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Technical Information on Optics Technical Info Technical Wmin Technical Information on Optics ‚ ‚ O2 O1 Image plane U min Technical Information on Optics This chapter contains plenty of information on optics, from an overview of specialized optic terms to the physical principles of opti- cal resolution, Gaussian beam optics and thin film coatings. Furthermore, designations and measurement methods for testing optical components and properties of optical materials are explained. Valuable tips on further reading are con- tained in the bibliography and media index. 798 US-Phone +1 585 223-2370 UK-Phone +44 2380 744 500 Technical Information on Optics Technical Info ______________________________ Info Technical Terminology 800 Thin Films 806 Symbols and Sign Convention 807 Explanation of the Legends on Optical Component Drawings 808 Quality Testing of Optical Components and Systems 810 Minimum Spot Size and Resolving Power 810 Focusing and Expanding Laser Beams 812 Literature and Software 814 Optical Glass Data 816 Germany-Phone: +49 (0) 551/ 6935-0 France-Phone: +33 - 47 25 20 420 799 Index Terminology The following list of definitions is an alphabetically sorted collection of technical terms and their definitions. The terminology provided is to promote a better understanding between customer and manufacturer. For further information you are referred to technical literature. A brief listing of literature is in the section literature. More explanations can be found in the WinLensTM help system, see chapter Optics Software, WinLensTM. Abbe number Anti-reflection coating Chromatic aberration A term introduced by Ernst Abbe to A single or multi-layer dielectric coating Chromatic aberrations are functions of characterize the dis per sion of an optical deposited on the surface of an optical the dispersion charac te ristics of optical medium. The Abbe number repre­­sents element to reduce reflection by means of materials. There are two forms of the reciprocal dispersive power and is interference (see also chapter Thin Film chromatic aberration: de fined as: Coatings). longitudinal chromatic aber rations which result in different focal points for Aperture stop different wave lengths and trans verse Mechanical device which limits the path chromatic aberrations, which cause where nd, nF nC = indices of refraction of of light rays between the object and different magnifications for different the Fraunhofer d-, F-, and C-lines image planes of an optical imaging wave lengths. (d=587.6 nm, F=486.1 nm, C=656.3 nm). forming system. Large Abbe numbers correspond to low Coherence disper sions. Astigmatism The constancy of phase relations Aberration which occurs in an image between two waves. There are two types Aberrations formation due to skew rays. Astigmatism of coherence: temporal and spatial Aberrations occur during image formati- is characterized by two different focal coherence. on with optical systems when the rays positions in two perpendicular planes from the object point do not converge (meridional and sagittal). Coherence length com pletely at the conjugate image point. The greatest optical path difference Lens aberrations include: spherical Back focal length between two partial waves from a aberrations, coma, astig ma tism, distorti- The distance of the paraxial focus from radiation source where interference can on and chromatic aberrations. the last vertex of an optical system (the still occur. distance from the last surface of a lens or Absorption lens system to its image plane). Unlike Collimator The conversion of light or radiation the effective focal length, the back focal Optical lens system designed to image a energy into another form of energy length can be measured directly. point light source in such a way that all while passing through an optical the emerging rays are parallel to each medium. Birefringence other. Collimation is a general term for In optical anisotropic crystals, the index the imaging of a focal point at infinity Absorption factor of refraction is different for different (in a typical laser collimator a small laser The ratio between the radiant flux in the levels of polarization. A non-pola rized beam is transposed into an expanded optical medium and the incident radiant light beam is separated into two beams beam of collimated light). flux is called absorption factor. The polarized perpendicular to each other internal absorption factor is the ratio which have two different indices of Coma between the radiant flux penetrating refraction. These are called ordinary and An aberration for skew rays which is not into the medium and the radiant flux extra ordinary rays. Conse quently, double rotationally symme trical. Coma can also absorbed in the medium. images occur in non-polarized light be viewed as an aperture aberration in during trans mission through an iso tropic skew rays whereby the principal ray Airy disc crystals. assumes the function of the optical axis. The central maximum of a diffraction pattern