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WELCOME V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 8 O CTOBER 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the October 2015 issue of CERN Courier.

HERA – the world’s first, and so far only, electron–proton collider – ran at DESY from 1992 to 2007, yielding a fascinating view of the innermost structure of the proton. Now, using their data from HERA, the H1 and ZEUS collaborations have combined forces to produce the most detailed picture yet, which in turn provides valuable input for physics studies at the new high-energy frontier that the LHC is just beginning to explore. At the same time, other collaborations, such as RD51 at CERN, are working on the development of detectors for the upgrade in intensity at the LHC, while others are beginning to think about reaching still higher energies – and the innovative process this will entail.

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To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. Inside the proton: HERA’s legacy

DETECTORS ACCELERATORS EPS-HEP RD51 collaboration Could an inventive stimulates MPGD methodology help to 2015 EDITOR: CHRISTINE SUTTON, CERN development guide innovation? News from the DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY JESSE KARJALAINEN/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p26 p23 Vienna conference p33

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier October 2015 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 o c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 News editor Kate Kahle CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail cern[email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 5 N E W s Web cerncourier.com • Zeroing in on Higgs boson properties • So, farewell then • STAR Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger tracker snares heavy fl avours• Positrons catch a wave at SLAC • Laboratory correspondents: ALICE in Vienna: from antinuclei to quark–gluon plasma CMS Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte • Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin observes simultaneous production of top quarks and Z bosons Cornell University (US) D G Cassel DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck Searches for new phenomena with LHC Run-2 ALICE goes EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino forward with the ridge in pPb collisions • LHCb improves trigger Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher in Run 2 GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu 13 CiENCEWatCh IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov s INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko 15 a s t r O W a t C h KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta 17 a r C h i v E NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman F E a t u r E s Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle 19 The most precise picture of the proton Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks H1 and ZEUS release their defi nitive paper on deep-inelastic SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem scattering. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, 23 Inventing our future accelerator Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Could an inventive methodology help to guide the innovate process? Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 Publisher Susan Curtis 26 RD51 and the rise of micro-pattern gas detectors Production editor Lisa Gibson Technical illustrator Alison Tovey The RD51 collaboration has provided Group advertising manager Chris Thomas Advertisement production Katie Graham important stimulus for growth in the Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage development of MPGDs. Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen Art director Andrew Giaquinto 33 Vienna hosts a high-energy particle waltz Advertising A report from the fi rst major summer conference on particle physics. Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 37 F a C E s &P L a C E s General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] 43 r E C r u i t M E N t In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Jiang Ya'ou, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] 49 B O O k s h E L F Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: desypr@desy.de UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 50 v i E W P O i N t Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 CERNCOURIER

V OLUME 5 5 N UMBER 8 O CTOBER 2 0 1 5 Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK

© 2015 CERN ISSN 0304-288X

Inside the proton: HERA – the world’s fi rst and so far only electron–proton collider – HERA’s legacy On the cover : ran at DESY from 1992 to 2007. Using data collected there, the H1 and ZEUS DETECTORS ACCELERATORS EPS-HEP RD51 collaboration Could an inventive collaborations have combined forces to publish the most precise results to date on stimulates MPGD methodology help to 2015 development guide innovation? News from the p26 p23 Vienna conference p33 the innermost structure and behaviour of the proton (p19). (Image credit: DESY.)

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier October 2015 News

C E r N Zeroing in on Higgs boson properties

Results of the analyses by the individual 1.6 ATLAS and CMS experiments (coloured) and of the combined LHC Run 1 analysis (black). The fi t to the data is 1.4 preliminary performed using coupling modifi cation 1.2 factors ĸV and ĸ F that scale, respectively, the As Run 2 at the LHC gains momentum, a κF electroweak symmetry-breaking-related combined analysis of data sets from Run 1 1.0 coupling to the weak bosons and the by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations Yukawa-related coupling to all fermions, has provided the sharpest picture yet on 0.8 with respect to the Standard Model the Higgs boson properties (ATLAS 2015, prediction.The black star at (ĸ V, ĸ F) = (1, 1) CMS 2015).Three years after the 0.6 ATLAS denotes the Standard Model expectation. In announcement in July 2012 of the discovery SM 68% CL CMS this fi t, the total width is assumed to scale 0.4 best fit of a new boson, the two collaborations are 95% CL ATLAS+CMS with the ĸ values and no allowance is made closing the books on measurements of Higgs 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 for invisible or undetected decay modes. properties by performing a combined Run 1 κV analysis, which includes data collected in from Run 2, this set of combined results from 2011 and 2012 at centre-of-mass energies the Standard Model expectation is measured 7 and 8 TeV collisions in Run 1 will continue of 7 and 8 TeV, respectively. This analysis to be 1.09±0.11, and the combination of the to provide the sharpest picture of the Higgs follows hot on the heels of the combined two experiments leads to an observation boson’s properties for some time to come. measurement of the Higgs boson mass, of the H → τ+τ– decay at the level of about ● mH = 125.09±0.24 GeV, published in May by 5.5σ – the fi rst observation of the direct Further reading ATLAS and CMS (ATLAS and CMS 2015). decay of the Higgs boson to fermions. ATLAS and CMS Collaborations 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. The new results are the culmination of Thanks to the combined power of the data 114 191803. one and a half years of joint work by the sets from ATLAS and CMS, the analysis ATLAS Collaboration 2015 ATLAS-CONF-2015-044. ATLAS and CMS collaborators involved in yields unprecedented measurements of CMS Collaboration 2015 CMS-HIG-15-002. the activities of the LHC Higgs Combination the properties of the Higgs boson, with a Group. For this combined analysis, some precision that enables the search for physics of the original measurements dating back beyond the Standard Model in possible Sommaire en français to 2013 were updated to account for the deviations of the measurements from the Zoom sur les propriétés du boson de Higgs 5 latest predictions from the Standard Model. model’s predictions. The fi gure shows clearly A comprehensive review of all of the the increased precision obtained when Au revoir 5 experimental systematic and theoretical combining the ATLAS and CMS analyses. Le trajectographe de STAR piège les saveurs 6 uncertainties was also conducted to account The combined analysis is performed for lourdes properly for correlations. The analysis many benchmark models that the LHC Higgs presented technical challenges, because Cross-Section Working Group proposed, so Les positons surfent sur la vague au SLAC 6 the fi ts involve more than 4200 parameters as to be able to explore the various different ALICE à Vienne : des antinoyaux au plasma 7 that represent systematic uncertainties. The effects of physics models that go beyond the quark-gluon improvements that were made to overcome Standard Model. As Run 2 gains momentum, these challenges will now make their way the two collaborations are looking forward CMS observe la production simultanée de 8 into data-analysis tools, such as ROOT, to reaping the benefi ts of the increase in quarks top et de bosons Z that are widely used by the high-energy centre-of-mass energy to 13 TeV, which will Exploitation 2 du LHC : à la recherche de 8 particle-physics community. make some of the most interesting processes, nouveaux phénomènes The results of the combination present a such as the production of Higgs bosons in picture that is consistent with the individual association with top quarks, more accessible ALICE progresse avec les corrélations à 10 results. The combined signal yield relative to than ever. However, even with the fi rst results grand angle dans les collisions pPb LHCb améliore son déclenchement pour 10 So, farewell then... l’exploitation 2 Prédateur et proie : la pupille comme 13 After nearly 13 years as editor of CERN Courier, I am stepping down as I head off into retirement. I would like assistance to thank the many contributors and also the team at IOP Publishing who bring such a professional standard L’Univers s’essouffl e 15 to the magazine. Most importantly, I must thank the enthusiastic readers for their continued support, and ask everyone to join me in welcoming the new editor, Antonella Del Rosso. Christine Sutton, CERN.

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h E a v Y i O N s EPs-hEP 2015 )

2 STAR preliminary c d/d Au+ Au √s = 200 GeV ) 0.004 –4 2 NN 2 Δ(m/|z|) = (1.7±0.9 (stat.)±2.6 (syst.)) × 10 GeV/c STAR tracker 600 RHIC Run 2014 ALICE in Vienna: from antinuclei to 2 χ /ndf = 32.9/24 0.002 400 108 snares heavy without HFT cuts quark–gluon plasma 0 4 200 10 with HFT cuts 125 M min-bias events –0.002 s/√s + b = 18 ALICE, Pb–Pb, √s NN = 2.76 TeV 1.8 2.0 The strongly interacting hot and dense Δ (m/|z|) (GeV/ c fl avours counts (per 10 MeV/ 0 –0.004 matter, the QGP, produced in heavy-ion 3 3 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 ) He/ He 2 0.02 (m/|z|) = (–1.7±1.2 (stat.)±1.4 (syst.)) × 10–3 GeV/c2 2 collisions is characterized by the smallest c Δ invariant mass, mKπ (GeV ) 2 Heavy quarks are important probes of the ratio of sheer viscosity to entropy density of χ /ndf = 0.8/3 0 quark–gluon plasma that is produced when Fig. 2. The D → Kπ invariant-mass peak all known materials – a substance that fl ows 0 relativistic heavy ions collide. Because of from direct topological reconstruction of the almost as a perfect liquid. This QGP is a a mass effect, it has been argued that heavy separated vertices, using the HFT for 10% of The 2015 edition of the European Physical system of quarks and gluons where the mean mean±1␴ (m/|z|) (GeV/ –0.02 mean±2␴ uncorrelated syst. uncertainties quarks lose less energy through gluon the data taken during the 2014 beam run at Society Conference on High Energy free path is very short – a so-called strongly Δ stat. error correlated syst. uncertainties radiation than light quarks as they traverse RHIC. The inset compares the peak without Physics (EPS-HEP 2015), which took coupled system. A parton traversing such 1 2 34 the medium. However, studying heavy Fig. 1. One half of the PXL detector, (blue) and with (black) the use of HFT place in Vienna in July (p33), provided an a medium, even a highly energetic one, is p/|z| (GeV/c) quarks in a particle-dense environment is showing 50 μm-thick MAPS sensors information to select separated vertices. opportunity for the ALICE collaboration to exposed to the medium and loses part of its – –— challenging. Moreover, the physics interest mounted on their carbon-fi bre supports. present the latest results from analysis of data energy. The new measurements by ALICE The d/d (top) and 3He/3He (bottom) is in bulk behaviour of charm quarks, so The complete detector consists of 400 In addition, the detector-support from Run 1 of the LHC. While many of the presented at EPS-HEP 2015 indicate that the mass-over-charge ratio difference it is important to study charmed hadron MAPS sensors arranged into two layers at mechanics are designed to allow for very fast presentations centred on the properties of the heavier charm and beauty quarks also lose a measurements, as a function of the particle production over the full range of momentum. radii of 2.8 and 8 cm from the beamline. insertion and detector replacement. The PXL quark–gluon plasma (QGP) as produced in signifi cant part of their energy in the dense rigidity. At low momenta, multiple scattering is very The outer layer is visible here. (Image detector can be inserted, cabled and working the collisions of heavy ions, there was also an QGP. For relatively low quark momenta, the important, and this places strict constraints credit: Berkeley Lab/Roy Kaltschmidt.) in 12 hours. This allows for quick changes if interesting glimpse of other kinds of physics interaction with the bulk of the partons in measurements in LHC Run 2. on the amount of material in the detector. the detector suffers radiation damage. that ALICE can investigate. the medium may follow exclusively through The droplet of QGP produced in heavy-ion The STAR Heavy Flavour Tracker (HFT) – the pixel (PXL) detector (fi gure 1) – are The MAPS chips were developed by Once in a while in the heavy-ion collisions, elastic scatterings. For high-energy quarks, collisions constantly expands, and lasts was built to meet these challenges. Installed constructed using monolithic active-pixel the microelectronics group at the Institut a few protons and neutrons are created a number of soft gluons can be radiated, at most about 10 fm/c (30 × 10−24 s). A f t er in the STAR detector at the Relativistic sensors (MAPS). This is the fi rst large-scale Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien in close enough in phase space such that they carrying a fraction of quark energy into that time, the temperature drops below the Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven use at a collider experiment of MAPS Strasbourg, in collaboration with LBNL, coalesce into a nucleus. The heavier the the medium. These processes are a QCD critical temperature (about 155 MeV) and National Laboratory early last year, it took technology, which integrates the silicon of and are the result of a 10 year development nucleus (the larger the number of nucleons), analogue of phenomena known from QED: the energy density falls below a critical data during the 2014 and 2015 running the detector and the signal processing on a process. The sensor design is highly the lower the probability that it is created, the physics of a parton traversing a droplet of density of about 0.5 GeV/fm3. At that point, periods. It was specifi cally designed single silicon die. Second, its novel design, optimized for the RHIC environment. but about once in 10 thousand events, for QGP resembles the scenario of an electrically the distances between the quarks become and constructed to allow for the direct with a low-mass carbon-fi bre support A single sensor features 890,000 pixels, example, a 3He nucleus can be created and charged particle traversing ordinary matter. large and, owing to the nature of the strong topological reconstruction of heavy-fl avour structure, aluminum conductor read-out each measuring 20.7 μm × 20.7 μm. The detected within ALICE’s tracking and In other measurements, the ALICE force, the partons are re-confi ned/combined decay vertices such as the D0 (decay distance cables (instead of copper) and air cooling detector integration time is 186 μs, allowing particle-identifi cation set-up. Moreover, the collaboration has compared data on the into colour-neutral hadrons. Following this cτ around 120 μm), by tracking the decay (instead of water) gives the PXL a sleek the detector to function at RHIC with a lead–ion collisions at the LHC also provide production of D mesons (containing a charm hadronization process, the system becomes a particles through four layers of silicon footprint with a very low radiation length very low occupancy. The fast read-out a copious source of antiparticles, such that quark) with data from CMS on non-prompt gas of hadrons and, while the gas is still hot, detectors to extend the STAR physics – 0.4% per layer – to minimize multiple is achieved with binary output using nuclei and the corresponding antinuclei are J/ψ mesons (the decay products of heavier the hadrons may still interact. The most useful programme to include fully reconstructed Coulomb scattering. These features give the column-level discriminators and on-chip produced at nearly equal rates. mesons containing a beauty quark). The messengers from this phase of the collision charmed hadrons. detector, which was conceived and built by zero-suppression/data-compression This allows ALICE to make a detailed comparison shows that the heavier the quark, are the short-lived hadronic resonances. At To do this, the tracker incorporated the Relativistic Nuclear Collisions group at circuitry. The detector’s initial performance comparison of the properties of the nuclei and the less energy it loses inside the medium. the conference, ALICE presented extensive a number of novel features. First, in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is in line with expectations: fi gure 2 shows antinuclei that are most abundantly produced. Indeed, this was one of the most striking studies of the short-lived mesons and baryons. addition to the two outermost layers of (LBNL), excellent pointing capabilities, an invariant D 0 → K–π+ (and conjugate) mass At EPS-HEP 2015, the collaboration predictions of theoretical models describing Their production rates provide sensitive standard-technology silicon strips and pad with a resolution for its distance of closest peak, shown at the recent Quark Matter 2015 presented a new limit on the conservation strongly coupled QCD matter – the plasma information on the strength of the hadron– sensors, the innermost two layers of the HFT approach of only 40 μm for 750 MeV/c kaons. conference. in nucleon–nucleon interactions of CPT is less opaque to heavy quarks as compared hadron interactions, and thus are a vital source symmetry – the fundamental symmetry to light quarks and gluons. So, these new for understanding the properties of the hadron P L a s M a aCCELEratiON that implies that all of the laws of physics measurements at last provide the fi rst gas. Knowing the equation-of-state of the high gradient and a high energy-transfer fi eld is altered –“self-loaded” – so that in the are the same under the simultaneous confi rmation of these predictions. hadron gas allows the genuine QGP signals to Positrons catch a effi ciency – a crucial combination that had tests about a billion positrons gained 5 GeV reversal of charges (charge conjugation, C), The nature of the interactions between be unravelled in greater detail. not previously been achieved (CERN Courier in energy with a narrow energy spread refl ection of spatial co-ordinates (parity the heavy quarks and the medium can also Finally, ALICE presented signatures of wave at SLAC January/February 2015 p9). However, for over a distance of just 1.3 m. Moreover, the transformation, P) and time inversion (T). be deduced from the azimuthal asymmetry collective particle production in an extended positrons, plasma-wakefi eld acceleration is positrons extract about 30 per cent of the The new test of CPT invariance was extracted of the production of heavy-fl avour hadrons: pseudorapidity range in proton–lead In a study reported in Nature, a team working much more challenging, and it was thought wake’s energy and form a spectrally distinct from measurements of the mass-to-electric- the magnitude of the asymmetry is collisions (p10). Such collective behaviour, at the Facility for Advanced Accelerator that no matter where a trailing positron bunch with a root-mean-square energy charge ratios of the deuteron/antideuteron proportional to the collective fl ow of the known from heavy-ion collisions, was not –— Experimental Tests (FACET) at SLAC has bunch was placed in a wake, it would lose its spread as low as 1.8 %. and the 3He/ 3He nuclei. The combined results medium. Measurements of the asymmetry initially expected for the smaller proton–lead shown that the high electric-fi eld gradients compact, focused shape or even slow down. This ability to transfer energy effi ciently of the difference of the mass-over-charge presented by ALICE confi rm that the system. The new measurement provides possible in plasma can be harnessed to In the new study, the team demonstrated from the front to the rear within a single ratio for each pair of the nucleus/antinucleus heavy quarks participate in the collective qualitatively new constraints to theoretical accelerate positrons, just as well as they can a new regime for plasma-wakefi eld positron bunch makes the scheme highly species allowed the extraction of differences fl ow of QGP. These results are critical to models attempting to explain the novel for electrons. acceleration where particles in the front of a attractive as an energy booster for a future in their relative binding energies. The establishing the focus of future theoretical phenomena. In 2014, an experiment at FACET, which single positron bunch transfer their energy electron–positron collider. measurements, published in Nature Physics, work on the transport properties of the uses the fi rst 2 km of the famous SLAC linac, to a substantial number of those in the rear confi rm CPT invariance to an unprecedented plasma, while from the experimental point ● Further reading was able to demonstrate plasma-wakefi eld of the same bunch by exciting a wakefi eld in ● Further reading precision in the sector of light nuclei (ALICE of view, the ALICE collaboration is looking ALICE Collaboration 2015 Nature Physics acceleration of electrons, with both a the plasma. In the process, the accelerating S Corde et al. 2015 Nature 524 442. Collaboration 2015). forward to the improved precision from the doi:10.1038/nphys3432.

