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L Rathnam Dissertation
The Politics of Skepticism: Montaigne and Zhuangzi on Freedom, Toleration, and the Limits of Government by Lincoln Edward Ford Rathnam A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto © Copyright by Lincoln Edward Ford Rathnam 2018 ii The Politics of Skepticism: Montaigne and Zhuangzi on Freedom, Toleration, and the Limits of Government Lincoln Rathnam Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science 2018 Abstract: Contemporary political discourse often centers on a shared set of normative commitments: freedom, toleration, and limited government. This dissertation examines the theoretical basis for these commitments, through a comparative study of two eminent skeptics: Michel de Montaigne and Zhuangzi. Both develop forms of skepticism that are rooted in analyses of the phenomena of diversity and disagreement. They contend that our inability to reach convergence on central philosophical questions demonstrates the fundamental limitations of human knowledge. I argue that both offer novel and powerful arguments connecting these skeptical epistemological theses with the relevant normative commitments. In particular, both take skepticism to advance human freedom, by clearing away obstacles to effective action. As beings who are raised within a particular community, we inevitably acquire certain habits that constrain the forms of thought and action open to us. Skepticism helps us to recognize the contingency of those forms. In the interpersonal realm, both writers contend that skepticism generates an attitude of toleration towards others who live differently. This is because it undermines the theoretical claims upon which most forms of intolerance are constructed. I defend this claim with reference to the various forms of intolerance that existed in each writer’s context, Warring States era China and France during the Wars of Religion. -
Marc D. Guerra, Ph.D
Marc D. Guerra, Ph.D. Theology Department, Assumption College, 500 Salisbury Street, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01609 Office (508) 767-7575; Email: [email protected] EDUCATION Ph. D. Ave Maria University (Theology) Naples, Florida (May 2007) M.A. Assumption College (Theology) Worcester, Massachusetts (May 1994) B.A. Assumption College (Psychology) Worcester, Massachusetts (May 1990) ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS Assumption College (Worcester, Massachusetts) Professor (2016-) Director of Core Texts and Enduring Questions Program (2016-) Associate Professor (2012-2016) Theology Department Chair (2012-) Ave Maria University (Naples, Florida) Associate Professor (2010-2012) Director of Graduate Programs in Theology (2007-2012) Assistant Professor of Theology (2004-2009) Assumption College (Worcester, Massachusetts) Instructor of Theology (1999-2004) SCHOLARLY CONCENTRATION Relationship between Faith and Reason Catholicism and the Political Order Pope Benedict XVI PUBLICATIONS AUTHORED BOOKS Christians as Political Animals: Taking the Measure of Modernity and Modern Democracy (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2010). EDITED BOOKS Liberating Logos: Pope Benedict XVI’s September Speeches (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2014) Pope Benedict XVI and the Politics of Modernity (London: Routledge Publications, 2014). Jerusalem, Athens, and Rome: Essays in Honor of James V. Schall, S.J. (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine’s Press, 2013). 1 The Science of Modern Virtue: On Descartes, Darwin, and Locke, coedited with Peter Augustine Lawler (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2013). Reason, Revelation, and Human Affairs: Selected Writings of James V. Schall (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001). ARTICLES AND ESSAYS “Scientist, Scholar, Soul” in The New Atlantis, (48) Spring/Summer 2016. 110-120. “Moderating the Magnanimous Man: Aquinas on Greatness of Soul” in Theology Needs Philosophy: Essays in Honor of Ralph McInerny, edited by Matthew L. -
The Wesleyan Enlightenment
The Wesleyan Enlightenment: Closing the gap between heart religion and reason in Eighteenth Century England by Timothy Wayne Holgerson B.M.E., Oral Roberts University, 1984 M.M.E., Wichita State University, 1986 M.A., Asbury Theological Seminary, 1999 M.A., Kansas State University, 2011 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2017 Abstract John Wesley (1703-1791) was an Anglican priest who became the leader of Wesleyan Methodism, a renewal movement within the Church of England that began in the late 1730s. Although Wesley was not isolated from his enlightened age, historians of the Enlightenment and theologians of John Wesley have only recently begun to consider Wesley in the historical context of the Enlightenment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex relationship between a man, John Wesley, and an intellectual movement, the Enlightenment. As a comparative history, this study will analyze the juxtaposition of two historiographies, Wesley studies and Enlightenment studies. Surprisingly, Wesley scholars did not study John Wesley as an important theologian until the mid-1960s. Moreover, because social historians in the 1970s began to explore the unique ways people experienced the Enlightenment in different local, regional and national contexts, the plausibility of an English Enlightenment emerged for the first time in the early 1980s. As a result, in the late 1980s, scholars began to integrate the study of John Wesley and the Enlightenment. In other words, historians and theologians began to consider Wesley as a serious thinker in the context of an English Enlightenment that was not hostile to Christianity. -
