Occurrence of a Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin, Anatoxin-A, in New
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Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs During 2020–2024
IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 Report of the Advisory Group to Recommend Priorities for the IARC Monographs during 2020–2024 CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Acetaldehyde (CAS No. 75-07-0) ................................................................................................. 3 Acrolein (CAS No. 107-02-8) ....................................................................................................... 4 Acrylamide (CAS No. 79-06-1) .................................................................................................... 5 Acrylonitrile (CAS No. 107-13-1) ................................................................................................ 6 Aflatoxins (CAS No. 1402-68-2) .................................................................................................. 8 Air pollutants and underlying mechanisms for breast cancer ....................................................... 9 Airborne gram-negative bacterial endotoxins ............................................................................. 10 Alachlor (chloroacetanilide herbicide) (CAS No. 15972-60-8) .................................................. 10 Aluminium (CAS No. 7429-90-5) .............................................................................................. 11 -
Cyanobacterial Peptide Toxins
CYANOBACTERIAL PEPTIDE TOXINS CYANOBACTERIAL PEPTIDE TOXINS 1. Exposure data 1.1 Introduction Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are widely distributed in fresh, brackish and marine environments, in soil and on moist surfaces. They are an ancient group of prokaryotic organisms that are found all over the world in environments as diverse as Antarctic soils and volcanic hot springs, often where no other vegetation can exist (Knoll, 2008). Cyanobacteria are considered to be the organisms responsible for the early accumulation of oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere (Knoll, 2008). The name ‘blue- green’ algae derives from the fact that these organisms contain a specific pigment, phycocyanin, which gives many species a slightly blue-green appearance. Cyanobacterial metabolites can be lethally toxic to wildlife, domestic livestock and even humans. Cyanotoxins fall into three broad groups of chemical structure: cyclic peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysaccharides. Table 1.1 gives an overview of the specific toxic substances within these broad groups that are produced by different genera of cyanobacteria together, with their primary target organs in mammals. However, not all cyanobacterial blooms are toxic and neither are all strains within one species. Toxic and non-toxic strains show no predictable difference in appearance and, therefore, physicochemical, biochemical and biological methods are essential for the detection of cyanobacterial toxins. The most frequently reported cyanobacterial toxins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins known as microcystins which can be isolated from several species of the freshwater genera Microcystis , Planktothrix ( Oscillatoria ), Anabaena and Nostoc . More than 70 structural variants of microcystins are known. A structurally very similar class of cyanobacterial toxins is nodularins ( < 10 structural variants), which are cyclic pentapeptide hepatotoxins that are found in the brackish-water cyanobacterium Nodularia . -
Identification of the Toxic Pentapeptide Nodularin in A
A tica nal eu yt c ic a a m A r a c t h a P Pacheco et al., Pharm Anal Acta 2016, 7:5 Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta DOI: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000479 ISSN: 2153-2435 Research Article Open Access Identification of the Toxic Pentapeptide Nodularin in a Cyanobacterial Bloom in a Shrimp Farm in South American Atlantic Coast Pacheco LA1,3, Kunrath N1, Costa CM1,4, Costa LDF1, Foes GK2, Wasielesky W2 and Yunes JS1* 1Laboratory of Cyanobacteria and Phycotoxins, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 2Aquaculture Marine Station (EMA), Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 3Post Graduate Program in Physical, Chemical and Geological Oceanography , Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil 4Post Graduate Program in Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography, Federal University of Rio