Ph.D. Dissertation
Pakistan’s Relations with China: A Study of Defence and Strategic Ties during Musharraf Era (1999-2008)
A Thesis Submitted to Faculty of Arts and Humanities University of the Punjab
In Candidancy for the Fulfillment of Doctor of Philosophy
By
Unsa Jamshed
Pakistan Study Centre University of the Punjab, Lahore 2016
1
Dedication
To My Honourable Supervisor, Prof. Dr. Massarrat Abid
2
Declaration
I, Unsa Jamshed, hereby declare that this thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in Pakistan-Studies,
University of the Punjab, is wholly my personal research work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. This thesis has not been submitted concurrently to any other University for any other degree.
______
Unsa Jamshed
3
Certificate by Research Supervisor
This is to certify that the research work described in this thesis is the original work of the author and has been carried out under my supervision. I have personally gone through all the data reported in the manuscript and certify their authenticity. I further certify that the material included in this thesis has not been used in part of full in a manuscript already submitted or in the process of submission in partial/complete fulfillment of the award of any other degree from any other institution. I also certify that the thesis has been prepared under supervision according to the prescribed format and I endorse its evaluation for the award of Ph.D. degree through the official procedures of the University.
______
Prof. Dr. Massarrat Adid, Director Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore.
Pakistan’s Relations with China: A Study of
Defence and Strategic Ties during Musharraf Era
4
(1999-2008)
CONTENTS
Title Page No Abstract vi Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations xii List of Figures xix List of Tables xx Introduction 1-19 Chapter-1: Pakistan-China Relations: A Brief Historical Survey 20-37- Chapter-2: Growth of Defence Ties 38-98 Chapter-3: Collaboration in Economic Field 99-173 Chapter-4: Cooperation of China in Energy Sector of Pakistan 174-208 Chapter-5: India-China Relations: Pakistan as a Factor 209-247 Chapter-6: Pakistan-China Friendship in the Context of Terrorism 248-306 Chapter-7: Pakistan-China Cultural and Educational Ties 307-319 Conclusion 320-332 Bibliography 333-431
5
Abstract
Pakistan-China defence and strategic ties flourished and consolidated during the Musharraf era (1999-2008). This era was particularly important because it was the time when big changes occurred in the international environment mainly due to 9/11 (2001) attacks in the U.S.A., but the event did not affect the deeprooted Pakistan-China friendship. In fact, the defence and strategic relations grew further during the phase and that was evident from the extensive exchange of defence delegations between the two states. During these exchanges of delegations, other than the matter of professional interest, issues of international significance were also discussed. The improvement in defence relations can also be observed from the joint ventures in the defence sectors between the two
States. These ventures enhance the defence capability of Pakistan. The governments of both States tried their best to improve the trade relations that were below the existing potential. These efforts bring positive results but still there is lot of potential to realise and enhance the economic relations. To improve the economic condition of Pakistan, China also helped Pakistan in energy sector. Various projects related to energy were started in Pakistan with the help of China between 1999 and 2008.
In fact, Pakistan and China started and successfully completed strategically important joint ventures during the phase. China also helped
Pakistan in the development and upgradation of several projects which were and still are economically and strategically important for Pakistan. Efforts to 6
create misunderstandings and hurdles in the way of cordial relations were tactfully handled by the Governments of Pakistan and China.
7
Acknowledgement
I bow before ALLAH Almighty who has chozen man as His vicegerent and has gifted him with the awesome intellect, thinking and performing. He bestowed the best of potential on me to contribute to the existing ocean of knowledge. I also express my humble gratitude to Hazrat Muhammad (PBUH) whose role model gradually enlightened me about my quest for research and knowledge as a noble heritage.
My deepest gratitude is due to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Massarrat Abid, former Dean of Arts and Humanities, and Director, Pakistan Study Centre,
University of the Punjab Lahore; whose unconditional motherly cooperation and scholarly attitude strengthened and encouraged me to complete my work.
I am thankful to my teachers, Prof. Dr. S. Qalb-i-Abid , Prof. Dr.
Farooq Hasnat, and Prof. Dr. Tatiana Oranskaia (Germany), for their encouragement and help they extended to me.
I am also thankful to all the academics, both from home and abroad who were invited at Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab for special lectures, seminars and conferences. They all so very generously gave me time during their stay in Pakistan. These Professors included, Dr. Pippa Verdee
(U.K.); Prof. Dr. Rubina Bhatty (U.S.A.); Prof. Dr. Sun Hongqi, Director,
Pakistan
Research Centre, China; Prof. Dr. Ka Lin, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China;
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Dr. Wang Weihua, Assistant Director, Institute for Foreign Policy Studies,
Shanghai Institutes for International Studies, China; Dr. Lan Jiang, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Pakistan Study Centre, China West Normal
University, China; Dr. Li Jian, Deputy President, Xihua University, Director,
Pakistan Study Centre, Sichuan Province, China; Prof. Dr. Hassan Askari Rizvi,
Defence Analyst; Prof. Dr. Farhat Mahmood, Former Chairman, Department of
History, Government College University Lahore; Prof. Dr. Adnan Sarwar,
Director, Department of Regional Studies, University of Peshawar; Prof. Ali
Abbas, Former Chairman, Department of History, University of the Punjab;
Prof.
Dr. Ishaq Fani, Directorate of Distance Education and Institute of Social Sciences,
Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan; and Associate Professor, Dr. Faraz
Anjum, History Department of University of the Punjab, Lahore.
I am grateful to Assistant Professor, Dr. Rizwan ullah Kokab, Government
College, University Faisalabad; Assistant Professor, Dr. Amjad Magsi, Pakistan
Study Centre, University of the Punjab; Assistant Professor, Dr. Ejaz Ahmad,
Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab; Prof. Dr. Abdul Samad, Asghar
Mall College, Rawalpindi; Lt-Col Hassan Afzal, Brig Saeed Sharif, Mr. Liu Shijie,
The Third Secretary, Chinese embassy in Islamabad; and Mr. Bakht Baidar,
Director Research, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad for their guidance.
9
I had the good luck to interact with Dr. Akram Sheikh, Founding Chair,
Global Think Tank Network (GTTN), National University of Science and
Technology (NUST), Islamabad; Rear Admiral Munir Wahid, Advisor,
National
Centre for Maritime Policy Research, Bahria University, Karachi; Dr. Xin
Zhang, Faculty Fellow, East China Normal University; Dr. Mussarat Jabeen,
Associate
Professor, Department of International Relations and Political Sciences,
University of Sargodha; Mr. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Executive Director, Pakistan
Council on China, Islamabad; during my Ph.D.
I could not have completed my research task without the cooperation of the
Chinese Embassy, Islamabad; Foreign Office of Pakistan, Islamabad; National
Archive, Islamabad; National Documentation Centre, Islamabad; Pakistan-
China Institute, Islamabad; and Ministry of Defence, Rawalpindi. I am also thankful to the Chinese and Pakistani Officials and Staff of Neelum-Jhelum
Hydro-Power Project that not only provided information and material regarding the project but also granted special permission to visit the site of the project and tunnel that is strategically very important for Pakistan.
I am also grateful to the library and staff of the Punjab University’s
History Department, Centre for South Asian Studies, Central Library, The
Quaid-i-Azam
Library, Lahore; the Library of ‘The Nation’ Newspaper, Lahore; Punjab Public
Library, Lahore; National Library, Islamabad; Army Central Library,
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Rawalpindi; the Library of Strategic Studies, Islamabad; and the Library of
National Defence
University, Islamabad. The staff of Pakistan Study Centre, University of the
Punjab, Lahore, deserves my special thanks for all the help they gave me during my Ph.D.
I am thankful to my family members, Captain Yasir Mehmood
(husband), Abdul Ahad (my Son), Papa, Api, Major Ansar, Fozia, Captain
Waqas, Captain Harris, Esha, Sunny, Fatima and Maryum for their love, care and prayers that cover me all the time and lighten my path. I run short of words to say thanks to my
Mother and Nana Gee. They not only prayed for me but also extended moral and physical support to me during my Ph.D. I am especially thankful to my friends Faiza, Razia, Ammara, Mehnaz, Nadra, Asia, Salma and all of my colleagues who encouraged and supported me in every moment.