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CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier October 2015 CERN Courier October 2 015 News News Silicon Drift Detectors • Solid State Design • Easy to Use L h C EXPEriMENts 104104 ATLASATLAS preliminary preliminary data 2015data 2015 • Low Cost ATLAATSLApreliminaryS preliminary CHARYBDIS2CHAR YBDIS2M = 7 MTeV,= M 7 TeV,= 4 MTeV = 4 TeV –1 –1 4 4 th th D D √s =√s 13 = TeV,13 TeV,80 pb80 pb 10 10 CHARYBDIS2CHAR YBDIS2Mth = 7.5 M thTeV, = 7.5 MD TeV,= 4 TeVMD = 4 TeV –1 –1 1/3 p1 p1/32In (x)p1 p2In (x) CMS observes simultaneous production of datadata L dt L= dt74 = pb74 pb f10(x) =f 10p0(x) (1–x = p0 (1–x) x ) x p1 p2 p1 p2 3 3 3 3 ∫ ∫ f1(x) = pf10(x) (1–x) = p0 /x(1–x) /x FAST SDD® 10 10 backgroundbackground fit fit √s =√s 13 = TeV13 TeV p1 p2x p1 p2x 10 10 f3(x) = pf30(x) (1–x) = p0 x(1–x) x p1 p2In (x)p1 p2In (x) BumpHunterBumpHunter interval interval V V f4(x) = pf40(x) (1–x) = p0 x(1–x) x p1 p21x p2x top quarks and Z bosons Te Te *f5(x) =*f p50(x) (1–x) = p0 (1+x)(1–x) (1+x) Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS 2 2 BlackMax,BlackMax, m = m4.0 = 4.0TeV TeV p1 p21In (x) p2In (x) 10 10 f6(x) = pf60(x) (1–x) = p0 (1+x)(1–x) (1+x) 2 2 1/3 p1 1/3p2 p1 p2 10 10 BlackMax,BlackMax, m = m5.0 = 5.0TeV TeV f9(x) = pf90(x) (1–x = p0 (1–x) /x ) /x rejectedrejected in validation in validation region region 10 10 Resolution Peaking Time - njet ≥n jet3 ≥ 3 In an improved analysis Fig. 1. Distribution of ttZ match scores with events/0.1 events/0.1 125 eV FWHM 4 µs of 8 TeV collision events 3l + ≥4 jets + b-tags 19.5 fb–1 (8 TeV) estimated signal and background yields. events 10events 10 1 1 130 eV FWHM 1 µs at the LHC, the CMS 15 140 eV FWHM 0.2 µs non-prompt WZ ZZ other p valuep value = 0.79 = 0.79 10–110–1 experiment has made the fi rst fit range:fit range: 1.1–5.3 1.1–5.3 TeV TeV 160 eV FWHM 0.05 µs observation of the production ttH ttW ttZ data 1 1|y*||y <* 0.6| < 0.6 2 2 data data of a top quark–antiquark pair together with ␴ - post-fit yields CMS preliminary a Z boson, ttZ, as well as the most precise 2 2 0 0 SDD Spectrum 5.9 - - 10 0 0 keV events

cross-section measurements of ttZ and ttW signif. signif. –2 –2 55Fe

to date. (data – fit)/ –2(data – fit)/ ␴ –2 Since the top quark was discovered eV FWHM 23234 456567 7 2 2 343456567 7 Counts 125 2 20 years ago, its mass, width and other which separate signal from background m (TeV)m (TeV) H (TeV)H (TeV) 25 mm x 500 µm 5 jj jj T T 11.2 µs peaking time 6.4 properties have been measured with great events. The BDTs are used to compare data keV precision. However, only recently have events with signal and background models, Fig. 1. The dijet mass distribution (fi lled Fig. 2. Scalar sum of jet transverse momenta P/B Ratio: 20000/1 Energy (keV) experiments been able to study directly and so estimate the number of signal events points) for selected events, together with (HT) in high-multiplicity events fi tted by the the top quark’s interactions with the contained in the data. This estimate makes predictions from BlackMax for two baseline function (solid line) and six Resolution vs Peaking Time electroweak bosons. Its coupling to the it possible to measure the cross-sections. quantum-black-hole signals, normalized to alternatives (dashed lines). Examples of 180 2 - 25 mm2 W boson has been tightly constrained using The ttW cross-section is measured in the predicted cross-section. The bottom simulated signals are also shown. The 170 single top events in proton–antiproton 1 events with two same-charge leptons or panel shows the bin-by-bin signifi cance of bottom panel shows the bin-by-bin +117 collisions at Fermilab’s Tevatron and data/pred. 0 three leptons, and is found to be 382–102 f b, the difference between data and fi t, signifi cance of the difference between the 160 Standard SDD +20 proton–proton collisions at the LHC. –10 –5 0 somewhat larger than the 203–22 fb considering statistical uncertainties only. data and the fi t, where the fi t prediction is + – ® Direct measurements of the top quark’s match score ttZ → I I bIν bqq predicted by the Standard Model. This taken from the baseline function. 150 FAST SDD couplings to the photon (γ) and the Z or higher-than-expected value is driven by an that dimensions beyond the familiar four 140 Higgs boson are currently most feasible in W or Z decays. Leptons of the same fl avour excess of signal-like data events with two could make themselves known through the decays would appear as a localized excess - LHC collisions that produce a tt pair and a and opposite charge, with an invariant same-charge leptons. The data overall appearance of microscopic black holes. in the dijet mass distribution (fi gure 1). This 130 Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) coupled boson: tt-γ, tt-Z and tt-H. However, mass near 91 GeV, are assigned to Z decays. exclude the zero-signal hypothesis with a Relative to the other fundamental signature is also consistent with theories that 120 studying these processes (and the related The remaining leptons and quarks are signifi cance of 4.8σ. Events with two forces, gravity is weak. In particular, why predict parton scattering via the exchange 0 1 2 3 4 5 - Peaking Time (μs) ttW) is challenging because their expected compared with top and W decays using opposite-charge leptons, three leptons, or is the natural energy scale of quantum of a black hole – so-called gravitational - production rates are hundreds of times the charge and b-quark identifi cation of four leptons are used in the ttZ search. The gravity, the Planck mass MPl, roughly scattering. Throughput - - + 65 1,00,0000 smaller than the tt cross-section. single objects, together with the combined measured ttZ cross-section is 242–55 f b, 17 orders of magnitude larger than the A black hole with a mass well above M D The CMS and ATLAS experiments mass of multiple objects. Every possible quite close to the Standard Model prediction scales of electroweak interactions? One will behave as a classical thermal state - +19 0.2 μs at CERN have previously observed ttγ, permutation of objects matched to decays of 206–24 fb. The zero-signal hypothesis is exciting solution to this so-called hierachy and decay through Hawking emission to a - found evidence for tt Z, and conducted is tested, and the best matching is taken as rejected with a signifi cance of 6.4σ, making problem exists in “brane” models, where relatively large number of high-p particles. 100,000 1 μs - - - - T searches for ttW and ttH in 7 and 8 TeV the reconstruction of the entire ttW or ttZ this measurement the fi rst observation of the particles of the Standard Model are The frequency at which Standard Model - proton–proton collisions. Deviations from event. Background events with fewer top the ttZ process. mainly confi ned to a three-plus-one- particles are expected to be emitted is 4 μs the predicted cross-sections could hint quarks or W or Z bosons are typically worse The measured cross-sections are also dimensional brane and gravity acts in the proportional to the number of charge, spin, 10,000 - - at non-Standard Model physics such as matches to ttW and ttZ than signal events. used to place the most stringent limits to full space of the “bulk”. As gravity escapes fl avour and colour states available. ATLAS Output Count Rate (OCR) Output Count anomalous top-quark-boson couplings The fi gure shows the best match score in date on models of new physics employing into the hypothesized extra dimensions, can therefore perform a robust search for a or new particles decaying into multiple events with three charged leptons and four any of four different dimension-six it therefore “appears” weak in the known broad excess in the scalar sum of jet pT (HT) 1,000 charged leptons and bottom quarks. reconstructed quarks in data, along with operators, which would affect the rates of four-dimensional world. in high-multiplicity events (fi gure 2), or in 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,0000 ------Input Count Rate (ICR) The decays ttW and ttZ both produce two estimates of ttZ, WZ and tt , as well as tt and ttW or ttZ production. Further studies in With enough large, additional dimensions, similar fi nal states that include a lepton. b quarks, and are most easily distinguished single Z with a non-prompt lepton from 13 TeV collisions should provide an even the effective Planck mass, M , is reduced The requirement of a lepton (electron or - D from tt, WZ, and ZZ backgrounds when quark decay. The hashed area indicates more detailed picture of these interesting to a scale where quantum gravitational muon) helps to reduce the large multijet they produce two to four charged leptons the 68% uncertainty in the signal-plus- processes and may reveal the fi rst hints of effects become important within the energy background. and up to four additional quarks. However, background prediction. The matching new physics at the LHC. range of the LHC. Theory suggests that Even though the reach of these analyses signal events can be identifi ed even more scores are combined with quark and lepton microscopic black holes will form more extends beyond the previous limits, they precisely when the reconstructed leptons momenta and other distinguishing variables ● Further reading readily in this higher-dimensional universe. have so far revealed no evidence for black and quarks are matched to particular top, in so-called boosted decision trees (BDTs), CMS Collaboration 2015 CMS-TOP-14-021. With the increase of the centre-of-mass holes or any of the other signatures to which energy to 13 TeV at the start of Run 2, the they are potentially sensitive. Run 2 is just early collisions could already produce signs underway and with more luminosity to Please see our web site for complete Searches for new phenomena with LHC Run-2 of these systems. come, this is only the beginning. specifications and vacuum applications If produced by the LHC, a black hole with ● a mass near M D – a quantum black hole – Further reading ATLAS-CONF-2015-042. After demonstrating of the detector and observing most of (CERN Courier September 2015 p8), the will decay faster than it can thermalize, ® AMPTEK Inc. a good the Standard Model particles using the ATLAS collaboration is now stepping predominately producing a pair of particles ATLAS-CONF-2015-043. [email protected] understanding fi rst data of LHC Run 2 collected in July into the unknown, open to the possibility with high transverse momentum (p ). Such ATLAS-CONF-2015-046. T www.amptek.com

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quality of the calibration allows the offl ine Fig. 2. The variation in the x and y 4 LHCb VELO preliminary x-translation ALICE goes forward with the ridge in pPb collisions performance, including the offl ine track translation of the VELO alignment in the y-translation reconstruction, to be replicated in the trigger, fi rst fi lls of Run 2. 2 thus reducing systematic uncertainties in One of the hottest debates at the LHCb’s results. reducing disk usage. All of this enables a 0 0.12 ALICE ALICE data, Pb-going 2.2 data LHC is the potential emergence p–Pb √s NN = 5.02 TeV p–Pb √s NN = 5.02 TeV The second stage of the software trigger, very quick data analysis. LHCb has already –2 variation ( μ m) of collective effects in proton– 0.10 V0S: (0–20%)–(60–100%) data, p-going 2.0 V0S: (0–20%)–(60–100%) HLT2, now writes out events for offl ine used data from this stream for a preliminary lead (pPb) collisions, prompted storage at about 12.5 kHz (compared to measurement of the J/ψ cross-section in –4 (p-going) 1.8

0.08 2 by the discovery of double ridge 5 kHz in Run 1). There are nearly 400 trigger √s = 13 TeV collisions (CERN Courier 3960 3980 4000 1.6 structures in angular correlations of charged 0.06 lines. Beauty decays are typically found September 2015 p11). fill (2PC,sub) μ 2

v 1.4 particles (CERN Courier March 2013 p9), and 0.04 using multivariate analysis of displaced the dependence of the azimuthal asymmetry, 1.2 vertices. There is also an inclusive trigger for (Pb-going) / v

0.02 2

characterized by its second Fourier coeffi cient v D* decays, and many lines for specifi c decays. 1.0 v2, on particle mass (CERN Courier 0 Events containing leptons with a signifi cant September 2013 p10). The experimental 01234 01234 transverse momentum are also selected. fi ndings in pPb are qualitatively the same as p (GeV/c) p (GeV/c) A new trigger stream – the “turbo” those in PbPb collisions, and they are usually T T stream – allows candidates to be written μ interpreted as hydrodynamic signatures of The v2 coeffi cients from the p-going and Pb-going directions, left, and their ratio, right. out without further processing. Raw event a strongly coupled, nearly perfect quantum data are not stored for these candidates, η liquid. However, QCD calculations, which (2. 5 < | | < 4.0) were correlated with on transverse momentum (p T) in p-going New multi-channel scaler for photon counting applications invoke the colour-glass condensate (CGC) associated charged particles reconstructed and Pb-going directions, with the Pb-going formalism for the gluon content of a in the central (|η| < 1.0) tracking detectors. coeffi cients larger by about 16±6%, The MCS-CT3 is a new multi-channel scaler/counter-timer from high-energy nucleus in the saturation regime, In high-multiplicity events, this revealed more or less independent of p T within the can also describe several features of the data. a pronounced near-side ridge at forward- uncertainties of the measurement. The ET Enterprises Ltd which can be interfaced with a PC or Thus, one of the key questions to answer and backward-going rapidities, ranging dominant contribution to the uncertainty Laptop via a USB port to operate as a cost-effective, Δη high performance pulse counting instrument. When used is, whether the ridge is a result of fi nal-state over about fi ve units in , similar to the arose from the correction for jet-like with a compatible amplifier/discriminator, such as the effects, driven by the density of produced case of two-particle angular correlations correlations affecting the extraction of v2. ET Enterprises AD8, and a suitable detector, it becomes particles, or of initial-state effects, driven at mid-rapidity. An almost symmetric The results add further support to the a wide-dynamic-range photon counting system. by the gluon density at low-x. In the former double ridge structure emerged when, as in hydrodynamic picture, and are in qualitative case, v2 could be expected to be larger in the previous analyses, jet-like correlations from agreement with model calculations Operation and data retrieval are controlled by a PC Pb-going direction, while it would be larger low-multiplicity events were subtracted. incorporating fi nal-state effects. At high pT using Windows XP, or later, operating systems and the μ the p-going direction in the latter case. The v2 for muons, v2, in high-multiplicity (> 2 G eV/c), the measurement is sensitive to open-source software supplied with the MCS-CT3. A LabVIEW virtual instrument program option is also supplied. The ALICE collaboration has recently events was obtained by dividing out the v2 of a contribution from heavy-fl avour decays, completed a measurement to address this charged particles measured at mid-rapidity and hence may be used to constrain the v2 of question in analysis of pPb collisions at a from the second-order two-particle Fourier D mesons from calculations. Power for the MCS-CT3 is supplied via the PC USB cable and can This is an event view of the highest energy also power an AD8 amplifier/discriminator for photon counting applications. This socket nucleon–nucleon centre-of-mass energy coeffi cient, under the assumption that it can even be used to power an ET Enterprises HVBase/photomultiplier combination with ● Further reading of 5.02 TeV. Muons reconstructed in the factorizes into a product of muon v2 and neutrino detected so far by the IceCube the HV level also being controlled by the MCS-CT3. μ ALICE Collaboration 2015 arXiv:1506.08032 muon spectrometer at forward (p-going) charged-particle v2. The v2 c o e f fi c i e n t s experiment based at the South Pole (CERN and backward (Pb-going) rapidities were found to have a similar dependence [nucl-ex]. Courier December 2014 p30). Each sphere Using a MCS-CT3 is another example of how we can make photomultipliers easier to is one optical sensor; the coloured spheres use. The features include: LHCb 2015 trigger diagram show those that observed light from this LHCb improves trigger in Run 2 event. The sizes show how many photons • count rates up to 150MHz • supplied with open-source software 40 MHz bunch-crossing rate each module observed, while the colour • trigger input for synchronous counting compact and cost effective gives some idea of the arrival time of the fi rst • two counters from one application pmt HV control output LHCb has signifi cantly triggers for heavy-fl avour physics use LO hardware trigger: 1 MHz photon, from red (earliest) to blue (latest). It • • read-out, high E /P signatures improved the trigger for the multivariate approaches. HLT1 also selects T T is easy to see that the neutrino is going • channel widths from 200µs to 9999hr • automatic plateau plotting experiment during Run 2 an inclusive muon sample, and exclusive 450 kHz 400 kHz 150 kHz slightly upward (by about 11.5°), so the • number of channels from 1 to 65535, or continuous • can be supplied as a complete system h± μ/μμ e/Y of the LHC. The detector lines select specifi c decays. This trigger muon cannot be from a cosmic-ray air is now calibrated in real time, allowing the typically takes 35 ms/event and writes out shower; it must be from a neutrino. The And, of course, we have a wide range of photomultipliers for your application, whether best possible event reconstruction in the events at about 150 kHz. software high-level trigger event, detected on 11 June 2014, was in the photon counting or analogue, together with associated hardward such as HV supplies partial event reconstruction, select and light-tight housings. trigger, with the same performance as the In Run 1, 20% of events were deferred and displacement tracks/vertices and dimuons form of a through-going muon, which means Run 2 offl ine reconstruction. The improved processed with the HLT between fi lls. For that the track originated and ended outside Contact us to learn more about how we can make your photon detection needs easier. trigger allows event selection at a higher rate Run 2, all events that pass HLT1 are deferred buffer events to disk, perform online of the detector’s volume. So, IceCube cannot and with better information than in Run 1, while a real-time alignment is run, so detector calibration and alignment measure the total energy of the neutrino, but ET Enterprises Limited, Riverside Way, providing a signifi cant advantage in the hunt minimizing the time spent using sub-optimal rather its specifi c energy loss (dE/dx). While Uxbridge, UB8 2YF, UK full offline-like event selection, mixture for new physics in Run 2. conditions. The spatial alignments of the of inclusive and exclusive triggers the team is still working on estimating the Phone: +44 (0)1895 200880 Fax: +44 (0)1895 270873 The trigger consists of two stages: a vertex detector – the VELO – and the tracker neutrino energy, the total energy loss visible [email protected] hardware trigger that reduces the 40 MHz systems are evaluated in a few minutes at 12.5 kHz rate to storage in the detector was 2.6±0.3 PeV. (Image www.et-enterprises.com bunch-crossing rate to 1 MHz, and two the beginning of each fi ll. The VELO is credit: Leif Radel/IceCube.) ADIT Electron Tubes, 300 Crane Street, high-level software triggers, HLT1 reinserted for stable collisions in each fi ll, Fig. 1. The LHCb trigger structure for Run 2. From “Neutrino Hunting in Antarctica” Sweetwater, Texas 79556, USA and HLT2 (fi gure 1). In HLT1, a quick so the alignment could vary from one fi ll to •by Spencer Klein, see antarcticaneutrinos. Phone: (325) 235 1418 Fax: (325) 235 2872 reconstruction is performed before further another; fi gure 2 shows the variation for the of the Cherenkov detectors and the outer blogspot.ch/. [email protected] event selection. Here, dedicated inclusive fi rst fi lls of Run 2. In addition, the calibration tracker are evaluated for each run. The www.electrontubes.com making photons count

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C OMPILED BY J OHN S WAIN , N ORTHEASTERN U NIVERSITY Unprecedented Predator vs prey: how pupil shapes help

speed, resolution While human pupils are round, many animals Pupils in have elongated pupils, with vertical elongation predator, left, typical for ambush predators and horizontal and prey. elongation for animals that are likely to be (Image credits: and channel density. prey. Now, Martin Banks of the University of S Pritchard, left, California, Berkeley, and colleagues have an and Bonmoovo| explanation. The key is astigmatism, which Dreamstime. predators take advantage of to help catch prey, com.) while prey use it to avoid being caught. Predators’ pupils give them a better ability below. One simple observation that supports few degrees.) However, more work remains Keysight M9709A 8-bit High-Speed Digitizer to judge distance without moving their heads, the theory, which anyone can make at a zoo to be done, including explaining why 32 channels, 16 ch. (interleaved) which might give them away to prey. The or a farm, is that grazing animals have eyes cuttlefi sh have W-shaped pupils. pupils of prey give up some vertical focus in that rotate 50° or more as they lower their 1 - 2 GS/s exchange for a more panoramic view, while heads to graze, keeping the pupils parallel to ● Further reading DC to 300 MHz or DC to 500 MHz reducing the amount of light from above and the ground. (Human eyes can rotate only a M S Banks et al. 2015 Sci. Adv. 1 e1500391.

