DOCSLIB.ORG

Legacy of Empire | Design fitcreative.Ltd.Uk KS3 RESOURCES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Legacy of Empire | Design fitcreative.Ltd.Uk KS3 RESOURCES Legacy of Empire | Design fitcreative.ltd.uk KS3 RESOURCES Woolwich in 1863 – historical context In 1861 the population of Woolwich was 41,695. St George’s the officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers. Between Garrison Chuch was built in 1863, just as Britain was embarking wars, unemployment loomed, both for soldiers and workers in on its greatest period of Empire Expansion and following the the Arsenal, and it could be said that it was in the interests of the suppression of the ‘Indian Mutiny’ (1857) and the end of the people to support this war industry. Crimean War (1856). Army Reforms – creating an Imperial Army In the late 19th The 1850s had been a turbulent time, with the Crimean War and Royal Greenwich Heritage Trust, wikicommons, Tribune India, Julie Ricketts, fitcreative.ltd.uk Century, the British the Indian Rebellion. Trained soldiers in Britain numbered 25,000 Empire had authority but an additional emergency reserve force was needed. The over many countries Royal Commission of 1858 reformed the army to make it a more (or ‘colonies’), appealing job prospect, ending harsh punishments like flogging. including New Zealand, Bounty money for recruits was abolished and 26,000 troops were Australia, Zambia, brought home from the colonies. Known bad characters were Ghana, Jamaica, India, removed from the army and navy. Hong Kong, Borneo, In 1870, the Army Enlistment Act reduced the time that soldiers Nigeria, South Africa, had to serve to a minimum of 6 years and a maximum of 12. Photos: Chris Mansfield, Royal Artillery, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Previously men had to sign up for twenty-one years! This produced Kenya, Canada and Uganda. It covered a quarter of the world’s an army of old soldiers, often suffering from poor health, due to land mass and made Britain one of the richest and most powerful time spent in tropical climates, poor diet and illness. nations in the world. Nearly 20 years after the church was built, the “Scramble for Africa” began, with the European powers Soldiers could now choose to spend time in the reserves rather carving up the continent into separate territories that they could than the regulars. The Regulation of the Forces Act 1871 introduced control and whose resources they could plunder. Many Victorians a system in which soldiers were guaranteed a particular regiment, believed they were bringing civilization (and Christianity) to the often connected with their own county, and friends. Commissions Empire countries. Others exploited these reasons to justify their (like buying a promotion) could no longer be bought. pursuit of riches and glory. Units were placed on the same establishment whether serving at The Victoria Cross home or overseas. Canada, Australia and New Zealand were given The Victoria Cross Memorial at St George’s lists the major responsibility for organising their own armies. conflicts of Queen Victoria’s reign, as Britain sought to expand Cardwell (after whom Cardwell Primary School is named), the Empire by military means. Established in 1856, the VC is the Secretary of State for War, also ended the disputes between highest award for actions in combat. It followed the example of departments at the War Office and joined together the awards in other European countries, (e.g. the Légion d’Honneur administration of the Reserves and Volunteers. in France), in that it did not discriminate on the lines of a soldier’s class, rank or length of service. It was simple in design, and The Childers Reforms of 1881 restructured the infantry regiments something which all soldiers could strive for. of the British Army and standardized uniforms and colours (previously, the enemy needed to be identified by the colour of the Woolwich and its role in Building uniforms, but gradually khaki battle uniform was adopted). the Empire The economy of Woolwich revolved Artillery weapons & training around war; the Dockyard made Strict discipline and training in working well as a unit enabled warships and ships to import the British regular army and colonial militias to win battles. products from the Empire, the New weapons, such as the Maxim gun, the first recoil-operated Arsenal was where the guns and machine gun, invented in 1883, and the Enfield bolt-action rifle, amunition were made, the Barracks was the home and training were vitally important. ground for soldiers and the Royal Military Academy trained © Heritage of London Trust Operations (HOLTOPs), author Julie Ricketts, learnheritage.co.uk | stgeorgeswoolwich.org 1 Legacy of Empire KS3 RESOURCES Borrowing design ideas from other cultures the Roman Empire in the East, with its capital in Constantinople (Istanbul). It existed for a thousand years until it was taken over by the Ottoman Turks in 1453. It was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military