Unsa Jamshed
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Abbreviations ABM Anti Ballistic Missile
ACFIC All China Federation of Industry and Commerce
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
BBC British Broadcasting Coorporation
BFA Boao Forum for Asia
BLA Balochistan Liberation Army
BOI Board of Investment
BSERI Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute
BTA Bangkok Trade Agreement
CAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China
12
CAAMS Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Science
CAIFC Chinese Association for International Friendly Contact
China National Aero Technology Import & Export CATIC
Coorporation
CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
CDB China Development Bank
CGS Chief of General Staff
CCS Combat Commander’s School
Chasnupp Chasma Nuclear Power Plant
CIA Central Intelligence Agencies
CJCSC Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee
CMEC China Mechanical Electric Company
CMIEC Chinese Machinery Import and Export Coorporation
CMT China Machine Tool Company
CNNC China National Nuclear Cooperation
CNPC China National Petroleum Coorporation
CPAPF Chinese People’s Armed Police Force
China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Group CPECC
13
Coorporation
CPLA Chinese People’s Liberation Army
Commission of Science, Technology and Industries for COSTIND
National Defence
CRMASC China Railways Materials and Supplies Coorporation
CSSC China State Shipbuilding Coorporation
CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CWHEC China National Water Resources & Hydropower
Engineering Coorporation
DPP Department of Plant Production
ECG Economic Cooperation Group
EDA Economic Affair Division
EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EFTZ Economic Free Trade Zone
EHP Early Harvest Programme
EIB European Investment Bank
EPB Export Promotion Bureau
ETIM East Turkistan Islamic Movement
14
ETLO Eastern Turkistan Liberation Organization
FC-I Fighter China-I
FPCCI Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry
FTA Free Trade Agreement
FWO Frontier Work Organization
GBTI Ghazi Barotha Taraqiati Idara
GDP Gross Domestic Production
GHQ General Headquarter
HIT Heavy Industries Texila
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
ICWA India Council of World Affairs
IDEAS International Defence Exhibition and Seminar
IMF International Monitoring Funds
IPI Iran-Pakistan-India
ISPR Inter Services Public Relations
JCSC Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
JEC Joint Economic Commission
15
JF-17 Joint Fighter-17
JIC Joint Investment Company
KANAPP Karachi Nuclear Power Plant
KCCI Karachi Chamber of Commerce & Industry
KKH Karakoram Highway
KSEW Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Work Ltd
KW/hr Kilowatt per Hour
LoC Line of Control
LOI Letter of Intent
MCC Metallurgical Construction Coorporation
MFN Most Favoured Nation
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MRCC Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre
MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
MW Mega Watt
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBP National Bank of Pakistan
16
NEFA North-East Frontier Agency
NESPAK National Engineering Services Pakistan
NGO Non-Government Organization
NMD National Defence Missile
NOC No Objection Certificate
NORINCO North Industries Coorporation
NPT Nuclear Proliferation Treaty
NSG Nuclear Supplier Group
PAC Pakistan Aeronautical Complex
PAEC Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
PAMF Pakistan Aircraft Manufacturing Factory
PARCO Pak-Arab Refinery Company
PCICL Pakistan and China Investment Company Limited
Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy PCRET Technology
PIA Pakistan International Airline
PIDC Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation
17
PLA People’s Liberation Army
PoW Prisoners of War
PRC People Republic of China
PSA Port of Singapore Authority
PSM Pakistan Steel Mill
PTA Preferential Trade Agreement PTH Pakistan Trade House
SAARC South Asian Association of Regional Corporation
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SEATO South East Asian Treaty Organization
SEZ Specific Economic Zone
Small and Medium Enterprises Development SMEDA Authority Space and Upper Atmospheric Research SUPARCO Commission
TMD Theatre Missile Defence
TNSM Tanzim Nifaz Shariat-i-Mohammadi
TV Television
U.S.A United States of America
UK United Kingdom
18
UNSC United Nations Security Council
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WB World Bank
List of Figures Fig No Page #
1. Fig 2.1 64 2. Fig 6.1 282
19
List of Tables Table No Page #
1. Table 6.1 281
20
Introduction
Pakistan and China‟s strategic, political and economic relations have not only withstood the various challenges presented by regional and international upheavals but also have developed persistently. This persistance of cooperation between them testifies to the strenght of their ties. In October 1999, when military took the control of the government in Pakistan, the international community refused to accept the replacement of a democratic government by the military. Most countries tried to isolate Pakistan, except China. The Chinese government stated that the change of government in Pakistan was its internal matter and continued to support Pakistan. The economic condition of
Pakistan was not very stable when General Pervez Musharraf took over in October 1999;
Pakistan was under the burden of international sanctions that were affecting the economy of Pakistan adversely. After taking control of the country, General Musharraf looked towards China for economic support. China‟s response was positive and as a consequence various economic projects were initiated with its help for the uplift of the economic condition of Pakistan.
But the most important aspect of the relationship between Pakistan and China is the strategic ties between the two countries. Both China and Pakistan are important for each other in strategic terms. Pakistan and China both share borders with India. Both
States have fought wars with India and there are still considerable difficulties in the way of good relations with India. Although the relations between China and India are improving but China has always felt threatened from India. For most Chinese governments a stable and strategically strong Pakistan was better in order to counter
21
India. China also has some regional interests that it can protect with the help of Pakistan,
China wants to access the Central Asian States that are rich in energy resources, and
Pakistan is providing the shortest possible way to access these States. China also wishes to have access to the Arabian Sea through Pakistan. Pakistan is also serving as a bridge between China and the Muslim States.
In a changing geostrategic environment both Pakistan and China need the cooperation and support of each other. Both countries were supporting each other at international level on various issues. In the start of 21st century there was a number of changes at international level. Notably, the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the
U.S.A. mainland changed the scenario of the whole World. The U.S.A. strategy of dealing with the new problem of international terrorism required Pakistan‟s help as its ally because of the proximity of Pakistan to Afghanistan. Afghanistan had been the hub of Al-Qaida terrorist group. At that crucial time Pakistan consulted China and assured that Pakistan would not allow its land to be used against China. China has always appreciated Pakistan‟s efforts and sacrifices made in the war against terrorism.
Fourth months after coming to power, Pakistan‟s Chief Executive General
Pervez Musharraf paid a visit to China, in January 2000. 1 Pakistan-China relations further improved when Chinese Prime Minister Zhu Rongji visited Pakistan in May
2001. His visit coincided with the golden jubilee celebrations of the establishment of
Pakistan-China diplomatic relations. Zhu Rongji was the first Chinese Prime Minister to visit Pakistan after a long period of about twelve years.2
1 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-11/14/content 732562 htm (Accessed on September 4, 2012) 2 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” 22
In the post-9/11 era, Pakistan had to tackle a number of challenges of various extents, threatening it autonomy, territorial integrity and economic progress. The fact that Pakistan-China strategic relations have not only withstood all the challenges stemming from the constantly changing geopolitical environment but these ties have also been developing resolutely, testifies to the strength of these relations.3 After 9/11 events, an emissary of President Jiang Zemin arrived in Islamabad on September 18,
2001. He consulted General Musharraf and some other officials on the situation emerging as a consequence.4
Pakistan‟s decision to side with the U.S.A. and to provide the base facilities initially raised concerns in China, which was perhaps the first irritant in the relations of the two countries. However, some exchanges of high-level visits from both sides clarified Pakistan‟s position and, made it clear that under no circumstances Pakistan would allow any effort to undermine Chinese strategic interests in the region. China perfectly understood the constraints and compulsions under which Pakistan made some crucial decisions and in turn expressed its solidarity with Pakistan.5 The antiterrorism cooperation between China and Pakistan had begun well before the event of 9/11. China had been confronting the menace of separatism, extremism and terrorism perpetrated by the undergoing Uighur (Muslim Separatists of Xingjiang, China) organizations seeking secession from China in the Muslim majority Western province of Xinjiang, bordering
Pakistan. President Musharraf, in his December 2001 visit to China, explicitly expressed
Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002) 3 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Corporation between Pakistan and China,” Strategic Studies, XXIX, 2& 3, (Summer & Autumn 2009) 4 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Op.cit. 5 Op.cit. 23
support to the Chinese campaign against the Muslim separatists in Xinjiang. Pakistan also institutionalized the anti-terrorism dialogue with China and the two sides agreed to share intelligence on the menace of terrorism. In August 2004, China and Pakistan conducted the first joint anti-terrorism military exercise named „Friendship 2004‟ in
Xinjiang and the second joint antiterrorism exercise took place in Pakistan in December
2006. Meanwhile, in April 2005, during Premier Wen Jiabo‟s visit to Islamabad, the two sides signed an agreement on combating terrorism, separatism and extremism.6 The leadership of the China appreciated the tremendous efforts and great sacrifices that
Pakistan had made in fighting against terrorism and reiterated its respect and support for
Pakistan‟s efforts to advance its counter-terrorism strategy and to safeguard its internal and external security.7
In addition to, strategic cooperation, China and Pakistan were engaged in different economic projects during the period under study, namely from 1999 to 2008.
In March 2002, construction of the Gwardar Port Project Phase I started after China agreed to provide 198 million US dollars out of the 248 million US dollars required for it.8 On March 22, 2002 General Pervez Musharraf and the Chinese Vice Premier Wu
Bang Guo, attended the groundbreaking ceremony of the proposed seaport which also provided an opening to the landlocked Central Asian States, Afghanistan and Western
6 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Corporation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 7 Liu Jian, “Pakistan-China Friendship, Embracing the Future,” Daily Times, January 10, 2012 8 Haris Raqeeb Azeemi, “55 Years of Pakistan-China Relationship,” Pakistan Horizon, 60, 2, (2007): 24
region of China.9 The port is strategically located just 250 miles from the straits of
Hormuz to serve as a key shipping point in the region. China also financed the Makran
Coastal Highway from Gwardar to Central Balochinstan town, connecting Karachi and
Quetta. The construction of the port and highway will give a boost to the domestic economic development of Pakistan by making it a regional hub for commercial traffic, which can influence the geostrategic environment of the region. Pakistan is expected to earn significant profits in transit fees, as the port will enable the transfer of Central
Asia‟s vast energy resources to world markets. It will also help Pakistan in setting things in the province in order by attracting considerable investments in Balochistan and subsequently, turning it into a hub of economic activity. The Gwardar Seaport became functional on March 20, 2007.10 China has been importing almost 90% of its domestic energy sources from Middle Eastern countries that reflects the cause of its interest in
Gwardar Port. At Pakistan‟s invitation, China has continued to develop and construct its strategic naval base at Gwardar on the Makran coast in Balochistan. This
Pakistan China defence project has far wider strategic significance for two reasons. First, it gives China access and basing facilities in the Indian Ocean and second, it provides close access to the Strait of Hormuz.11
After the revival of democracy in Pakistan (on October 10, 2002 general election were held to elect the National Assembly and Provincial Assemblies. Although these elections were held under the scrutiny of military government of General Musharraf but
9 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Op.cit. 10 Azeemi, Op.cit. 11 Prakash Nanda, “Between the US and China: Pakistan‟s uncertain Strategic Manoeuvres Since 9/11,” in Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, eds. Ajay Darshan Behera & Mathew Joseph C, (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2004) 25
it revived democracy) , Pakistan‟s Prime Minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali, went on a visit to China and observed that the new leadership in China was keen to build close friendly relations between Pakistan and China.1213 Various important agreements and
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) were signed during
Prime Minister Jamail‟s official visit to China in March 2003. During this visit China agreed to help Pakistan to set up another 300MW nuclear power plant at Chashma.14 In
November 2003, President Pervez Musharraf and President Hu Jintao signed the historic declaration on „Directions of Bilateral Cooperation‟ in Beijing. This declaration charts the trajectory of bilateral cooperation between Pakistan and China in the 21st century. This declaration laid out a solid basis for the continuous strengthening of Pakistan-China friendship. 15 In December 2004, during Prime Minister Shaukat
Aziz‟s visit to China, the two countries signed seven agreements in trade, communications and energy sectors and drew up a framework for greater cooperation.16 From 5th to 7th April 2005, Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visited
Pakistan. During this visit, the Pakistan-China Treaty of „Friendship and Cooperation‟ was concluded.16 This treaty clearly stated that, „neither party will join any alliance or
12 Samina Yasmeen, “China and Pakistan in a Changing World,” in Asian Security and China 13 -2010, ed. K.Sanathanam & Srikanth Kondapalli, (New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, 2004) 14 Azeemi, Op.cit. 15 Text of Pakistani Prime Minister‟s Address at Communist Party School, Beijing, Pakistan Perspectives, 12, 1, (January-June 2007) 16 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Economic Relations: Opportunities and Challenges,” Strategic Studies, XXVI, 2, (Summer 2006) 16 Azeemi, Op.cit. 26
bloc which infringes upon the sovereignty, security and territorial integrity of either country‟. The treaty also prohibited the two States from entering into a similar treaty with a third party.17
At the invitation of President Hu Jintao, President Musharraf paid a State visit to
China from 19 to 23 February 2006. During his visit President Musharraf addressed the leading Chinese scholars at Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, met members of
Chinese business community and attended a special commemorative event marking the
55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and
Pakistan.18 The two sides decided to use the occasion of the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties to lift Pakistan-China relations to a new height. The two sides agreed to hold a “Cultural Week” and a “Film Week” and to exchange media and academic visits in the same year.19 During this visit of President Musharraf, China committed to deliver the first small batch of JF Thunder Aircraft to Pakistan by 2007.20
The Early Harvest Program between the two countries, which was put into operation on
January 1, 2006, was afterwards merged into Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The FTA could triple Pakistan-China bilateral trade to 15 billion US dollars within five years.
