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B. Sc. II YEAR Optics BBSCPH202 B. Sc. II YEAR Optics DEPEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS SCSCHOOL OF SCIENCES UTTARARAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSIRSITY Programme Coordinator and Board of Studies Board of Studies Prof. P. D. Pant Prof. C.K. Ghosh, Director I0C School of Sciences Regional Director, Regional Services Division, I.G.N.O.U., New Delhi Uttarakhand Open University, aldwani Prof. R. C. Srivastva, Prof Awadhesh Kumar Rai, Professor and ead, Department of Physics, Department of Physics, CBS , G.B.P.U.1.3T. Pantnagar, India University of 1llaha2ad, 1llaha2ad Dr. Kamal Devlal (Programme Coordinator) Department of Physics School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University, aldwani Unit writing and Editing Editing Writing Dr. M. Sharma 1. Dr. Piyush Sinha Department Physics Department Physics Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College. NB University Campus, Pauri, Uttarakhand Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 2. Dr. Kamal Devlal Department of Physics School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University, aldwani 3. Dr. M. Sharma Department Physics Pt. L.M.S. Govt. P.G. College. Rishikesh, Uttarakhand 4. Dr. Santosh K. Joshi Department Physics University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Prem Nagar, Dehradun-24,00., Uttarakhand Dr. C. C. Dhondiyal Department Physics M.B. G.P.G.C. aldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand Dr. B S iwari Department Physics University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Prem Nagar, Dehradun-24,00., Uttarakhand Course itle and code ,ptics (BSCP-.0.) ISBN No. Copyright Uttara0hand ,pen University Edition .012 Published by Uttara0hand ,pen University, -aldwani, Nainital3 .43139 Printed by BSCP-202 ,P ICS DEPAR MEN ,7 P-8SICS SC-,,9 ,7 SCIENCES U ARAK-AND ,PEN UNI:ERSI 8 Phone No. 059443.411.., .411.3 oll free No. 120012040.5 7ax No. 059443.44.3., E. mail [email protected] htpp://uou.ac.in Contents / ,ptics / . /tI / Unit Bloc0 and Unit itle Page number number Bloc0 1: Geometrical optics 1359 1 13.. 7ermatAs principle and its Applications: Optical Path, 5ermat6s principle of E7treme Path,applications of 5ermat6s principle, to deduce law of reflection and refraction etc., Gauss8s general theory of image formation. Refraction by spherical surfaces and Image formation9 Sign Convention, Coa7ial .3341 Optical System , Cardinal Points of an Optical System , Rules of Image 5ormation Magnification of a lens system, elmholt: Lagrange8s Magnification 5ormula Some Important Relations, Newton8s 5ormula 3 4.359 hic0 lens, lenses combinations and telescopes9 Cardinal Points of a Thick Lens, 5ocal Length of a Thick Lens, Variation of 5ocal Length of a Thick Bi-conve7 Lens, Power of a Thick Lens, Telescopes, 1stronomical Telescope, Terrestrial Telescope, Newtonian Reflecting Telescope, Cassegrain Reflecting Telescope, 1dvantages of Reflecting Type Telescope over Refracting Type Telescope B9,CK . Interference of light waves 403112 4 40324 Interference of light: Wave Nature of Light, Principle of Superposition, Introduction to Interference of light, Classification of Interference, Young8s e7periment, coherence Length and Coherence Time, spatial and temporal coherence; Interference Due to Thin Sheet ,intensity distri2ution, 2iprism and 5resnel8s 2iprism, E7perimental 1rrangement of Biprism 1pparatus, Lateral Shift, Measurement of Wave Length of Light (@A 2y 5resnel8s Biprism, Interference with White Light 5 25310C Interference in thin film and NewtonBs rings 9 Interference 2y division of amplitude, interference in thin film, wedge shaped film, Necessity of E7tended Source for Interference Due to Thin 5ilms , Colours of Thin 5ilms, Classification of 5ringes, 5ringes of EBual Thickness, 5ringes of EBual Inclination, Newton8s rings in reflected and refracted light, E7periment 1rrangement for Reflected Light, 5ormation of Bright and Dark Rings, Diameter of Bright and Dark Rings, Determination of Wavelength of a Monochromatic Light Source, Determination of Refractive Inde7 of a LiBuid 2y Newton8s Rings E7periment, Newton8s Rings in Case of Transmitted Light 4 1023112 Multiple beam interferometry9 Interferometery, 5ringes of EBual Inclination ( aidinger 5ringesA, Michelson8s Interferometer, Construction, Working, 5ormation of 5ringes, Determination the Difference 2etween Two Neigh2oring Wavelengths, Determination of Refractive Inde7 of a Material, Michelson- Morley E7periment and Its Result B9,CK3 Diffraction of light waves 11931C4 C 1193144 Diffraction of light waves and 7resnel diffraction: Diffraction of Light, Difference 2etween Interference and Diffraction, ypes of diffraction, 5resnel and 5raunhofer class, 5resnel8s half period :ones; e7planation of rectilinear propagation of light; Rectilinear Propagation of Light, :one plate, comparison of :one plate with lens, wave front, diffraction at a straight edge. 2 7raunhofer diffraction9 Condition for 5raunhofer diffraction, 5raunhofer 14C314. diffraction due to a single slit, 5raunhofer diffraction due to dou2le slit, 5raunhofer diffraction at circular aperture (BualitativeA, Plane diffraction grating (transmissionA, diffraction due to a grating of N parallel slits, Ma7imum num2er of order availa2le in a grating, missing orders. 