empire in Europe during the Middle Ages. At St George’s you can see Byzantine influences in the golden mosaics and the domed roof over the altar. The phoenix and peacock mosaics were made by the Salviati company in Venice, Italy. Roman Empire St. George is portrayed as a Roman soldier in the mosaic, wearing a helmet with a red crest and leather body armour, a ‘Pteruges’ skirt of leather or fabric strips to protect the upper legs, sandals At the beginning of the 19th century there were about 10,000 and leg protectors (greaves) and a ‘baldric’, a belt worn over one parish churches in England. By 1872, there were 4000 new shoulder that carries a weapon. churches, mostly new, but some rebuilt, mainly for people moving to the cities for work. New garrison churches were built to provide Greek Empire moral guidance for soldiers, and other buildings, such as the Ancient Greece is considered the birthplace of Western Soldiers’ Institute were provided for their education. civilization, culture and democracy. The Victorians admired all things Hellenic (relating to ancient Greece), and men of the ruling classes studied classical literature (Greek and Latin) in public schools and at Oxford University. Greek lettering can be seen on the lamb mosaic naming Jesus the Lamb of God (the Alpha and Omega – the beginning and the end). Ottoman Empire Behind the altar at St George’s are some tiles with Turkish (Iznik) traditional designs, with a cobalt blue background. Items from Victorians brought back design ideas from their travels abroad. Turkey were displayed in museums such as the Victoria and Some materials in St George’s, such as the marble, granite, Albert Museum, founded in 1852, and designers copied the iron and glass for the mosaics were imported from the colonies, designs and colours. Whole rooms of some of the larger houses particularly from India. India was called the ‘Jewel in the Crown’ in England were decorated with tiles. of the British Empire because it had natural resources, minerals, Gurkhas and the North West gold, animals, low cost labour, and culture. India was very large Indian Frontier geographically and Britain was able to expand and control other This mosaic at St George’s shows countries using its naval and military bases. On the Victorian the letters NWIF (North West Indian penny, the Latin inscription VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID Frontier) and the peacock, the DEF IND IMP means VICTORIA, BY THE GRACE OF GOD, QUEEN, national bird of India. DEFENDER OF THE FAITH, EMPRESS OF INDIA. The North-West Frontier Province Italianate Romanesque was a province of British India, Some photos and drawings of the church before it was bombed established in 1901 and dissolved in WWII remain. A similar church by the same architect, Thomas in 1955, after eight years as part of Pakistan. The area became Henry Wyatt, Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas Church, still exists Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in 2010. in Wilton, Wiltshire (built 1841-44). The style of architecture is It was the most difficult area for the British Army to conquer in Italianate Romanesque, which copies buildings from the 10th South Asia, strategically and militarily. century and uses semi-circular arches. The Natural History Museum in London is a Romanesque-style building. After the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848-1849, when the Punjab came under the control of British East India Company, this region Byzantine Empire acted as a ‘buffer’ zone with Afghanistan. Many British army The Great Exhibition of 1851 officers who were decorated in both World Wars learnt their at Crystal Palace was visited military skills on the North-West Frontier, which they called by 6million people. Rooms the ‘Grim’. (or courts) were built in older architectural styles. The 5th Gurkha Rifles, formed as the Hazara Goorkha Battalion Wyatt’s brother, Matthew in 1858, served here as part of the Punjab Frontier Force Wyatt, designed the (PIF or Piffers), and fought in the Second Afghan War. Byzantine Court. The Byzantine Empire was the continuation of © Heritage of London Trust Operations (HOLTOPs), author Julie Ricketts, learnheritage.co.uk | stgeorgeswoolwich.org 2 Legacy of Empire KS3 RESOURCES Empire Expansion – 1 Indian Mutiny 1857-59 Also known today as the First War of Indian Independence or the First Nationalist Uprising, it was the first major rebellion against the rule of the British East India Company. Indian people were angry about: t5IF%PDUSJOFPG-BQTF UIJTBMMPXFEUIF$PNQBOZUPUBLFPWFS the lands of Princes who were already supplying them with soldiers, if they did not have a blood relative to inherit – local tradition allowed a Prince to adopt heirs, but the British refused to allow this) t1BQFSDBSUSJEHFTPGSJnFTHJWFOUP*OEJBO 4FQPZ TPMEJFSTo gunpowder was released by biting the cartridge, but they were greased with animal fat, which offended Muslims if it was pork Here are some examples of Royal Artillery VC’s fat and Hindus if beef fat awarded during Empire Expansion.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • History 1886
