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Historical Stages of Diplomatic Legations Architecture in Ukraine

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Historical Stages of Diplomatic Legations Architecture in Ukraine VICTOR PROSKURYAKOV*, IRYNA TYMOVCHAK** Historical Stages of Diplomatic Legations Architecture in Ukraine Abstract The article distinguishes the main historical stages of the Ukrainian diplomacy development and conducts the analysis of diplomatic legations architecture in Ukraine starting from the Cossacks era and up till present days. Keywords: diplomatic legation, residence, historical building, embassy, and diplomatic mission Introduction AD was followed by the diplomatic recogni- The major form of establishing and maintaining official rela- tion of the Kyivan Rus [9]. However, origins of tions between different states under the accepted norms of the Ukrainian diplomacy are more remote and international law and the practice of international cooperation they can be found at the intersection of the is constituted by diplomatic relations that are aimed at foster- Byzantine and Roman traditions, which under- ing friendly relations between states, securing peace, friend- lay all modern European states formation. The ship, and national safety. Diplomatic representation is a special ancient Ukrainian state maintained active rela- government institution, the goal of which is to maintain and tions with the Byzantine Empire, the Holy See, develop official relations with the country of residence, to pro- the German Empire, Poland, Hungary, France, tect the rights and interests of their country, its citizens, and le- and Scandinavian states [8]. gal bodies. Investigation of the historical development stages The period of Halychyna and Volhynia princi- of Ukrainian diplomatic legations architecture will ensure the pality is the period of the full-fledged estab- possibility to outline the fundamental concepts of graphical, lishment of the Ukrainian diplomacy. Special stylistic, space, and plan decisions for designing such facilities diplomatic embassies, headed sometimes abroad and promoting the status of Ukraine in the world. by princes themselves, were sent to conduct negotiations with foreign rulers. Boyars, mer- The purpose of this publication chants, and clerics were actively involved into On the current stage, the reinforcement of European and such missions. Foreign diplomatic missions Euro-Atlantic integration makes the role and significance of were welcomed with festive receptions in Kyiv diplomatic legations extremely vital for Ukraine. Therefore, or in the capitals of Halychyna and Volhynia the review of the historical experience of designing and con- principalities – Volodymyr and Halych. There structing similar buildings in Ukraine allows us to structure were singers and musicians, as well as spear them to several periods. tournaments organized for them. In the days of Danylo Halytskyi, the diplomacy followed The analysis of recent researches and publications the tendency of western states to use the Latin The study of history formation of Ukrainian diplomatic mis- language [4]. sions were engaged such scientists: V.A. Holobutskyy [2], After the ancient states decay, the Ukrainian O.O. Popelnytska [3], V.M. Repetsky [4], V.A. Smoliy [5], H.Y. diplomacy made a considerable step forward Udovenko V.V. Budyakova [9] and others. This theme is insuf- during the Cossacks era in XV-XVIII c. ficiently studied for future formation of design and architec- Having emerged in the first half of XVI c., the tural image of Ukrainian diplomatic missions. Ukrainian Cossacks have gradually become the bearers of national statehood. In the early The main part XVII c., the Zaporozhian Cossacks Army par- External action service in Ukraine has a long-standing tradi- ticipated in international relations and was tion founded, first and foremost, on the diplomatic experience considered to be an influential politico-military of the Kyivan Rus in late IX – mid. XIII c. Ukrainian diplomacy factor in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. goes back to the ancient times. The first document certifying The important role for the Ukrainian diploma- the statement was the agreement concluded with the Byzan- cy formation at that time was carried out by tine Empire in 840 AD. Professor A. Sakharov, who researched hetman residences, which served as the place this matter, states that the campaign to Constantinople in 860 for official and informal receptions of foreign *Victor Proskuryakov - Sc.D., Prof., Head of Department of Design of Architectural Environment of the Institute of Architecture of Lviv Polytechnic National University (Lviv, Ukraine), e-mail: [email protected] ** Iryna Tymovchak – Master of Design, PhD student,Assistant of Department of Design of Architectural Environment of the Institute of 174 Architecture of Lviv Polytechnic National University (Lviv, Ukraine) il. 1. a) reconstruction of the residence defensive walls; b) general construction plan of the residence ambassadors, conclusion of agreements and settlement of In the years 2006-2009, the historical and ar- the issues of war and peace. The outstanding Ukrainian dip- chitectural complex “Bohdan Khmelnytskyi lomatic residences were Chyhyryn, Pereyaslav, Subotiv, Batu- Residence” in Chyhyryn was partially re- ryn, Hlukhiv, and Kozelets [5]. stored from the ruins (il. 2). Chyhyryn was the capital of the Zaporozhian Cossacks Army. Fortifications of Subotiv, which was another The Chyhyryn city (now the district center in Cherkasy region), residence of the Khmelnytskyi family, and which is located between the Dnieper and the Tiasmyn rivers, its surroundings can be divided into three played the leading role in the political history for almost 30 groups depending on the place of their loca- years (from 1648 till 1675). The hetman residence (at first, of tion: (1) central – the largest group consisting B. Khmelnytskyi and later of I. Vyhovskyi and P. Doroshenko) of two unequal parts, which are the defensive was the place, where the destiny of Ukraine and sometimes walls of the castle (today known as Zam- of the whole Western Europe was decided (il. 1) [3]. chyshche) and the fortification of the Illinska The Chyhyryn residence (il. 1 a, b) was constructed as a for- church (1653); (2) the Wolf Spire – the warn- tress and performed the defensive function as well. Accord- ing observation post and the fortification for ing to the memoir writer P. Alepskyi, Chyhyryn in the days of defending southern boundaries of the terri- B. Khmelnytskyi looked impressively, even though already at tory; (3) Tiasmyna – the farm homesteads on that time the fortress was in disrepair. The “Small castle” (the hills or islands (judging from the river surface fortress citadel) on the Chyhyryn mountain was visible from elevation), which conducted additional con- afar at the city entrances. The castle with “pidzamche” was trol over the Subotiv road [3]. a spacious and secure stronghold surrounded by swamps and A separate group was made by the under- streams. The wall was equipped with 16 cannons, majority of ground constructions, including the under- which were military trophies. It was possible to enter the for- passes. The castle with the square of 2 ha was tress through the only existing gate “Spaska”, named in the in the centre of Subotiv and the natural advan- honour of the most ancient city church. Within the fortifica- tages of its location were supported by engi- tions, there were dwelling residences of the city citizens, Cos- neering constructions. The cape surrounded sacks, a viyt, a city otaman, Cossacks colonels, castle clerks, from the north, east and west by swamps Greek metropolitans (residing at the Cossacks Hetmanate) and and gulley cleves was chosen as a building a general scribe. There was as well a “wayside inn”, where am- site. The least protected southern side was bassadors coming to the hetman could stay [3]. strengthened by mad-made excavations. il. 2. Renovated Chyhyryn residence today 175 il. 3. a) reconstruction of defensive walls; b) general construction plan of the residence il. 4. a) Illinska church; b) Architectural model of B. Khmelnytskyi’s house; c) renovated tower Subotiv functioned as the second residence, where the Hetman dotvorets church – were build in the citadel. welcomed foreign diplomats “without protocol” in a home-like Remains of I. Mazepa’s house, which looked atmosphere. Fomin, the ambassador of the Moscow king, had as a monumental rectangular construction an audience there in 1653. Many Hetman’s “universals” – legis- (20x60 m), were destroyed by fire [3]. lative documents that were legally binding within the Cossacks In the days of Ivan Mazepa, the new hetman Hetmanate – were issued in Subotiv. In the middle XVII c., Sub- residence was built within 2 km distance otiv grew from a farmstead into a Cossacks city. from the city on Honcharivka, the high cape Even though nothing, except the Illinska church (il. 4, b), re- over the Seym river. The brick castle with minds us today about the foretime mightiness of the Hetman’s a wooden church surrounded by a marvel- “beloved city”, this small settlement continues to attract pub- ous garden and a birch-wood were located lic attention as the place, where the destiny of Ukraine was there (il. 6) [3]. decided numerous times. The next step in establishing Ukrainian dip- Baturyn was the residence of hetmans Ivan Mazepa and lomatic service and building the network of Kyrylo Rozumovskyi. According to the description of those diplomatic and consular institutions governed times, in 1654 the Baturyn fortress, located on the high bank by state laws and legislative acts of the Gen- of the Seym river, was surrounded by a dike and walls with eral Secretary of
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