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Female Political Representation in Zambia: a Study of Four Political Parties’ Policies and Perspectives on Party Gender Quotas and Reserved Seats Adoption

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Female Political Representation in Zambia: a Study of Four Political Parties’ Policies and Perspectives on Party Gender Quotas and Reserved Seats Adoption FEMALE POLITICAL REPRESENTATION IN ZAMBIA: A STUDY OF FOUR POLITICAL PARTIES’ POLICIES AND PERSPECTIVES ON PARTY GENDER QUOTAS AND RESERVED SEATS ADOPTION. BY CHIKWANDA NAOMY KATONGO A dissertation submitted to the University of Zambia in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the Degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies. The University of Zambia Lusaka 2017 I, Chikwanda Naomy Katongo, declare that this dissertation: (a) Represents my own work; (b) Has not previously been submitted for a degree at this or any other University; and (c) Does not incorporate any materials from published works nor dissertations except for references. Signed ............................................ Date ............................................ i All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be reproduced or stored in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing either from the author or The University of Zambia. ii APPROVAL This dissertation of Chikwanda Naomy Katongo is approved as fulfilling the partial requirement for the award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Gender Studies by the University of Zambia. Signatures Dates ................................. .............................. ................................. ............................... ................................. ............................... iii ABSTRACT The Zambia MDGs progress report 2013 indicates that Zambia has continued to perform poorly with respect to female political representation. Women in 2015 held a low proportion of seats in both local councils (6.3 percent) and parliament (13.9 percent) and have continued to do so even after the 2016 General Elections. The study aims at finding out Patriotic Front, United Party for National Development, Rainbow and Forum for Democracy and Development parties‘ policies and perspectives on the adoption of a gender quota and reserved seats in Zambia and proposes a working mechanism for increasing female political representation. The study is qualitative. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with six party officials in the National Executive Committees and five from the Election Committees, two officials from the Ministry of Gender and Zambia National Women‘s Lobby (ZNWL). Data was also collected through a total of seven focus group discussions with the Zambian Parliamentary Caucus for Women, and voters (male and female) from the Munali, Kabwata and Mandevu Constituencies. The samples were drawn using purposive and random sampling for party officials and voters respectively. Data from the interviews and focus group discussions was analysed using themes based on the objectives. Additional data was collected through document reviews from the Ministry of Gender and Zambia National Women‘s Lobby. The following were the research specific objectives; i) To find out measures that have been put in place by political parties to promote gender equality in national decision making positions (legislature). ii) Investigate the criteria used in the party nominations for candidates for parliamentary elections. iii) Determine whether there is a link between the presence of women in party leadership positions and their numeric presence both in elected and appointed offices of the government. iv) Examine party leaders‘ views on gender quota and reserved seats adoption in Zambia. The research found that all the four political parties have been structured in such a way that they have a women‘s wing which should bring out women in numbers to participate and be heard. All four parties committed themselves to the attainment of 50/50 gender equality through nominations for the 2016 General Elections. Unfortunately none of them could live up to their commitment. The study also revealed that the criteria for nominating candidate for parliamentary elections is not discriminatory but disadvantages a woman more as compared to a man. In trying to determine the link between the presence of women in party leadership positions and their numeric presence both in elected and appointed offices of the government, most of the interviewed officials admitted the fact that there is a link though it cannot be clearly established. Almost all respondents feel quotas are one clear affirmative action that would make a difference in women‘s political representation. They argue that the low female political representation is due to the fact that there has been no working mechanism implemented in Zambia such as quotas and reserved seats. Lack of political will which is evident in the failure to domesticate international and regional protocols on female political representation has also contributed. The study also reveals that the idea of Mixed Member Proportional Representation clause in the draft Constitution was going to deal with issues of women, youths and the disabled that are marginalized with the use of party lists that would allocate 35, 2 and 3 seats respectively. Political parties would have been legally obliged to comply with these quotas. Of the four political parties under study, only United Party for National Development has adopted a party gender quota. The study recommends for the establishment of a Political Party Commission. iv DEDICATION This paper is dedicated to my son Ashley Bufwayo, remembering when I was first accepted to come and pursue my Masters, I was struggling with early pregnancy complications and had to withdraw. After his birth, I was inspired even the more to study and make a better future for my son. Having weaned him at exactly one year old is something I could turn back the hand of time for if I could, it was not easy at all for the both of us but a woman got to do what she has to do. I remember writing the dissertation with him on my laps and instead of feeling burdened, he gave me hope and strength and immediately, the thought of not letting the moment pass me by without dedicating this to him came and I started writing. There is no better person I could ever think of dedicating this to in the whole entire universe than you my son, you were there from the very start and together we have achieved this success, thank you sonny, I love you so much! To mum Mrs Elizabeth Chikwanda, May your Soul Rest in Perfect Peace till we meet again, because of you I know what it means to be a mother and sad you went too early to witness the fruits of your love. To my father Mr Pius Chikwanda, it is my deepest desire to make you proud every step of my life, may God grant you long life and richly bless you. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS They say that farmers are a few but reapers are many, true to the point because not everyone will do the farming, some will decide to ask while others will steal and better enough, others will buy. Let me take this opportunity to thank all those I feel have seen me through my studies. First, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr Fay Gadsden for being available for supervision; it is the laughter in her voice that kept me going. To Dr Kunsathan a cheerful and hardworking man, thank you so much. To Dr Ndubani, Dr Moyo and Dr Anne Phiri, thank you so much for the support rendered during my course work, may God richly bless and continue guiding you. I would also like to thank my father Mr Pius Chikwanda for the understanding and greater confidence in me that I can achieve much more, most importantly, for loving me unconditionally. Not to forget my sister Prisca Chikwanda Zimba and the spouse Gift Zimba for taking up parenthood for my son when I could not afford school and being a mother at the same time. My profound gratitude also goes to my Head teacher Mr Chipatela and the entire school staff members. It is not easy to combine studies with work and for this reason I was granted study leave which facilitated my smooth completion of studies. My profound gratitude also goes to Sampa Monica for the academic assistance rendered to me during my research. To family and friends, your contribution is worth noting but I would go on and on, may the good Lord richly bless you all, thank you so much. Lastly but not the least, I would like to thank the Almighty God for his unending love for me and being the pillar of my strength, through him all things are possible. vi ABBREVIATIONS ADD- Alliance for Democracy and Development APC- All People Congress Party CDP- Citizens Democratic Party ERTC- Electoral Reform Technical Committee FDD- Forum for Democracy and Development FEDEPA- Federal Democratic Party FODEP- Foundation for Democratic Process FPTP- First Past The Post HP- Heritage Party IND- Independents MDGs- Millenium Development Goals MMD- Movement for Multiparty Democracy MPs- Members of Parliament NAREP- National Restoration Party NEC- National Executive Committee NGP- New Generation Party NGOCC- Non Governmental Organizations‘ Coordinating Council NMP- National Movement for Progress NP- National Party NRP- National Revolution Party PF- Patriotic Front SADC- Southern African Development Community ULP- United Liberal Party vii UNIP- United National Independence Party UNDP- United Nations Development Programme UPDD- Unified Party for Democracy and Development UPND- United Party for National Development ZCID- Zambia Centre for Inter Party Dialogue ZCP- Zambia Conservative Party ZED- Zambians for Empowerment and Development ZDDM- Zambia Direct Democracy Movement ZNWL- Zambia National Women's Lobby viii TABLE OF CONTENT APPROVAL …………………………………………………………………………………iii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………………….iv DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………………….v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………vi
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