Opioids from yeast ● Further reading A P Drozdov et al. 2015 Nature DOI:10.1038/ Venomous frogs While predicted to come soon, this result nature14964. has come sooner than expected: complete biosynthesis of opioids in yeast. Christina High-temperature dielectrics Smolke of Stanford University and colleagues engineered yeast to produce the opioids Dielectric capacitors – the simple thebaine and hydrocodone, starting from ones described in a fi rst course on sugar. The work combined enzyme discovery electromagnetism – would fi nd more uses and engineering with pathway and strain if they could tolerate temperatures above optimization. Twenty-one enzyme activities 150 °C and achieve a larger stored energy Keysight AXIe high-speed digitizers provide the ideal solution for advanced from plants, mammals, bacteria and the density. Polymers have long been a popular experiments in hydrodynamics, plasma fusion, and particle physics. Build a large yeast itself were needed for thebaine and 23 choice for dielectrics because of their low Brazil’s yellow-skinned tree frog, Keysight M9703A 12-bit High-Speed Digitizer number of synchronous acquisition channels in the smallest footprint – simply for hydrocodone. While not yet suited for cost and ease of manufacture, but the “Moss Corythomantis greeningi, has venom large-scale production, this proof-of-principle rule” links increases in polarizability to a twice as toxic as a pit viper. (Image 8 channels, 4 ch. (interleaved) by populating a chassis with your choice of digitizers. With unprecedented shows that it may eventually be as easy to lower breakdown voltage for homogeneous credit: Jared et al. 2015.) 1 - 2 GS/s or 1.6 - 3.2 GS/s measurement fidelity, advanced IP design and on-board real-time data processing make opioids as it is to brew beer. polymers. This makes high energy densities DC to 650 MHz or DC up to 2 GHz these digitizers bring new research insight within reach. seem unlikely, moreover polymers tend to Many frogs are known to be poisonous, ● Further reading melt or break down at high temperatures. which is to say that they have noxious or toxic S Galanie et al. 2015 Science DOI: 10.1126/science. Qi Li and colleagues at Pennsylvania substances in their skin that afford them aac9373. State University have found that composite passive protection against predators, but they polymers can bend or break the Moss rule had not been known to inject venom in the way Surprising superconductor and tolerate much higher temperatures that many snakes and some reptiles do. Now, than had been previously possible. They Edmund Brodie at Utah State University and While the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer blend boron-nitride nanosheets (BNNS) colleagues have found the fi rst frogs that can (BCS) theory of superconductivity sets no with divinyltetramethyldisiloxane- actively deliver poison. theoretical bound on how high Tc can be, bis(benzocyclobutene) (BCB) and then The creatures are two species of Brazilian the highest up to now has been 133 K at react the BCB molecules to produce tree frog that have spiny heads with which they ambient pressure and 164 K at high pressure nanocomposites of BNNS in polymeric can jab a target – using the venomous-frog in copper oxide. The new surprise is in cross-linked BCB. The result is a dielectric version of a “head butt” – effectively injecting sulphur hydride, where a Tc of 80 K had been with record properties including a Weibull venom that for one is twice, and the other 25 Discover how to simplify your high-speed, predicted. Alexander Drozdov of the Max breakdown strength of 403 MV/m and times, as lethal as that of deadly Bothrops 3 pit vipers (also from Brazil). WIth these fi rst multichannel acquisition system Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz an energy density of 1.8 J/cm at 250 °C. and colleagues have found that this material Added bonuses include their being orders examples of venomous amphibians, the www.keysight.com/find/physicsaxie becomes metallic at a pressure of 90 GPa of magnitude less conductive than other question now is how many more are there? with a Tc of an amazing 203 K. Isotope-shift polymers and their ability to tolerate bending. effects are consistent with BCS theory, ● Further reading and the discovery raises hopes of fi nding a ● Further reading C Jared et al. 2015 Current Biology 25 2166. © Keysight Technologies, Inc. 2015 room-temperature superconductor. Q Li et al. 2015 Nature 523 576.

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C OMPILED BY M ARC TÜRLER , ISDC AND O BSERVATORY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF G ENEVA , AND CHIPP, U NIVERSITY OF Z URICH Read this fully open access journal FREE online. PTEP publishes articles on all aspects of theoretical and experimental physics including: • Mathematical Physics The universe is getting out of breath • Particle Physics Impact • Nuclear Physics A new study of more than 200,000 galaxies, together. It used seven of the world’s most from the ultraviolet to the far infrared, powerful telescopes to observe more • Astrophysics and Cosmology Factor has provided the most comprehensive than 200,000 galaxies, each measured at assessment of the energy output of the nearby 21 wavelengths from the ultraviolet at 0.1 μm • Beam Physics 2.485* universe. It confi rms that the radiation to the far infrared at 500 μm. Driver and • Instrumentations and Technologies produced by stars in galaxies today is only collaborators then used this unique data set about half what it was two thousand million to derive the spectral energy distribution of • Condensed Matter Physics years ago. This overall “fading” refl ects a the individual galaxies, and the combined decrease in the rate of star formation via the one for three different ranges of redshift Our most-read articles are available FREE online at: collapse of cool clouds of gas. It seems that up to z = 0.20. For the nearest galaxies, www.oxfordjournals.org/page/6549/2 the universe is running out of gas – in effect, they obtain an average energy output of getting out of breath – and slowly dying. (1.5±0.3) × 1035 W produced on average by It is well known to astronomers that galaxies in a co-moving volume of a cubic the rate of star formation in the universe megaparsec, which is equivalent to a cube *2015 Journal Citation Reports® Science Edition (Thomson Reuters, 2015) reached a peak around a redshift z = 2, when with a side of about 3.3 million light-years. the universe was about 3 Gyr old. Over the Composite image of one of the more than While this is for a redshift range between subsequent 10 Gyr until now, the production 200,000 galaxies of the GAMA survey, z = 0.02 and z = 0.08, corresponding to of stars in galaxies has steadily decreased in assembled from observations made at a mean look-back time of 0.75 Gyr, the a given co-moving volume of space – that is, different wavelengths, from the ultraviolet to team fi nds a signifi cantly higher value of a volume expanding at the same rate as the the infrared. (Image credit: ICRAR/GAMA (2.5±0.3) × 10 W35 for a look-back time of cosmic expansion of the universe, therefore and ESO.) 2.25 Gyr (0.14 < z < 0.20). This indicates a keeping a constant matter content during the decrease by about 1035 W in 1.5 Gyr. This history of the universe. Because the most biases. Another complication comes from trend occurs across all wavelengths and massive stars are also the most luminous ones the obscuration by dust in the galaxies, which corresponds roughly to a decrease by a factor PTEP Cern Courier half page 2.indd 1 24/08/2015 11:19 and have the shortest lifetimes, the energy absorbs ultraviolet and visible radiation and two over the past two thousand million years. INDUSTRIAL output of a galaxy is closely related to its then re-emits this energy in the infrared. The ongoing decay of energy production ELECTRONIC star-formation rate. Indeed, some 100 million A way to overcome these diffi culties is to by stars in galaxies also follows the trend of WIRING LTD years after the formation of a star cluster, observe the same region of the sky at many active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts, SWINDON WILTSHIRE its brightest stars would have exploded as different wavelengths to cover fully the which were all more numerous and powerful supernovas leaving only the lower-mass stars, energy output. This has now been achieved several gigayears ago. The shining, glorious which are much less luminous. by a large international collaboration led by days of the universe are now long past; YOUR PARTNER IN CONTRACT Although the fading trend of the Simon Driver from the International Centre instead, it will continue to decline, sliding YOURELECTRONIC PARTNER MANUFACTURE IN CONTRACT universe has been known since the late for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), gently into old age, an age of quiescence. 1990s, measuring it accurately has been a University of Western Australia. ELECTRONIC MANUFACTURE challenge. Part of the diffi culty is to gather a The study is part of the Galaxy and ● Further reading representative sample of galaxies at different Mass Assembly (GAMA) project, the S P Driver et al. 2015 MNRAS submitted, redshifts and to account properly for all largest multi-wavelength survey ever put arXiv:1508.02076.

Technology Metals | Advanced Ceramics Picture of the month High Performance Solutions This new, colourful image by the Hubble Space Telescope shows the remarkable complexity and for Particle Accelerators beauty of the Twin Jet Nebula. Like other planetary H.C. Starck’s global supply chain produces semi-finished, finished and fully nebulas, the glowing and expanding shells of gas machined parts and refractory metal raw materials for high energy physics represent the fi nal stages of life for an old star of projects. Products include beam collimators and radiation shielding plus: low-to-intermediate mass (CERN Courier Picture of the > Beam Blockers > Targets > Shutters month July/August 2003 p13; April 2007 p10; March 2012 p12). The particular bipolar outfl ow clearly visible Our products are fabricated from Pure Molybdenum, Tungsten, Niobium, in this image is thought to result from the presence and Tantalum alloys: of a white-dwarf star orbiting the dying star every > Bar and Tube > Plate, Sheet, Foil 100 years. By measuring the expansion of the nebula’s Superconducting wire bundles are supported by the supply of Niobium wings, astronomers have estimated its age to be only and Tantalum bar and foils and Toll Extrusion services for the large diameter 1200 years. (Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA; bundles. acknowledgement: Judy Schmidt.) iew.co.uk Tel +44 (0) 1793 694033 [email protected] [email protected] www.hcstarck.com UNIT 10, BIRCH, KEMBREY PARK, SWINDON, WILTSHIRE, SN2 8UU 15

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What PoWers your accelerator? CERN Courier Archive: 1972

A LOOK BACK TO CERN C OURIER VOL . 12, O CTOBER 1972, COMPILED BY P EGGIE R IMMER

C O M P u t i N G CERN Computing and Data Processing School

After the success of the Varenna School in computers are widely used for this and 1970, a second CERN Computing and Data standardization is playing an essential role to Processing School was organized from allow physicists to talk to the equipment in a 10–23 September at Pertisau on the shore of very simple way, mainly using CAMAC and the Achensee, an alpine lake in the Austrian CAMAC-oriented software. Tyrol. Another important topic is data The school brought together a cosmopolitan communication between scientists working group of young people working in scientifi c in different laboratories using different data processing, to exchange opinions and hardware and software. A European HV and RF Technology Innovations from L-3 discuss problems stimulated by experienced Participants at the 1972 CERN Computing network of fast data links is technically lecturers from Western Europe and CERN. and Data Processing School. feasible, but diffi culties arise in exchanging L-3 Electron Devices is leading the technology revolution with powerful solutions like the 13 kW klystron for the 12 GeV The 67 students came from CERN member information among machines that use Upgrade at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and the 90 kW IOT amplifier for Brookhaven National Lab’s states, the German Democratic Republic, data-handling and control requirements different operating systems and speak NSLS-II Booster RF Transmitter System. For high-voltage switching or stable and reliable RF power, L-3’s thyratrons, Israel, Poland, the USSR and Yugoslavia. of high-energy physics are becoming different dialects. The importance of klystrons, IOTs and TWTs are meeting the demanding requirements of many of the world’s major accelerator systems, and Lecture topics were divided between so demanding as to require computer establishing standards for information we are working to produce the next generation of devices for tomorrow’s new accelerators. pure computer science, applications of applications of greatly increased complexity. exchange was emphasized during one of small computers in physics, and applied Nowadays, experiments use sophisticated the informal discussions organized by the To learn more about L-3’s innovative technology, visit L-3com.com/edd or email us at [email protected]. mathematical techniques. equipment and it is essential to monitor students themselves. A signifi cant fact to emerge was that the the performance of the apparatus. Small ● Compiled from texts on pp326–327. Electron Devices L-3com.com C E r N Public Information Offi ce fi lm for archival records. Another major activity is the visits service. From its early days, CERN has had a Visits are held mostly in French, German “public information offi ce”, the PIO, the or English. About 50 CERN staff, covering communication channel to the outside world many nationalities, act as guides and and for many internal-communication lecturers. The current annual visitor fi gure tasks. PIO staff are well known to top-class is about 11,000 (excluding Open Days). Technology for journalists from almost all the member Two-thirds come on Saturdays, mainly states. Also, many television teams and radio school parties and common-interest groups interviewers invade CERN each year, and the (farmers, nurses, fi rms’ outings). Midweek Accelerators PIO either covers their needs or guides them visitors are mostly university groups, to appropriate CERN contacts. On the fi lm industrialists from fi rms working for CERN, Our core competencies: front, the fi rst CERN documentary,Matter Reception desk at the Public Information and occasional scientists in transit. VIPs Products: in Question, appeared in 1961, and is still in Offi ce, the PIO. (Image credit: obviously receive special attention. • Accelerator magnets & vacuum limited use although now largely outdated. CERN-GE-7209076.) ● Compiled from texts on pp327–329. • Ultrastable power supplies In recent years, several collaborative fi lms • Insertion devices (undulators and wigglers) have been made with national television Compact Magnet Arrays • Ion accelerators and ion sources networks, the latest being with the BBC Compiler’s Note • Beam diagnostics Very few visible characteristics are needed to identity individuals, so some • Turnkey systems, electron & ion synchrotrons, (CERN Courier September 2015 p11). and microtrons The PIO produces a range of publications, readers may recognize themselves, or erstwhile friends and colleagues, at • Service contracts from the pop to the not-so-pop. The the computing school in Austria, either in Austria or (wo)manning the PIO. Services: mandatory Annual Report, in English and The overarching concern of the 1972 computing schools was the • Pre-studies French, is the account of CERN’s activities unrelenting proliferation of data. The physics community was pioneering • High precision magnetic measurements • Maintenance, calibration and product upgrades in the previous year. Regular publications are hardware and software standards for data collection, and had a prescient • Installation and commissioning the Weekly Bulletin and the monthly CERN awareness of the burgeoning need for information sharing and its Courier. Documentation for visitors ranges attendant diffi culties. Links and networks were rapidly becoming hot from the light-hearted “A look at CERN” topics across a wide range of applications. Various protocols found favour Danfysik would like to talk to you about how through to the more formal “CERN and its in different areas until TCP/IP, aka the internet, had gained suffi cient our competencies in accelerator technology could Laboratories”. diffusion that Tim Berners-Lee could defi ne the hypertext transfer benefit your application! The photo section takes about 8000 photos protocol standard to sit on top of it, and the World Wide Web went into orbit around 1990. To hear more please contact our sales team at per year and also some cine fi lm, for example [email protected] or visit our website: the assembly of the large European bubble And thanks to the Web, nowadays CERN Courier is read online by around 30,000 people every month, in www.danfysik.com chamber BEBC. Important stages of other addition to a monthly paper print run of about 20,000 copies. DC/DC – Digital Regulation Combined Function Green Magnets® large projects have been recorded on 16 mm

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now up to now up to now with 100 kV 20 kV of the proton

The HERA collaborations, H1 and ZEUS, have recently released their defi nitive paper on measurements of deep-inelastic scattering. q electron γ, Z q

After 15 years of measurement and another eight years of scruti- nizing and calculations, the H1 and ZEUS collaborations have pub- q lished the most precise results to date about the innermost structure HIGH POWER PRECISION MODULARITY PERFECT and behaviour of the proton. The two collaborations, which took WITH HIGH PRECISION. FOR LABS. FOR DETECTORS. CONTROL. data at DESY’s electron–proton collider, HERA, from 1992 to electron www.iseg-hv.com 2007, have combined nearly 3000 measurements of inclusive deep- inelastic cross-sections (H1, ZEUS 2015). With its completion, the paper secures the legacy of the HERA data. Within the framework of perturbative QCD, the proton is q described in terms of parton-density functions, which provide the & shaping w Powered by probability of scattering from a parton, either a gluon or a quark. electron q photodiode amplifiers The H1 and ZEUS collaborations have also produced the fi rst QCD analysis of the data, encompassed in the HERAPDF2.0 sets of preamplifiers parton-distribution functions (PDFs), which form a signifi cant part q of the paper. The combined data presented in the new publication perfect for will be the basis of all analyses of the structure of the proton for radiation pulse years to come. neutrino detection! As fi gure 1 depicts, in deep-inelastic scattering, a boson –γ , Z0 The World’s Most Advanced or W± – acts as a probe of the structure of the proton by interacting Fig. 1. Diagrams of neutral-current (top) and charged-current with its constituents, through neutral-current (γ, Z0) or charged- (bottom) deep-inelastic electron–proton scattering processes. Digital Pulse Processor current (W±) reactions. Of course, this picture is simplifi ed: the (Image credit: DESY.) proton is a dynamic structure of quarks and gluons, but by meas- uring deep-inelastic scattering over a wide kinematic range, this bined measurements. Towards the end of HERA’s run, special data • Up to 8 channels internal structure can be mapped precisely. The variables used samples with a proton-beam energy of 575 GeV and 460 GeV were of simultaneous to do this are the squared four-momentum, Q2, of the exchanged taken and are also included. The data were combined separately all product specifications can be found online at: + – processing boson, and Bjorken x, xBj, the fraction of the proton’s momentum for the e p and e p runs and for the different centre-of-mass ener- carried by the struck quark. gies. Overall, 41 separate data sets were used in the combination, • Over 3 Mcps http://cremat.com spanning 0.045 < Q2 < 50, 0 0 0 G eV 2 and 6 × 10 –7 < x < 0.65, i.e. six processed by Cremat's low noise charge sensitive preamplifiers (CSPs) can be Bj used to read out pulse signals from p-i-n photodiodes, A wealth of data orders of magnitude in each variable. The initial measurements each channel avalanche photodiodes (APDs), SiPM photodiodes, semicon- The data, taken over the 15-year lifetime of the HERA accelerator, consisted of 2937 published cross-sections in total, which were ductor radiation detectors (e.g. Si, CdTe, CZT), ionization –1 [email protected] chambers, proportional counters, surface barrier/PIPS detectors correspond to a total luminosity of about 1 fb of deep-inelastic combined to produce 1307 fi nal combined cross-section measure- Tel: +1-510-401-5760 and PMTs. electron–proton and positron–proton scattering. All of the data ments. These results supersede the previous paper with combined www.xia.com Our CSPs and shaping amplifiers are small c r e m a t used were taken with an electron/positron beam energy of 27.5 GeV, measurements of deep-inelastic scattering cross-sections in which epoxy-sealed plug-in modules less than 1 2 950 Watertown St with roughly equal amounts of data for electron–proton and only data up to the year 2000 were combined (CERN Courier in in area. We provide evaluation boards West Newton, MA and instrument designs as Open Source 02465 USA positron–proton scattering being recorded. HERA initially oper- January/February 2008 p30). Hardware allowing the user to integrate our +1(617)527-6590 ated with a proton-beam energy of 820 GeV, which was increased The procedure for combining the data involved a careful treat- ▲ modules into their commercial instruments. [email protected] subsequently to 920 GeV; these data constitute the bulk of the com- ment of the various uncertainties between all of the data sets. In

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H1 and ZEUS 1.8 H1 and ZEUS H1 and ZEUS It is also interesting to look at data from HERA on neutral-current + –1 1.8 2 HERA NC e p 0.5 fb 2 2 (NC) and charged-current (CC) scattering that is differential in Q Q = 120 GeV + – 1.6 √s = 318 GeV – –1 + ±1 but integrated over xBj, as shown in fi gure 4 both for e p and e p. At XBj = 0.0002 Q2 = 12 GeV2 HERA NC e p 0.5 fb 10 HERA NC e p 0.4 fb XBj = 0.002 ZEUS HERA II 1.6 2 √s = 318 GeV HERA NC e+p 0.5 fb–1 small Q , the cross-sections for NC are much larger than for CC, 1.4 ZEUS HERA I – 2 H1 HERA II HERAPDF2.0 NLO HERAPDF2.0 NC e p whereas at large Q , in the order of the vector-boson mass squared, 1.4 2 2 + 1.2 H1 HERA I Q = 6.5 GeV HERAPDF2.0 NC e p they become similar in size. This is a direct visualization of the 10–1 X = 0.008 electroweak unifi cation: the CC process is mediated by weak forces, Bj 1.2 1.0 whereas photon exchange dominates the NC cross-section. Look- ) r, NC + 2 + – ␴ ing in more detail, the NC cross-sections for e p and e p are almost 0.8 1.0 10–3 y < 0.9 identical at small Q2 but start to diverge as Q2 grows. This is owing XBj = 0.032 2