Curriculum Vitae (Updated August 1, 2021)
DAVID A. BELL SIDNEY AND RUTH LAPIDUS PROFESSOR IN THE ERA OF NORTH ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Curriculum Vitae (updated August 1, 2021) Department of History Phone: (609) 258-4159 129 Dickinson Hall [email protected] Princeton University www.davidavrombell.com Princeton, NJ 08544-1017 @DavidAvromBell EMPLOYMENT Princeton University, Director, Shelby Cullom Davis Center for Historical Studies (2020-24). Princeton University, Sidney and Ruth Lapidus Professor in the Era of North Atlantic Revolutions, Department of History (2010- ). Associated appointment in the Department of French and Italian. Johns Hopkins University, Dean of Faculty, School of Arts & Sciences (2007-10). Responsibilities included: Oversight of faculty hiring, promotion, and other employment matters; initiatives related to faculty development, and to teaching and research in the humanities and social sciences; chairing a university-wide working group for the Johns Hopkins 2008 Strategic Plan. Johns Hopkins University, Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities (2005-10). Principal appointment in Department of History, with joint appointment in German and Romance Languages and Literatures. Johns Hopkins University. Professor of History (2000-5). Johns Hopkins University. Associate Professor of History (1996-2000). Yale University. Assistant Professor of History (1991-96). Yale University. Lecturer in History (1990-91). The New Republic (Washington, DC). Magazine reporter (1984-85). VISITING POSITIONS École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, Visiting Professor (June, 2018) Tokyo University, Visiting Fellow (June, 2017). École Normale Supérieure (Paris), Visiting Professor (March, 2005). David A. Bell, page 1 EDUCATION Princeton University. Ph.D. in History, 1991. Thesis advisor: Prof. Robert Darnton. Thesis title: "Lawyers and Politics in Eighteenth-Century Paris (1700-1790)." Princeton University. -
Europe (In Theory)
EUROPE (IN THEORY) ∫ 2007 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper $ Designed by C. H. Westmoreland Typeset in Minion with Univers display by Keystone Typesetting, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in- Publication Data appear on the last printed page of this book. There is a damaging and self-defeating assumption that theory is necessarily the elite language of the socially and culturally privileged. It is said that the place of the academic critic is inevitably within the Eurocentric archives of an imperialist or neo-colonial West. —HOMI K. BHABHA, The Location of Culture Contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction: A pigs Eye View of Europe 1 1 The Discovery of Europe: Some Critical Points 11 2 Montesquieu’s North and South: History as a Theory of Europe 52 3 Republics of Letters: What Is European Literature? 87 4 Mme de Staël to Hegel: The End of French Europe 134 5 Orientalism, Mediterranean Style: The Limits of History at the Margins of Europe 172 Notes 219 Works Cited 239 Index 267 Acknowledgments I want to thank for their suggestions, time, and support all the people who have heard, read, and commented on parts of this book: Albert Ascoli, David Bell, Joe Buttigieg, miriam cooke, Sergio Ferrarese, Ro- berto Ferrera, Mia Fuller, Edna Goldstaub, Margaret Greer, Michele Longino, Walter Mignolo, Marc Scachter, Helen Solterer, Barbara Spack- man, Philip Stewart, Carlotta Surini, Eric Zakim, and Robert Zimmer- man. Also invaluable has been the help o√ered by the Ethical Cosmopol- itanism group and the Franklin Humanities Seminar at Duke University; by the Program in Comparative Literature at Notre Dame; by the Khan Institute Colloquium at Smith College; by the Mediterranean Studies groups of both Duke and New York University; and by European studies and the Italian studies program at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. -
History 2014
History 2014 press.princeton.edu CONTENTS 1 general interest 16 politics & society in 24 economic history 5 world history twentieth-century america 26 ancient history 8 jewish history 18 u.s. history 28 medieval & early 10 jews, christians & muslims 20 america in the world modern history from the ancient to the 21 human rights & crimes 30 princeton classics modern world against humanity 30 history of science 11 middle eastern history 22 the public square 31 isaiah berlin 12 european history 23 asian | east asian history 32 index | order form LETTER FROM THE EDITOR Princeton’s History list o ers many treasures in 2014. Clearly, one of the year’s most important books is the highly anticipated English edition of Jürgen Osterhammel’s magni cent The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. The