Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxin Analysis and Testing Services [As of 3/15/2016]
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Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs During 2020–2024
IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0) ................................................................................................. 3 Acrolein (CAS No. 107-02-8) ....................................................................................................... 4 Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) .................................................................................................... 5 Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) ................................................................................................ 6 Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2) .................................................................................................. 8 Air pollutants and underlying mechanisms for breast cancer ....................................................... 9 Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxins ............................................................................. 10 Alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) (CAS No. 15972-60-8) .................................................. 10 Aluminium (CAS No. 7429-90-5) .............................................................................................. 11 -
Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-And-Odor Studies in Lakes and Reservoirs
Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-and-Odor Studies in Lakes and Reservoirs Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5038 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Photo 1 Photo 3 Photo 2 Front cover. Photograph 1: Beach sign warning of the presence of a cyanobacterial bloom, June 29, 2006 (photograph taken by Jennifer L. Graham, U.S. Geological Survey). Photograph 2: Sampling a near-shore accumulation of Microcystis, August 8, 2006 (photograph taken by Jennifer L. Graham, U.S. Geological Survey). Photograph 3: Mixed bloom of Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Microcystis, August 10, 2006 (photograph taken by Jennifer L. Graham, U.S. Geological Survey). Background photograph: Near-shore accumulation of Microcystis, August 8, 2006 (photograph taken by Jennifer L. Graham, U.S. Geological Survey). Guidelines for Design and Sampling for Cyanobacterial Toxin and Taste-and-Odor Studies in Lakes and Reservoirs By Jennifer L. Graham, Keith A. Loftin, Andrew C. Ziegler, and Michael T. Meyer Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5038 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. -
Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins
CYANOBACTERIAL PEPTIDE TOXINS CYANOBACTERIAL PEPTIDE TOXINS 1. Exposure data 1.1 Introduction Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are widely distributed in fresh, brackish and marine environments, in soil and on moist surfaces. They are an ancient group of prokaryotic organisms that are found all over the world in environments as diverse as Antarctic soils and volcanic hot springs, often where no other vegetation can exist (Knoll, 2008). Cyanobacteria are considered to be the organisms responsible for the early accumulation of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Knoll, 2008). The name ‘blue- green’ algae derives from the fact that these organisms contain a specific pigment, phycocyanin, which gives many species a slightly blue-green appearance. Cyanobacterial metabolites can be lethally toxic to wildlife, domestic livestock and even humans. Cyanotoxins fall into three broad groups of chemical structure: cyclic peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysaccharides. Table 1.1 gives an overview of the specific toxic substances within these broad groups that are produced by different genera of cyanobacteria together, with their primary target organs in mammals. However, not all cyanobacterial blooms are toxic and neither are all strains within one species. Toxic and non-toxic strains show no predictable difference in appearance and, therefore, physicochemical, biochemical and biological methods are essential for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins. The most frequently reported cyanobacterial toxins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins known as microcystins which can be isolated from several species of the freshwater genera Microcystis , Planktothrix ( Oscillatoria ), Anabaena and Nostoc . More than 70 structural variants of microcystins are known. A structurally very similar class of cyanobacterial toxins is nodularins ( < 10 structural variants), which are cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxins that are found in the brackish-water cyanobacterium Nodularia . -
Identification of the Toxic Pentapeptide Nodularin in A