    How many bones must you bury before you can call yourself an African? Updated December 2009 A South African Diary: Contested Identity, My Family - Our Story Part D: 1886 - 1909 Compiled by: Dr. Anthony Turton [email protected] Caution in the use and interpretation of these data This document consists of events data presented in chronological order. It is designed to give the reader an insight into the complex drivers at work over time, by showing how many events were occurring simultaneously. It is also designed to guide future research by serious scholars, who would verify all data independently as a matter of sound scholarship and never accept this as being valid in its own right. Read together, they indicate a trend, whereas read in isolation, they become sterile facts devoid of much meaning. Given that they are “facts”, their origin is generally not cited, as a fact belongs to nobody. On occasion where an interpretation is made, then the commentator’s name is cited as appropriate. Where similar information is shown for different dates, it is because some confusion exists on the exact detail of that event, so the reader must use caution when interpreting it, because a “fact” is something over which no alternate interpretation can be given. These events data are considered by the author to be relevant, based on his professional experience as a trained researcher. Own judgement must be used at all times . All users are urged to verify these data independently. The individual selection of data also represents the author’s bias, so the dataset must not be regarded as being complete.
    [Show full text]
  • The Boer War Memorial – Unveiled in Cannon Hill Park, Birmingham – 23Rd June 1906
    The Victoria Cross Garden The Story of the Anglo/Boer War Memorial erected in the Victoria Cross Garden, Cheswick Green Will you come with me in silent thought to the battlefields of South Africa, to the lonely graves scattered over the veldt, and to the thousands of those who had died of wounds, disease and sickness since that Great Adventure. John W Pettinger January 2019 The Mysterious Stones Those people who have lived in Cheswick Green since the new Village was built in the 1970s have been aware of a tall column standing in the garden of 194 Creynolds Lane, on the corner of Cheswick Way. A fascinating and mysterious feature. Living in this Village, with its many odd features and origins, has stirred in many of its inhabitants a desire to understand more of its history. The author has some understanding of its origins and some of its odd features. Having relatives who were brought up and lived on the old Mount Estate, and who as children were discouraged from playing in the area around the column. It was regarded as a special, almost sacred place and not a place for playing! But what was its significance, and why was it regarded as special? There exists an old pamphlet from the early 1900s, advertising the features and attractions of the Pleasure Grounds that existed in Cheswick at that time. This document contains a reference to a ‘Victoria Cross Garden’. VICTORIA CROSS GARDEN. This is another object of interest commemorating the South African War, and especially the bravery of the Warwickshire men who were engaged.
    [Show full text]
  • The Victoria Cross Garden
    The Victoria Cross Garden The Story of the Anglo/Boer War Memorial erected in the Victoria Cross Garden, Cheswick Green Will you come with me in silent thought to the battlefields of South Africa, to the lonely graves scattered over the veldt, and to the thousands of those who had died of wounds, disease and sickness since that Great Adventure. John W Pettinger July 2017 The Significance of the Stones – A Boer War Memorial In the early Spring of 2011 a planning application relating to 194 Creynolds Lane was noted. It was realised that this site was once called The Victoria Cross Garden – a feature of the Mount Pleasure Grounds of the early 1900s, and that remnants of that garden were still on the site. This fact was not generally known. I brought the matter to the attention of the Cheswick Green Parish Council and urged it to attempt to secure any remaining artefacts for the future: suggesting that any such remains could be re-installed at some suitable location within the Village to form an historical feature, preserving our heritage and above all continuing to honour the men to whom it was erected originally – those men of Warwickshire who were engaged in the South African Wars. Site History Those people who have lived in Cheswick Green since the new Village was built in the 1970s have been aware of a tall column standing in the garden of 194 Creynolds Lane, on the corner of Cheswick Way. A fascinating and mysterious feature: it had once been a part of the Pleasure Grounds that Philip Baker had created on the Mount Estate in the early 1900s.