of a circu lar aperture. The Airy Brewster angle Condenser disc is limited by the first dark ring of the Angle of incidence where the reflected Optical system which is designed to diffraction pattern. and the refracted rays of light striking a collect light sources as completely as transparent optically isotropic medium possible and transfer that light to an Angular dispersion are perpendicular to each other. The object point or plane. The wavelength dependence of the reflected component is linearly polarized diffraction angle of light beams passing and the plane of polarization is perpen- Conjugate points through a dispersive optical ele ment. It is dicular to the plane of incidence. Points in both the object and image a function of both the dispersive power plane which are trans formed into each of the material and the shape of the other by the process of image formation. optical element. with n = refractive index of the surroun- ding medium (i. e. air); n' = refractive index of the refracting medium 800 US-Phone +1 585 223-2370 UK-Phone +44 2380 744 500 Technical Information on Optics Contrast Dispersion Field of view Contrast is a general term used for Term used to define the process in which The outermost point of the field angle differences in bright ness. Contrast in the rays of light containing different being transmitted through a lens system context of optical transfer function is wavelengths are deviated angularly by to form an image. This spatial limitation termed modulation (see also modulati- an optical medium. More specifically, can be induced by a field stop. on). dispersion is used to indicate the dependency of the refractive index as a Field of view number Crown glasses function of wavelength (see also Abbe A characteristic quantity for eyepieces Info Technical Glasses having an Abbe number > 50. number). which gives the diameter of the field of view in millimeters by the equa tion: Depth of field Dispersion curve S = 2 · f · tan w (field of view number) A term used, especially in photography, A graphic representation of the variation f = eyepiece focal length for the plus or minus distance in which of the refractive index of a material as a w = field angle an acceptable focus is attained. The function of wavelength. depth of field (S) for a microscope lens Field stop system can be expressed simply as: Distortion Diaphragm or aperture used to restrict A lens system aberration characterized the useable field by limiting the angle of S = ± n λ / (2 · NA) by the imaging of off-axis straight lines view. An object field stop is lo­­ca­­ted in as curved lines. There are two types of the object area and an image field stop NA = numerical aperture, distortion: pincushion, where off-axis in the image area. n = index of refraction in object space straight lines are imaged curving towards λ = wavelength of light. the center and distortion barrel distorti- Fizeau fringes on, where off-axis straight lines are Fringe pattern which contours the Dielectric films imaged curving away from the center. variation in thickness of thin transparent Dielectric films are typically inorganic objects; i. e., a wedge airgap between materials which are vacuum-deposited Entrance pupil two glass plates viewed at normal onto the surfaces of optical com po nents The image of the aperture stop in object incidence and illuminated with mono- to increase or decrease reflectivity. space. chromatic light. Diffraction Entrance window Flatness Deviation of a wavefront from its The image of the field stop in object The measured deviation of a surface with original direction of propa gation as it space. respect to a reference surface. Deviation passes by an opaque edge or through an in flatness of the test sur face is typically aperture. Diffraction is not caused by Exit pupil given in units that are a fraction of the refraction, reflec tion or scatter but by the The image of the aperture stop in image wavelength of the monochromatic light wave nature of light. space. used for measurement. Diffraction grating Exit window Flint glasses Typically an arrangement of equi-distant The image of the field stop in image Glasses with an Abbe number < 50. parallel lines or elements on a transpa- space. rent or reflecting surface which causes F-number incident light rays to be diffracted. Extinction ratio The ratio of the focal length to the The transmission ratio of a pair of entrance pupil dia meter of an imaging DIN and ISO standards polarizers in the crossed position to that system. These standards specify dimensions, in the parallel position. tolerances and standard illustrations for Focal length industrial and scientific pro ducts. Field angle Focal length is defined as the distance Referen cing the appropriate standard Angle between the optical axis and the between the prin ci pal planes and the used in the manu facturing process principal ray of the object boundary corresponding focal point for paraxial eliminates the need to prepare detailed point.
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