F 2 2 ~ 0 + – 0.6 Q = 1200 GeV (pb/GeV √s = 318 GeV γ 2 to –Z interference, which has the opposite effect on the e p and e p 0.8 + /dQ

cross-sections. The CC cross-sections also differ between e p and x = 0.008 Bj xBj = 0.08 – –1 0.4 XBj = 0.08 ␴ HERA CC e p 0.4 fb –

d –5 e p scattering, with two effects contributing: the helicity structure 0.6 10 HERA CC e+p 0.5 fb–1 of the W± exchange and the fact that CC e–p scattering probes the 0.2 HERAPDF2.0 CC e–p XBj = 0.25 u-valence quarks, whereas d-valence quarks are accessed in CC e +p. 0.4 HERAPDF2.0 CC e+p 0 In summary, the HERA collider experiments H1 and ZEUS 2 3 4 5 10–7 1 10 10 10 10 10 have combined their precision data on deep-inelastic scattering, Q2/GeV2 0.2 3 4 10 10 reaching a precision of almost 1% in the double-differential cross- Q2/GeV2 Fig. 2. The newly combined HERA data, together with original 0 section measurements. It is the largest coherent data set on proton data points from H1 and ZEUS from the two running periods, –4 –3 –2 –1 Fig. 4. The HERA combined differential cross-section versus structure, spanning six orders of magnitude in the kinematic vari- 10 10 10 10 2 2 HERA I and HERA II, showing the cross-section for inclusive scale, Q , for neutral current (NC) and charged current (CC) ables xBj and Q . A QCD analysis of the HERA data alone results in XBj deep-inelastic scattering versus the photon virtuality, Q2, at processes for e+p and e–p collisions. Predictions, with their a set of parton-density functions, HERAPDF2.0, without the need

selected values of the parton-momentum fraction, xBj. These Fig. 3. The proton-structure function extracted from measured associated uncertainties, using HERAPDF2.0 at NLO in QCD for data from other experiments. Also, using HERA jet and charm results are for e+p collisions; a similar sample exists for e–p cross-sections, shown at four selected values of Q2. Predictions, are also shown. Unifi cation of the electromagnetic and weak data, the strong-coupling constant is measured together with pro- collisions. The close-up of a few points clearly reveals the power with their associated uncertainties, using HERAPDF2.0 at forces can be seen at high values of Q2 where the NC and CC ton PDFs. QCD and electroweak effects are probed at high preci- of the combination procedure. next-to-leading order (NLO) in QCD, are also shown. cross-sections become similar in magnitude. sion in the same data set, providing beautiful demonstrations of the validity of the Standard Model. particular, the correlations of the various sources were assessed, the cross-section rises increasingly more steeply with increasing poorer at low Q 2, indicating inadequacies in the theory used at these 2 ● and those uncertainties deemed to be point-to-point correlated Q and decreasing xBj. This effect is known as scaling violation, low scales. Such precise knowledge of the PDFs is also of highest Further reading were accounted for as such in the averaging of the data based on a and is indicative of the density of gluons in the proton increasing. importance for physics at the LHC at CERN, because the uncertain- H1, ZEUS 2015 arXiv:1506.06042 [hep-ex]. χ2 minimization method. The resulting χ2 is 1687 for 1620 degrees The increased density and rise of the cross-section can also be ties stemming from the knowledge of the PDFs are increased for

of freedom, demonstrating excellent compatibility of the multitude observed by considering the proton-structure function F2 (which proton–proton collisions compared with deep-inelastic scattering. Résumé 2 of data sets. Figure 2 illustrates the power of the data combination. is closely related to the cross-section) plotted versus xBj at fi xed Q , The QCD analysis can also be extended to include data from L’image la plus précise du proton

It displays a selection of the data in bins of the photon virtuality, as in fi gure 3. The strong rise of F2 with decreasing xBj was one of the production of charm quarks and jets at HERA. Charm pro- 2 2 Q , and for fi xed values of xBj, showing separately individual data the most important discoveries at HERA. Previous experiments, duction is measured again as a function of xBj and Q , however Après 15 années de mesures et huit années supplémentaires sets from several different analyses. A combined data point can which were with fi xed targets, could not constrain this behaviour, with the condition of detecting a charm meson in the fi nal state. d’analyses et de calculs, les collaborations H1 and ZEUS ont 2 be the combination of up to eight individual measurements. The because the data were at low values of Q and high values of xBj. Jet production is measured in the Breit frame, where jets with publié les résultats les plus précis à ce jour de la structure profonde

improvement in precision is striking, as is seen more clearly in the The fi gure also shows how the rise towards low xBj is steeper with non-zero transverse momentum are expected from hard QCD et du comportement du proton. Les deux collaborations, qui ont close-up on some of the points. An indication of the precision of increasing Q2. At higher Q2, the exchanged boson effectively processes only. By including the charm and jet data, the analysis enregistré, de 1992 à 2007, des données auprès du collisionneur the combined data is that the total uncertainties are close to 1% for probes smaller distances, and so can see more of the inner structure becomes particularly sensitive to the strong-coupling constant, électron-proton HERA, à DESY, ont combiné près de 3 000 mesures 2 2 the bulk region of 3 < Q < 50 0 G eV . of the proton and hence resolves more and more gluons. αs(MZ), whereas without jet data the coupling constant is strongly de sections effi caces inclusives profondément inélastiques. La As well as showing the precision of the data and power of the correlated with the normalization of the gluon density. The com- QCD et les effets électrofaibles sont également analysés avec une combination, the cross-section dependence for the different val- Parton distributions bined analysis of inclusive data, charm data and jet data at NLO grande précision dans le même ensemble de données, démontrant

ues of xBj demonstrates the dynamic structure of the proton in a The proton structure of quarks and gluons is often parameterized results in an experimentally very precise measurement of the brillamment la validité du Modèle standard.

striking way. For x Bj = 0. 08, t he in terms of the PDFs, which correspond to the probability of fi nd- strong-coupling constant, αs(MZ) = 0.1183±0.0009 (exp.), with +0.0039 cross-section dependence is ing a gluon or a quark of a given fl avour with momentum fraction x signifi cantly larger uncertainties of –0.0033 related to the model Stefan Schmitt, DESY and H1 spokesperson, and Matthew Wing, reasonably fl at as a function of in the proton, given the scale μ of the hard interaction. The behav- and theory. University College London and ZEUS spokesperson. Such precise Q2. This is known as Bjorken iour of the PDFs with scale is predicted by QCD, but the absolute knowledge of the scaling, and is expected from values need to be determined from fi ts to data. Using the HERA PDFs is of highest the simple parton model in data, the PDFs can be extracted, while at the same time the evolu- which inelastic electron– tion as a function of the scale is tested. This analysis is performed importance for proton scattering is viewed at leading order, next-to-leading order (NLO) and next-to-next-to- NEW VALVES physics at as a sum of elastic electron– leading order, yielding the HERAPDF2.0 family of PDFs. MODULES the LHC. parton scattering, where the Figure 3 compares the predictions of the PDF analysis at NLO partons are free point-like with the measurements of the structure functions. In general, the WORLDWIDE SERVICES www.vatvalve.com objects. At lower values of xBj, QCD predictions describe the data well, although this becomes

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CERN Courier October 2015 THINK VACUUM, Accelerators THINK EDWARDS Giving you a clear edge Inventing our future We have a deep understanding of high energy physics applications and the critical role that vacuum plays at every stage. This experience, coupled with class leading products and application know-how, allows us to offer a broad accelerator range of solutions enabling you to push the boundaries of modern physics. • Optimum solution not compromises Widest portfolio of pumping mechanisms optimised for performance from atmospheric pressure to ultra-high vacuum Could a methodology used for invention in • Not just pumps, complete solution Broad depth of application and simulation experience engineering fi nd a role in guiding the innovative across vacuum industry process that will be essential for future

• Increased productivity, high reliability large-scale accelerator projects? High uptime solutions

[email protected] Can you imagine that electrons edwardsvacuum.com Are planets circling their suns? Space exploration, wars, elections And hundreds of computer tongues CryogenFreeProbe#2-CERN 9/21/13 2:58 PM Page 1 Translation by A Seryi of a 1920 poem by Valery Bryusov, “The World of Electron” Above left: John Adams. Accelerator science and technology exhibits a rich history of inven- (Image credit: CERN.) Above tions that now spans almost a century. The fascinating story of accel- right: Gersh Budker. (Image You know what erator development, which is particularly well described in Engines credit: www.shortscience.ru.) you want to detect: of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators by Andy Sessler Left: Genrikh Altshuller. Cryogen and Ted Wilson (CERN Courier September 2007 p63), can also be (Image credit: Ideation summarized in the so-called “Livingston plot”, where the equivalent International.) Free Probe - X-rays energy of an accelerated beam is shown as a function of time. The plot depicts how new accelerating technologies take over once the Nevertheless, inspired by the variety of past inventions in Stations - Gamma-rays previous technology has reached its full potential, so that over the the fi eld, and dreaming about future accelerators that will require course of many decades the maximum achieved energy has contin- many scientifi c and technological breakthroughs, we can pose the - Neutrons ued to grow exponentially, thanks to many inventions and the devel- question: how can we invent more effi ciently? Applications include - Particles opment of many different accelerator technologies. The most recent It is worth recalling two biographical facts about two prominent nano science, materials decades have also been rich with inventions, such as the photon- accelerator scientists: John Adams, who in the 1950s played the and spintronics collider concept (still an idea), crab-waist collisions (already verifi ed key role in implementing the courageous decision to cancel the <5 K - 675 K cryocooler- experimentally at the DAFNE storage ring in Frascati) and integra- already approved 10 GeV weak-focusing accelerator for a totally based systems ble optics for storage rings (verifi cation is planned at the Integrable innovative 25 GeV strong-focusing machine (the CERN Proton Vibration isolated for Optics Test Accelerator at Fermilab), to name a few. Synchrotron), and Gersh Budker, who was the founder and fi rst sub-micron sample stability Despite recent inventions, however, there is some cause for anxi- director of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, and inven- Up to 8 probes, DC to 67 GHz, plus fiber optics ety about the latest progress in the fi eld and projections for the tor of many innovations in the fi eld of accelerator physics, such as Zoom optics with camera and monitor future. The three most recent decades represented by the Tevatron electron cooling. It is important in this context that Adams had a Horizontal, vertical or vector magnetic field and the LHC exhibit a much slower energy growth over time. This unique combination of scientifi c and engineering abilities, and that options are available may be an indication that the existing technologies for acceleration Budker was once called by Lev Landau a “relativistic engineer”. Other configurations: LHe, LN , room temperature have come to their maximum potential, and that further progress This connection is indeed notable, because the art of inventiveness 2 SCIONIX Holland B.V. and UHV systems will demand the creation of a new accelerating method – one that that I am about to discuss came from engineering. Tel. +31 30 6570312 is more compact and economical. There are indeed several emerg- While everyone has probably heard about problem-solving Contact us today: We know how to [email protected] Fax. +31 30 6567563 ing acceleration techniques, such as laser-driven and beam-driven approaches such as brainstorming or even its improved version, www.janis.com /CryogenFreeProbeStation.aspx Email. [email protected] plasma acceleration (CERN Courier June 2007 p28), which can synectics (the use of a fairy-tale-style description of the problem build your detectors ▲ www.facebook.com /JanisResearch www.scionix.nl perhaps bring the Livingston plot back to the fast-rising exponent. is one of its approaches – note the snakes in figure 1c (p27)

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The equations of Maxwell or of thermodynamics, where an integral provocative in connecting them to TRIZ post factum. However, it on a surface is connected to the integral over volume, suggest an is natural to wonder whether TRIZ and AS-TRIZ could actually inventive principle of changing the volume-to-surface ratio of an help to inspire and create new scientifi c inventions and innovations, object. Nature provides an illustration in a smart cat, stretched out especially in regard to projects that continue to manifest many under the sun or curled up in the cold, but fl at colliding electron–pos- unsolved obstacles. itron beams or fi bre lasers also illustrate the same principle. Another One example of such a project is the circular collider currently possible inventive principle for accelerator science is the use of non- being considered as a successor to the LHC – the Future Circular damageable or already damaged materials: the laser wire for beam Collider (FCC), a 100 km circumference machine (CERN Courier (a) (b) (c) diagnostics, the mercury jet as a beam target, plasma acceleration, April 2014 p16). This project has many scientifi c and technical or a plasma mirror – the list of examples illustrating this inventive tasks and challenges that need to be solved. Notably, the total Fig. 1. Examples of inventive principles of TRIZ in particle physics. Left to right: (a) The system/anti-system of cloud and bubble principle can be continued. energy in each circulating proton beam is expected to exceed 8 GJ, chambers. (b) The nested-doll principle of a collider detector. (c) Both of these principles at work in a force-neutral solenoid; the So the TRIZ method of inventiveness, although created originally which is equivalent to the kinetic energy of an Airbus-380 fl ying at system with nested solenoids of opposite currents, right, limits the region of fl ux-return – keeping the snakes under control in an for engineering, is universal and can also be applied to science. TRIZ 720 km/h. Not only does such a beam need to be handled safely in example of the power of metaphor to aid creative thinking. (Image credits: Elena Seraia.) methodology provides another way to look at the world; combined the bending magnets, it also needs to be focused in the interaction with science it creates a powerful and eye-opening amalgam of sci- region to a micrometre-size spot – the equivalent, more or less, of representing the magnetic fi elds in the solenoid), it is likely that uses bubbles of gas created in liquid (fi gure 1a). If the TRIZ inven- ence and inventiveness. It is particularly helpful for building bridges having to pass through the eye of a needle. most people working in science have never heard about the inven- tive principle of system/anti-system were applied, the invention of of understanding between completely different scientifi c disciplines, It remains to be seen if the methodology of TRIZ and AS-TRIZ tive methodologies that engineers have developed and used. It is the bubble chamber would follow immediately and not almost half and so is also naturally useful to educational and research organiza- can be applied to such a large-scale project as the FCC, because it indeed astonishing that formal inventive approaches, so widely a century after the invention of the cloud chamber. tions that endeavour to break barriers between disciplines. brings a whole array of new, diffi cult and exciting challenges to the used in industry, are rarely known in science. Another TRIZ inventive principle, that of Russian dolls (nested However, experience shows that knowledge of TRIZ is nearly table. Nonetheless, it is certainly a project that can only fl ourish One such approach is TRIZ – pronounced “treez” – which can be dolls, or matryoshki), can be applied not only to engineering but non-existent in the scientifi c departments of western universities. with the application of knowledge and inventiveness. translated as the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving. TRIZ was also in many other areas, including science or even philology. The Moreover, it is not unusual to hear about unsuccessful attempts to developed by Genrik h Altshuller in the Soviet Union in the mid-20th principle of a concept inside a concept can be seen in the British introduce TRIZ into the graduate courses of universities’ science ● Further reading century. Star ting in 1946 when he was working in a patent offi ce, but nursery rhyme “This is the house that Jack built”, and the 1920 poem departments. Indeed, in many or most of these cases, the apparent G Altshuller 1999 The Innovation Algorithm: TRIZ, Systematic Innovation and interrupted by a dramatic decade-long turmoil in his life (another by Valery Bryusov (quoted at the start), which describes an electron reason for the failure is that the canonical version of TRIZ was Technical Creativity (translated by Lev Shulyak and Steven Rodman) Technical story) that he overcame to resume his studies, Altshuller analysed as a planet in its own world, can also be seen as a refl ection of the introduced to science PhD students in the same way that TRIZ is Innovation Center, Inc. many thousands of patents, trying to discover patterns to identify nested-doll inventive principle, this time in poetic science fi ction. A taught to engineers in industrial companies. This may be a mistake, what makes a patent successful. Following his work in the patent spectacular scientifi c example is the construction of a high-energy because science students are rightfully more critically minded and Résumé offi ce, between 1956 and 1985 he formulated TRIZ and, together physics detector, where many different sub-detectors are inserted justifi ably sceptical about overly prescriptive step-by-step meth- Inventer notre futur accélérateur with his team, developed it further. Since then, TRIZ has gradually into one another, to enhance the accuracy of detecting elusive par- ods. Indeed, a critically thinking scientist would immediately become one of the most powerful tools in the industrial world. For ticles (fi gure 1b). Such detectors are needed to fi nd out if there is question the canonical number of 40 inventive principles, and note L’énergie maximale atteignable par un accélérateur de particules example, in his 7 March 2013 contribution to the business magazine indeed a world inside of an electron – and the circle is now closed! that identifying just a pair of contradicting parameters is a fi rst- a augmenté de façon exponentielle au fil des décennies grâce Forbes, “What Makes Samsung Such An Innovative Company?”, The TRIZ method can be applied, in particular, to accelerator order approximation, and so on. à de nombreuses inventions et au développement de diverses Haydn Shaughnessy wrote that TRIZ “became the bedrock of inno- science. For example, the dual force-neutral solenoid found in the A more suitable approach to introduce TRIZ to graduate students, technologies d’accélérateurs. Aujourd’hui, toutefois, certains vation at Samsung”, and that “TRIZ is now an obligatory skill set if interaction region of a collider, or in NMR scanners, is an illustra- which takes into account the lessons learnt by its predecessors, could s’inquiètent du potentiel de progrès restant dans la discipline. you want to advance within Samsung”. tion of both the nested-doll and the system/anti-system inventive be different. Instead of teaching graduate students the ready-to-use Inspiré par la diversité des inventions passées, et rêvant de principles. Two solenoids of opposite currents are inserted in one methodology, it might be better to take them through the process of futurs accélérateurs qui nécessiteront de nombreuses avancées A methodology another in such a way that all of the magnetic fl ux-return is between recreating parts of TRIZ by analysing various inventions and dis- scientifiques et techniques, Andreï Seryi s’interroge : comment The authors of TRIZ devised the following four cornerstones for the the solenoids and none is seen outside, reducing the need for mag- coveries from scientifi c disciplines, showing that the TRIZ inven- pouvons-nous inventer plus efficacement ? Ne pourrait-on pas tirer method: the same problems and solutions appear again and again netic shielding in case of NMR or reducing interference with the tive principles can be effi ciently applied to science. In the process, parti d’une méthodologie d’invention utilisée en ingénierie pour but in different industries; there is a recognizable technological evo- main solenoid of the detector in case of a particle collider (fi gure 1c). additional inventive principles that are more suitable for scientifi c orienter le processus d’innovation qui sera essentiel pour les futurs lution path for all industries; innovative patents (which are about a Remarkably, the same combination of inventive principles can be disciplines could be found and added to standard TRIZ. In my recent projets d’accélérateurs à grande échelle ? quarter of the total) use science and engineering theories outside of seen in the technique of stimulated emission depletion microscopy textbook, I call this extension “Accelerating Science (AS) TRIZ”, their own area or industry; and an innovative patent uncovers and (STED), which was rewarded with the 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemis- where “accelerating” refers not to accelerators, but instead highlights Andrei Seryi, director of the John Adams Institute, University of Oxford. He solves contradictions. In addition, the team created a detailed meth- try. The fi nal focus system at a collider with non-local chromaticity that TRIZ can help to boost various areas of science. is the author of Unifying Physics of Accelerators, Lasers and Plasma (2015, odology, which employs tables of typical contradicting parameters correction is an illustration of Many of the examples of TRIZ-like inventions in science con- CRC Press), available at 20% discount to readers who order online at www. and a wonderfully universal table of 40 inventive principles. The the inventive principle of what is sidered above have already been made, and I am being deliberately crcpress.com, quoting code AZP98. TRIZ method consists in fi nding a pair of contradicting parameters It is astonishing that known as “beforehand cushion- in a problem, which, using the TRIZ inventive tables, immediately ing”. And so on. leads to the selection of only a few suitable inventive principles that formal inventive While many of the TRIZ narrow down the choice and result in a faster solution to a problem. approaches are inventive principles can be TRIZ textbooks often cite Charles Wilson’s cloud chamber rarely known in applied directly to problems (invented in 1911) and Donald Glaser’s bubble chamber (invented in accelerator science, it is in 1952) as examples – to use the terminology of TRIZ – of a system science. tempting to add accelerator- and anti-system. Indeed, the cloud chamber works on the principle science-related parameters and of bubbles of liquid created in gas, whereas the bubble chamber inventive principles to TRIZ.

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Since its foundation, the RD51 collaboration LEM Fig.1. The seven working groups of RD51, with illustrations of MSGC RD28 GEM THGEM RD51 just a few examples of the different kinds of work involved. Top has provided important stimulus for the 1988 1992 1997 2003 2008 left: the 20-year pre-history of RD51. (Image credits: RD51 development of MPGDs. Collaboration.)