A tica nal eu yt c ic a a m A r a c t h a P Pacheco et al., Pharm Anal Acta 2016, 7:5 Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000479 ISSN: 2153-2435 Research Article Open Access Identification of the Toxic Pentapeptide Nodularin in a Cyanobacterial Bloom in a Shrimp Farm in South American Atlantic Coast Pacheco LA1,3, Kunrath N1, Costa CM1,4, Costa LDF1, Foes GK2, Wasielesky W2 and Yunes JS1* 1Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 2Aquaculture Marine Station (EMA), Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 3Post Graduate Program in Physical, Chemical and Geological Oceanography , Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 4Post Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil *Corresponding author: Yunes JS, Laboratório de Cianobactérias e Ficotoxinas, IOFURG, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96.203-270 - Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, Tel: +55 53 32336737; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: Apr 28, 2016; Accepted date: May 23, 2016; Published date: May 25, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Pacheco LA et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Since 2010, blooms of the brackish cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena are recurrent in the shrimp growth tanks of the Marine Aquaculture Station during summer in Southern Brazil. Cyanobacterial growth led to a decrease in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei productivity. -
Cyanobacteria 101 (And Why You Need to Know More)
Cyanobacteria 101 (and why you need to know more) Barry H. Rosen, Ph. D. Office of the Southeast Regional Director (CFLWSC) Orlando, FL [email protected] 407-803-5508 algae algae 32 million cyanobacteria cyanobacteria 2.9 million HABs 372 K HABs microcystin 314 K saxitoxin 195 K microcystin paralytic 143 K amnesic 56 K saxitoxin cyanotoxins 48 K *paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) cyanotoxins *coastal & marine Cyanobacteria (aka blue- green algae; cyanoHABs) •gram negative bacteria •pigments in thylakoids WhereWhere are cyanobacteriaare they a problem? a problem? Lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands Estuaries and coastal systems Marine systems CyanoHABs NOAA, OSU, SeaGrant Why are we concerned about cyanoHABs? Toxicity Hypoxia Taste and odors Aesthetics So why do we care about them? Some produce cyanobacteria toxins Cyanotoxins Hepatotoxins Disrupt proteins that keep microcystin (90+ variants) the liver functioning, may nodularin act slowly (days to weeks) cylindrospermopsin Neurotoxins anatoxin -a Cause rapid paralysis of anatoxin -a (s) skeletal and respiratory saxitoxin muscles (minutes) neosaxitoxin Dermatotoxins lyngbyatoxin Produce rashes and other skin reactions, usually within a day (hours) b-N-methylamino-L-alanine BMAA Neurological: linked to ALS Cyanotoxins are highly potent Compounds & LD50 (ug/kg) Saxitoxin 9 Ricin 0.02 Anatoxin-a(s) 20 Cobra toxin 20 Microcystin LR 50 Curare 500 Anatoxin-a 200-250 Strychnine 2000 Nodularin 50 Cylindrospermopsins 200 How common are toxic blooms? -
Cyanobacterial Toxins: Saxitoxins
WHO/SDE/WSH/xxxxx English only Cyanobacterial toxins: Saxitoxins Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality and Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments Version for Public Review Nov 2019 © World Health Organization 20XX Preface Information on cyanobacterial toxins, including saxitoxins, is comprehensively reviewed in a recent volume to be published by the World Health Organization, “Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water” (TCiW; Chorus & Welker, in press). This covers chemical properties of the toxins and information on the cyanobacteria producing them as well as guidance on assessing the risks of their occurrence, monitoring and management. In contrast, this background document focuses on reviewing the toxicological information available for guideline value derivation and the considerations for deriving the guideline values for saxitoxin in water. Sections 1-3 and 8 are largely summaries of respective chapters in TCiW and references to original studies can be found therein. To be written by WHO Secretariat Acknowledgements To be written by WHO Secretariat 5 Abbreviations used in text ARfD Acute Reference Dose bw body weight C Volume of drinking water assumed to be consumed daily by an adult GTX Gonyautoxin i.p. intraperitoneal i.v. intravenous LOAEL Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level neoSTX Neosaxitoxin NOAEL No Observed Adverse Effect Level P Proportion of exposure assumed to be due to drinking water PSP Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning PST paralytic shellfish toxin STX saxitoxin STXOL saxitoxinol -
The Neurotoxin Β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA)