Pakistan, after Chile, became the second country to conclude an FTA with China. Both sides agreed to scale down customs duty to zero per cent on 5,104 tariff lines (products)
17 Kanti Bajpai, “Managing Ambivalence: Pakistan‟s Relations with the United States and China Since 2001,” in Pakistan Regional and Global Politics, ed. Rajshree Jetly, (New Delhi: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009) 18 Joint Statement Issued during President Pervez Musharraf‟s visit to China, Pakistan Perspective, 11, 1, (Jan-Jun 2006): 19 Joint Statement between the People‟s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, IPRI, Journal, VI, 2, (Summer 2006) 20 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People‟s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations (Accessed on May 15, 2012) 27
in three years and on 3,942 items from zero to five per cent within five years after the implementation of the agreement.21
In the military field, Pakistan continues to receive Intermediate Range Ballistic
Missiles (IRBMs) and missile assemblies from China. China facilitated supplies through
North Korea. China and Pakistan signed a defence pact, which focused on the joint defence research and production. There was exchange of high-level defence visits.22 On
May 23, 2006, Pakistan clinched a 600 million dollar defence deal with China which included the construction of four F22P frigates for Pakistan Navy, for the upgradation of the Karachi dockyard and for development of technology for the indigenous production of a modern surface fleet. During the Chinese President‟s visit to Pakistan in November 2006, the Pakistan Air Force signed a Memorandum of Understanding
(MoU) with China Electronic Technology Corporation (CETC) in order to develop aircraft equipped with long range radar.22 Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz‟s visit to China in April 2007 witnessed twenty seven agreements and MoUs to
„re-energize‟ the bilateral cooperation in all fields, including defence, space technology, trade and economics.23
Other than military cooperation China and Pakistan were also cooperating in the socio-economic field. President Musharraf visited China on 10-15 April 2008 at the invitation of President Hu Jintao. During this visit China expressed its full support to the efforts of the government of Pakistan to promote socio-economic development and in
21 Azeemi, Op.cit. 22 Nanda, Op.cit. 22 Azeemi, Op.cit. 23 Op.cit. 28
this regard expressed its readiness to assist Pakistan in the development of the energy, mineral and mining sectors, to enhance the financial and banking sectors‟ cooperation, and to extend support for “Projects” under the Pakistan-China joint economic and trade cooperation plan for five years.24
In short, the mutual confidence and understanding needed to face the challenges have been the foundation stone of the unending friendship between China and Pakistan that has over the years flourished into “all weathered friendship” leading to the strengthening of ties.25 It has proved not only useful but indispensable in promoting regional security and the cause of the World peace.26
The era covered by the research has not been taken up by any researcher for a comprehensive study, although some aspects have been covered in some works. But these works lack details and facts about the Pakistan China relations, hence the need for such a study.
Significance of Study
• The Musharraf era was important because during this time the defence and
economic ties between Pakistan and China got stronger as different projects were
initiated in Pakistan with the help of China.
• During Musharraf‟s time the friendship between Pakistan and China
strengthened and matured, although there were a few elements that created
24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad, Pakistan, April 5, 2008 25 Muhammad Ishaq Fani, “Pak-China Security Relations and Mutual Ventures,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 46, 2, (July-December 2009) 26 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” in Reading in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001) 29
difficulties and problems for the two countries but both China and Pakistan
successfully dealt with those irritants.
• China‟s relations with India are growing fast; according to some analysts this
may have a negative impact on Pakistan-China relations. This study has tried to
analyze the impact of growing India-China ties on Pakistan-China friendship.
• This study has also highlighted those issues on which China and Pakistan had
been supporting each other and had similar views.
• A change in China‟s policy over Kashmir was evident. The shift in its policy of
support for the right of self-determination for the Kashmiris to neutrality on the
dispute has been discussed with a focus on the Musharraf era.
• China helped Pakistan in the establishment of the nuclear plant and in becoming
a nuclear power. This work has briefly described the nuclear energy
collaboration and cooperation between the two States from 1999 to 2008.
• Pakistan had been facing energy crisis since last ten years, overcome this
problem, the country signed several agreements (Hydal and nuclear) with
various companies of China during the Musharraf era. This work describes the
importance and generation capacity of the energy production projects and
evaluates the effects on the economy of Pakistan.
• During the Musharraf era Pakistan and China signed Free Trade Agreement
(2006), under which both sides agreed to scale down the customs duty to zero
per cent in different phases. This study provides an analysis of how it affected
the two countries trade relations.
• This study also provides an analysis of Pakistan‟s efforts to control the
extremist elements existing in Xinjiang province of China. 30
• This study will also highlight the Pakistan-China joint efforts to combat
terrorism.
Statement of the Problem
The following research questions were formulated to carry out the study:
• How did the defence ties between Pakistan and China help them to consolidate
their relations from 1999 to 2008?
• In what way were the strategic ties between Pakistan and China affected by the
growing India-China relations?
• What were the regional issues on which the views of China and Pakistan
converged or diverged (1999-2008), and to what extent, and what were its impact
on the relations between these two countries?
• How did the economic cooperation between the two countries facilitate the
strategic ties during the Musharraf era and what impact did it have on the
comprehensive relationship?
• How did the energy related cooperation move ahead during the Musharraf era?
Sources
The latest books on Pakistan-China relations, was consulted because very little material was available on Pakistan-China relations during the Musharraf era, so the information has been collected from newspapers, research journals, and official publications. Moreover, the interviews of academicians, scholars, politicians, government officials, ministers and ambassadors, have also been conducted for gathering of information on the period under research. Newspapers and Journals of
31
China have also been consulted and for that purpose the researcher learned the Chinese language.
Literature Review
The literature available in the form of books, research articles, and newspapers was found to be more helpful in writing the thesis. The latest information on the subject was collected from different government reports, speeches of important political actors,
Foreign Office Papers, Government Publications, National Assembly/
Senate Record, Speeches and Statements, Cabinet Papers, and Reports of Special
Committees.
A number of Foreign Ministers and ambassadors of Pakistan have written on
Pakistan-China relations. Akram Zaki27, Abdul Sattar28 and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto29 are a few among those. Akram Zaki has given an account of rising of China as a Political and
Economic power at global level and he also has provided an overview of the relations between Pakistan and China since early 1950s. The study is an important source of information because the author served as an ambassador to China witnessing many agreements and economic issues between the two states. However, the book only deals with political and economic issues, other aspects of relations have not been discussed in detail.
27 Akram Zaki, “China of Today and Tomorrow: Dynamics of Relations with Pakistan,” (Islamabad: Institute of Policy Study, 2010) 28 Abdul Sattat, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007) 29 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, “Foreign Policy of Pakistan: A Compendium of Speeches Made in the National Assembly of Pakistan 1962-64,” (Lahore: Classic, n.d.) 32
Abdul Sattar, a diplomat and lawyer, served as Foreign Minister of Pakistan from
1999 to 2002. His book Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History provides a history of Pakistan‟s relations with various countries. An important part of this book deals with Pakistan‟s relations with China during the Ayub era. This book is an authentic source of information.
Z. A. Bhutto served as Foreign Minister of Pakistan from 1963-1966 and has been considered as the architect of Pakistan-China relations. His book Foreign Policy of
Pakistan: A Compendium of Speeches Made in the National Assembly of Pakistan 1962-64, describes the main causes of Pakistan‟s support to Chinese‟s admission in the U.N.
