Ph.D. Dissertation Pakistan’s Relations with China: A Study of Defence and Strategic Ties during Musharraf Era (1999-2008) A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of the Punjab In Candidancy for the Fulfillment of Doctor of Philosophy By Unsa Jamshed Pakistan Study Centre University of the Punjab, Lahore 2016 1 Dedication To My Honourable Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Massarrat Abid 2 Declaration I, Unsa Jamshed, hereby declare that this thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan-Studies, University of the Punjab, is wholly my personal research work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This thesis has not been submitted concurrently to any other University for any other degree. __________________ Unsa Jamshed 3 Certificate by Research Supervisor This is to certify that the research work described in this thesis is the original work of the author and has been carried out under my supervision. I have personally gone through all the data reported in the manuscript and certify their authenticity. I further certify that the material included in this thesis has not been used in part of full in a manuscript already submitted or in the process of submission in partial/complete fulfillment of the award of any other degree from any other institution. I also certify that the thesis has been prepared under supervision according to the prescribed format and I endorse its evaluation for the award of Ph.D. degree through the official procedures of the University. ____________ Prof. Dr. Massarrat Adid, Director Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore. Pakistan’s Relations with China: A Study of Defence and Strategic Ties during Musharraf Era 4 (1999-2008) CONTENTS Title Page No Abstract vi Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations xii List of Figures xix List of Tables xx Introduction 1-19 Chapter-1: Pakistan-China Relations: A Brief Historical Survey 20-37- Chapter-2: Growth of Defence Ties 38-98 Chapter-3: Collaboration in Economic Field 99-173 Chapter-4: Cooperation of China in Energy Sector of Pakistan 174-208 Chapter-5: India-China Relations: Pakistan as a Factor 209-247 Chapter-6: Pakistan-China Friendship in the Context of Terrorism 248-306 Chapter-7: Pakistan-China Cultural and Educational Ties 307-319 Conclusion 320-332 Bibliography 333-431 5 Abstract Pakistan-China defence and strategic ties flourished and consolidated during the Musharraf era (1999-2008). This era was particularly important because it was the time when big changes occurred in the international environment mainly due to 9/11 (2001) attacks in the U.S.A., but the event did not affect the deeprooted Pakistan-China friendship. In fact, the defence and strategic relations grew further during the phase and that was evident from the extensive exchange of defence delegations between the two states. During these exchanges of delegations, other than the matter of professional interest, issues of international significance were also discussed. The improvement in defence relations can also be observed from the joint ventures in the defence sectors between the two States. These ventures enhance the defence capability of Pakistan. The governments of both States tried their best to improve the trade relations that were below the existing potential. These efforts bring positive results but still there is lot of potential to realise and enhance the economic relations. To improve the economic condition of Pakistan, China also helped Pakistan in energy sector. Various projects related to energy were started in Pakistan with the help of China between 1999 and 2008. In fact, Pakistan and China started and successfully completed strategically important joint ventures during the phase. China also helped Pakistan in the development and upgradation of several projects which were and still are economically and strategically important for Pakistan. Efforts to 6 create misunderstandings and hurdles in the way of cordial relations were tactfully handled by the Governments of Pakistan and China. 7 Acknowledgement I bow before ALLAH Almighty who has chozen man as His vicegerent and has gifted him with the awesome intellect, thinking and performing. He bestowed the best of potential on me to contribute to the existing ocean of knowledge. I also express my humble gratitude to Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) whose role model gradually enlightened me about my quest for research and knowledge as a noble heritage. My deepest gratitude is due to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Massarrat Abid, former Dean of Arts and Humanities, and Director, Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab Lahore; whose unconditional motherly cooperation and scholarly attitude strengthened and encouraged me to complete my work. I am thankful to my teachers, Prof. Dr. S. Qalb-i-Abid , Prof. Dr. Farooq Hasnat, and Prof. Dr. Tatiana Oranskaia (Germany), for their encouragement and help they extended to me. I am also thankful to all the academics, both from home and abroad who were invited at Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab for special lectures, seminars and conferences. They all so very generously gave me time during their stay in Pakistan. These Professors included, Dr. Pippa Verdee (U.K.); Prof. Dr. Rubina Bhatty (U.S.A.); Prof. Dr. Sun Hongqi, Director, Pakistan Research Centre, China; Prof. Dr. Ka Lin, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; 8 Dr. Wang Weihua, Assistant Director, Institute for Foreign Policy Studies, Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China; Dr. Lan Jiang, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Pakistan Study Centre, China West Normal University, China; Dr. Li Jian, Deputy President, Xihua University, Director, Pakistan Study Centre, Sichuan Province, China; Prof. Dr. Hassan Askari Rizvi, Defence Analyst; Prof. Dr. Farhat Mahmood, Former Chairman, Department of History, Government College University Lahore; Prof. Dr. Adnan Sarwar, Director, Department of Regional Studies, University of Peshawar; Prof. Ali Abbas, Former Chairman, Department of History, University of the Punjab; Prof. Dr. Ishaq Fani, Directorate of Distance Education and Institute of Social Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; and Associate Professor, Dr. Faraz Anjum, History Department of University of the Punjab, Lahore. I am grateful to Assistant Professor, Dr. Rizwan ullah Kokab, Government College, University Faisalabad; Assistant Professor, Dr. Amjad Magsi, Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab; Assistant Professor, Dr. Ejaz Ahmad, Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab; Prof. Dr. Abdul Samad, Asghar Mall College, Rawalpindi; Lt-Col Hassan Afzal, Brig Saeed Sharif, Mr. Liu Shijie, The Third Secretary, Chinese embassy in Islamabad; and Mr. Bakht Baidar, Director Research, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad for their guidance. 9 I had the good luck to interact with Dr. Akram Sheikh, Founding Chair, Global Think Tank Network (GTTN), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad; Rear Admiral Munir Wahid, Advisor, National Centre for Maritime Policy Research, Bahria University, Karachi; Dr. Xin Zhang, Faculty Fellow, East China Normal University; Dr. Mussarat Jabeen, Associate Professor, Department of International Relations and Political Sciences, University of Sargodha; Mr. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Executive Director, Pakistan Council on China, Islamabad; during my Ph.D. I could not have completed my research task without the cooperation of the Chinese Embassy, Islamabad; Foreign Office of Pakistan, Islamabad; National Archive, Islamabad; National Documentation Centre, Islamabad; Pakistan- China Institute, Islamabad; and Ministry of Defence, Rawalpindi. I am also thankful to the Chinese and Pakistani Officials and Staff of Neelum-Jhelum Hydro-Power Project that not only provided information and material regarding the project but also granted special permission to visit the site of the project and tunnel that is strategically very important for Pakistan. I am also grateful to the library and staff of the Punjab University’s History Department, Centre for South Asian Studies, Central Library, The Quaid-i-Azam Library, Lahore; the Library of ‘The Nation’ Newspaper, Lahore; Punjab Public Library, Lahore; National Library, Islamabad; Army Central Library, 10 Rawalpindi; the Library of Strategic Studies, Islamabad; and the Library of National Defence University, Islamabad. The staff of Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, deserves my special thanks for all the help they gave me during my Ph.D. I am thankful to my family members, Captain Yasir Mehmood (husband), Abdul Ahad (my Son), Papa, Api, Major Ansar, Fozia, Captain Waqas, Captain Harris, Esha, Sunny, Fatima and Maryum for their love, care and prayers that cover me all the time and lighten my path. I run short of words to say thanks to my Mother and Nana Gee. They not only prayed for me but also extended moral and physical support to me during my Ph.D. I am especially thankful to my friends Faiza, Razia, Ammara, Mehnaz, Nadra, Asia, Salma and all of my colleagues who encouraged and supported me in every moment. Unsa Jamshed 11 Abbreviations ABM Anti Ballistic Missile ACFIC All China Federation of Industry and Commerce AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System BBC British Broadcasting Coorporation BFA Boao Forum for Asia BLA Balochistan Liberation Army BOI Board of Investment BSERI Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute BTA Bangkok Trade Agreement CAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China 12 CAAMS Chinese Academy