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) Sources, bioaccumulation and extraction procedures Sandra Ferreira Lage ©Sandra Ferreira Lage, Stockholm University 2016 Cover image: Cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates microscopic pictures taken by Sandra Ferreira Lage ISBN 978-91-7649-455-4 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Distributor: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University “Sinto mais longe o passado, sinto a saudade mais perto.” Fernando Pessoa, 1914. Abstract β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin linked to neurodegeneration, which is manifested in the devastating human diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. This neurotoxin is known to be produced by almost all tested species within the cyanobacterial phylum including free living as well as the symbiotic strains. The global distribution of the BMAA producers ranges from a terrestrial ecosystem on the Island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean to an aquatic ecosystem in Northern Europe, the Baltic Sea, where annually massive surface blooms occur. BMAA had been shown to accumulate in the Baltic Sea food web, with highest levels in the bottom dwelling fish-species as well as in mollusks. One of the aims of this thesis was to test the bottom-dwelling bioaccumulation hy- pothesis by using a larger number of samples allowing a statistical evaluation. Hence, a large set of fish individuals from the lake Finjasjön, were caught and the BMAA concentrations in different tissues were related to the season of catching, fish gender, total weight and species. The results reveal that fish total weight and fish species were positively correlated with BMAA concentration in the fish brain. -
Occurrence of a Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin, Anatoxin-A, in New
OCCURRENCE OF THE CYANOBACTERIAL NEUROTOXIN, ANATOXIN-A, IN NEW YORK STATE WATERS by Xingye Yang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York January 2007 Approved: Faculty of Chemistry ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ Gregory L. Boyer, Major Professor William Shields, Chairperson, Examination Committee ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------- John P. Hassett, Faculty Chair Dudley J. Raynal, Dean, Instruction and Graduate Studies UMI Number: 3290535 Copyright 2008 by Yang, Xingye All rights reserved. UMI Microform 3290535 Copyright 2008 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Gregory L. Boyer, my major professor and academic advisor for his guidance, support, and assistance over the past years. He has provided me with invaluable knowledge and skills. I thank Dr. David J. Kieber for his advice and instrument support. I acknowledge Dr. John P. Hassett for his support on both my research and my career. I appreciate Dr. Francis X. Webster for his help on chemical characterization. I thank Dr. James P. Nakas for advice on my career development. Thanks are also due to Dr. William Shields for serving as chairman of this examination committee. I appreciate critical reviews and comments on the thesis from all the examiners on this committee. I would like to thank Dr. Israel Cabasso and Dr. -
Diversity of Peptides Produced by Nodularia Spumigena from Various Geographical Regions
Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1-19; doi:10.3390/md11010001 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Diversity of Peptides Produced by Nodularia spumigena from Various Geographical Regions Hanna Mazur-Marzec 1,*, Monika J. Kaczkowska 1, Agata Blaszczyk 1, Reyhan Akcaalan 2, Lisa Spoof 3 and Jussi Meriluoto 3 1 Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, Gdynia 81-378, Poland; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.J.K.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. No. 200, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Tykistök atu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (J.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-58-523-6621; Fax: +48-58-523-6712. Received: 12 October 2012; in revised form: 13 November 2012 / Accepted: 11 December 2012 / Published: 21 December 2012 Abstract: Cyanobacteria produce a great variety of non-ribosomal peptides. Among these compounds, both acute toxins and potential drug candidates have been reported. The profile of the peptides, as a stable and specific feature of an individual strain, can be used to discriminate cyanobacteria at sub-population levels. In our work, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to elucidate the structures of non-ribosomal peptides produced by Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea, the coastal waters of southern Australia and Lake Iznik in Turkey. -
The Spatial and Temporal Distribution and Environmental Drivers Of