A group of authors who have highlighted Pakistan-China relations in the context of the foreign policy of Pakistan include S.M Burke, Lawrence Ziring30, Mehrunnisa Ali31,
Shahid M. Amin32. Burke and Ziring have provided a scholarly and lucid analysis of
Pakistan‟s foreign policy, beginning with early years after Pakistan‟s creation, and leading up to 1989. The book is very informative and helps to understand the foreign policy of Pakistan from the early years of Pakistan to Zia‟s era. Their work is helpful because it gives an analytical account of these relations. Mehrunnisa Ali has highlighted the foreign policy of Pakistan during the cold war and post-cold war period, dealing also with China‟s diplomacy during the India-Pakistan war of 1971. Shahid M. Amin, in his
30 S. M Burke and Lawrence Ziring, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990) 31 Mehrunnisa Ali, (ed.) “Readings in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001) 32 Shahid M. Amin, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000) 33
book has explored India as a factor in the Pakistan China relations. Shahid M. Amin served in the Pakistan‟s Foreign Services from 1958-1997.
Many authors such as Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri34, Farhat Mahmood35, Prakash
Nanda36, Kanti Bajpai37, Hasan Askari Rizvi38, and B. M, Jain39 have written on
Pakistan-China relations focusing on the strategic dimensions. Mohammad Ahsen
Chaudhri, has written several articles and books on Pakistan and China relations.
Security dimension is the main focus of his concern. He has discussed various security aspects of Pakistan-China. His books and articles have also been helpful in understanding the historical perspective of strategic relationship between Pakistan and
China.
The main theme of the books by Farhat Mahmood40, Prakash Nanda41, and Kanti
Bajpai42, is that in Pakistan-China relations the U.S.A. has been an important factor.
Farhat Mahmood in his book has addressed only the Ayub era while Prakash Nanda and
Kanti Bajpai have discussed Pakistan, China and U.S.A. relations till the 9/11
34 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” in Reading in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001) Mohammed Ahsen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Great Powers: A Study of Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1954-1970,” (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2000) Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Troubled World,” (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993) Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “In Search of Peace and Security: Political Relations between Pakistan and the United States (1947-1967)” in In Search of Peace and Security: Forty Years of Pakistan United State Relations, ed. Rais Ahmed Khan, (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1990) 35 Farahat Mahmood, “A History of U.S-Pakistan Relation,” (Lahore: Vanguard, 1991) 36 Prakash Nanda, “Between the US and China: Pakistan‟s uncertain Strategic Manoeuvres Since 9/11,” in Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, eds. Ajay Darshan Behera & Mathew Joseph C, (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2004) 37 Kanti Bajpai, “Managing Ambivalence: Pakistan‟s Relations with the United States and China Since 2001,” in Pakistan Regional and Global Politics, ed. Rajshree Jetly, (New Delhi: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009)
34
38 Hasan Askari Rizvi, “Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy,” (New York: St. Martin‟s Press, 1993) 39 B. M. Jain, “Global Power: India‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2006,” ( New York: Lexington Books, 2008) 40 Farahat Mahmood, “A History of U.S-Pakistan Relation,” Op.cit. 41 Prakash Nanda, “Between the US and China: Pakistan‟s uncertain Strategic Manoeuvres Since 9/11,” in Pakistan in a Changing Strategic Context, Op.cit. 42 Kanti Bajpai, “Managing Ambivalence: Pakistan‟s Relations with the United States and China Since 2001,” Op.cit. episode. Farhat Mahmood‟s book is important to understand the history of Pakistan,
China and U.S.A. relations while other two books have addressed the present situation of relations. Hasan Askari Rizvi has mainly focused on the Pakistan‟s foreign policy with emphasis on geostrategic environment of the period from 1972 to 1990. The book also provides information about Pakistan-China relations regarding security issues from
1972 to 1990. The book deals with the period from the separation of East Pakistan (1971) and when a change in the foreign policy of Pakistan was evident. B. M. Jain, has examined India as a rising global power by reevaluating its foreign policy and relations, from Nehru‟s period to the present through an analytical framework. He presents a fundamental reappraisal of the everchanging relationship between India and other major regional powers, paying special attention to its relationship with China and Pakistan. An important part of this book deals with China-India relations from different angles and its impact on Pakistan. This study proved useful in writing ChinaIndia relations and its impact on Pakistan-China relations. This book is also important because it gives Indian point of view on India-China relations and the impact of these relations on Pakistan.
This book provides information on India-China relations from 1947 to 2005.
35
Other writers, namely N.M. Butt33, Ashok Kapur34, Bhumitra Chakma35, Swara
Singh36, Arpit Rajain47, Savita Pande48, Kamal Matinuddin49, T.V. Paul50, and Zafar
Iqbal Cheema51 wrote on China‟s cooperation and the process of nuclear development in Pakistan. Zafar Iqbal has discussed the history of nuclear policy of Pakistan in different phases. He holds the view that the nuclear programme and policies of Pakistan have been linked with India, while India‟s policies are associated with China and
China‟s policies are linked with Russia and the U.S.A. Savita Pande has given details about how China had transferred the nuclear technology to Pakistan till 1986 and why both countries signed the nuclear cooperation agreement in 1986. Kamal Matinuddin has given the chronology of Pakistan‟s nuclear programme till 1998 but he has not given any inside detail. N.M. Butt has discussed in a very brief manner how China helped
Pakistan to install nuclear power reactors. Bhumitra Chakma has discussed the three phases of nuclearization process of Pakistan. The first phase was from 1954 to 1971, the second from 1971 to 1989 and the last phase was from 1990 to 1998. He discussed that the second phase was very important one because during this phase the already existing
China-Pakistan nuclear cooperation was strengthened due to Soviet invasion in
Afghanistan. All these scholars have discussed the nuclear cooperation between
33 N.M Butt, “Nuclear Development in Pakistan,” in Arms Race and Nuclear Developments in South Asia, eds. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema and Imtiaz H. Bokhari, (Islamabad: Islamabad Policy Research Institute, 2004) 34 Ashok Kapur, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Development,” (London: Croom Helm, 1987) 35 Bhumitra Chakma, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Weapons,” (London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009) 36 Swaran Singh, “The China Factor in South Asia‟s Nuclear deterrence,” in The IndiaPakistan Nuclear Relationship: Thories of Deterence and International Relations, ed. E. Sridharan, (New Delhi: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2007) 36
Pakistan and China chronologically, so there is a need to study the nuclear cooperation between the two States in the start of 21st century.
47 Aprit Rajain, “Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: China, India and Pakistan,” ( New Delhi: SAGE Publications, 2005) 48 Savita Panda, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Policy,” (Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 1991) 49 Kamal Matiniddin, “The Nuclearization of South Asia,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002) 50 T. V Paul, “The Causes and Consequences of China-Pakistani Nuclear/ Missile Collaboration,” in South Asia‟s Nuclear Security Dilemma, India, Pakistan, and China, ed. Lowell Dittmer, (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2005) 51 Zafar Iqbal Cheema, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Policies: Attitudes and Posture,” in Nuclear NonProliferation in India and Pakistan South Asian Perspectives, eds. P. R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema & iftekhruzzaman, (Karachi: Vanguard Books (PVT) LTD, 1996) Some authors H.K. Chhabra 37 , Zubeida Mustafa 38 , Jagannath T. Panda 39 have discussed China‟s policy towards South Asia. Their works have been helpful to understand the Chinese policy particularly towards Pakistan.
A number of researchers have written on Pakistan-China relations covering different dimensions of their relations. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Director, China Study Centre and East
India, Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, has written a number of articles on
Pakistan-China relations most of them have been published in the various issues of the
Journal of Strategic Studies. Articles on Pakistan-China relations include
Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment, China and India,
Traditional and Emerging Areas of Cooperation between Pakistan and China,
37 H. K. Chhabra, “Relations of Nations,” (Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 1983) 38 Zubeida Mustafa, “Pakistan: The Focus of China‟s South Asian Policy,” in Pakistan in a Changing World, ed. Masuma Hasan, (Karachi: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1978) 39 Jagannath P. Panda, “Dragon Looks South: Curent Drives in China‟s South Asian Neighbourhood Policy,” in China and its Neighbors, eds. Srikanth Kandapalli & Emi Mifune, (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2010) 37
Pakistan Embraces the Shanghai Spirit, Pakistan-China Economic Relations:
Opportunities and Challenges, China‟s Power Projection, Prospects of Pakistan becoming a Trade and Energy Corridor for China, and Targeted Attacks on Chinese:
Myth and Reality. These articles are helpful in understanding the different dimensions of Pakistan-China relations. Ghulam Ali, Ph.D. scholar Monash University has also contributed some articles on Pakistan-China relations. His articles on Pakistan-China relations include Sino-Pakistan relations: The Indian Factor, China‟s Seat in United
Nations: An Analysis of Pakistan‟s Role, China‟s Kashmir Policy: Back to Neutrality, and Significance of Gwardar Port. His articles have been helpful to write on
PakistanChina relations.
Articles written by Chinese scholars on Pakistan-China relations also provide useful information. A few of these include, China‟s Foreign Policy by Xu Yixin, China-
Pakistan Relations and Situation in South Asia by Zhang Ghenjli, Five Decades of New
China‟s Foreign Policy by Lu Shulin, Pakistan-China Relations by Lin Shanglin, China and the Enlargement of Security Council by Zang Chuxiang, has been consulted to get the Chinese views on Pakistan-China relations.
Research Methodology
In order to discover the facts about the Pakistan-China friendship all available published materials including books, newspapers, research journals, and government publications have been consulted. Interviews of selected politicians, some Former
Foreign Ministers, Defence Ministers, and scholars have been conducted. The Foreign
38
Office of Pakistan, Chinese Embassy, and Defence Ministry were visited for the collection of data.
After the collection of primary and secondary data, it was analyzed by using qualitative, quantitative and analytical methods. The thesis has been supplemented with tables, maps, statistical diagrams and visuals.
