinations from 1969 until the current day. Other actions of the group include general looting and pillaging as well as murders in various cities and bank robberies.

Tupamaros National Liberation Founded in 1961 as a merging of various Movement/Movimiento de Liberación student groups, this group later matured into Nacional Tupamaros [Tupamaros] (Uruguay) the powerful party and military group it is today. The group started to launch various An organized leftist urban guerrilla group military initiatives and is rumored to have within Uruguay. Adopting Robin Hood grown massively following the devastating tactics, the group has been known to steal earthquakes that took place in Managua in food and money from banks and stores to 1972. distribute among the poor, boosting its popularity. Originally non-violent, the group Revolutionary Left Movement/Movimiento represented itself as solely a political de la Izquierda Revolucionaria [MIR] (Peru) movement. After the actions of the Uruguayan government to detain and torture A highly unorganized and decentralized political dissidents however, the group movement, this leftist guerrilla movement became radicalized and staged various has split into three different parties. For the political abductions and assassinations. They purpose of this committee we will focus on have also been involved in pushing various the most effective and largest of the three, the Movimiento de La Izquierda Él Militante

(MIR EM). As the name suggests, the MIR EM is a militant group opposed to the As listed above, there are various militant Peruvian government and used common groups that are present in the Americas that urban guerrilla tactics to advance their may pose an unanticipated threat to the message. dealings within this committee. These groups are rogue and highly unpredictable, and may Revolutionary Movement 8th look to destroy the work that the delegates are October/Movimento Revolucionário 8 de hoping to achieve. Outubro [MR8] (Brazil)

Originally part of the Brazilian Communist Mission Failures Party, this group split off after the party decided not to actively resist the Delegates must keep in mind that all orders Government's military dictatorship. The have a chance of failure. Political group served as the only armed opposition to assassinations, detaining dissidents and the military dictatorship of Brazil, and as exchanging information are all subject to such, it has taken roots within the only going terribly wrong and delegates must be permitted non-military political party in prepared to deal with the consequences of Brazil, the Brazilian Democratic Movement. such an occurrence. Because of the This group also has been involved in political widespread scale of such an operation, and assassinations and abductions, the most the time period, information will take some noteworthy being the kidnapping of time to travel, and delegates must be aware of American ambassador Charles Elbrick. the conditions this places on all actions they take within the committee.

Challenges Long-Term Outcome International Cooperation During this time of Cold-War era tensions the Although the overall goal of Operation importance of such a mission succeeding Condor is to prevent the dissemination of cannot be stressed enough. Most communist ideologies within the Americas, governments in the area are dependant on the delegates must be cognizant of the distinct power of a democracy, and the possibility of threats posed by a lack of formal diplomacy insurgent leftist groups spreading their ideals and cooperation. Making enemies of other and inciting change within these areas must member-states in the meeting can be be considered. At all costs, delegates must potentially catastrophic towards the succeed in framing the mindset of the people underlying goal of the Operation, as well as to stray away from communist ideals. to furthering the individual interest of every delegate. Public Relations

Militant Groups

Despite the highly confidential nature of this communiques, or press releases, along with operation, the public and their reactions to actions in committee. Crisis staff can also any activities undertaken must be kept in assist by posing as outside resources and mind at all times. The power of these experts who may not necessarily be governments relies on public backing; it represented in committee. For example, if the would be wise of all the delegates to ensure Operation required some perspective from a that they not only keep public support, but general or other military official, it is possible that their future actions do not deter this much that NORTHMUNC crisis staff would be needed backing. able to assist there. Please note that the discretion of the Chair and Crisis Director are National Interests final. Furthermore, delegates should use the portfolio powers assigned to them and ask Note that many of the countries involved with crisis staff for clarification if necessary the operation have territorial and other through a crisis note. disputes with each other. As most of you are heads of state and government of your In the absence of any motions, committee country, it is essential that you keep the goals will default to a moderated caucus with 45- of your countries in mind. At the start of the second speaking time. Discussion of specific committee session, you will receive a topics salient to issues at hand through the briefing from your government on the goals medium of a ten-minute moderated caucus that you should aim to accomplish for your with 30-second speaking time is highly country during the course of the Operation. preferred. If clear reasoning is provided, question-and-answer sessions, round-robins, Format of Committee and Committee and gentlemen’s (seated) as well as Powers conventional unmoderated caucuses will be entertained at the discretion of the chair. If Introduction you have any questions about the format of committee, email us at Crisis differs from General Assemblies in [email protected]. that actions that committees or members thereof take can directly influence the Portfolio Powers movement of the topic or the committee as a whole. As you sit with your fellow delegates, NORTHMUNC staffers are hard at work DIRECTIVE preparing exciting and dynamic updates. Pertinent crisis updates will be presented on A formal action (either public or a regular basis during the course of the private) that can be taken on by the conference. Delegates will be tasked with entire committee or by an individual responding to these updates through a member, consisting primarily of combination of public and private directives, bullet points that specifically deal

with a topic, a title, a list of sponsors, announcing the development of a new and the signatures of at least 1/4 of the rocket propulsion system. members of committee. Possible directives include: launch decisions, Sources trade agreements, and formal alliances, among others. More http://www.globalresearch.ca/operation- impactful directives will require condor-latin-america-the-30-years-dirty- public approval of committee, war/5326022 although joint private directives can also be used to increase the chances http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSA of success. EBB514/

COMMUNIQUE https://www.globalpolicy.org/component /content/article/168/28173.html A formal message (either public or private) that can be addressed by http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/01/2 either the whole committee or by an 4/exposing-the-legacy-of-operation- individual member to an entity condor/ outside of committee. An example of a communique might be the passing http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/chil of critical information to an outside e/operation-condor.htm source, or the arrangement of a meeting involving committee Jones, Tobias (2003). The Dark Heart of members and figures that are not Italy. New York: North Point Press. represented by delegates in committee. http://www.pagina12.com.ar/1998/98- 12/98-12-14/pag03.htm PRESS RELEASE http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/con A formal statement (either public or dor/ private) from committee as a whole or an individual delegate that is intended http://www.sfgate.com/cgi- for public distribution. An example of bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/20 a press release might be one 04/03/14/RVGVQ5DN7N1.DTL