Times Literary Supplement, which reviewed the German edition, hailed it as “a work of tremendous conceptual precision, breadth and insight, a masterpiece that sets a new benchmark for debates on the history of world society.” For scholars interested in East European history, Yohanan Petrovsky-Shtern’s The Golden Age Shtetl: A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe o ers a surprising new take on the Jewish market towns that were home to two-thirds of East Europe’s Jews in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jacqueline Bhabha’s new book, Child Migration and Human Rights in a Global Age, is the rst to integrate all aspects of child migration in a global perspective; it is at the same time an activist’s book, arguing for a compelling new international ethics of children’s human rights. -
Exploring Requirements for Effective Deterrence of Interstate Aggression
What Deters and Why Exploring Requirements for Effective Deterrence of Interstate Aggression Michael J. Mazarr, Arthur Chan, Alyssa Demus, Bryan Frederick, Alireza Nader, Stephanie Pezard, Julia A. Thompson, Elina Treyger C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2451 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0064-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: Three ROK soldiers watching the border at Panmunjeom in the DMZ between North and South Korea/Henrik Ishihara via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project enti- tled What Deters and Why: Lessons of Deterrence Theory and Practice for U.S. -
Montesquieu on Commerce, Conquest, War, and Peace
MONTESQUIEU ON COMMERCE, CONQUEST, WAR, AND PEACE Robert Howse* I. INTRODUCTION:COMMERCE AS THE AGENT OF PEACE:MONTESQUIEU AND THE IDEOLOGY OF LIBERALISM n the history of liberalism, Montesquieu, who died two hundred and Ififty years ago, is an iconic figure. Montesquieu is cited as the source of the idea of checks and balances, or separation of powers, and thus as an intellectual inspiration of the American founding.1 Among liberal internationalists, Montesquieu is known above all for the notion that international trade leads to peace among nation-states. When liberal international relations theorists such as Michael Doyle attribute this posi- tion to Montesquieu,2 they cite Book XX of the Spirit of the Laws,3 in which Montesquieu claims: “The natural effect of commerce is to bring peace. Two nations that negotiate between themselves become recipro- cally dependent, if one has an interest in buying and the other in selling. And all unions are based on mutual needs.”4 On its own, Montesquieu’s claim raises many issues. Montesquieu’s point is that trade based on mutual dependency discourages war. Here, Montesquieu abstracts entirely from the relative power of the states in question, a concern that is pervasive in his concrete analyses of relation- ships among political communities. For example, later on in the same section of the Spirit of the Laws he mentions that trade relations between Carthage and Marseille led to jealousy and a security conflict: There were, in the early times, great wars between Carthage and Mar- seille concerning the fishery. After the peace, they competed in eco- nomic commerce. -
Review Essay What Is Wrong with Human Rights?
Book Review: La loi naturelle et les droits de l’homme 451 Review Essay Pierre Manent, La loi naturelle et les droits de l’homme. Paris: Presses Univer- sitaires de France, 2018, 134 pp., $22.84 (kindle), $27.12 (paperback). What Is Wrong with Human Rights? José A. Colen University of Navarre (Spain) and CEPS Minho University (Portugal) [email protected] In 1942, under the shadow of World War II and the distressing situation of a divided and occupied France, Jacques Maritain wrote a small book which he described as “an essay in political philosophy.”1 The author felt that not only civilization was at stake, but the need to win the peace after winning the war. This required a political philosophy able to keep totalitarianism at bay. Mari- tain was among the most famous French neo-Thomist philosophers, having written extensively about Aquinas’s metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of nature, and ethics, but his own contribution to political matters had hitherto been scarce. It would probably have remained in the background had it not been for his active involvement in the UNESCO commission that debated the philosophical basis of the yet unborn Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The book-essay, entitled Les droits de l’homme et la loi natu- relle, starts from the relations between person and society and argues that the recognition of the dignity of the human person had its apex in “Christian philosophy,” notwithstanding the acknowledgment of other contributions. 1 Jaques Maritain, Les droits de l’homme et la loi naturelle (Paris: Paul Hartmann Éditeur, 1943), 7. -
Sowerby on Repealers