Place of Work and Facilities Available
The research had been conducted at Pakistan Study Centre, University of the
Punjab Lahore. The libraries of different departments of the Punjab University, such as
Pakistan Study Centre, Political Science, International Relations, History, and Central
Library of the Punjab University were consulted. Some other libraries located in
Lahore including Quaid-i-Azam Library, Library of the Nation Newspaper, and Punjab Public Library were consulted. Moreover National Library Islamabad, The
National Archive Islamabad, National Documentation Centre (NDC), Ministry of
Defence, and Chinese Embassy were also consulted.
Professors of Universities and the research staff of other research institutions were also consulted to gather some information.
Some Chinese scholars were interviewed, when they visited Pakistan Study Centre,
University of the Punjab, or some other institutions. These interviews were helpful to get the Chinese views on Pakistan-China relations.
Plan of Chapters
Introduction
Chapter 1: Pakistan-China Relations: A Brief Historical Survey (1947-1998)
39
Chapter 2: Growth of Defence Ties
Chapter 3: Collaboration in Economic Field
Chapter 4: Cooperation of China in Energy Sector of Pakistan
Chapter 5: India-China Relations: Pakistan as a Factor
Chapter 6: Pakistan-China Friendship in the Context of Terrorism
Chapter 7: Pakistan-China Cultural and Educational Ties
Conclusion
Chapter 1
Pakistan-China Relations: A Brief Historical Survey
(1947-1998)
Due to the close cooperation which spread over six decades (1950-2000),
Pakistan-China relationship has been termed as "higher than mountains", "deeper than oceans" and "sweeter than honey". The relationship is an exemplary model of harmonious coexistence between the countries with different social systems and cultures.55 The history of relations between the two states goes back to more than two hundred years, when the Silk Road served as a bridge for exchanges of commerce as well as ideas and knowledge.56 At that time there were contacts between the people of
China and Gandhra Civilization.57 It was Taxila from where the message of Buddha had
40
been carried by the clerics and scholars to Duan Huang in the Gansu province of China.
In the 7th Century A.D., a Chinese cleric, Xuan Zang from the Tang Dynasty visited the
Taxila and Gandhara region.58 The purpose of his visit was to seek the
55 Liu Jian, “Pakistan-China Friendship, Embracing the Future,” Daily Times, January 10, 2010 56 Message of Felicitations from the Foreign Minister to the Foreign Minister of the People‟s Republic of China on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the establishment of Diplomatic Relations, 21 May 2001Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 5,6, (May, June : 2001) International Conference on “China and the Emerging Asian Century” Organized by the Hanns Seidl Foundation and the Institute of Strategic Studies: Islamabad; 27-28 September 2005, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXII, IX, (10-30 Sep : 2005) English Rendering of the Speech of Thanks by premier Zhu Rongji at Welcoming Dinner Hosted by Chief Executive Pervez Musharraf, 11 May 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 5,6, (May, June : 2001) 57 Message of Felicitations from the Chief Executive of Pakistan to the Premier of the State Council of the people‟s Republic of China on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the establishment of Diplomatic Relations, 21 May 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 5,6, (May, June : 2001) 58 Speech by the President of Pakistan, Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, At the Banquet in Honour of Premier of the State Council of China, Mr. Zhu Rongji, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 5, 6, (May, June: 2001) Buddhist Sutra. He described his travel and the society of Taxila in his book „Record of
Western Travels‟. 40 This book is a historical legend in China. 4142 Another historic connection between the people of China and Pakistan is that the founder of Tibetan
Buddhism, Sambahava, belonged to Swat Valley (Pakistan). He also travelled to the
Chinese Tibet more than a thousand years ago.43 During the period of colonialism,
40 The News, May 14, 2001 41 English Rendering of the Speech by premier Zhu Rongji at Civic Reception, Lahore, 13 May 42 , Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVII, 5, 6, (May, June : 2001) 43 “55 Years of Pak-China relations” An Article by Syed Ali Nawaz Gilani, Secretary-General, Pak-China Friendship Association NWFP, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 24 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May : 2006) 41
contacts between China and the British India, what is now Pakistan and India, were restricted at both official and unofficial levels.44
When Pakistan emerged as an independent country, China was passing through a phase of transformation. A civil war between Mao‟s Red Army and Chiang KaiShek‟s
Nationalist forces was in progress.45 Although Pakistanis were not disposed towards
Communism, they welcomed the end of civil strife in China and the establishment of the
People‟s Republic in 1949.46
1.1 Pakistan-China Relations 1950-58
On 4th January 1950, Pakistan became the third non-communist country, and the first Muslim nation, to recognize the newly established People‟s Republic of China
(PRC).47 On 4th May at the Press Club in Washington, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan publically recognized China.48 In September Pakistan also raised its voice in the United
Nation, General Assembly for the membership of PRC.49 These were the bold steps
44 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” in Reading in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001, 317-27 45 S.M Burke and Lawrence Ziring, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis,” Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1990, 101 46 Anwar Syed, “Sino-Pakistan Relations- An Overview,” Pakistan Horizon, XXII, 2, (Second Quarter, 1969): 107-119 47 Raja Muhammad Khan, “Prospects of Sino-Pak Relationship,” Current Affairs Digest, Book 217, (September 2012): 19 Khalid Mahmud, “Enduring Friendship with China,” Dawn, May 26, 2001 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People‟s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations (accessed on, May 15, 2012) 48 “Fifty-Five Years of True and Tried Friendship,” An Article by Former Ambassador Dr. Samiullah Koreshi, as Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 21 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May: 2006) 49 Daily Jang, March 5, 2006
42
taken by Pakistan at the time when the U.S.A. was hostile towards PRC and it had recognized only Chiang Kai-Shek‟s government in Tiawan (Formosa) as the legitimate Government of China and wanted it to be the representative of China at the
UN.50 Pakistan formally established diplomatic relations with China in May 1951.5152
Mr. Han Nianlong was the first Chinese ambassador who arrived in Karachi on
September 3rd and General N. A. M. Raza, the first ambassador of Pakistan to China presented his credentials to Chairman Mao Tse-Tung at Beijing (Peking) on November
13.53
In 1951, when China entered the Korean War to safeguard her security, the
United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution to brand China as an aggressor
State and imposed embargo on the export of certain Chinese goods.71 Pakistan abstained from voting to brand China as an aggressor State.72 U.S.A. requested Pakistan to send its troops to support the U.S.A. in Korean war but Liaquat Ali Khan refused to fight along with the United Nations forces against North Korea and its ally
China.73 The Chinese leadership appreciated Pakistan‟s stand. Following the Korean
War, there was a big slump in the world trade, China imported a big portion of
Pakistan‟s raw cotton and jute, and saved Pakistan from an economic crisis.74
50 Imtiaz Rafi Butt, “Pak-China Friendship and the America (Pak-Chine Dosti or America),” Daily Jang, September 26, 2001 Imtiaz Rafi Butt, “Rise of China-Impact on Pakistan,” The Post, May 19, 2006 51 “ Sino-Pak Ties in Changing Context” A Write-up by Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 7 August 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VIII, (Aug : 52 ) 53 Syed A.M Nawaz Gilani, 55 Years of Pak-China Relations, The Post, May 27, 2006 Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and Pakistan, IPRI Factfile, China- Pakistan Relations A Profile of Friendship, VII, 3, (March 2005): 4-5 http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/tyfls/tyfl/2631/tl5496.htm Burke, Op.cit., 103 43
When Pakistan joined South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), China did not criticize Pakistan but it strongly criticized the pact because it was against the
Communist bloc.75 China understood the compulsion that pushed Pakistan to join this alliance.76 In 1955, at the Afro-Asian Summit Conference in Bandung, Prime Minister
Muhammad Ali Bogra met Premier Zhou Enlai and explained to him the reason of joining the SEATO.77 He said that Pakistan‟s membership was not directed against
China but against India that was accepted by Zhou.78 This explanation also paved the
71 Anwar Hussain Syed, “China & Pakistan : Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale,” Delhi: The University of Massachusetts Press Amherst, 1974, 54-55 72 Text of the Resolution 500(v) Adopted by the General Assembly on 18 May 1951. Pakistan Abstained from Voting, Decuments on Pakistan and International Conflicts, Vol. 12 eds. M.S. Deora & R. Grover, New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT LTD,1993, 235-36 73 Imtiaz Rafi Butt, “Pak-China Friendship and US,” The News, October 9, 2001 Rasul Bux Rais, “China and Pakistan: A Political Analysis of Mutual Relations,” Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1977, 3-5 74 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 75 G. W. Choudhury, “India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers: Politics of a Divided Subcontinent,” New York: Collier Macmillan Publisher London, 1975, 158-164 “Future of Relations with China” An Article by Ambassador (R) Javid Husain, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 17 October 2005, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXII, X, (1 Oct-13 Nov: 2005) 76 Pakistan joined these pacts for her own security mainly threat from India not from China. 77 Khalid Mahmood Hasheemi, “What Pakistan has Learned from the Friendship of China? (Chine ke Dosti se Pakistan ne kia Sekha?)” Nawa-i-Waqt, January 14, 2005 Abdul Sattar, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History,” Karachi: Oxford Uniersity Press, 2007, 68-69 78 Gurnam Singh, “Pakistan‟s China Policy: Causal Considerations 1960s,” in Pakistan Foreign Policy : Indian Perspectives, ed. K. Arif, Lahore: Vanguard Books LTD, 1984, 273 way for bilateral relations between the two States. At the invitation of Chinese
Government, Prime Minister Hussain Shaheed Suharwardy visited China in October
1956.79 In Beijing he again assured Chinese government about the SEATO.80 Zhou in his speech at the banquet arranged for Suharwardy said that “Our two nations do not have any conflict of interest.”81 Zhou also visited Pakistan in December (1956).82
44
1.2 India-China War of 1962
There two main causes that brought Pakistan closer to China in 60s were Indian aggression against China and American massive military aid to India. In 1962, a border war broke out between India and China, in Ladakh (Kashmir) and in the area of North-
East Frontier Agency (NEFA).83 During the war China asked Pakistan to get back the area of occupied Kashmir from India as China had engaged India in NEFA. But Ayub did not follow it due to the pressure of the U.S.A.84 The Americans wanted to support
India in the war, but Pakistan supported China and called India an aggressor state.