    [Show full text]
  • Saving the Stones July 2017
    The Victoria Cross Garden The Story of the Anglo/Boer War Memorial erected in the Victoria Cross Garden, Cheswick Green Will you come with me in silent thought to the battlefields of South Africa, to the lonely graves scattered over the veldt, and to the thousands of those who had died of wounds, disease and sickness since that Great Adventure. John W Pettinger July 2017 0 The Significance of the Stones – A Boer War Memorial In the early Spring of 2011 a planning application relating to 194 Creynolds Lane was noted. It was realised that this site was once called The Victoria Cross Garden – a feature of the Mount Pleasure Grounds of the early 1900s, and that remnants of that garden were still on the site. This fact was not generally known. I brought the matter to the attention of the Cheswick Green Parish Council and urged it to attempt to secure any remaining artefacts for the future: suggesting that any such remains could be re-installed at some suitable location within the Village to form an historical feature, preserving our heritage and above all continuing to honour the men to whom it was erected originally – those men of Warwickshire who were engaged in the South African Wars. Site History Those people who have lived in Cheswick Green since the new Village was built in the 1970s have been aware of a tall column standing in the garden of 194 Creynolds Lane, on the corner of Cheswick Way. A fascinating and mysterious feature: it had once been a part of the Pleasure Grounds that Philip Baker had created on the Mount Estate in the early 1900s.
    [Show full text]
  • JANUARY 2016 Edition 12
    JANUARY 2016 Edition 12 Top: RHAA member Jimmy Sinclaire celebrates his 103rd birthday. Bottom Left: 7 RHA. Bottom Left (inset) C Bty RHA. Bottom Right: J Bty RHA 1 EDITORIAL January 2016 higher than in the previous years. Under the shadows of Dear Member, 2016 and for the first time in almost 20 years, all of our Horse Artillery Regiment’s and King’s Troop, have been Firstly, I am delighted to report that F stationed in the United Kingdom. Consequently, it is Major General D M Cullen CB OBE, hoped that our membership will swell and that many has agreed to take on the duties of more of you will be able to attend our Annual Dinner at President, Royal Horse Artillery Trowbridge on Saturday, 14 May 2016 and the AGM at Association. Major General Cullen th assumes his duties with effect from Larkhill on Saturday 24 September 2016, see page 36 11th December 2015, vice General Sir for further details. Timothy Granville-Chapman GBE KCB, Master Gunner, St James’s Park who has stepped down due to his This year’s newsletter is considerably larger than the additional heavy commitments which include the Royal one produced somewhat hastily last year. Each of the Artillery Tercentenary in 2016. Batteries have produced excellent and informative articles where you can read about their experiences throughout the last twelve months. In this edition we “We are most grateful to the Master Gunner for have included an article about the RHA recipients of the Victoria Cross (see page 25) which can also be found (in his term as President and were particularly a slightly more interactive format) on the Association pleased that he was able to attend the Reunion website www.rhaassociation.org.