Grande, RS, Brazil *Corresponding author: Yunes JS, Laboratório de Cianobactérias e Ficotoxinas, IOFURG, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, 96.203-270 - Rio Grande, RS, Brazil, Tel: +55 53 32336737; E-mail: [email protected] Received date: Apr 28, 2016; Accepted date: May 23, 2016; Published date: May 25, 2016 Copyright: © 2016 Pacheco LA et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Since 2010, blooms of the brackish cyanobacteria Nodularia spumigena are recurrent in the shrimp growth tanks of the Marine Aquaculture Station during summer in Southern Brazil. Cyanobacterial growth led to a decrease in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei productivity. -
Cyanobacterial Bioactive Molecules — an Overview of Their Toxic Properties
701 REVIEW / SYNTHE` SE Cyanobacterial bioactive molecules — an overview of their toxic properties Pranita Jaiswal, Pawan Kumar Singh, and Radha Prasanna Abstract: Allelopathic interactions involving cyanobacteria are being increasingly explored for the pharmaceutical and en- vironmental significance of the bioactive molecules. Among the toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the biosyn- thetic pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and genes involved are well understood, in relation to biotoxins, whereas the cytotoxins are less investigated. A range of laboratory methods have been developed to detect and identify biotoxins in water as well as the causal organisms; these methods vary greatly in their degree of sophistication and the information they provide. Direct molecular probes are also available to detect and (or) differentiate toxic and nontoxic species from en- vironmental samples. This review collates the information available on the diverse types of toxic bioactive molecules pro- duced by cyanobacteria and provides pointers for effective exploitation of these biologically and industrially significant prokaryotes. Key words: cyanobacteria, bioactive molecules, cyanotoxins, NRP (non-ribosomal peptide), biocontrol agent. Re´sume´ : Les effets alle´lopathiques des cyoanobacte´ries sont de plus en explore´s pour identifier les mole´cules bioactives importantes d’un point de vue pharmaceutique ou environnemental. Parmi les compose´s toxiques produits par les cyano- bacte´ries, les biotoxines sont bien connues quant aux voies, aux me´canismes re´gulateurs et aux ge`nes implique´s dans leur biosynthe`se, alors que les cytotoxines sont moins e´tudie´es. Une varie´te´ de me´thodes de laboratoire ont e´te´ de´veloppe´es afin de de´tecter et d’identifier les biotoxines de l’eau et les agents qui en sont responsables; elles diffe`rent grandement quant a` leur degre´ de sophistication et a` l’information qu’elles ge´ne`rent. -
Cyanobacteria 101 (And Why You Need to Know More)
Cyanobacteria 101 (and why you need to know more) Barry H. Rosen, Ph. D. Office of the Southeast Regional Director (CFLWSC) Orlando, FL [email protected] 407-803-5508 algae algae 32 million cyanobacteria cyanobacteria 2.9 million HABs 372 K HABs microcystin 314 K saxitoxin 195 K microcystin paralytic 143 K amnesic 56 K saxitoxin cyanotoxins 48 K *paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) cyanotoxins *coastal & marine Cyanobacteria (aka blue- green algae; cyanoHABs) •gram negative bacteria •pigments in thylakoids WhereWhere are cyanobacteriaare they a problem? a problem? Lakes, reservoirs, rivers, streams, wetlands Estuaries and coastal systems Marine systems CyanoHABs NOAA, OSU, SeaGrant Why are we concerned about cyanoHABs? Toxicity Hypoxia Taste and odors Aesthetics So why do we care about them? Some produce cyanobacteria toxins Cyanotoxins Hepatotoxins Disrupt proteins that keep microcystin (90+ variants) the liver functioning, may nodularin act slowly (days to weeks) cylindrospermopsin Neurotoxins anatoxin -a Cause rapid paralysis of anatoxin -a (s) skeletal and respiratory saxitoxin muscles (minutes) neosaxitoxin Dermatotoxins lyngbyatoxin Produce rashes and other skin reactions, usually within a day (hours) b-N-methylamino-L-alanine BMAA Neurological: linked to ALS Cyanotoxins are highly potent Compounds & LD50 (ug/kg) Saxitoxin 9 Ricin 0.02 Anatoxin-a(s) 20 Cobra toxin 20 Microcystin LR 50 Curare 500 Anatoxin-a 200-250 Strychnine 2000 Nodularin 50 Cylindrospermopsins 200 How common are toxic blooms? -
The Neurotoxin Β-N-Methylamino-L-Alanine (BMAA)
The neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) Sources, bioaccumulation and extraction procedures Sandra Ferreira Lage ©Sandra Ferreira Lage, Stockholm University 2016 Cover image: Cyanobacteria, diatoms and dinoflagellates microscopic pictures taken by Sandra Ferreira Lage ISBN 978-91-7649-455-4 Printed in Sweden by Holmbergs, Malmö 2016 Distributor: Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University “Sinto mais longe o passado, sinto a saudade mais perto.” Fernando Pessoa, 1914. Abstract β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) is a neurotoxin linked to neurodegeneration, which is manifested in the devastating human diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. This neurotoxin is known to be produced by almost all tested species within the cyanobacterial phylum including free living as well as the symbiotic strains. The global distribution of the BMAA producers ranges from a terrestrial ecosystem on the Island of Guam in the Pacific Ocean to an aquatic ecosystem in Northern Europe, the Baltic Sea, where annually massive surface blooms occur. BMAA had been shown to accumulate in the Baltic Sea food web, with highest levels in the bottom dwelling fish-species as well as in mollusks. One of the aims of this thesis was to test the bottom-dwelling bioaccumulation hy- pothesis by using a larger number of samples allowing a statistical evaluation. Hence, a large set of fish individuals from the lake Finjasjön, were caught and the BMAA concentrations in different tissues were related to the season of catching, fish gender, total weight and species. The results reveal that fish total weight and fish species were positively correlated with BMAA concentration in the fish brain. -
Diversity of Peptides Produced by Nodularia Spumigena from Various Geographical Regions
Mar. Drugs 2013, 11, 1-19; doi:10.3390/md11010001 OPEN ACCESS Marine Drugs ISSN 1660-3397 www.mdpi.com/journal/marinedrugs Article Diversity of Peptides Produced by Nodularia spumigena from Various Geographical Regions Hanna Mazur-Marzec 1,*, Monika J. Kaczkowska 1, Agata Blaszczyk 1, Reyhan Akcaalan 2, Lisa Spoof 3 and Jussi Meriluoto 3 1 Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Gdansk, Al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, Gdynia 81-378, Poland; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.J.K.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Faculty of Fisheries, Istanbul University, Ordu Cad. No. 200, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul, Turkey; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Biosciences, Abo Akademi University, Tykistök atu 6A, Turku 20520, Finland; E-Mails: [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (J.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-58-523-6621; Fax: +48-58-523-6712. Received: 12 October 2012; in revised form: 13 November 2012 / Accepted: 11 December 2012 / Published: 21 December 2012 Abstract: Cyanobacteria produce a great variety of non-ribosomal peptides. Among these compounds, both acute toxins and potential drug candidates have been reported. The profile of the peptides, as a stable and specific feature of an individual strain, can be used to discriminate cyanobacteria at sub-population levels. In our work, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to elucidate the structures of non-ribosomal peptides produced by Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic Sea, the coastal waters of southern Australia and Lake Iznik in Turkey. -
Electrochemical Biosensors for Tracing Cyanotoxins in Food and Environmental Matrices
biosensors Review Electrochemical Biosensors for Tracing Cyanotoxins in Food and Environmental Matrices Antonella Miglione 1 , Maria Napoletano 1 and Stefano Cinti 1,2,* 1 Department of Pharmacy, University Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (M.N.) 2 BAT Center–Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University Naples Federico II, 80055 Naples, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The adoption of electrochemical principles to realize on-field analytical tools for detecting pollutants represents a great possibility for food safety and environmental applications. With respect to the existing transduction mechanisms, i.e., colorimetric, fluorescence, piezoelectric etc., electrochemical mechanisms offer the tremendous advantage of being easily miniaturized, connected with low cost (commercially available) readers and unaffected by the color/turbidity of real matrices. In particular, their versatility represents a powerful approach for detecting traces of emerging pollutants such as cyanotoxins. The combination of electrochemical platforms with nanomaterials, synthetic receptors and microfabrication makes electroanalysis a strong