1996 2000 2005 integrated read-out of a gaseous detector (InGrid). Using this MicroMEGAS μ–PIC InGrid approach, MPGD-based detectors can reach the level of integra- Improvements in detector technology often come from capitaliz- capillary plate tion, compactness and resolving power typical of solid-state pixel ing on industrial progress. Over the past two decades, advances in devices. For applications requiring imaging detectors with large- photolithography, microelectronics and printed circuits have opened area coverage and moderate spatial resolution (e.g. ring-imaging the way for the production of micro-structured gas-amplifi cation Cherenkov (RICH) counters), coarser macro-patterned structures devices. By 2008, interest in the development and use of the novel SPS North Area RD51 test beam offer an interesting economic solution with relatively low mass micro-pattern gaseous detector (MPGD) technologies led to the and easy construction – thanks to the intrinsic robustness of the establishment at CERN of the RD51 collaboration. Originally cre- PCB electrodes. Such detectors are the thick GEM (THGEM), ated for a fi ve-year term, RD51 was later prolonged for another fi ve large electron multiplier (LEM), patterned resistive thick GEM years beyond 2013. While many of the MPGD technologies were COMPASS RICH THGEM CMS large GEM CERN GDD laboratory (RETGEM) and the resistive-plate WELL (RPWELL). introduced before RD51 was founded (fi gure 1), with more tech- niques becoming available or affordable, new detection concepts are ATLAS NSW resistive Micromegas WG1 Technological Aspects WG7 Common Test Facilities RD51 and its working groups still being introduced, and existing ones are substantially improved. and Development of New The main objective of RD51 is to advance the technological devel- In the late 1980s, the development of the micro-strip gas cham- Detector Structures opment and application of MPGDs. While a number of activities ber (MSGC) created great interest because of its intrinsic rate- have emerged related to the LHC upgrade, most importantly, RD51 capability, which was orders of magnitude higher than in wire InGrid GEM serves as an access point to MPGD “know-how” for the world- chambers, and its position resolution of a few tens of micrometres wide community – a platform for sharing information, results and at particle fl uxes exceeding about 1 MHz/mm2. Developed for pro- WG2 Detector Physics WG6 Production experience – and optimizes the cost of R&D through the sharing jects at high-luminosity colliders, MSGCs promised to fi ll a gap and Performance and Industrialization of resources and the creation of common projects and infrastruc- between the high-performance but expensive solid-state detectors, ture. All partners are already pursuing either basic- or application- and cheap but rate-limited traditional wire chambers. However, oriented R&D involving MPGD concepts. Figure 1 shows the detailed studies of their long-term behaviour at high rates and in RD51 organization of seven Working Groups (WG) that cover all of the hadron beams revealed two possible weaknesses of the MSGC relevant aspects of MPGD-related R&D. technology: the formation of deposits on the electrodes, affect- WG1 Technological Aspects and Development of New Detector ing gain and performance (“ageing effects”), and spark-induced Structures. The objectives of WG1 are to improve the performance damage to electrodes in the presence of highly ionizing particles. of existing detector structures, optimize fabrication methods, and These initial ideas have since led to more robust MPGD struc- develop new multiplier geometries and techniques. One of the gaseous photomultipliers THGEM surface scan with UV exposure and development tures, in general using modern photolithographic processes on thin single photoelectrons most prominent activities is the development of large-area GEM, insulating supports. In particular, ease of manufacturing, opera- Micromegas and THGEM detectors. Only one decade ago, the tional stability and superior performances for charged-particle WG3 Applications, Training WG5 MPGD-Related largest MPGDs were around 40 × 40 cm2, limited by existing tools Electronics tracking, muon detection and triggering have given rise to two and Dissemination and materials. A big step towards the industrial manufacturing of main designs: the gas electron-multiplier (GEM) and the micro- WG4 Modelling of Physics MPGDs with a size around a square metre came with new fabrica- mesh gaseous structure (Micromegas). By using a pitch size of a Processes and Software Tools tion methods – the single-mask GEM, “bulk” Micromegas, and few hundred micrometres, both devices exhibit intrinsic high-rate the novel Micromegas construction scheme with a “fl oating mesh”. capability (> 1 MHz/mm2), excellent spatial and multi-track resolu- While in “bulk” Micromegas, the metallic mesh is integrated into tion (around 30 μm and 500 μm, respectively), and time resolution the PCB read-out, in the “fl oating-mesh” scheme it is integrated in for single photoelectrons in the sub-nanosecond range. academia−industry matching event the panel containing drift electrodes and placed on pillars when the Coupling the microelectronics industry and advanced PCB scalable read-out system chamber is closed. The single-mask GEM technique overcomes the technology has been important for the development of gas detec- cumbersome practice of alignment of two masks between top and tors with increasingly smaller pitch size. An elegant example is the bottom fi lms, which limits the achievable lateral size to 50 cm. This use of a CMOS pixel ASIC, assembled directly below the GEM technology, together with the novel “self-stretching technique” for or Micromegas amplification structure. Modern “wafer post- assembling GEMs without glue and spacers, simplifi es the fabri- processing technology” allows for the integration of a Micromegas Garfield simulation of GEM ANSYS model of a woven mesh cation process to such an extent that, especially for large-volume avalanche ▲ grid directly on top of a Medipix or Timepix chip, thus forming production, the cost per unit area drops by orders of magnitude.

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Another breakthrough came with the development of Microme- ity. Other recent studies have revealed that Micromegas could act as gas with resistive electrodes for discharge mitigation. The resistive a photodetector coupled to a Cherenkov-radiator front window, in a strips match the pattern of the read-out strips geometrically, but are set-up that produces a suffi cient number of UV photons to convert electrically insulated from them. Large-area resistive electrodes single-photoelectron time jitter of a few hundred picoseconds into an to prevent sparks have been developed using two different tech- incident-particle timing response of the order of 50 ps. niques: screen printing and carbon sputtering. The technology of One of the central topics of WG2 is the development of effective the THGEM detectors is well established in small prototypes, the protection against discharges in the presence of heavily ionizing par- major challenge is the industrial production of high-quality large- ticles. The limitation caused by occasional sparking is now being size boards. A novel MPGD-based hydrid architecture, consisting lifted by the use of resistive electrodes, but at the price of current- of double THGEM and Micromegas, has been developed for photon dependent charging-up effects that cause a reduction in gain. Sys- detection; the latter allows a signifi cant reduction in the ion backfl ow tematic studies are needed to optimize the electrical and geometrical to the photocathode. A spark-protected version of THGEM (RET- characteristics of resistive Micromegas in terms of the maximum GEM), where the copper-clad conductive electrodes are replaced by particle rate. Recent ageing studies performed in view of the High- Fig. 2. A combined map of organizations working with MPGDs resistive materials, and the RPWELL detector, consisting of a single- Luminosity LHC upgrades confi rmed that the radiation hardness of built with collaboration-spotting software developed at CERN, sided THGEM coupled to the read-out electrode through a sheet of MPGDs is comparable with solid-state sensors in harsh radiation showing the huge growth in interest between 1998, left, and large bulk resistivity, have also been manufactured and studied. To environments. Nevertheless, it is important to develop and validate 2015, right. (Image credit: Collaboration Spotting/collspotting. reduce discharge probability, a micro-pixel gas chamber (μ-PIC) materials with resistance to ageing and radiation damage. web.cern.ch.) with resistive electrodes using sputtered carbon has been developed; Many of the advances involve the use of new materials and con- this technology is easily extendable for the production of large areas cepts – for example, a GEM made out of crystallized glass, and experiments, dark-matter and astrophysics experiments, plasma up to a few square metres. a “glass piggyback” Micromegas that separates the Micromegas diagnostics, material sciences, radioactive-waste monitoring and To reduce costs, further work is needed for developing radiation- from the actual read-out by a ceramic layer, so that the signal is read security applications, medical physics and hadron therapy. hard read-out and reinventing mainstream technologies under a by capacitive coupling and the read-out is immune to discharges. A To help in further disseminating MPGD applications beyond new paradigm of integration of electronics and detectors, as well completely new approach is the study of charge-transfer properties fundamental physics, academia–industry matching events were tracking technique has also led to better understanding of the as integration of functionality, e.g. integrating read-out electron- through graphene for applications in gaseous detectors. introduced when the continuation of the RD51 was discussed in avalanche-size statistics, clarifying in particular why light noble ics directly into the MPGD structure. A breakthrough here is the Working at cryogenic temperatures – or even within the cryo- 2013. Since then, three events have been organized by RD51 in gases perform better than heavier noble gases. Signifi cant effort development of a time-projection chamber (TPC) read-out with genic liquid itself – requires optimization to achieve simultane- collaboration with the HEPTech network (CERN Courier April has also been devoted to modelling the performance of MPGDs a total of 160 InGrid detectors, each 2 cm2, corresponding to ously high gas gain and long-term stability. Two ideas have been 2015 p17), covering MPGD applications in neutron and photon for particular applications – for example, studies of electron losses 10.5 million pixels. Despite the enormous challenges, this has dem- pursued for future large-scale noble-liquid detectors: dual-phase detection. The events provided a platform where academic institu- in Micromegas with different mesh specifi cations, and of GEM onstrated for the fi rst time the feasibility of extending the Timepix TPCs with cryogenic large-area gaseous photomultipliers (GPMs) tions, potential users and industry could meet to foster collabo- electron transparency, charging-up and ion-backfl ow processes, CMOS read-out of MPGDs to large areas. and single-phase TPCs with MPGDs immersed in the noble liquid. ration with people interested in MPGD technology. In the case for the ATLAS and ALICE upgrades. WG2 Detector Physics and Performance. The goal of WG2 is to Studies have demonstrated that the copious light yields in liquid of neutron detection, there is tangible mutual interest between WG5 MPGD-Related Electronics. Initiated in WG5 in 2009 improve understanding of the basic physics phenomena in gases, to xenon, and the resulting good energy resolution, are a result of the high-energy physics and neutron-scattering communities to as a basic multichannel read-out-system for MPGDs, the scal- defi ne common test standards, which allow comparison and even- electroluminescence occurring within xenon-gas bubbles trapped advance the technology of MPGDs; GEM-based solutions for ther- able read-out system (SRS) electronics has evolved into a popu- tually selection among different technologies for a particular appli- under the hole electrode. mal-neutron detection at spallation sources, novel high-resolution lar RD51 standard for MPGDs. Many groups contribute to SRS cation, and to study the main physics processes that limit MPGD WG3 Applications, Training and Dissemination. WG3 concen- neutron devices for macromolecular crystallography, and fast neu- hardware, fi rmware, software and applications, and the system has performance, such as sparking, charging-up effects and ageing. trates on the application of MPGDs and on how to optimize detec- tron MPGD detectors in fusion research represent a new frontier already extended beyond RD51. SRS is generally considered to Primary ionization and electron multiplication in avalanches are tors for particularly demanding cases. Since the pioneering use of for future developments. be an “easy-to-use” portable system from detector to data analy- statistical processes that set limits to the spatial, energy and timing GEM and Micromegas by the COMPASS experiment at CERN WG4 Modelling of Physics Processes and Software Tools. Fast sis, with read-out software that can be installed on a laptop for resolution, and so affect the overall performance of a detector. – the fi rst large-scale use of MPGDs in particle physics – they have and accurate simulation has become increasingly important as small laboratory set-ups. Its scalability principle allows systems of Exploiting the ability of Micromegas and GEM detectors to meas- spread to colliders. Their use in mega-projects at accelerators is the complexity of instrumentation has increased. RD51’s activ- 100,000 channels and more to be built through the simple addition ure both the position and arrival time of the charge deposited in the very important to engage people with science and to receive pub- ity on software tools and the modelling of physics processes that of more electronic SRS slices, and operated at very high bandwidth drift gap, a novel method – the μTPC – has been developed for the lic recognition. During the past fi ve years, there have been major make MPGDs function provides an entry point for institutes that using the online software of the LHC experiments. The front-end case of inclined tracks, allowing for a precise segment reconstruction developments of Micromegas and GEMs for various upgrades for have a strong theoretical background, but do not yet have the adapter concept of SRS represents another degree of freedom, using a single detection plane, and signifi cantly improving spatial ATLAS, CMS and ALICE at the LHC, as well as THGEMs for the facilities to do experimental work. One example is the develop- because basically any sensor technology typically implemented resolution (well below 100 μm, upgrade of the COMPASS RICH. Although normally used as fl at ment of a nearly exact boundary-element solver, which is in most in multi-channel ASICs may be used. So far, fi ve different ASICs even at large track angles). detectors, MPGDs can be bent to form cylindrically curved, ultra- aspects superior to the fi nite-element method for gas-detector have been implemented on SRS hybrids as plug-ins for MPGDs: Excellent energy resolution is light tracking systems as used in inner-tracker and vertex applica- simulations. Another example is the dedicated measurement APV25, VFAT, Beetle, VMM2 and Timepix. MPGDs are being routinely achieved with “micro- tions. Examples are cylindrical GEMs for the KLOE2 experiment campaign and data analysis programme that was undertaken to The number of SRS systems deployed is now nearing 100, with used in, for example, bulk” Micromegas and InGrid at the DAFNE e +e– collider and resistive Micromegas for CLAS12 understand avalanche statistics and determine the Penning trans- more than 300,000 APV channels, corresponding to a total vol- plasma diagnostics, devices, differing only slightly at Jefferson Lab. MPGD technology can also fulfi l the most strin- fer-rates in numerous gas mixtures. ume of SRS sales of around CHF1 million. SRS has been ported from the accuracy obtained gent constraints imposed by future facilities, from the Facility for The main difference between traditional wire-based devices and for the read-out of photon detectors and tracking detectors, and material sciences, with gaseous scintillation pro- Antiproton and Ion Research to the International Linear Collider MPGDs is that the electrode size of order 10 μm in MPGDs is is being used in several of the upgrades for ALICE, ATLAS, and medical portional counters and limited and Future Circular Collider. comparable to the collision mean free path. Microscopic tracking CMS and TOTEM at the LHC. Meanwhile, CERN’s Technology physics. by the Fano factor. Moreover, MPGDs have also found numerous applications in other fi elds of algorithms (Garfi eld++) developed within WG4 have shed light Transfer group has granted SRS reproduction licences to several “microbulk” detectors have very fundamental research. They are being used or considered, for exam- on the effects of surface and space charge in GEMs, as well as companies. Since 2013, SRS has been re-designed according to ▲ low levels of intrinsic radioactiv- ple, for X-ray and neutron imaging, neutrino–nucleus scattering on the transparency of meshes in Micromegas. The microscopic the ATCA industry standard, which allows for much higher

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Detector R&D 2014

channel density and output bandwidth. The vitality of the MPGD community resides in the relatively WG6 Production and Industrialization. A key point that must large number of young scientists, so educational events constitute be solved in WG6 to advance cost-effective MPGDs is the manu- an important activity. A series of specialized schools, comprising 3500 facturing of large-size detectors and their production by industrial lectures and hands-on training for students, engineers and physicists Periodic Table of thethe ElementsElements processes. The CERN PCB workshop is a unique MPGD produc- from RD51 institutes, has been organized at CERN covering the tion facility, where generic R&D, detector-component produc- assembly of MPGDs (2009), software and simulation tools (2011), tion and quality control take place. Today, GEM and Micromegas and electronics (2014). This is particularly important for young peo- Data provided by kind permission of www.webelements.com detectors can reach areas of 1 m2 in a single unit and nearly 2 m 2 by ple who are seeking meaningful and rewarding work in research patching some elements inside the detectors. Thanks to the com- and industry. Last year, RD51 co-organized the MPGD lecture 95.96 pletion of the upgrade to its infrastructure in 2012, CERN is still series and the IWAD conference in Kolkata, the Danube School leading in the MPGD domain in terms of maximum detector size; on Instrumentation in Novi Sad, and the special “Charpak Event”

however, more than 10 companies are already producing detec- in Lviv, organized in the context of CERN’s 60th anniversary pro- Flerovium Livermorium Fl Lv tor parts of reasonable size. WG6 serves as a reference point for gramme “60 Years of Science for Peace” (CERN Courier November [289] [294] companies interested in MPGD manufacturing and helps them 2014 p38). The latter was organized at a particularly fragile time for to reach the required level of competences. Contacts with some Ukraine, to enhance the role of science diplomacy to tackle global have strengthened to the extent that they have signed licence agree- challenges via the development of novel technologies.

ments and engaged in a technology-transfer programme co-ordi- 1529 nated within WG6. As an example, the ATLAS New Small Wheel In conclusion

(NSW) upgrade will be the fi rst detector mass produced in industry During the past 10 years, the deployment of MPGDs in operational 13.78 13.50 1050 1750 using a large high-granularity MPGD, with a detecting area around experiments has increased enormously, and RD51 now serves a 1300 m2 divided into 2 m × 0.5 m detectors. broad user community, driving the MPGD domain and any poten- WG7 Common Test Facilities. The development of robust and tial commercial applications that may arise. Because of a grow- effi cient MPGDs entails understanding of their performance and ing interest in the benefi ts of MPGDs in many fi elds of research, implies a signifi cant investment for laboratory measurements and technologies are being optimized for a broad range of applications, detector test-beam activities to study prototypes and qualify fi nal demonstrating the capabilities of this class of detector. Today, designs. Maintenance of the RD51 lab at CERN and test-beam RD51 is continuing to grow, and now has more than 90 institutes facilities plays a key role among the objectives of WG7. A semi- and 450 participants from more than 30 countries in Europe, permanent common test-beam infrastructure has been installed America, Asia and Africa. Last year, six new institutes from Spain, at the H4 test-beam area at CERN’s Super Proton Synchrotron Croatia, Brazil, Korea, Japan and India joined the collaboration, Growing Crystal Solutions to Unleash The World’s Most Radiation for the needs of the RD51 community. It includes three high- further enhancing the geographical diversity and expertise of the New Radiation Detection Capabilities precision beam telescopes made of Micromegas and GEM detec- MPGD community. Since its foundation, RD51 has provided a fun- Resistant Glass

tors, data acquisition, services, and gas-distribution systems. One damental boost from isolated developers to a world-wide MPGD With a 137-year history of demonstrated performance, advantage of the H4 area is the “Goliath” magnet (around 1.5 T network, as illustrated by collaboration-spotting software (fi gure 2, Hilger Crystals provides custom-engineered solutions for spectroscopy and imaging. Hilger’s sister company, RMD, over a large area), allowing tests of MPGDs in a magnetic fi eld. p29). Many opportunities are still to be exploited, and RD51 will provides the R&D engine to feed constant commercial innovation. You know RMD from its cutting-edge research RD51 users can also use the instrumentation, services and infra- remain committed to the quest to help shape the future of MPGD in synthetic crystals and solid state light detectors. structures of the Gas Detector Development (GDD) laboratory at technologies and pave the way for novel applications. Together, the companies, both owned by the Dynasil Corporation, -Fluorophosphate Glasses that show no loss of CERN, and clean rooms are accessible for assembly, modifi cation ● For more information about RD51, visit http://rd51-public.web. are bringing the new dual mode gamma-neutron CLYC transparency for gamma doses larger than 1 scintillation detector to market. Developed by RMD with GRad, and neutron doses exceeding 10 20 n/cm 2 and inspection of detectors. More than 30 groups use the general cern.ch/RD51-Public/. funding from multiple U.S. Government agencies, CLYC technology simultaneously detects potentially harmful RD51 infrastructure every year as a part of the WG7 activities; gamma-ray sources and neutron-emitting elements while - Chemical Resistant three annual test-beam campaigns attract on average three to Résumé eliminating the need to use scarce Helium-3 gas. The ability to measure two radiation sources with a single detector not only - Laser Glasses seven RD51 groups at a time, working in parallel. RD51 et l’essor des détecteurs gazeux à micropistes provides significant cost benefits, it also saves valuable time The RD51 collaboration also advances the MPGD domain with by enabling first responders to rapidly and more accurately detect a broader range of potential threats. - Fiber scientifi c, technological and educational initiatives. Thanks to En 2008 a été créée au CERN la collaboration RD51, répondant Stay tuned. The future is here. RD51’s interdisciplinary and inter-institutional co-operation, the ainsi au besoin de développer et d’utiliser les techniques innovantes • LONG-TIME prOducEr Of radIaTION dETEcTOr MaTErIaLs University Antonio Nariño in Bogota has built a detector labora- des détecteurs gazeux à micropistes (MPGD). Si nombre de ces aNd cusTOM dETEcTOrs tory where doctoral students and researchers are trained in the technologies ont été adoptées avant la création de RD51, d’autres • GaMMa-ray IMaGING science and technology of MPGDs. With this new infrastructure techniques sont apparues depuis ou sont devenues accessibles, • appLIcaTION ENGINEErING • LEadING ONGOING rEsEarch aNd dEvELOpMENT INTO NEw and international support, the university is leveraging co-operation de nouveaux concepts de détection sont en cours d’adoption et dETEcTOr MaTErIaLs

with other Latin American institutes to build a critical mass around des techniques actuelles font l’objet d’améliorations importantes. • sILIcON apds aNd sspMs Visit us at the MPGDs in this part of the world. Parallèlement, le déploiement de détecteurs MPGD dans des standard and special products available include optical crystals, scintillation crystals, crystal imaging arrays 2015 Nuclear Science Given the ever-growing interest in MPGDs, RD51 re-established expériences en exploitation s’est considérablement accru. and custom detectors. Symposium & Medical Imaging an international conference series on the detectors. The fi rst meet- Aujourd’hui, RD51 est au service d’une vaste communauté Conference ing in the new series took place in Crete in 2009, followed by Kobe d’utilisateurs, veillant sur le domaine des détecteurs MPGD et sur AFO Research Inc. in 2011 and Zaragoza in 2013 (CERN Courier November 2013 les applications commerciales qui pourraient voir le jour. email: [email protected] 772-538-1288 San Diego, California www.hilger-crystals.co.uk p33). This year, the collaboration is looking forward to holding the tel: +44(0)1843 231166 Email [email protected] November 2-5, 2015 fourth MPGD conference in Trieste, on 12–15 October. Leszek Ropelewski, CERN, and Maxim Titov, CEA Saclay. www.aforesearch.com Booth #109