Pakistan Foreign Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra stated that the conflict had stemmed from India‟s impractical and deceptive foreign aggression.85 A British
Journalist Neville Maxwell, has recently brought to light some evidence to the effect
79 The Nation, November 23, 2006 Ahmad Rashid Malik, “Sino-Pak Ties,” The Nation, February 22, 2006 80 Mohammed Ahsen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Great Powers: A Study of Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1954-1970,” Karachi: Royal Book Company, 2000, 86 81 Khalid Mahmud, “Pak-China Strategic Ties,” The News, May 25, 2001 82 New Phase in Ties with China, IPRI Factfile, China-Pakistan relations A Profile of Friendship, VII, 3, (March 2005): 95-97 Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty, “A Model Friendship,” The Nation, April 6, 2005 Text of Speech by Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar at the China Institute for International Strategic Studies, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 4, (April: 2001) 83 Mohammad Ayub Khan, “Friends not Masters,” Islamabad: Mr.Books n.d, 154-155 84 Javed Saddiqui, “55 Years of Pak-China Relations (Pak-Chine Safarti Talukat Kay 55 Sal),” Nawa-i-Waqt, January 4, 2006 85 Masood Hassan Raja, “China is Our Trustworthy Friend (Chine Humara Ba- Ahtimad Dost),” Nada-i-Milat, December 13, 2006 H.K. Chhabra, “Reations of Nations,” Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 1983, 108 that India‟s China War 1962 was a unilateral act of passive-aggressive folly of
Jawaharlal Nehru‟s Government.86 Pakistani support for China during the war brought
45
the two nations (Pakistan and China) closer and they concluded a number of agreements- economic, cultural, and border.87
1.3 Border Agreement
In September 1959 Government of Pakistan noticed a Chinese map showing some parts of Hunza Valley of Pakistan as Chinese territory.88 Ayub Khan decided to solve the border issue with China but China did not give response till the end of 1960.89
When China at last responded, the negotiations on border agreement were started in
1961 which lasted till December 26, 1962 and reached a successful conclusion.90 On 2nd
March 1963, Pakistan and China signed a boundary agreement in Great Hall (Beijing), in the presence of Chairman Mao Zedong, President Liu Xiao Ji and Premier Zhou
Enlai.91 On Pakistan‟s behalf this agreement was signed by Foreign Minister Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto and his counterpart Chen Yi from the Chinese side.92 The immediate cause that compelled both States to sign the border agreement was the
86 Neville Maxwell, Interview Published in The Weekly Newsmagazine, Outlook, (October 22, 2012): 36-40 87 Chhabra, Op.cit. 88 Syed, Op.cit., 110 89 Ayub Khan, Op.cit., 184 Zubeida Mustafa, “Pakistan: The Focus of China‟s South Asian Policy,” in Pakistan in a Changing World, ed. Masuma Hasan, Karachi: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1978, 200 90Muhammad Ijaz Bhutt, “China and the Kashmir Issue,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, XXXVI, 2, (April 1999): 34-35 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Troubled World,” Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993, 96 91Aman Memon, “Redefining the Indian Factor in China-Pakistan relations in Post-Cold War Era,” Pakistan Perspectives, 12, 1, (January-June 2007): 93 Rana Abdul Baqi, “Pak-China Friendship in Historic Prospective (Pakistan-Chine Dosti, Tarikh Kay Jarokay Se Ak Nazar),” Nawa-i-Waqt, April 16, 2008 92 Daily Jang, March 5, 2006
46
U.S.A. extensive military aid given to India during the India-China war of 1962.54 As a consequence of border agreement, China ceded 650 square miles of territory to Pakistan, and Pakistan recognized the Chinese sovereignty over hundreds of square kilometers of land in Northern Kashmir and Ladakh.55 Both States agreed that whenever the Kashmir issue would be resolved the border talks would reopen between them. 5657 This agreement was not recognized by India due to the Pakistani recognition of Chinese sovereignty over the land of Kashmir. This agreement also strained the relations between
Pakistan and the U.S.A. Pakistan got closed to communist China.96
1.4 Breaking of Chinese Isolation
After the border agreement another step towards the cordial relationship was
Pakistan‟s help to China to break its isolation.58 This was the time when most of Western countries were trying to isolate China.5960 Pakistan became the first nonsocialist State to start a regular air service to China in April 1964.61 Pakistan International Airline (PIA) became the first international flight that flew to Shanghai (China).62 Zhou Enlai himself was there to receive the flight.63 On that occasion
54 Atta-ur-Rehman, “Pak-China Friendship and Difficulties of Contemporary World (Pak- Chine Dosti or Nahy Ahad ke Muushkilat),” Nawa-i-Waqt, November 26, 2006 55 Agha Shahi, “Pakistan, China and NMD,” Dawn, May 19, 2001 56 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Pakistan-Agreement (accessed on November 10, 2015) 96 historypak.com/Pakistan-china-boundary-agreement-1962/ (accessed on November 10, 57 ) 58 Nasim Zehra, “A Rock Solid Partnership,” The News, November 27, 2006 59 „President Musharraf‟s Visit to China,‟ An Article by Lt. General Kamal Matinuddin, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 03 March 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, III, (March : 60 ) 61 Rana Qaisar, “Warm Welcome Awaits Chinese PM Today,” The Nation, May 11, 2001 62 Dawn, December 18, 2004 63 „A Rock Solid Partnership,‟ An Article by Nasim Zehra, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 27 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, (2006) 47
Vice-Premier Chen Yi said that „the hostile attempt to isolate China gets failed.‟64
1.5 Indo-Pakistan War of 1965
A full scale war broke out between India and Pakistan over Kashmir on
September 6, 1965, at this crucial time China helped Pakistan.6566 China diplomatically raised the voice for Pakistan in the United Nations and other world forums and provided militarily assistance to Pakistan during the war.67 The first military aid came to Pakistan from China on September 8, when America stopped the supply of weapons due to military embargo imposed on India and Pakistan.68 This embargo seriously affected
Pakistan because its armour stock was mostly American while only 10%
Indian weapon were of American origin.69 China rejected India‟s claim that the attack on Lahore was a defensive measure.70 Ayub Khan visited China on the night of 19/20
September. Premier Zhou advised him to fight a guerilla type war.71 China also issued two ultimatums to India to dismantle alleged outposts on the territory claimed by
64 Maqbool Ahmed Bhatty, “New Era of Partnership,” Dawn, January 1, 2005 65 Excerpts from an Address by China‟s Ambassador to Pakistan Mr. Luo Zhaohui at a Seminar Entitled, „China-Pakistan Relations‟ held at the Institution of Strategic Studies, Islamabad on 66 October 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, X, (Oct: 2007) 67 A Write-up by Salim Bokhari “Premiers Journey to China, A Big Success”, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 01 January 2005, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXII, 1, (10 Jan-Feb: 2005) 68 Nawa-i-Waqt, October 10, 2008 69 Shahzad Akhtar, “Sino-Pakistani Relations: An Assessment, Strategic Studies,” XXIX, 2 & 3, (Summer & Autumn 2009) Kamal Matinuddin, “Sino-Pakistan Relations,” The News, May 12, 2001 70 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “In Search of Peace and Security: Political Relations between Pakistan and the United States (1947-1967)” in In Search of Peace and Security: Forty Years of Pakistan United State Relations, ed. Rais Ahmed Khan, Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1990, 44-45 71 Babar Ayaz, “What‟s Wrong with Pakistan,” India: Hay House India, 2013, 291 „Ayub flew secretly to China and met with Premier Zhou. He advised him that if necessary Pakistan would give up Lahore, Sialkot and other cities, withdraw to the mountains and fight India from there, even it would take decades, because “It will make a nation out of you”. But at that moment Ayub thought Zhou was mad.‟ (Humayun Gauhar, “The East is Red. . .and Blue. . .and Green too),” The Nation, May 11, 2001 48
China.72 Ayub did not wait for the expiration of the Chinese ultimatum given to India and also did not follow the Chinese advice and accepted the United Nations call for ceasefire.7374 Ayub told Mao Zedong that to continue war was too costly for Pakistan both economically and diplomatically although Mao was in favour of continuing the war.75
March 1966, China provided large quantities of arms and ammunition: “three fully equipped infantry divisions, including guns military vehicles, 900 Chinese tanks and MiG-19F aircraft for the air force.”76 An outcome of the Chinese support during the war was that China acquired place in the hearts of the people of Pakistan and they considered China as a reliable friend. 77 Another important development in
PakistanChina relations, both from military and commercial point of view, was the reopening of the Silk Route in 1967.78 Before the opening of the Silk Route, military aid to
Pakistan from China used to come through sea.79
72 Ahmad Faruqui, “How Ayub Wasted the China Card,” Daily Times, December 31, 2006 73 Humayun Gauhar, “The East is Red. . .and Blue. . .and Green too,” The Nation, May 11, 74 75 Faruqui, Op.cit. 76 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan‟s Relationship with China,” IPRI Journal, (Summer 2001): 2 Malik Qasim Mustafa, “Pakistan‟s Defence Production: Prospects for Defence Export,” Strategic Studies, XXIV, 4, (Winter 2004): 113 77 Dawn, May 11, 2001 78 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 79 Ashok Kapur, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Development,” New York: Croom Helm, 1987, 245 116 The News, November 10, 2000 49
1.6 Pakistan and Establishment of U.S.A. China Relations
In the 1970s Pakistan played an important role in the normalization of relations between China and the United States.116 In November 1970, General Yahya Khan brought a secret letter from American President Richard Nixon which formally paved the way for his visit to Beijing.117 Nixon‟s representative, Henry Kissinger, first visited
Beijing through Pakistan in July 1971 and worked out details of Nixon‟s visit.118 Nixon visited China from February 21 to 28, 1972.119 The famous remarks of Premier Zhou to
Kissinger were, “Now that we have established contact, do not forget the friends in
Pakistan. A bridge does not lose its importance just because it has been used.”120 Other than the normalization of relations the advantage of Nixon‟s visit to China was that
America signed the Shanghai Communiqué in which it accepted the Public‟s Republic of China (PRC) as the sole legitimate government of China.121 It means that Pakistan had also played an indirect role for the recognition of PRC as a legitimate government.