    [Show full text]
  • Nr1 Name Rank Unit Campaign Campaign. Campaign.. Date Of
    Nr1 Name Rank Unit Campaign Campaign. Campaign.. Date of action 1 Thomas Beach Private 55th Regiment of Foot Crimean War Battle of Inkerman Crimea 5 November 1854 2 Edward William Derrington Bell Captain Royal Welch Fusiliers Crimean War Battle of the Alma Crimea 20 September 1854 3 John Berryman Sergeant 17th Lancers Crimean War Balaclava Crimea 25 October 1854 4 Claude Thomas Bourchier Lieutenant Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Crimean War Sebastopol Crimea 20 November 1854 5 John Byrne Private 68th Regiment of Foot Crimean War Battle of Inkerman Crimea 5 November 1854 6 John Bythesea Lieutenant HMS Arrogant Crimean War Ã…land Islands Finland 9 August 1854 7 The Hon. Clifford Henry Hugh Lieutenant Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Crimean War Battle of Inkerman Crimea 5 November 1854 8 John Augustus Conolly Lieutenant 49th Regiment of Foot Crimean War Sebastopol Crimea 26 October 1854 9 William James Montgomery Cuninghame Lieutenant Rifle Brigade (Prince Consort's Own) Crimean War Sebastopol Crimea 20 November 1854 10 Edward St. John Daniel Midshipman HMS Diamond Crimean War Sebastopol Crimea 18 October 1854 11 Collingwood Dickson Lieutenant-Colonel Royal Regiment of Artillery Crimean War Sebastopol Crimea 17 October 1854 12 Alexander Roberts Dunn Lieutenant 11th Hussars Crimean War Balaclava Crimea 25 October 1854 13 John Farrell Sergeant 17th Lancers Crimean War Balaclava Crimea 25 October 1854 14 Gerald Littlehales Goodlake Brevet Major Coldstream Guards Crimean War Inkerman Crimea 28 October 1854 15 James Gorman Seaman
    [Show full text]
  • Single Campaign Medals
    SINGLE CAMPAIGN MEDALS 1 CARIB WAR 1773, silver, cast and chased as usual, with fixed ring suspension, good very fine and rare £800-1000 Ex Sotheby, June 1977, Lot 86 (£700). These medals were authorised by the Legislative Assembly of the Island of St Vincent and awarded to those who took part in the suppression of the Carib native rebellion in 1772-73. The combined British and local force under the command of Major-General William Dalrymple included the 14th, 31st and 70th Foot regiments. 2 ALEXANDER DAVISON’S MEDAL FOR THE NILE 1798, bronze, at onetime fitted with ring suspension, this now detached, about very fine £140-180 3 NAVAL GENERAL SERVICE 1793-1840, 1 clasp, Navarino (James Edgcombe) good very fine £1400-1600 Ex Needes Collection, April 1940. James Edgcombe served as a Private in the Royal Marines aboard H.M.S. Albion at Navarino. He was born at Underwood, Devon, and was enlisted by Lieutenant Edwards at the Royal Marines Head Quarters on 22 June 1825, aged 19. He was discharged to Plymouth Hospital suffering from paralysis of his left arm on 4 October 1830. Sold with copied muster rolls. 4 NAVAL GENERAL SERVICE 1793-1840, 1 clasp, Syria (A. Tower, Mate) good very fine £700-900 Ex Hayward, June 1976. Arthur Tower was born on 15 April 1816, the fourth son of Christopher Thomas Tower of Weald Hall, Essex. Entering the Royal Navy and passing his examinations in July 1836, he served as Mate aboard H.M.S. Ganges in the operations on and off the coast of Syria during 1840.
    [Show full text]
  • Coventry London Road Cemetery War Graves & Family Memorials of The
    Coventry London Road Cemetery War Graves & Family Memorials of the First World War by Andrew & Nicola Hallam 1 Contents CHARLES ADKINS ................................................................................................................................... 11 SAM ALLEN ............................................................................................................................................ 11 ALLAN YOUNG ANNAND ....................................................................................................................... 12 WALLACE MOIR ANNAND ..................................................................................................................... 13 FRANK ASTON ....................................................................................................................................... 15 HARRY ASTON ....................................................................................................................................... 15 HAROLD SAMUEL ATKINS ..................................................................................................................... 17 WILFRED ATKINS ................................................................................................................................... 18 WILLIAM JOSEPH ATKINS ...................................................................................................................... 19 LUKE BARKER .......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]