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FROM MODEL Vienna hosts a high-energy How do you create the best design particle waltz

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The fi rst results at a new high-energy frontier in particle physics comsol.com/release/5.1 were a major highlight for the 2015 edition of the European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS-HEP). The bien- © Copyright 2015 COMSOL. COMSOL, COMSOL Multiphysics, Capture the Concept, COMSOL Desktop, COMSOL Server, and LiveLink are either registered trademarks or trademarks of COMSOL AB. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners, and COMSOL AB and its subsidiaries and products are not affiliated with, endorsed by, sponsored by, or supported by those trademark owners. For a list of such trademark owners, see www.comsol.com/trademarks. nial conference took place at the University of Vienna on 22–29 July, only weeks after data taking at the LHC at CERN had started at the record centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. In addition to the hot news from the LHC, the 723 participants from all over the world were also able to share a variety of exciting news in different areas of particle Participants relax in the arcade courtyard during the welcome High and astroparticle physics, presented in 425 parallel talks, 194 posters reception at the University of Vienna. (All image credits: performance, * and 41 plenary talks. The following report focuses on a few selected Konrad, Lettenbichler, Weinwurm/ÖAW.) open for PXI, highlights, including the education and outreach session – a “fi rst” low price for EPS-HEP conferences (see box p34). behaviour. In all, the early results presented at the conference were After more than two years of intense work during the fi rst long very encouraging and everyone is looking forward to more data shutdown, the LHC and the experiments have begun r unning again, being delivered and analysed. ready to venture into unexplored territories and perhaps observe At the same time, the LHC collaborations have contin- physics beyond the Standard Model, following the discovery of ued to extract interesting new physics from the collider’s first the Higgs boson in 2012. Both the accelerator teams and the LHC long run. According to the confi nement paradigm of quantum experimental collaborations made a huge effort to provide colli- chromodynamics, the gauge theory of strong interactions, only sions and to gather physics data in time for EPS-HEP 2015. By mid- bound states of quarks and gluons that transform trivially under July, the experiments had already recorded 100 times more data the local symmetries of this description are allowed to exist in Customer-specifi c solutions than they had at around the same time after the LHC had started up nature. It forbids free quarks and gluons, but allows bound states at 7 TeV in 2010, and the collaborations had worked hard to be able composed of two, three, four, fi ve, etc, quarks and antiquarks, and … for test and measurement! to bring the fi rst results using 2015 data. provides no reason why such states cannot exist. While quark– ALLDAQ ADQ-Express: complete systems for measuring lab Talks at the conference provided detailed information about the antiquark and three-quark bound states have been known since and test stand in automotive, electric mobility and research. Mileon™- the longest hollow operation of the accelerator and expectations for the near and distant the fi rst formulation of the basic theory some 40 years ago, it is • Speciality: potential-free current and voltage measurement conductor in the world future. The ATLAS, CMS and LHCb collaborations all presented only a year or so since unambiguous evidence for tetraquark states results at 13 TeV for the fi rst time CERN( Courier September 2015 was fi rst presented. Now, at EPS-HEP 2015, the LHCb collabora- • Systems with PCI Express bus expansion or with CompactPCI CPU Developed in response to the customer • SDK for high-level languages, support for LabVIEW™ & MATLAB® demand for seamless magnetic windings. pp8–11). Measurements of the charged-particle production rate as a tion reported on the observation of exotic resonances in the decay function of rapidity provide a fi rst possibility to test hadronic physics products of the Λ , which could be interpreted as charmonium- • Easy expandable – also with third party boards b models in the new energy region. Several known resonances, such pentaquarks. The best fi t of the fi ndings requires two pentaquark * – + • CompactPCI based – open for PXI boards P 3_ P 5_ as the J/ψ and the Z and W bosons, have been rediscovered at these states with spin-parity J = 2 and J = 2 , although other assign- *Without support of the propietary trigger and sync lines. higher energies, and the cross-section for top–antitop production ments and even a fi t in terms of merely one pentaquark are also Follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Youtube and take has been measured and found to be consistent with the predictions possible (CERN Courier September 2015 p5). a look under: www.alldaq.com/en/adq-express. of the Standard Model. The fi rst searches for new phenomena have The study of semileptonic decays of B mesons with τ leptons in ALLDAQ – a division of ALLNET GmbH Computersysteme ▲ D-82110 Germering | Phone: +49 (0)89 / 894 222 74 | Email: [email protected] also been performed, but unfortunately with no sign of unexpected the fi nal state offers the possibility of revealing hints of “new alldaq.com

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Left to right: Thomas Lohse, chair of the EPS High Energy and Particle Physics Division, with winners of the 2015 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize, Guido Altarelli, Lev Lipatov, Yuri Participants gather for the conference dinner, in the orangery of A parallel session in the university’s large festival hall. A poster session in the arcades. Dokshitzer and Giorgio Parisi. the Schönbrunn Palace, a World Cultural Heritage site.

physics” sensitive to non-Standard Model particles that preferen- optically detected, galaxy clusters in the foreground. impressions of the city and the country where the conference is All about communication tially couple to third- generation fermions. The BaBar experiment More than a year ago, the BICEP2 collaboration caused some being held. Vienna is well known for classical music, and on this The EPS-HEP 2015 conference made several innovations to communicate at SLAC, the Belle experiment at KEK and the LHCb experiment disturbance in the scientific community by claiming to have occasion the orchestra of the Vienna University of Technology not only to the participants and particle physicists elsewhere, but also to a at CERN have all observed an excess of events for the B-meson observed the imprint of primordial gravitational waves, gener- performed Beethoven’s 7th symphony at the location where it was – – _ – * – _ wider general public. decays B→ D + τ + ντ and B → D + τ + ντ. Averaging over the ated during infl ation, in the B-mode polarization spectrum of the fi rst performed – the Festival Hall of the Austrian Academy of Sci- Each morning the participants were welcomed with a small newsletter results of the three experiments, the discrepancy compared with cosmic-microwave background. Since then, the Planck collabora- ences. The participants were also invited by the mayor of the city containing information for the day. During the fi rst part of the conference Standard Model expectations amounts to some 3.9σ. tion has collected strong evidence that, upon subtraction of the of Vienna to a “Heurigen” – an Austrian wine tavern where recent with only parallel sessions, the newsletter summarized the topics of all Nonzero neutrino masses and associated phenomena such as impact of foreground dust, the BICEP2 data can be explained by a year’s wines are served, combined with local food. A play called of the sessions, highlighting expected new results. The idea was to give neutrino oscillations belong to what is currently the least well- “boring ordinary” cosmic-microwave background (CERN Courier Curie_Meitner_Lamarr_indivisible presented three outstanding the participants a glimpse of the topics being discussed at the parallel understood sector of the Standard Model. The Tokai to Kamioka November 2014 p15). women pioneers of science and technology, all of whom had a con- sessions they could not attend. For the second part of the conference with (T2K) experiment, using a νμ beam generated at the Japan Proton Following the parallel sessions that formed the fi rst part of the nection to Vienna. A dinner in the orangery of the Schönbrunn plenary presentations only, the daily newsletter also contained interviews Accelerator Complex situated approximately 300 km east of the conference, Saturday afternoon was devoted to the traditional spe- Palace, the former imperial summer residence, provided a fi tting that looked behind the scenes. The conference was accompanied online Super-Kamiokande detector, was the fi rst to observeν μ to νe oscilla- cial joint session with the European Committee for Future Accelera- conclusion to the social programme of this important conference in social media, with tweets, Facebook entries and blogs highlighting tions. It has also made a precise measurement of the angle θ23 in the tors (ECFA). The comprehensive title for this year was “Connecting for particle physics. selected scientifi c topics and social events. The tweets, in particular, Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata neutrino-mixing matrix, Scales: Bridging the Infi nities”, with an emphasis on particle-physics ● EPS-HEP 2015 was jointly organized by the High Energy attracted a large audience of people who were not able to attend the the leptonic counterpart of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa topics that infl uence the evolution of the universe. This joint EPS- and Particle Physics Division of the European Physical Society, conference. (CKM) quark-mixing matrix. However, as this value is practically HEP/ECFA session, which was well attended, gave the audience a the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Austrian Academy During the fi rst week, a dedicated parallel session on education and independent of the relative magnitudes of the neutrino masses, it unique occasion to profi t from broad overviews in various fi elds. of Sciences, the University of Vienna, the Vienna University of outreach took place – the fi rst ever at an EPS-HEP conference. The does not enable the different scenarios for the neutrino-mass hier- Technology, and the Stefan-Meyer Institute of the Austrian Acad- number of abstracts submitted for the session was remarkable, clearly archy to be distinguished. A comparison of neutrino oscillations Prizes and more emy of Sciences. For more details and the full programme, visit indicating the need for exchange and discussions on this topic. The with those of antineutrinos might provide clues to the still unsolved As is traditional, the award of the latest prizes of the EPS High http://eps-hep2015.eu/. conveners chose a slightly different format from the standard parallel puzzle of charge-parity violation. In this context, T2K presented an Energy and Particle Physics Division started the second half of sessions, so that besides oral presentations on specifi c topics, a lively update of their earlier results on ν––μ disappearance results and three the conference, which is devoted to the plenary sessions. The 2015 Résumé panel discussion with various contributions from the audience also took –– candidates for the appearance of νe. High Energy and Particle Physics Prize was awarded to James Valse de particules à Vienne place. The session concluded with a “Science Slam” – a format in which At the fl avour frontier, the LHCb collaboration reported a new Bjorken “for his prediction of scaling behaviour in the structure scientists give short talks explaining the focus of their research in lively exclusive measurement of the magnitude of the CKM matrix ele- of the proton that led to a new understanding of the strong inter- Les premiers résultats obtenus à une nouvelle frontière des terms for the public. Extending the scope of the EPS-HEP conference ment |Vub|, while Belle revisited the CKM magnitude |Vcb|. In the action”, and to Guido Altarelli, Yuri Dokshizer, Lev Lipatov and hautes énergies ont été l’un des temps forts de l’édition 2015 de towards topics concerned with education and outreach was clearly an case of |Vub|, based on Λb decays, there remains a tension between Giorgio Parisi “for developing a probabilistic fi eld theory frame- la Conférence sur la physique des hautes énergies de la Société important strength of this year’s edition. the values distilled from exclusive and inclusive decay channels work for the dynamics of quarks and gluons, enabling a quantita- européenne de physique (EPS-HEP). La conférence biennale s’est In addition, a rich outreach programme formed an important part of the that is still not understood. For |Vcb|, Belle presented an updated tive understanding of high-energy collisions involving hadrons”. tenue à Vienne du 22 au 29 juillet, quelques semaines seulement conference in Vienna; from the start, everyone involved in planning had a exclusive measurement that is, for the fi rst time, completely con- The 2015 Giuseppe and Vanna Cocconi Prize was awarded to après le début de l’acquisition de données au LHC du CERN à strong desire to take the scientifi c questions of the conference outside of the sistent with the inclusive measurement of the same parameter. Francis Halzen “for his visionary and leading role in the detec- l’énergie dans le centre de masse record de 13 TeV. Outre l’actualité particle-physics community. One highlight of the programme was the public Weak gravitational lensing provides a means to estimate the tion of very-high-energy extraterrestrial neutrinos, opening a new du LHC, les 723 participants, venus du monde entier, ont pu screening of the movie Particle Fever, followed by a discussion with Fabiola distribution of dark matter in the universe. By looking at more observational window on the universe”. The Gribov Medal, Young échanger les dernières nouvelles dans différents domaines de la Gianotti, who will be the next director-general of CERN, and the producer than a million source galaxies at a mean co-moving distance Experimental Physicist Prize, and Outreach Prize for 2015 were physique des particules et des astroparticules. Une session a été of the movie, David Kaplan. Visual arts have become another important of 2.9 Gpc (about nine thousand million light-years), the Dark also presented to their recipients, respectively, Pedro Vieira, Jan consacrée spécialement à l’éducation et à la communication grand way to bring the general public in touch with particle physics, and several Energy Survey collaboration has produced an impressive map Fiete Grosse-Oetringhaus and Giovanni Petrucciani, and Kate public – une première pour la conférence EPS-HEP. exhibitions, refl ecting different aspects of particle physics from an artistic of both luminous and dark matter, exhibiting potential candi- Shaw (CERN Courier June 2015 p27). point of view, took place during the conference. dates for superclusters and (super)voids. The mass distribution An integral part of every conference is the social programme, Wolfgang Lucha and Jochen Schieck, Institute for High Energy Physics of deduced from this map cor relates nicely with the “known”, that is, which offers the local organizers the opportunity to present the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

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a P P O i N t M E N t Reiner Kruecken named TRIUMF deputy director

Reiner Kruecken, TRIUMF Science Reiner Kruecken. (Image credit: TRIUMF.) Division head since February 2011, has recently been named deputy director of the detector developments; biological and laboratory, effective from 1 August 2015. medical applications of nuclear methods; In his new role, Kruecken will support particle-induced light emission in dense TRIUMF director Jonathan Bagger to gases and liquids; and the transmutation of develop and manage the laboratory’s nuclear waste. He earned his PhD in nuclear long-term vision, as well as manage physics from the University of Cologne, and cross-divisional aspects of the ongoing worked at the Lawrence Berkeley National scientifi c programme, as set out in the most Laboratory and at the Wright Nuclear recent fi ve-year plan. Structure Laboratory at Yale, before moving Kruecken has brought to TRIUMF to Technische Universität München in 2002, worldwide expertise in nuclear physics, where he led a large group of researchers as with a deep familiarity with rare-isotope part of the federal cluster of excellence on beam facilities in the US, Europe and Asia. “Origins and structure of the universe”. His research interests include nuclear The search has begun to fi ll the (renamed) structure, reactions and astrophysics; hadron position of TRIUMF associate lab director properties in hot, dense nuclear matter; of physical sciences.

O u t r E a C h Accelerator showcase inspires the young

The international Symposium on Lasers and Accelerators for Science and Society, attracting a capacity audience at the Liverpool Arena Convention Centre, took place on 26 June. The event was a sell-out, with delegates comprising 100 researchers from across Europe and 150 local A-level students A busy poster session. (Image credit: University of Liverpool/STFC.) and teachers. The aim was to inspire young At Okazaki, our focus is on solving your problems and we understand one size does not fit all. Through the people about science, and the application CERN’s LHC, accelerator science has the skills shortage in accelerator science of lasers and accelerators in particular. applications across all sectors of industry – oPAC (Optimization of Particle use of fully trained engineers and cutting edge technology we develop the correct product configuration “Discovering the unknown”, “innovation”, and healthcare from, for example, measuring Accelerators) and LA3NET (Lasers for and design to fit each specific application. And through our global manufacturing bases in Japan and “beating cancer”, “pioneering new strain in jet engines to the accurate targeting Applications at Accelerators). Research North America our engineers ensure meticulous development of our products. technology” and “a possible career” – these of cancerous tumours fellows in these networks become experts were comments from some of the students. The event also showcased a portfolio of in their discipline and also develop skills The symposium included talks from projects by researchers at the forefront of in physics, engineering, information ● Temperature Measurement from 1.5K to 2600°C experts in the fi eld such as Victor Malka this exciting fi eld of science and engineering, technology, data analysis and project of the Laboratoire d’Optique Appliquée, through an interactive poster session with management. The involvement of partners ● Electric Heaters Ralph Aßmann of DESY and Brian Cox of questions and answers. This gave young from industry and academia and the ● Metal Sheathed Mineral Insulated Cables the University of Manchester, best known people the opportunity to see how scientists opportunity to work at research institutions for his television programmes about the only a few years older are pushing back the across Europe has provided training origins of the universe. Graham Blair, boundaries of knowledge. that would have been impossible by one executive director, programmes, at the UK’s The event was organized by Carsten company or one country alone. Science and Technology Facilities Council, Welsch, head of the Liverpool Accelerator ● Share the enthusiasm through the online explained the range of science in which Physics Group at the Cockcroft Institute in presentations available at http://www. accelerators now have a key role. In addition, Daresbury, who leads two pan-European liv.ac.uk/quasar/events/outreach_events/ to research at the high-energy frontier of training networks that aim to address symposium/.