1.7 Iran-China Diplomatic Relations: Pakistan’s Role
The trade relations between Iran and China were established in the fifties but the two countries did not establish their diplomatic relations till the 1970s. Pakistan played an important role in the establishment of diplomatic relations between Tehran
117 Farhat Mahmud, “A History of US-Pakistan Relations,” Lahore: Vanguard, 1991, 340 118Henry Kissinger, “White House Years,” London: Phoenix Press, 1979, 1050-1095 Farrukh Saleem, “Is China Drafting Away from Pakistan?,” The News, December 1, 2000 119 Claude A. Buss, “China: The People‟s Republic of China and Richard Nixon,” New York: W. H. Freeman and Company San Francisco, 1972, 95 Rober G. Sutter, “Chinese Foreign Policy After the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1977,”
50
Colorado: Westview Press, 1978, 94-95 The Nixon-Chou Shanghai Communiqué (February 27, 1972), in China and the Three Worlds: A Foreign Policy Reader, ed. King C. Chen, London: The Macmillan Press LTO, 1979, 127-32 120Sirajuddin Aziz, “China‟s New Realities,” The Nation, May 12, 2001 ______, “Sino-Pakistan Relations,” The Nation, May 12, 2001 121 Zahid U Kramat, “Mission to China,” The Post, April 19, 2008 Jimmy Carter, “White House Diary,” New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010, 266 and Beijing in 1971.80 In May 1971 Iranian Princesses Ashraf and Fatima visited China along with the wife of Pakistan Air Force Commander-in-Chief Adul Rahim Khan. This visit was facilitated by the government of Pakistan. This visit paved the way for diplomatic relations between Iran and China. The negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Tahran and Beijing took place in
Islamabad with the help of the government of Pakistan.81
1.8 Chinese Approach towards East Pakistan Crisis (1971)
When the separatist‟s movement in East Pakistan gained momentum, China
(February 1971) advised Pakistan to seek a political solution of East Pakistan crisis with the help of political leadership of East Pakistan rather than using the military means.82
Zhou wrote a letter on 11 April to Yahya in which he criticized India for interfering in the internal matter of other States. He also recommended solving the problem according to the wishes of the people of East Pakistan.83 But Yahya ignored the Chinese advice and launched „Searchlight Operation‟ against the Mukti Bahini fighters who wanted a separate independent State of Bangladesh.84 China considered the “Peace, Friendship
80 John S. Park and Cameron Glenn, Iran and China, United States Institute of Peace, The Iran Primer, iranprimer.usip.org/resource/iran-and-china (accessed on November 10, 2015) 81 Sixty Years of Diplomatic Relations between China and Pakistan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People‟s Republic of China 82 Ikram Sehgal, “The Crossroads of Friendship,” The Nation, May 19, 2001 83 Matinuddin, “Sion-Pakistan Relations,” Op.cit. 84 Faruqui, Op.cit.,3
51
and Cooperation Treaty” signed between India and Russia in August (1971) as a source of strength for India to open aggression against Pakistan.85
China diplomatically supported Pakistan and criticized India and Russia on various occasions, such as at the reception of Independence Day of Albania, National Day of
Tanzania, at the Banquet of the delegation from Sudan and in the United Nations.86 The
Chinese representative in the UN pointed out that India was committing acts of aggression against Pakistan, and Russia was behind the aggression. 87 When India invaded East Pakistan, then a special envoy of President Yahya under the leadership of
Mr. Bhutto visited China. The Chinese leadership showed their inability to help Pakistan due to the treaty signed between India and Russia.88 Russia had moved several military divisions along its border with China in Manchuria to build pressure on China not to go against India.89
When Pakistan had lost its Eastern wing as well as much of its military hardware in the war with India, China came to rescue Pakistan and made up a major portion of the loss, despite the fact that China was then recovering from the impact of the Cultural
Revolution.90 Pakistan received tanks, guns and nine Shanghi-class motorboats of which
85 Chun-tu Hsueh & Robert C. North, “China and the Superpowers: Perception and Policy,” in China‟s Foreign Relations New Perspectives, ed. Chun-tu Hsueh, New York: Praegar Publisher, 1982, 29 86 Mehrunnisa Ali, “China‟s Diplomacy during the Indo-Pakistan War, 1971,” in Readings in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001, 36 87 S.S. Bindra, “Indo-Pak Relations: Tashkent to Simla Agreement,” New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1981, 187-89 Eds. M.S. Deora & R. Grover, “Documents on Pakistan and International Conflicts, Vol. 3.” New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT LTD. 1993 88 Anwar Kamal, “A Time-Tested Friendship,” Dawn, November 12, 2006 89 Faruqui, “How Ayub Wasted China Card,” Op.cit. 90 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 133 Ahsen Chaudhri, Op.cit.
52
four were converted into firing missiles.133 China also assisted Pakistan in establishing her defence related industry.91 In 1971, a protocol of cooperation for Heavy Industries
Taxila (HIT) was signed between Pakistan and China, mainly to rebuild the T-59 Tanks for Pakistan army.92 The factory was inaugurated in November 1979, when the first tank rolled out. This was the major
Chinese contribution towards Pakistan‟s “strength through self-reliance”. 93 HIT produced modern Main Battle Tank Al-Khalid-2000 in Pakistan in a joint venture with
China.94 In 1973, the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex at Kamra was also established with the help of the Chinese assistance. 95
President Bhutto visited China from January 31 to February 2, 1972. He discussed the matter of Prisoners of War (PoW) with Zhou. Both leaders called upon
India to release PoW under the Geneva Conventions without further delay.96 With the efforts of Pakistan ambassador to China Agha Shahi, China used its first Veto in the
91 Ahsen Chaudhri, “In Search of Peace and Security: Political Relations between Pakistan and the United States (1947-1967),” Op.cit. 92 Malik Qasim Mustafa, “Pakistan‟s Defence Production: prospects for Defence Export,” Strategic Studies, XXIV, 4, (Winter: 2004): 120-21 93 Eas Bokhari, “The China Factor,” The Nation, November 6, 2003 94 A.R. Siddiqi, “HIT: Rebuild to Manufacture,” Selections from Regional Press, Centre for South Asian Studies, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, (August 1st -31st, 2001) 95 Hasan-Askari Rizvi, “Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy,” Hong Kong: Macmillan Press LTD, 1993, 157 96 Joint Communique Issued on the Visit of the President of Pakistan to China; 31 January-2 February, 1972, Joint Communiques, Jan 1968-Dec 1973, Ministry of Foreign Affair, Islamabad,( 1973)
53
United Nations Security Council on the issue of recognition of Bangladesh as a gesture to support Pakistan.9798 China also made it clear that it would not recognize Bangladesh
97 (“Agha Shahi convince Premier Zhou to use its first ever veto to prevent Pakistan from surrender on the Kashmir dispute. He said “China to throw us a rope so we could climb out of this pit.” He said there was also something in it for China as before this permanent member used their right of veto to support their allies to violate the international justice,but at this time the Chinese veto would uphold the international law, to force Bagladesh to comply with the Geneva Conventions. Zhou after hearing Shahi said, “Go tell Bhutto China will support Pakistan up to even vetoing against Bangladesh.”) Nasim Zahra, “The Chinese Veto Which Foiled India‟s Design on Kashmir,” The News, May 98 , 2001 Shahzad Akhtar, “Sino-Pakistani Relations: An Assessment,” Strategic Studies, XXIX, 2 & 3, (Summer & Autumn 2009) 54
unless Pakistan would do so.99 Chinese use of veto pushed India and Bangladesh to review the plan to hold a public trial of 195 Pakistani Officers as war criminals.100
1.9 Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: Impact on Pakistan
China Relations
Chinese were not as friendly with General Zia-ul Haq as they were with Bhutto because the Chinese government put efforts for the release of Mr. Bhutto by writing letters and through diplomatic channels but Zia did not bother about it. When Mr.