9 Resolution and resolving power9 Introduction, resolving power, Rayleigh 14331C4 criterion of resolution; resolving power of transmission grating, resolving power of prism, resolving power of telescope, resolving power of microscope. B9,CK 4: PolariDation of light waves 1C53.50 10 1C5319. PolariDation: Introduction to Polari:ation, Types of Polari:ation, Concept of plane polari:ed light, Pictorial Representation of Plane Polari:ed Light , Plane of Vi2ration and Plane of Polari:ation of Plane Polari:ed Light, Methods of Production of Plane Polari:ed Light, Plane Polari:ed Light 2y Reflection, circularly and elliptically polari:ed light, Malus law, Brewster law. 11 Double refraction: Dou2le Refraction or Birefringence, Geometry of Calcite 1933.14 Crystal, Optic 17is, Principal Section and Principal Plane, Optic 17is, Principal Section and Principal Plane, uygen8s E7planation of Dou2le Refraction in Unia7ial Crystal, Positive and Negative Crystals, Nicol Prism 1ction of Polari:er on Light of Different Type of Polari:ations, uygen8s construction for unia7ial crystals; Dou2le Images Polari:ing Prisms, Dichroism or Selective 12sorption, polaroids and their uses, Polari:ation 2y Scattering. 1. Plane, circularly and elliptically PolariDed light9 Introduction, retardation plates, .1C3.33 Production and analysis of plane, circularly and elliptically polari:ed light 2y retardation plates, E7perimental 1rrangements for the Production of Polari:ed Light , C1pplication of Retardation Plates9 1nalysis of Polari:ed Light ,and Rotatory polari:ation. 13 .343.50 ,ptical activity9 Introduction, rotatory polari:ation, optical activity; Laevo-rotatory Su2stances, De7tro-rotatory Su2stances, 5resnel8s e7planation of optical activity; Specific Rotation, Polarimeters, BiBuart: and Laurent8s half shade polarimeter. B9,CK 5: ,ptical Instruments and Aberration in images: .513301 14 ,ptical Instruments: Introduction, uman eye, field of view, need of multiple lens .513.20 eyepieces, Ramsden8s eyepiece, uygen8s eyepiece, Gaussian eyepiece, comparisons o pieces, Spectrometer, electron microscope. 15 Aberration in images9 Introduction, 12erration in images, chromatic a2erration of lens.213301 achromatic com2ination of lenses, monochromatic a2erration, spherical mirrors, Other Monochromatic 12erration and Their Elimination, Spherical Mirrors, Schmidt correcto plate, oil immersion lens. htL/ ./tI UNIT 1: FERMAT‘S PRINCIPLE AND ITS APPLICATION CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Optical Path 1.3.1 Optical path Time Interval 1.4 Fermat‘s Principle of Extreme Path 1.5 Application of Fermat‘s Principle 1.5.1 Laws of Reflection 1.5.2 Laws of Refraction 1.5.3 Refractive Index 1.5.4 Total Internal Reflection 1.6 (auss General Theory of Image Formation 1.7 ,ummary 1.8 (lossary 1.9 References 1.10 ,uggested Readings 1.11 Terminal Questions 1.12 Answers 544!2!+(!.$ /0%. 5.)6%23)49 0°• htL/ ./tI 1.1 INTRODUCTION Light is a form of energy that enables us to see and perceive objects with our eyes. ,cientifically1 light is an electromagnetic wave of wavelength belonging to visible part 2wavelength of 400 nm to 750 nm3 of electromagnetic spectrum. 4e see objects either by the light they produce or by the light they reflect from other objects. Objects that produce their own light are said to be luminous. xamples are the sun, electric bulbs, candle light etc., whereas, non luminous objects do not produce their own light. 4e can see these objects only when light fall on them from other sources and it is thrown bac5 or reflected into our eyes. An important example is that of the moon, which shines in the night because it reflects light coming from the sun and not because it is luminous. Optics is the science or more specifically a branch of physics in which we study the behavior and properties of light. The study also includes the interaction of light with matter and construction of instruments that use or detect it. For the sake of convenience the subject of optics can be divided into two parts6 2i3 physical or wave optics1 which deals with the wave nature of light. It accounts for optical effects such as diffraction and interference etc., and 2ii3 geometrical or ray optics1 which deals with the formation of images by lenses and mirrors and their combinations on the basis of certain geometrical laws obeyed by light. The present block of the course 7optics‘ is dedicated to the geometrical optics only hence, in the following sections, we will concentrate on its learning
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