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Around 140 physicists met in Orsay on 30 July–1 August for the 6th Higgs Hunting Workshop. They discussed the future analyses for LHC Run 2, as well as detailed studies with data from Run 1 on the boson discovered three years ago by ATLAS and CMS, and on possible deviations from the properties predicted by the Standard Model. Searches for additional bosons, prospects with future accelerators, and recent theoretical developments were also h u N G a r Y covered. Among those attending were Fabiola Gianotti and Joe Incandela, back LEP cavity takes row centre and right, the two former PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter spokespersons of ATLAS and CMS, respectively, who announced the discovery pride of place at on 4 July 2012. Eleni Mountricha, back left, Reach new heights and Nansi Andari, front left, passed their Wigner RCP thesis examination only a few weeks after the discovery, while Christophe Goudet, in magnetic eld front centre, and Julie Rode, front right, are On 30 July, CERN’s director-general, two newcomers in the fi eld. (Image credit: Rolf Heuer, inaugurated a special exhibit measurement L Fayard.) at the Wigner Research Centre for Physics (Wigner RCP) in Budapest – a high-frequency accelerator cavity used in The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new P u B L i s h i N G CERN’s Large Electron–Positron (LEP) standard for precision magnetometers. 3 collider. After the ceremony, Heuer visited Leveraging 30 years of expertise building SCOAP delivers the high-energy physics laboratories of the Wigner RCP, where different projects for the world’s gold standard magnetometers, open access in the LHC upgrade programme have begun, it takes magnetic  eld measurement to as well as the Wigner Datacenter, where new heights: measuring higher elds with CERN’s parallel Tier-0 unit is operated high-energy by the Wigner RCP (CERN Courier July/ better resolution. August 2015 p7). An extension of the Tier-0 physics host service contract had been signed a few The PT2026 offers unprecedented  exibility weeks previously. CERN had donated the LEP cavity to the in the choice of parameters, interfacing Since starting in January 2014, the Wigner RCP last year as part of Hungary’s and probe placement, as well as greatly Sponsoring Consortium for Open Access celebrations for CERN’s 60th anniversary. improved tolerance of inhomogeneous Publishing in Particle Physics (SCOAP3) Among other CERN 60 events in Hungary, has allowed more than 7000 articles on the Colourful Physics Bus (“Boson elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces high-energy physics to be published as Bus”) – a travelling exhibition – started and LabVIEW software, it  ts perfectly into “open access” at no cost to authors. These its roadshow in April 2014, visiting cities, modern laboratory environments. articles are accessible to anyone to read and Representatives from all over the world met recently at CERN to discuss the continuation of universities and high schools to introduce 3 3

re-use, and their copyright stays with their the SCOAP collaboration. (Image credit: SCOAP Collaboration.) the latest results on “Higgs hunting” le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com authors, meeting the expectations of an and related investigations in particle increasing number of funding agencies and journals, are available immediately and continuation of this successful open-access physics. Flyers, books and articles were policy makers for open access. free-of-charge to the entire scientifi c initiative beyond its fi rst three-year period. distributed at the various locations. Later Initiated and hosted at CERN, SCOAP3 community, by reusing already existing Scientists will continue to enjoy the in the year, at the CERN-Wigner Open is a global collaboration of about 3000 funds formerly spent on subscriptions. advantages of open access at no cost and Days in September, some 1000 visitors university libraries, library consortia, Each of the 46 participating countries with no administrative burden, thanks to the were guided between tents presenting research organizations and funding and intergovernmental organizations support of their libraries and institutions. current experiments at CERN and related agencies. Working with leading publishers, contributes to a common fund at a level ● Journals participating in SCOAP3 are: Hungarian activities. The visitors could SCOAP3 has converted key high-energy commensurate with its scientifi c output Acta Physica Polonica B, Advances in also enjoy a virtual visit to the CMS physics journals to open access, without in high-energy physics. SCOAP3 journals High Energy Physics, Chinese Physics C, underground area at CERN, as well as an any changes for authors. SCOAP3 pays are open for any scientist to publish in, and European Physical Journal C, Journal actual visit to the Wigner Datacenter.

participating publishers centrally for the more than 18,000 individual authors have of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Pantone 286 Pantone 032 costs of open access, and the publishers in benefi ted from free open-access conditions. Journal of High Energy Physics, New Top: The LEP cavity outside the Wigner turn eliminate or reduce subscription fees Membership of SCOAP3 has grown by Journal of Physics, Nuclear Physics B, RCP, with CERN’s director-general, Rolf for these journals to libraries worldwide. As more than 50% during the past year, and Physics Letters B, Progress of Theoretical Heuer, second from right, and Péter Lévai, a result, all fi nal versions of peer-reviewed the SCOAP3 governing bodies together and Experimental Physics. For more director-general of the Wigner RCP. (Image Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com articles, published in the participating with CERN are now preparing for the information, visit http://scoap3.org/. credit: Wigner RCP.)

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O B i t u a r i E s their city, and Boris went on to graduate in Dubna in 1991, Boris fi nally joined the from the Dniepropetrovsk State University LTP in 1994 – by then named after Nicolai in 1968. He then joined the LTP in Bogoliubov – and successfully continued Daniel Kastler 1926–2015 Dubna as a postgraduate. At the time his his investigations of superfi eld theories in supervisor, Victor Isaakovich Ogievetsky, diverse dimensions. His main achievements was interested in chiral dynamics, a new are the N = 3 Born–Infeld theory, and Daniel Kastler, a well-known theoretical disk of his computer – as his scientifi c legacy. approach to low-energy strong interactions. the new superfi eld formulations of the physicist at the University of Aix-Marseille, Daniel was not only a great scientist at Together with Ogievetsky, Boris obtained superconformal N = 3, 6, 8 Chern–Simons passed away on 4 July, in his 89th year. the boundary between mathematics and fi rst-class results in the fi eld. He stood out theories, among others. In the last year of Daniel was born on 4 March 1926. His physics, he also sought constantly to attract as a promising young researcher with solid his life, Boris kept searching for the ultimate father, Alfred Kastler, was a prominent research experts to Marseilles to develop mathematical background and a deep sense off-shell formulation of the renowned N = 4 physicist, awarded the Nobel prize in 1966. these streams of ideas in France and build for the beauty of theoretical physics. super-Yang–Mills theory. This challenging After entering the Ecole Normale Supérieure leadership potential. He also had a humanist In 1972, Boris brilliantly defended his problem – still unsolved – was always among in Paris as a student in 1946, Daniel was vision. He was one of the three co-founders, PhD thesis, but despite the best efforts of his top research priorities. ranked fi rst in the agrégation diploma in in 1968, of the Centre de Physique Théorique his supervisor, he was not admitted to the Boris had a warm and friendly personality, mathematics in 1949. He went on to become (CPT) in Marseilles, together with LTP staff. He spent the next 20 years as a always open to new ideas. He chose his lecturer at the Saarland International Jean-Marie Souriau and Antoine Visconti. researcher at the Institute of Nuclear Physics research topics independently and wrote University in 1950. Three years later, he He helped a great deal in the creation of in Ulugbek near Tashkent, and as a lecturer many excellent papers without co-authors. became associate professor in mathematics the Luminy Institute of Mathematics at at the Tashkent State University. There, he He was also a very modest person, with at the same university and received his PhD Aix-Marseille to bring together theoretical continued his research and taught several Boris Zupnik. (Image credit: V Zupnik.) scientifi c and moral authority among in quantum chemistry. His doctoral study physicists and mathematicians at the same talented PhD students. theoreticians worldwide. He spent much was a remarkable piece of work in which place. He also contributed much to create Boris maintained his close contacts developed in Dubna in the early 1980s, time educating young physicists at the the whole computation of the diatomic a main hub between mathematicians and with Ogievetsky’s group at the LTP, and was among the fi rst to generalize it to International University in Dubna. He was HF molecule was carried out for the fi rst Daniel Kastler. (Image credit: Ulli Schücker.) mathematical physicists in the Marseilles where supersymmetry became the centre other dimensions. One of his most striking very dedicated to his family, and a respected time. In 1957, he joined the University of area. To the east, beyond the so-called of interest. The superfi eld approach to results was the beautiful closed form for the father and grandfather. Aix-Marseille as associate professor, and Constantly abreast of the latest trends “University of Bandol” – his own place super-Yang–Mills and supergravity became, harmonic superspace action of the N = 2, 4D The death of Boris Zupnik is a great loss was appointed full professor in 1959. in C*-algebras and their consequences, where he brought several scientifi c guests, for Boris, his favorite research topic. He (or N = (1,0), 6D) super-Yang–Mills theory. It for his friends and colleagues, and for the In the mid-1950s, Daniel was among from the mid-1980s, Daniel became driving them by car on the coast road past the made a particularly signifi cant contribution is now called “Zupnik's action”. whole world of theoretical physics. those who noticed the link between second very enthusiastic about Alain Connes’ impressive cliffs of Cassis – he was involved to the new harmonic superspace method After defending his habilitation thesis ● Friends and colleagues of Boris. quantization and multilinear algebra over non-commutative geometry and its in the creation of the mathematical physics Hilbert spaces. As a participant at the famous applications to fundamental interactions, team at the University of Toulon. L E t t E r 1957 Lille Conference, he started to develop in particular as a new approach to the Many of us owe much to Daniel’s the algebraic approach to quantum fi eld Standard Model and the Higgs boson. foundational efforts in Marseilles, and we First names in modern physics Enrico F (1901), Werner H (1901), Paul A criterion is extended by plus or minus fi ve theory (AQFT), in collaboration with Rudolf As one of its leading and most fervent wish to pay tribute to his fi ghting spirit, his In his book review in praise of Oskar Klein M D (1902), Eugene W (1902), Robert O years: Max B (Max Born, 1882), Emmy N Haag. This culminated in the formulation supporters, Daniel contributed substantially open-mindedness and his ability. We will (CERN Courier July/August 2015 p49), (1904). Thanks to this book, Oskar K (Emmy Noether, 1882), Lev L (Lev Landau, of the “Haag–Kastler axioms” in 1964, and to promoting Connes’ viewpoint. In the also remember his humanity, his kindness Johann Rafelski paraphrased Alan Guth’s (1894) will take his place on this short list.” 1908), Sin-Itiro T (Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, the concept of “Haag–Kastler–Ruelle local meantime, with Raymond Stora, he provided and his humour. He was passionate about words as “how many recognize Oskar as I think that Louis de B (Louis de 1906), Hideki Y (Hideki Yukawa, 1907) observables”; these are among the most a geometrical setting of the important music, including the piano, and loved the fi rst name of ‘this’ Klein? Compare here Broglie, born 1892) and George G (George and Hendrik C (Hendrik Casimir, 1909). fascinating gems of mathematical physics. BRST transformations for quantizing gauge poetry. In the words of Jean-Claude Risset, (by birth year, within 10 years): Niels B Gamow, 1904) were missed out in this list ● Min-Liang Wong, Department of Veterinary Developing the promising direction theories. physicists and musician, Daniel had “a (1885), Hermann W (1885), Erwin S (1887), of luminaries. Moreover, the following Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, of AQFT, further fruitful collaborations With his stimulating enthusiasm, Daniel profound sense of the essential role of beauty Satyendra N B (1894), Wolfgang P (1900), are worth including if Guth’s birth-year Taichung, Taiwan. emerged, mainly with Sergio Doplicher, carried in his wake several collaborators, in science and in life”. Richard Kadison and Derek Robinson, including Jean Bellisard, Daniel Testard, All of the great scientifi c and human N EW P r O D u C t s on the one hand, and with Ola Bratelli, Robert Coquereaux, Arkadiusz Jadczyk, qualities that Daniel was able to share and Huzihiro Araki, Masamichi Takesaki, John Madore, Thomas Schücker, Bruno transmit were mainly thanks to the strong EDAX Inc. has announced the addition of in thicknesses from 0.025 to 0.50 mm, and synchronization, Ruggedcom RMC8388 also Alain Guichardet, Michel Sirugue and Iochum, Peter Seibt, Thierry Masson, and unfailing support of his beloved wife, a new series of Octane Elite silicon drift polyetherketone (PEK) in thicknesses from reduces capital expenditures and maintenance Mohammed Mebkhout, on the other. Daniel Thomas Krajewski and, his last PhD student, Liesl. detectors (SDD) to its existing portfolio of 0.040 to 0.100 mm. In addition to fi lm, costs. For further information, visit www. and collaborators showed the relevance of Koumarane Valavane. His last research quest ● Thierry Martin and Serge Lazzarini, CPT detectors. The Octane Elite SDD Series offers Goodfellow can supply many polymers as siemens.com/rmc8000. C*-algebras in the foundation of quantum in the early 2000s was, in his own words, management team, and Pierre Chiappetta, an up to 35% improvement in light-element rods, sheets, tubes, granules, fabric, fi bre, statistical mechanics (e.g. KMS states, to “fi sh out the salmon among the medusa” former CPT director. This obituary is also sensitivity and outstanding low-energy monofi lament, honeycomb and fasteners Spectrum Systementwicklung GmbH, has invariant states, temperature states, with the help of a quantum group at the root published in the July issue of the Bulletin of performance, owing to the use of silicon-nitride (nuts, bolts, washers). For more information, released a Digitizer Handbook, available free equilibrium states and ergodic states) and in of unity. He also had in mind a book project the International Association of Mathematical (Si3N4) entry windows, which replace the email [email protected] or visit of charge, which provides answers to questions the study of abelian asymptotic systems. – several chapters should still be on the hard Physics (http://www.iamp.org). polymer windows that have been standard goodfellow.com. about functionality, performance and the since the inception of SDD technology. For application of digitizers. Topics include how further details, contact Sue Arnell, e-mail sue. Siemens has expanded its portfolio of rugged to select a digitizer, understanding the various [email protected] or visit www.edax.com. network components with the Ruggedcom terms, and comparing performance with other Boris Zupnik 1945–2015 RMC8388 – a compact time converter designed instruments, such as digital oscilloscopes. It Goodfellow offers a selection of polymer to operate in harsh environments with widely also explains the structure of device drivers fi lms, including specialist products varying climatic and environmental conditions. and how cards can be programmed using Boris Zupnik, an eminent Russian theorist professor at Dubna University, passed away 1945 in Samarkand, Uzbekistan, where suitable for demanding applications. Withstanding extreme temperatures from popular programming languages such as who was a leading researcher at the on 20 March after a few months of serious his Jewish family had been evacuated Among these special polymer fi lms are: –40 up to +85 °C, vibration and shock, the Visual C++, Borland C++, Gnu C++, Visual Bogoliubov Laboratory of Theoretical illness. from Dniepropetrovsk, Ukraine, in 1941. polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) in thicknesses device offers high reliability for electric-power Basic and Python. To request a copy, visit www. Physics (LTP) of JINR in Dubna and Boris Zupnik was born on 12 June Following the war, the family returned to from 0.1 to 0.4 mm, polyetherimide (PEI) applications. By enabling cost-effective time spectrum-instrumentation.com/contact-us.

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F o r advertising e n q u i r i e s , c o n ta c t CERN C o u R i E R recruitment / c l a s s i F i e d, ioP P u b l i s h i n g , te m P l e c i r c u s , te m P l e Way, b r i s t o l bs1 6hg, uK. te l +44 (0)117 930 1264 Fa x +44 (0)117 930 1178 e- m a i l s a l e s @ cerncourier . c o m P l e a s e c o n ta c t u s F o r inFormation a b o u t r at e s , c o l o u r o P t i o n s , Publication d at e s a n d d e a d l i n e s .

RELOCATE TO AUSTRALIA OUTSTANDING OPPORTUNITY FOR SUPERCONDUCTING COIL WINDING TECHNICIAN SALARY UP TO AU$110,000 PLUS RELOCATION EXPENSES

Guina Energy Technologies Pty Ltd is an project management experience whilst not essential would Australian company specialising in applied research and be advantageous. development in electromagnetic rotating machines. This is an autonomous role within a collaborative and Our company employs a close knit professional staff of 13 collegiate team. committed to the company’s pursuit of advanced alternative energy solutions. In addition to the above core requirements, experience with superconducting motors/generators and rotating Our company requires an experienced Superconducting machinery will be favourably considered. Coil Winding Technician to perform and oversee the physical construction of superconducting coil packs used in The position is located at the company’s laboratory facilities our novel superconducting motor and generator technology. on the Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, one hours drive The successful applicant will possess: south of Brisbane. The successful applicant will be required to relocate to the Gold Coast. The successful applicant will ● Proven, hands on experience in the winding be rewarded with an attractive salary package inclusive of and construction of low and high temperature statutory superannuation up to AU$110,000 commensurate superconducting coil assemblies; with skills and experience, a modern and well equipped ● Extensive experience in the selection, adaptation, setup work environment, an agreed reimbursement of relocation and calibration of coil winding machinery to wind expenses for the applicant and their family and a relaxed superconducting coils, and; eastern Australia coastal lifestyle. ● Extensive experience in the physical construction and manufacture of superconducting magnets. Applications close 30 September 2015.

It is envisaged that other appointments under the daily If you are confident of satisfying the above requirements, direction of the successful candidate will follow as the please forward your resume to Andrew Budd, company’s activities expand. Superconducting coil winding General Manager at [email protected]

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Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics Accelerators Photon Science Particle Physics | | | | Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association A Research Centre of the Helmholtz Association ACCELERATOR COLLIDER

CONTROLS • PHENOMENOLOGY • DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking: DESY, Hamburg location, is seeking: Scientist (f/m) Software Architect Scientist (f/m) Collider Phenomenology

DESY DESY DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, DESY particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. particle and astroparticle physics as well as accelerator physics. DESY is one of the world’s leading research centres for photon science, particle and astroparticle physics as well as The group MCS runs, maintains and develops the control systems of all acce- The DESY theory group pursues a vigorous research programme in the accelerator physics. lerators operated by DESY. The MCS accelerator control systems implement investigation of the fundamental interactions of nature and the fabric of matter, a multi-layer, distributed and network-based system architecture. The MCS space and time. In particular, possible manifestations of TeV-scale physics at The particle physics programme of DESY consists of strong team develops accelerator-specific system and application software based on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), at other existing facilities and at a contributions to the LHC experiments ATLAS and CMS and various programming languages and operation systems. future Linear Collider are studied in close interaction with experiment and with activities in particle cosmology, lattice gauge theory and string theory. to the preparation of future experiments. The experimental The position programme is enhanced by collaboration with a strong theory Participation in further development and maintenance of existing accele- group. DESY is searching an experienced high energy • The position rator control systems at DESY Engage in research on collider phenomenology at an internationally experimental physicist (f/m), who will take a leading role in the • Participation in development of novel concepts for accelerator control competitive level, with a particular focus on physics beyond the • physics analysis of ATLAS data. systems standard model Leading role in daily operations Participate in the activities of the DESY theory group • • The position Show active engagement with experimental groups • ● Active role in the ATLAS experiment Requirements ● Leading role in ATLAS data analysis and determination of Graduate degree (Physics, Computer Science or similar fields) • Requirements proton structure functions Highly advanced and up-to-date programming skills (C/C++, Java) Ph. D. in physics • • ● Strong participation in ATLAS detector operation Highly advanced knowledge of IT-systems Excellent research record and international reputation in the area of • • Longtime experiences in the field of accelerator control or industrial particle physics phenomenology ● Participation in the supervision of students and postdocs • process control systems Team ability and very good English language skills • Teamwork ability Requirements • Willingness to take responsibility For further information please contact Prof. Dr. Georg Weiglein, ● PhD in experimental High Energy Physics • [email protected]. ● Extensive knowledge and experience in data analysis For further information please contact Mr Reinhard Bacher +49-40-8998- ● Experience in detector operations 3056. Please submit your application including the usual documents in ● Outstanding teamwork abilities and excellent English (curriculum vitae, research statement, communication skills and knowledge of English Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- publication list and copies of university degrees) to the DESY human sations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned resources department. For further information please contact duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will Dr. Ingrid Gregor be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public service organi- +49-40-8998-3032, [email protected] or opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from sations in Germany. Classification is based upon qualifications and assigned women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. duties. DESY operates flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will Dr. Klaus Moenig be given preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an equal +49-33762-77271, [email protected]. We are looking forward to your application quoting the reference code pre- opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages applications from ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application or by email women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on the DESY site. Salary and benefits are commensurate with those of public [email protected] service organisations in Germany. Classification is based Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY We are looking forward to your application quoting the reference code pre- upon qualifications and assigned duties. DESY operates Human Resources Department Code: EM120/2015 ferably via our electronic application System: Online-Application or by email | flexible work schemes. Handicapped persons will be given Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 [email protected] | | | preference to other equally qualified applicants. DESY is an Deadline for applications: 15 November 2015 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY equal opportunity, affirmative action employer and encourages www.desy.de Human Resources Department Code: EM143/2015 | Notkestraße 85 22607 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 applications from women. There is a bilingual kindergarten on | | | the DESY site. The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s Deadline for applications: 25 October 2015 largest scientific organisation. www.desy.de We are looking forward to your application quoting the www.helmholtz.de Visit The Helmholtz Association is Germany’s reference code preferably via our electronic application System: largest scientific organisation. Online-Application or by email [email protected] www.helmholtz.de Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Human Resources Department | Code: EM142/2015 Notkestraße 85 | 22607 Hamburg | Germany | Phone: +49 40 8998-3392 Download your copy today Deadline for applications: 15 October 2015 http://cerncourier.com/digital www.desy.de CERNhas gone digitalCOURIER The jobs site for physics and engineering 44

www. CERNCOURIER The jobs site V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 for physics and engineering Knowledge for Program Manager, NSLS-II Controls everyday life