starting point towards decentralized monitoring of toxins in diverse matrices. This review gives an overview of the electrochemical biosensors that have been developed to detect four common cyanotoxins, namely microcystin-LR, anatoxin-a, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin. The manuscript provides the readers a quick guide to understand the main electrochemical platforms that have been realized so far, and the presence of a comprehensive table provides a perspective at a glance. Keywords: electroanalysis; screen printed electrodes; voltammetry; impedance; aptamer; Citation: Miglione, A.; Napoletano, microcystin-LR; anatoxin-a; saxitoxin; cylindrospermopsin M.; Cinti, S. Electrochemical Biosensors for Tracing Cyanotoxins in Food and Environmental Matrices. -
Running Head: CYANOBACTERIA, Β-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE
Running head: CYANOBACTERIA, b-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE, AND NEURODEGENERATION Cyanobacteria, β-Methylamino-L-Alanine, and Neurodegeneration Jonathan Hunyadi Lourdes University CYANOBACTERIA, b-METHYLAMINO-L-ALANINE, AND NEURODEGENERATION 2 ABSTRACT Research has found a potential link between the non-proteinogenic amino acid b-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and neurodegenerative diseases. First identified on the island of Guam with a rare form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) commonly called “Guam disease”, the source of BMAA was identified to be cyanobacteria. Due primarily to eutrophication, cyanobacteria can form large “algal blooms” within water bodies. A major concern during cyanobacterial blooms is the production of high concentrations of cyanotoxins such as BMAA. Cyanotoxin biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of specific genes as well as environmental regulating factors. Numerous techniques are capable of analyzing cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins which include: microscopy, pigment spectroscopy, polymerase chain reaction, microarrays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and liquid chromatography. Liquid chromatography is the primary technique used to analyze BMAA, however, there has been controversy regarding its detection within nervous tissue samples. While BMAAs role in neurodegeneration is unclear, dietary intake has been demonstrated to produce both b-amyloid plaques and tau tangles within Vervet monkeys, hallmarks of both Alzheimer’s disease and Guam disease. Two of the dominant hypothesized mechanisms of BMAA neurotoxicity are glutamate excitotoxicity, by which BMAA functions as a glutamate agonist causing endoplasmic reticulum stress and initiates a cascade leading to tau hyperphosphorylation, and protein incorporation, by which BMAA enters neurons and becomes mis-incorporated within proteins, leading to misfolding and aggregation. As a result of this research, alanine supplements have entered clinical trials for both Alzheimer’s disease and ALS to compete with BMAA in protein incorporation. -
Debromoaplysiatoxin in Lyngbya-Dominated Mats on Manatees (Trichechus Manatus Latirostris) in the Florida King's Bay Ecosyst
Toxicon 52 (2008) 385–388 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Short communication Debromoaplysiatoxin in Lyngbya-dominated mats on manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in the Florida King’s Bay ecosystem Kendal E. Harr a,*, Nancy J. Szabo b, Mary Cichra c, Edward J. Phlips c a FVP Consultants, Inc., 7805 SW 19th Place, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA b Analytical Toxicology Core Laboratory, Center for Environmental & Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Box 110885, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA c Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA article info abstract Article history: Proliferation of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium, Lyngbya, in Florida lakes and rivers Received 10 March 2008 has raised concerns about ecosystem and human health. Debromoaplysiatoxin (DAT) Received in revised form 14 May 2008 was measured in concentrations up to 6.31 mg/g wet weight lyngbyatoxin A equivalents Accepted 15 May 2008 (WWLAE) in Lyngbya-dominated mats collected from natural substrates. DAT was also Available online 5 June 2008 detected (up to 1.19 mg/g WWLAE) in Lyngbya-dominated mats collected from manatee dorsa. Ulcerative dermatitis found on manatees is associated with, but has not been proven Keywords: to be caused by DAT. Debromoaplysiatoxin Dermatitis Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Lyngbya Manatee Florida Over the past century, widespread increases in Although the majority of research has focused on eutrophication rates have led to a global magnification of L. majuscula, two freshwater Lyngbya species are known harmful algal blooms in aquatic ecosystems (Hallegraeff, to be toxigenic, Lyngbya wollei (Carmichael et al., 1997) 1993; Phlips, 2002). -
Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxin Analysis and Testing Services [As of 3/15/2016]
Cyanobacteria/Cyanotoxin Testing Services List Developed by the NEIWPCC HAB Workgroup (Northeast state health and environmental agency staff). The New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission is a non-profit organization established through an act of Congress in 1947. NEIWPCC strives to: coordinate activities and forums that encourage cooperation among the states; educate the public about key environmental issues; support research projects, train environmental professionals, and provide overall leadership in the management and protection of water quality. Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxin Analysis and Testing Services [As of 3/15/2016] Disclaimer: Individuals and/or companies listed below have been identified as performing services related to cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin analysis. This should not be considered an endorsement by NEIWPCC or any state agency of their qualifications. Public Water Systems considering contracting with any individual or company should verify that they have the adequate training and are competent to perform the work for which they are being considered. Prices should be viewed as guidelines of what to expect for each lab, rather than final quotes – many offer discounts, e.g., for bulk samples. Academy of Natural Sciences – Phycology Section Patrick Center for Environmental Research 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway Philadelphia, PA 19103 Tel: (215) 299-1080 Fax: (215) 299-1079 Email General: [email protected] Email Don Charles: [email protected] Email Frank Acker (primary soft-algae taxonomist): [email protected] Services: Identification of algae and algal measurements/biovolume, cell counts, chlorophyll Pricing: (Can give estimate based on sample, and separate the phytoplankton and periphyton in terms of how they are processed) Semiquantitative count (relative abundance, five-point scale, rare to abundant) – $150-200 Algal identification (cell count, biovolume) – $440-550 Chlorophyll (fluorometer) – Call for cost Diatom count – $300 Aquatic Services, Wayne Carmichael, Ph.D. -
Biosynthesis of Natural Products Containing Β-Amino Acids
Natural Product Reports Biosynthesis of natural products containing β -amino acids Journal: Natural Product Reports Manuscript ID: NP-REV-01-2014-000007.R1 Article Type: Review Article Date Submitted by the Author: 21-Apr-2014 Complete List of Authors: Kudo, Fumitaka; Tokyo Institute Of Technology, Department of Chemistry Miyanaga, Akimasa; Tokyo Institute Of Technology, Department of Chemistry Eguchi, T; Tokyo Institute Of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Page 1 of 20 Natural Product Reports NPR RSC Publishing REVIEW Biosynthesis of natural products containing βββ- amino acids Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x Fumitaka Kudo, a Akimasa Miyanaga, a and Tadashi Eguchi *b Received 00th January 2014, We focus here on β-amino acids as components of complex natural products because the presence of β-amino acids Accepted 00th January 2014 produces structural diversity in natural products and provides characteristic architectures beyond that of ordinary DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x α-L-amino acids, thus generating significant and unique biological functions in nature. In this review, we first survey the known bioactive β-amino acid-containing natural products including nonribosomal peptides, www.rsc.org/ macrolactam polyketides, and nucleoside-β-amino acid hybrids. Next, the biosynthetic enzymes that form β-amino acids from α-amino acids and de novo synthesis of β-amino acids are summarized. Then, the mechanisms of β- amino acid incorporation into natural products are reviewed. Because it is anticipated that the rational swapping of the β-amino acid moieties with various side chains and stereochemistries by biosynthetic engineering should lead to the creation of novel architectures and bioactive compounds, the accumulation of knowledge regarding β- amino acid-containing natural product biosynthetic machinery could have a significant impact in this field.