This is an author-produced draft version of an article published in Past and Present, no. 215 (2012), pp. 85–123, which is accessible online at http://past.oxfordjournals.org/content/215/1/85.short?rss=1 FORGETTING THE REPEALERS: RELIGIOUS TOLERATION AND HISTORICAL AMNESIA IN LATER STUART ENGLAND* by Scott Sowerby The erasure of the repealers from the historical record began with the failure to give the group a name. The men and women who rallied together for religious toleration in England in 1687 saw no need to name themselves. They presented themselves as a large group of concerned citizens. Their common cause was to enact a new ‘Magna Carta for liberty of conscience’ that would include the repeal of the laws that penalized both Protestant nonconformity and Roman Catholicism.1 They were visionaries. They claimed that their program had universal benefits and was not designed to aid a mere clique or party. They thought of themselves as those who were ‘zealous for Liberty of * I am grateful to Evan Haefeli, Mark Kishlansky, Owen Stanwood and the anonymous reviewers of this journal for their comments on this essay. Noah McCormack provided several helpful references and many useful suggestions. The essay has also benefited from the comments of those who heard an earlier version of it read at the Anglo-American Conference hosted by the Institute of Historical Research. 1 The quotation is from William Penn and the slogan appears to have been his invention, although others subsequently adopted it. See [William Penn], The Great and Popular Objection against the Repeal of the Penal Laws & Tests Briefly Stated and Consider’d (London, 1688, Wing P1298A), 6, 8, 10, 22; Scott Sowerby, ‘Of Different Complexions: Religious Diversity and National Identity in James II’s Toleration Campaign,’ English Historical Review, cxxiv (2009), 39–43, 48–9. -
Literature of European History I Fall 2017 Wednesday, 2:00-4:00 Pm
Literature of European History I Fall 2017 Wednesday, 2:00-4:00 p.m. David G. Troyansky Office Hours (GC 5104): Wednesday, 1:00-2:00, and by appointment [email protected] This course provides an introduction to the literature of European history from the Late Middle Ages through the eighteenth century. It explores different conceptual frameworks and methodological approaches to the period and examines an assortment of classic and recent works on a variety of topics: religion and the state; science, technology, and medicine; economy and society; gender and sexuality; and ideas and mentalities. The course prepares students for the end-of-semester comprehensive examination and for further study of early modern Europe. Requirements: Class participation: 25% Five (2-page) response papers (one title each—not the common reading): 25% Two (8-10-page) historiographical papers on major themes of the course (4-6 titles for each): 50% Written work will be shared with the class. Recommended Reading: Textbooks and Reference Works: Eugene Rice and Anthony Grafton, The Foundations of Early Modern Europe, 1460-1559, 2nd edition (New York, 1994). Theodore K. Rabb, The Struggle for Stability in Early Modern Europe (New York, 1975). William Doyle, The Old European Order, 1660-1800, 2nd edition (Oxford, 1993). George Huppert, After the Black Death: A Social History of Early Modern Europe, 2nd edition (Bloomington, IN, 1998). T.A. Brady, H.O. Oberman and J.D. Tracy, eds., Handbook of European History 1400-1600, 2 volumes (Leiden, 1995). Jonathan Dewald, ed., Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, 6 volumes (Farmington Hills, 2004). -
A Crucible in Which to Put the Soul”: Keeping Body and Soul Together in the Moderate Enlightenment, 1740-1830
“A CRUCIBLE IN WHICH TO PUT THE SOUL”: KEEPING BODY AND SOUL TOGETHER IN THE MODERATE ENLIGHTENMENT, 1740-1830 DISSERTATION Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctor of philosophy degree in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University KARA ELIZABETH BARR, M.A. DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 2014 DISSERTATION COMMITTEE: Dale K. Van Kley, director Matthew D. Goldish, advisor Geoffrey Parker COPYRIGHT BY KARA ELIZABETH BARR 2014 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the relationship between Christianity and the Enlightenment in eighteenth-century Europe. Specifically, it explores how the Enlightenment produced the modern Western perception of the nature of the mind and its relationship to the body. While most traditional Enlightenment historiography argues that the movement was defined by radical, atheistic thinkers, like Diderot and Spinoza, who denied the existence of the traditional Christian immaterial and immortal soul, this project demonstrates that these extreme thinkers were actually a minority, confined largely to the intellectual fringes. By contrast, not only were many Enlightenment thinkers sincere Christians, but they were actually the most effective communicators of new ideas by showing how the Enlightenment supported, rather than attacked, traditional Christian beliefs. This moderate Enlightenment is responsible for developing Western ideas about how the mind and body are related, especially within the emerging fields of psychology and psychiatry in the mid-nineteenth century. This dissertation gains its focus through an examination of the work of two historiographically neglected enlightened thinkers—David Hartley in Britain, and the Abbé de Condillac in France. Both of them argued for the traditional Christian belief in an immortal soul, but used enlightened ideas to do so.