THE SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL DRIVERS OF SAXITOXIN IN NORTHWEST OHIO Callie A. Nauman A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 2020 Committee: Timothy Davis, Advisor George Bullerjahn Justin Chaffin © 2020 Callie A. Nauman All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Timothy Davis, Advisor Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms threaten freshwater quality and human health around the world. One specific threat is the ability of some cyanobacteria to produce multiple types of toxins, including a range of neurotoxins called saxitoxins. While it is not completely understood, the general consensus is environmental factors like phosphorus, nitrogen, and light availability, may be driving forces in saxitoxin production. Recent surveys have determined saxitoxin and potential saxitoxin producing cyanobacterial species in both lakes and rivers across the United States and Ohio. Research evaluating benthic cyanobacterial blooms determined benthic cyanobacteria as a source for saxitoxin production in systems, specifically rivers. Currently, little is known about when, where, why, or who is producing saxitoxin in Ohio, and even less is known about the role benthic cyanobacterial blooms play in Ohio waterways. With increased detections of saxitoxin, the saxitoxin biosynthesis gene sxtA, and saxitoxin producing species in both the Western Basin of Lake Erie and the lake’s major tributary the Maumee River, seasonal sampling was conducted to monitor saxitoxin in both systems. The sampling took place from late spring to early autumn of 2018 and 2019. Monitoring including bi-/weekly water column sampling in the Maumee River and Lake Erie and Nutrient Diffusing Substrate (NDS) Experiments, were completed to evaluate saxitoxin, sxtA, potential environmental drivers, and benthic production. -
Running Head: CYANOBACTERIA, Β-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE
Running head: CYANOBACTERIA, b-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE, AND NEURODEGENERATION Cyanobacteria, β-Methylamino-L-Alanine, and Neurodegeneration Jonathan Hunyadi Lourdes University CYANOBACTERIA, b-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE, AND NEURODEGENERATION 2 ABSTRACT Research has found a potential link between the non-proteinogenic amino acid b-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and neurodegenerative diseases. First identified on the island of Guam with a rare form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) commonly called “Guam disease”, the source of BMAA was identified to be cyanobacteria. Due primarily to eutrophication, cyanobacteria can form large “algal blooms” within water bodies. A major concern during cyanobacterial blooms is the production of high concentrations of cyanotoxins such as BMAA. Cyanotoxin biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of specific genes as well as environmental regulating factors. Numerous techniques are capable of analyzing cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins which include: microscopy, pigment spectroscopy, polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography is the primary technique used to analyze BMAA, however, there has been controversy regarding its detection within nervous tissue samples. While BMAAs role in neurodegeneration is unclear, dietary intake has been demonstrated to produce both b-amyloid plaques and tau tangles within Vervet monkeys, hallmarks of both Alzheimer’s disease and Guam disease. Two of the dominant hypothesized mechanisms of BMAA neurotoxicity are glutamate excitotoxicity, by which BMAA functions as a glutamate agonist causing endoplasmic reticulum stress and initiates a cascade leading to tau hyperphosphorylation, and protein incorporation, by which BMAA enters neurons and becomes mis-incorporated within proteins, leading to misfolding and aggregation. As a result of this research, alanine supplements have entered clinical trials for both Alzheimer’s disease and ALS to compete with BMAA in protein incorporation. -
Harmful Algal Blooms (Habs) and Desalination: a Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management
Manuals and Guides 78 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring, and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson, Siobhan F.E. Boerlage, Mike B. Dixon UNESCO Manuals and Guides 78 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and Desalination: A Guide to Impacts, Monitoring and Management Edited by: Donald M. Anderson* Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA Siobhan F. E. Boerlage Boerlage Consulting Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia Mike B. Dixon MDD Consulting, Kensington Calgary, Alberta, Canada *Corresponding Author’s email: [email protected] UNESCO 2017 Bloom prevention and control 7 BLOOM PREVENTION AND CONTROL Clarissa R. Anderson1, Kevin G. Sellner2, and Donald M. Anderson3 1University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA 2Chesapeake Research Consortium, Edgewater MD USA 3Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole MA USA 7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 205 7.2 Bloom prevention .................................................................................................................................. 207 7.2.1 Nutrient load reduction .................................................................................................................. 207 7.2.2 Nutrient load .................................................................................................................................