The NSLS-II recently completed construction and is on course to be the • Strong conceptual and problem solving skills as well as the ability improvement world’s brightest source of synchrotron light. The NSLS-II will support to identify and implement solutions to improve performance and the nation’s scientific mission by providing the most advanced tools for efficiency. discovery class science in condensed matter and materials physics, • Excellent verbal and written communication skills and ability to chemistry, and biology – science that ultimately will enhance national effectively convey complex technical concepts. and energy security and help drive abundant, safe, and clean energy technologies. NSLS-II will fuel major advances in materials that will enable Preferred Knowledge, Skills and Abilities: new energy technologies – such as nanocatalyst-based fuel cells; the • Advanced Degree (Master’s or PhD) in related technical field. widespread, economical use of solar energy; the use of high temperature • Experience with accelerator and/or scientific experiment automation, superconductors in a high capacity and high reliability electric grid; control system design, diagnostic design. advanced electrical storage systems for transportation and harnessing • Experience with building and operating large data collection and intermittent renewable energy sources; and the development of the next processing systems. generation of nuclear power systems. • Knowledge and experience of EPICS is highly desirable. ASG Superconductors designs and manufactures resistive • Working experience in a Scientific user facility or large and superconducting magnet systems for research in The NSLS-II Photon Science Division is searching for an experienced, research enterprise. Magnets for the high-energy physics domain, thermonuclear fusion, ambitious and energetic Controls Systems Program Manager to provide • Experience with modern programming languages and medical leadership for the groups in the Photon Science Division that develop computing environments. applications energy and medical applications. and maintain the NSLS-II controls systems. The role includes leadership • Development and/or operation of advanced computing facilities. Managers and technical personnel collaborate every day, responsibility for all accelerator system controls; beamline and experiment in Italy and abroad, with leading companies in industry and controls; experimental data acquisition and analysis, scientific computing Other Information: and the NSLS-II controls infrastructure. The Program Manager will The selected candidate will be placed at the appropriate grade level with primary scientific research centers and institutions. establish the vision for development and maintenance of the facility’s control dependent upon depth and breadth of relevant knowledge and skills Magnets for Research, nuclear fusion, particle physics, energy and systems and identifies the resources required to accomplish these goals. he or she brings to the position, as well as the amount of relevant energy medical applications. experience. ASG Superconductors offers its clients expertise in Responsibilities include: • Managing and directing the groups engaged in all aspects of the NSLS-II At Brookhaven National Laboratory we believe that a comprehensive the design, development, production, installation and accelerator control systems which include the Injection Systems and employee benefits program is an important and meaningful part of the testing of superconducting and resistive magnetic Storage Ring Systems. compensation employees receive. systems, cryogenic systems, magnets for cyclotrons and Magnets for • Managing and directing the groups engaged in developing NSLS-II Our benefits program includes but is not limited to: components tailored to the customers’ needs. beamline controls comprising instrumentation integration, device controls • Medical Plans research applications and automation. • Vacation • Ensuring that the data acquisition, data visualization and analysis, data • Holidays management, and scientific computing solutions match NSLS-II needs. • Dental Plans • Managing the development and maintenance of the NSLS-II controls • Life Insurance infrastructure – both hardware and software components. Integrating • 401(k) Plan applications and technology platforms as required. • Retirement Plan Magnets for nuclear • Directing the design, development, and implementation of new controls • On-site Child Development Center, Swimming Pool, Weight room fusion systems and approaches for beamlines and accelerator systems. Tennis Courts, and many other employee perks and benefits. • Evaluating leading edge technologies and resolving cross-technology and cross-platform issues to meet project and operating requirements. We invite you to consider Brookhaven National Laboratory for • Oversight of the controls group operations budget and managing a employment. To be considered for this position, apply online at diverse talented team. www.bnl.gov and click Jobs, then sort by job ID and apply to job # 429. Required Knowledge, Skills and Abilities: discover • Minimum 12 years related work experience showing progressive BNL is an equal opportunity employer committed to ensuring that all responsibility that includes demonstrated deployment or management of qualified applicants receive consideration for employment and will not our new advanced, distributed controls systems. be discriminated against on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, sexual • Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Science, Engineering, Physics or closely orientation, national origin, age, disability, or protected veteran status. related field. website Pictures courtesy of: IBA - CERN ITER • Successful supervisory or management experience, preferably in a large BNL takes affirmative action in support of its policy and to advance in www.asgsuperconductors.com scale research facility. employment individuals who are minorities, women, protected veterans, • Project management experience, preferably in an operational and/or and individuals with disabilities. commissioning environment, demonstrating ability to meet competing schedules and demands. *VEVRAA Federal Contractor

From research to industrial applications

CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 Werkstoffe_193x262_uk:Mise en page 1 22/10/12 12:33 Page 1

CERN Courier October 2015 Bookshelf

Ken Wilson Memorial Volume: the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory on www.goodfellow.com Renormalization, Lattice Gauge Theory, fi rm ground. Part II is devoted to methods the Operator Product Expansion and for studying model Hamiltonians for Quantum Fields problems in quantum statistical mechanics, By Belal E Baaquie et al. (eds) and is based on seminars and lectures World Scientifi c that Bogolubov gave at Moscow State Hardback: £57 University. Paperback: £29 As the title of this collection of essays on Beyond the Standard Model of Elementary the work of Kenneth Wilson (1936–2013) Particle Physics Metals indicates, his impact on physics was By Yorikiyo Nagashima enormous, transforming both high-energy Wiley and condensed-matter physics. He also Hardback: £105 €131.30 foresaw much of the modern impact of E-book: £94.99 €118.80 computers and networking, and I can feel Also available at the CERN bookshop that infl uence even as I type this review. This comprehensive and materials This is a long book, comprising 385 pages presentation of modern particle with 21 essays by many of today’s most physics provides a store of infl uential physicists. It should be made clear background knowledge of that while it includes plenty of biographical the big open questions that go material, this is, for the most part, a beyond the Standard Model, combination of personal reminiscences and concerning, for example, the existence highly technical articles. A non-physicist, of the Higgs boson or the nature of dark for research or even a physicist without a fairly deep matter and dark energy. For each topic, the understanding of modern quantum fi eld author introduces key ideas and derives theory, would probably fi nd much of it basic formulas needed to understand the almost completely impenetrable, with effort and I highly recommend it. phenomenological outcomes. Experimental equations and fi gures that are really only ● John Swain, Northeastern University. techniques used in detection are also accessible to the cognoscenti. explained. Finally, the most recent data That said, a reading of selected parts Books received and future prospects are reviewed. The sheds interesting light on a variety of book can be used to provide a quick look at complex topics in ways that are perhaps Quantum Statistical Mechanics: Selected specialized topics, both to high-energy and not so easily found in modern textbooks. I Works of N N Bogolubov theoretical physicists and to astronomers would not hesitate to suggest such a strategy By N N Bogolubov, Jr (ed.) and graduate students. to a philosopher or historian of science, or World Scientifi c an undergraduate or graduate student in Hardback: £57 Lie Groups and Lie Algebras for Physicists 70 000 SMALL FAST CUSTOM physics. The chapters are all well written, E-book: £43 By Ashok Das and Susumo Okubo and whatever fraction is understood will Nicolai Bogolubov World Scientifi c PRODUCTS QUANTITIES DELIVERY FABRICATION prove valuable. (1909–1992) was well known Hardback: £63 Some of the most interesting parts in the world of high-energy E-book: £24 are quotations from Wilson himself. A physics as one of the founders Ashok Das and Susumo Okubo, particularly striking example is from of JINR, Dubna, and the fi rst colleagues at the University Goodfellow Paul Ginsparg’s essay: “I go to graduate director of the Laboratory of Rochester, are theoretical school in physics, and I take the fi rst Theoretical Physics, now named after high-energy particle physicists Cambridge Limited course in quantum fi eld theory, and I’m him. He was also well known in the wider from different generations. totally disgusted with the way it’s related. community for his many contributions Okubo’s name is probably Ermine Business Park ON-LINE CATALOGUE They’re discussing something called to quantum fi eld theory and to statistical best known for the mass formula for Huntingdon renormalization group, and it’s a set of mechanics. Part I of this book, which is mesons and baryons that he and Murray recipes, and I’m supposed to accept that edited by his son, contains some of the Gell-Mann derived independently through PE29 6WR UK these recipes work – no way. I made a elder Bogolubov’s papers on quantum the application of the SU(3) Lie group resolution, I would learn to do the problems statistical mechanics, a fi eld in which he in the quark model, while Das works on Tel: 0800 731 4653 or that they assigned, I would learn how to obtained a number of fundamental results, questions related to symmetry. Their book is turn in answers that they would expect, in particular in relation to superfl uidity intended for graduate students of theoretical +44 1480 424 800 holding my nose all the time, and some day and superconductivity. Superfl uidity was physics (with a background in quantum I was going to understand what was really discovered in Russia in 1938 by Kapitza, mechanics) as well as researchers interested Fax: 0800 328 7689 or going on.” and in 1947 Bogolubov published his in applications of Lie group theory and Lie He did, and now thanks to him, we do too. theory of the phenomenon based on the algebras in physics. The emphasis is on the +44 1480 424 900 This represents just a fraction of the impact correlated interaction of pairs of particles. inter-relations of representation theories that Wilson has had on our fi eld. The book is This later led him to a microscopic theory of Lie groups and the corresponding Lie [email protected] long, and not an easy read, but well worth the for superconductivity, which helped to set algebras.

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Untitled-3 1 12/05/2014 14:46 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier October 2015 Viewpoint Pakistan: fulfilling Salam’s wish online shop Hafeez Hoorani looks at built in Pakistan for the CMS detector played an important role in the discovery of the now available opportunities for Pakistan, Higgs boson in 2012, the last missing piece of the Glashow–Salam–Weinberg model. CERN’s newest associate Pakistan’s collaboration with CERN has already resulted in numerous benefi ts: member. manufacturing jobs in engineering, in 12 countries benefi ting Pakistani industry; engineers learning new techniques in design and In September 1954, the European quality assurance, which in turn improves Organization for Nuclear Research – the quality of engineering in Pakistan; a CERN – offi cially came into existence. unique opportunity for interfacing among This was just nine years after the Second multidisciplinary groups in academia and World War, when Europe was completely Hafeez Hoorani. (Image credit: Muhammad industry working at CERN; and working in divided and torn apart. Founders of CERN Imran/NCP.) an international environment with people hoped that “it would play a fundamental from diverse backgrounds has advantages role in rebuilding European physics to advocating that we should build a CERN of its own. its former grandeur, reverse the brain for Islamic countries. However, I cannot but It is hoped that CERN has also benefi ted drain of the brightest and best to the US, feel envious that a relatively poor country from the expertise brought in by Pakistani and continue and consolidate post-war like Greece has joined CERN, paying a scientists, students, engineers and European integration”. Today, as one subscription according to the standard GNP technicians to save time and money. It of the outstanding high-energy physics formula. I cannot rejoice that Turkey, or the has certainly been satisfying for Pakistan laboratories in the world, CERN has Gulf countries, or Iran or Pakistan seem to to contribute in a small way in this great not only more than fulfi lled the goals of show no ambition to join this fount of science enterprise. its founders, but is also a laboratory for and get their people catapulted into the We also plan to get involved in CERN’s thousands of physicists and engineers from forefront of the latest technological expertise. future research and development projects. all over the world. Working with CERN’s accelerators brings In particular, there is keen interest in the CERN is a fi ne example in which high at the least this reward to a nation, as Greece Pakistani physics community to participate technology and science reinforce both has had the perception to realize.” Salam’s in R&D for future accelerators. Discussions each other and international collaboration. wish has now been fulfi lled. are already underway to understand where Exploration of the unknown is the hallmark Pakistan has had an established linkage we can contribute meaningfully, keeping in of fundamental research. This requires, with CERN for more than two decades. The mind our resources and other limitations. on one hand, cutting-edge technology CERN–Pakistan co-operation agreement In particular, there is strong interest among for developing detectors for the LHC, the was signed in 1994. In 1997, the Pakistan Pakistani physicists to be involved in the world’s largest accelerator. On the other hand Atomic Energy Commission signed an R&D for a future linear collider. it necessitates new concepts in computer agreement for an in-kind contribution In this new phase of Pakistan–CERN software for the storage and analysis of worth $0.5 million for the construction co-operation, which started on 19 December the enormous amount of data generated by of eight magnetic supports for the CMS 2014 with the signing of the document for LHC’s experiments. detector. This was followed by another associate membership (CERN Courier On 31 July, Pakistan offi cially became an agreement in 2000, where Pakistan January/February 2015 p6), the emphasis will associate member of CERN. There is one assumed responsibility for the construction shift to fi nding work opportunities at CERN respect in which CERN has a very special of part of the CMS muon system, increasing for young scientists and engineers, as well as relationship with Pakistan. Experiments Pakistan’s contribution to $1.8 million. to the training of young Pakistani scientists done at CERN in 1973 provided the fi rst and Through the same agreement, the National at CERN. It will also be an opportunity crucial verifi cation of one of the predictions Centre for Physics (NCP) became a full for Pakistan to be more deeply involved in of electroweak unifi cation theory proposed member of the CMS collaboration. In 2004, fundamental research in physics. For this by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and the NCP established a Tier-2 node in the purpose, we would involve our graduate Steven Weinberg, which resulted in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid, the fi rst students in work with physics groups at award of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics to in south-east Asia. CERN as a part of their PhD studies. This these three physicists. In a speech made by Since then, there has been no looking back. would provide an opportunity for our young Salam on 11 May 1983 in Bahrain, he said: Pakistan has contributed to all of the four scientists and engineers to contribute to “We forget that an accelerator like the one big experiments at the LHC, as well as in the knowledge at the very frontiers of physics. at CERN develops sophisticated modern consolidation of the LHC accelerator itself. ● Hafeez Hoorani, director-general of the National technology at its furthest limit. I am not Above all, Pakistani physicists and hardware Centre for Physics, Pakistan. Vacuum Technology Made Easy

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Ottobre OK.indd 1 02/09/15 17:20 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN CERNCOURIER management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 2 N u m b e r 1 0 D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 News editor Kate Kahle Editorial assistant Carolyn Lee CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] 5 N E W s Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com • De-squeezed beams for ALFA and TOTEM • The Republic of Cyprus becomes CERN associate member state First results from Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger • proton–lead colliding beams Measurement of photons stimulates Laboratory correspondents: • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos quest for QGP temperature Leptons on the trail of the unexpected Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel CMS homes in on the heaviest quark LHCb reports fi rst 5σ DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck • • EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini observation of charm mixing • XMM-Newton discovers new Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino source of cosmic rays RIKEN gets clear view of element 113 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter 10 CiENCEWatCh IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu s IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 11 a s t r O W a t C h JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Youhei Morita Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein 12 a r C h i v E Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Paul de Jong F E a t u r E s Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz 15 One CP-violating phase, three beautiful results PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Three experiments converge in their quest to measure γ. Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan 19 ENLIGHT: catalysing hadron therapy in Europe

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd As a pioneering multidisciplinary IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, network celebrates its 10th anniversary, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 some of the founders recall how it all

Publisher Susan Curtis started. Production editor Jesse Karjalainen Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas 22 The three lives of DORIS: from charm quarks to cell biology Advertisement production Katie Graham DESY’s pioneering and productive ring retires. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 25 Accelerators, light sources and all that jazz Art director Andrew Giaquinto A report from IPAC’12 held in New Orleans. Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); 28 F ACES &P LACES E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178

General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 33 ECRUITMENT E-mail: [email protected] R In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China 37 B OOKSHELF E-mail: [email protected] Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 41 I NSIDE S TORY Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, I NTERNATIONAL J O U R N A L O F H I G H - E N E R G Y P H Y S I C S St Charles, IL 60174, US CERNCOURIER

V O L U M E 5 2 N U M B E R 1 0 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 2 Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK DORIS: from charm The DORIS machine at DESY retires this year after a long career © 2012 CERN ISSN 0304-288X On the cover : to cell biology that went from particle physics to becoming a synchrotron light source, supplying experiments at HASYLAB, a dedicated laboratory on the DESY site. The image IPAC’12 CERN ENLIGHT Accelerator people Art and science: shows the Laue diffraction pattern of an enzyme called catalase, which splits get together in strange collisions NETWORK New Orleans in the library Catalysing European p25 p32 hadron therapy p19 hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. (Image Credit: Max Plank Society.)

3

CERN Courier December 2012 Contents

Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related fi elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affi liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN CERNCOURIER management.

Editor Christine Sutton V o l u m e 5 2 N u m b e r 1 0 D e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 News editor Kate Kahle Editorial assistant Carolyn Lee CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] 5 N E W s Fax +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web cerncourier.com • De-squeezed beams for ALFA and TOTEM • The Republic of Cyprus becomes CERN associate member state First results from Advisory board Luis Álvarez-Gaumé, James Gillies, Horst Wenninger • proton–lead colliding beams Measurement of photons stimulates Laboratory correspondents: • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Cosmas Zachos quest for QGP temperature Leptons on the trail of the unexpected Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) P Yamin • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel CMS homes in on the heaviest quark LHCb reports fi rst 5σ DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck • • EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini observation of charm mixing • XMM-Newton discovers new Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino source of cosmic rays RIKEN gets clear view of element 113 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter 10 CiENCEWatCh IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu s IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Romeo Bassoli Jefferson Laboratory (US) Steven Corneliussen 11 a s t r O W a t C h JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Youhei Morita Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein 12 a r C h i v E Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta NCSL (US) Ken Kingery Nikhef (Netherlands) Paul de Jong F E a t u r E s Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz 15 One CP-violating phase, three beautiful results PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci Three experiments converge in their quest to measure γ. Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Julia Maddock SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan 19 ENLIGHT: catalysing hadron therapy in Europe

Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd As a pioneering multidisciplinary IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, network celebrates its 10th anniversary, Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 some of the founders recall how it all

Publisher Susan Curtis started. Production editor Jesse Karjalainen Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas 22 The three lives of DORIS: from charm quarks to cell biology Advertisement production Katie Graham DESY’s pioneering and productive ring retires. Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 25 Accelerators, light sources and all that jazz Art director Andrew Giaquinto A report from IPAC’12 held in New Orleans. Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); 28 F ACES &P LACES E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178

General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland 33 ECRUITMENT E-mail: [email protected] R In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: China Keqing Ma, Library, Institute of High Energy Physics, PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China 37 B OOKSHELF E-mail: [email protected] Germany Veronika Werschner, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 41 I NSIDE S TORY Italy Loredana Rum or Anna Pennacchietti, INFN, Casella Postale 56, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, I NTERNATIONAL J O U R N A L O F H I G H - E N E R G Y P H Y S I C S St Charles, IL 60174, US CERNCOURIER

V O L U M E 5 2 N U M B E R 1 0 D E C E M B E R 2 0 1 2 Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55

Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK DORIS: from charm The DORIS machine at DESY retires this year after a long career © 2012 CERN ISSN 0304-288X On the cover : to cell biology that went from particle physics to becoming a synchrotron light source, supplying experiments at HASYLAB, a dedicated laboratory on the DESY site. The image IPAC’12 CERN ENLIGHT Accelerator people Art and science: shows the Laue diffraction pattern of an enzyme called catalase, which splits get together in strange collisions NETWORK New Orleans in the library Catalysing European p25 p32 hadron therapy p19 hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. (Image Credit: Max Plank Society.)

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CERNCOURIER V o l u m e 5 5 N u m b e r 8 O c t o b e r 2 0 1 5 Contents

5 N ew s F e a t u r e s 37 F a ce s &P l a ce s • Zeroing in on Higgs boson properties • So, farewell then • STAR 19 The most precise picture of the proton tracker snares heavy flavours• Positrons catch a wave at SLAC • H1 and ZEUS release their definitive paper on deep-inelastic 43 R ec r u i t men t ALICE in Vienna: from antinuclei to quark–gluon plasma CMS scattering. • 49 B oo k s h elf observes simultaneous production of top quarks and Z bosons 23 Inventing our future accelerator • Searches for new phenomena with LHC Run-2 • ALICE goes 50 V i ewpo i n t forward with the ridge in pPb collisions • LHCb improves trigger in Could an inventive methodology help to guide the innovate process? Run 2 26 RD51 and the rise of micro-pattern gas detectors 13 S c i encew a t c h The RD51 collaboration has provided important stimulus for growth in the development of MPGDs. 15 A s t r ow a t c h 33 Vienna hosts a high-energy particle waltz A report from the first major summer conference on particle physics. 17 A r c h i v e

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