Bhutto was executed the Chinese newspaper „China Daily‟ reported “Bhutto was executed by military regime.”101 China had increased its military assistance to Pakistan soon after the Soviet armies entered Afghanistan in 1979. Beijing perceived the invasion in Afghanistan not only as a threat to the security of the neighbouring countries, but also as a threat to the international peace.102 China had assured Pakistan that in case of foreign aggression, the Chinese government would stand by Pakistan.103
China not only supported the Afghan Mujahideen during the „Jihad (fight for God)‟ against Soviet Union, Chinese instructors along with American and Pakistani instructors gave training to Afghan Mujahedeen (Fighter of God). 104 China fully agreed with
99 Rafi Bhutt, Op.cit. 100 “Hu‟s Vision of Grandeur Edifice, Op.cit. Zahra, Op.cit. 101 Professor Dr. Farhat Mahmood, Government College University, Lahore, interviewed on May 12, 2015 102 M.S. Deora, & R. Grover, “Documents on Pakistan and International Conflict,” Vol. 19. New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT LTD, 1993, 103 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Pakistan Horizon, XXXIX, 4, (Fourth Quarter 1986): 26 104 M.K. Bhadrakumar, “A US-China Entente in Afghanistan,” Daily Times, January 29, 2013 Deora, & R. Grover, “Documents on Pakistan and International Conflict, Vol. 19.” Op.cit. 55
Pakistan that the Afghan people were free to have the right to determine their own future.147
1.10 Nuclear Cooperation between Pakistan and China
Dismemberment of Pakistan and Indian nuclear explosion of May 1974, were two major factors that compelled Pakistan to adopt a nuclear posture.148 The nuclear cooperation between Pakistan and China started in the 1970s (Bhutto tenure), when
Western World had become non-cooperative towards Pakistan in the nuclear field.149
The immediate cause of their non-cooperation was Indian nuclear explosion. The
Western non-cooperation went to that extend that even Canada, which had installed the
137 MW power reactor in Karachi in 1972 to fulfill the energy needs, refused to supply fuel for the reactor.150 In response to a cut-off of Canadian nuclear aid, in 1976 Pakistan and China signed a nuclear agreement.151 There were two main factors due to which
China came to cooperate with Pakistan in the nuclear field. Firstly, China wanted to keep
Pakistan away from the West and secondly, the Indian nuclear explosion created the power gap or imbalance of power in South Asia. To fulfill this
147 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 148Bhumitra Chakma, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Weapons,” New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009, 10-11 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Nuclear Development in Pakistan: Future Directions,” in Nuclear Non-Proliferation in India and Pakistan South Asia Perspective, eds. P. R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema & Iftekhruzzaman, Karachi: Vanguard Books (PVT) LTD, 1996, 104-08 149 T. V Paul, “The Causes and Consequences of China-Pakistani Nuclear/ Missile Collaboration,” in South Asia‟s Nuclear Security Dilemma, India, Pakistan, and China, ed. Lowell Dittmer, New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2005, 180-81 150 N. M. Butt, “Nuclear Developments in Pakistan,” in Arms Race and Nuclear Development in South Asia, eds. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema & Imtiaz H. Bokhari, Islamabad: Asia Printers, 2004, 51-52
56
151 Ashok Kapur, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Development,” New York: Billing & Sons Ltd, 1987, 245 gap, China helped Pakistan.105 Due to Bhutto‟s efforts to make Pakistan a nuclear State
Kissinger warned Mr. Bhutto “We will make a horrible example out of you.” 106
Although much was not achieved in the nuclear field during the Bhutto era because when the negotiations were going on, he was removed by General Zia-ul Haq in July
1977.154
China did not move forward in nuclear cooperation between 1977-79 because the Chinese did not trust Zia as they did Bhutto.107After the Soviet invasion in
Afghanistan, nuclear cooperation between Pakistan and China suddenly increased.156 In
1981 there were reports published in the Western media in which the U.S.A. warned
Pakistan that if it exploded an atom bomb on the Chinese territory then economic and military aid to Pakistan would be immediately cut off. This warning was given to
Pakistan just after the visit of Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang to Pakistan in 1983.
America also warned China if it continued its nuclear support to Pakistan then the agreement on bilateral nuclear cooperation between China and the U.S.A. that was in process would be harmed.108 In 1986 China-Pakistan nuclear cooperation was signed and China transferred nuclear technology to Pakistan, bearing the U.S.A. sanctions and
105 Swaran Singh, “The China Factor in South Asia‟s Nuclear deterrence,” in The IndiaPakistan Nuclear Relationship: Thories of Deterence and International Relations, ed. E. Sridharan, New Delhi: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2007, 287-88 106 Sehgal, “The Crossroad of Friendship,” Op.cit. 154 Singh, Op.cit. 107 Savita Panda, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Policy,” Delhi: B. R. Publishing Corporation, 1991, 73 156 Kapur, Op.cit. 108 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 57
threats.109 According to this agreement, all the material and equipment would be placed under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguard.110
In the 1990s U.S.A. stopped supplying military and economic assistance to
Pakistan under the Pressler Amendment to produce nuclear weapons.111 America also put pressure on China to stop exporting nuclear material and technology to Pakistan.112
Putting all pressures and threats aside, China continued its support to Pakistan. China had supplied Pakistan with equipment to advance nuclear programme, such as in building the Khushab Reactor, which played a key role in Pakistan‟s production of
Plutonium.162 According to the U.S.A. analysts, Khushab has a 1,000 MW reactor that would produce 200 kg of weapon grade plutonium per year that would be more than enough for 50 bombs.113 In 1996, China provided 5,000 ring magnets to A. Q. Khan
(Abdul Qadair Khan) Laboratory Kahuta. These ring magnets doubled the capacity of
Pakistan to enrich uranium for nuclear weapon production.114 In November 1997,
109 Muhammad Ijaz Butt, “Chinese-Aided Development Projects in Pakistan,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, XXXVII, 3, (April 2000): 33-39 110 Zafar Iqbal Cheema, “Pakistan‟s Nuclear Policies: Attitudes and Posture,” in Nuclear NonProliferation in India and Pakistan South Asian Perspectives, eds. P. R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema & Iftekhruzzaman, Karachi: Vanguard Books (PVT) LTD, 1996, 113 111 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 1993, Longman, 39, 12, (1993) The Nation, November 5, 2003 112 Arpit Rajain, “Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: China, India and Pakistan,” New Delhi: Saga Publication, 2005, 339-40 162http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People‟s_Republic_of_China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations (accessed on, May 15, 2012) 113 Kanti Bajpai, “Managing Ambivalence: Pakistan‟s Relations with the United States and China Since 2001,” in Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics, ed. Rajshree Jetly, New Delhi: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009, 80 114 Kamal Matinuddin, “The Nuclearization of South Asia,” Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2002, 309 58
Chinese President Jiang Zemin made it clear to America that the nuclear cooperation between Pakistan and China was for peaceful purposes. He also reaffirmed his commitment to help Pakistan to set up a nuclear power plant.115
After the Indian and before the Pakistani Nuclear tests (1998), some countries tried to budge in the Security Council a resolution calling for Iraq-like sanctions against any country testing a nuclear device in future. This attempt was prevented by the threat of Chinese Veto in the UN Security Council.116 Pakistan conducted six nuclear tests on
28 and 30th May, 1998.117 President, Jiang Zemin, on June 3, 1998, decisively put responsibility on India for creating tension in South Asia, in his response to the nuclear tests by India and Pakistan.118
After assuming the office in October 1999, General Pervez Musharraf paid an official visit to China in the start of 2000. The Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji also visited
Pakistan in May 2001.119 His visit coincided with the golden jubilee of the establishment of Pakistan-China diplomatic relations. After the visits of head of the States of both countries, there were frequent exchanges of high level of delegations between the two
States.
115 Muhammad Ishaq Fani, “Pak-China Security Relations and Mutual Ventures,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 46, 2, (July-December 2009): 116 Chakma, Op.cit. 117 Matinuddin, Op.cit. 118 Fani, Op.cit. 119 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002): 41 59
Chapter 2
Growth of Defence Ties
China had been one of the most important and reliable sources to provide military hardware to Pakistan. Chinese weapons are not as advanced in technology as the
Western weapons but reliability, continuity and low cost factors made China a major source of weapons supplier to Pakistan. This source had not dried up at the times of urgent need. It also helped Pakistan to seek the self-reliance in the defence production.
China helped Pakistan to develop tanks, anti-tanks artillery, aircraft and small arms and ammunition. Former Senator and Chairman of the Institute of Policy Studies, Mushahid
Hussain said that „Self-Reliance‟ in the field of defence production was the hallmark of
Pakistan-China friendship.120 The exchange of military delegations between the two
States further consolidated the defence relations. During the visits of delegations the discussions were held to start various joint defence projects to increase the defence capability of Pakistan and to retain her sovereignty. The exchange of views on national and international issues of mutual interest was also part of their discussions.
Pakistan China cordial relations emerged in the backdrop of their defence and security needs. In the early stage of its creation, Pakistan wanted to join some alliances or bloc considering that it would provide a guarantee against external threat especially from her Eastern neighbour (India). The security threat from India also brought
120 The Nation, January 16, 2001 60
Pakistan closer to China. Following the formula of „the enemy of an enemy was your friend‟ made Pakistan and China good defence partners. Pakistan and China signed their first defence agreement in 1963.121 In June 1963, Chinese Premier Zhou Enlia ensured
Pakistan of their support in case of a foreign aggression. On October 8, 1963,
Foreign Minister Z. A. Bhutto stated in the parliament of Pakistan, that in case of any
Indian aggression against Pakistan, China would stand by it. When President Ayub visited China in March 1965, China again assured him of its support in case of foreign aggression. 122 These were not just verbal statements; China practically supported
Pakistan during the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war. China not only threatened India with grave consequences but also deployed its troops alongs the Indian border.123 Beijing sent a warning message to India, through the U.S.A. embassy in Poland, not to attack East
Pakistan. It was believed that this warning prevented the Indian attack on East Pakistan that was defenceless at that time. Chinese warning brought an early solution of the problem and the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution for a ceasefire.124
According to Ayub Khan, all friends of Pakistan including Saudi Arabia,
Iran, Indonesia, Jordan and Turkey spoke in support of Pakistan during the war but
China spoke the loudest.125 According to Pakistan‟s former ambassador to China, M.
121 Nadeem Upal, “Promise of Exemplary Friendship (Dosti Ke Lazawal Rashty ka Tajdiday Ahad),” Khabreen, Special Edition, November 25, 2006 122 Afzaal Mahmood, “Realist Review of Pak-China Friendship (Pak-China Dosti Ka Haqiqat Pasandana Jiaza,” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 20, 2001 123 Zubair Mirza, “Friends not Masters,” The Nation, December 2, 2006 124 Shahid M. Amin, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: A Reappraisal,” Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000, 157-63 125 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Troubled World,” Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993, 92-99 61
Akram Zaki, Chinese strong support to Pakistan during the war led the foundation stone of their long term cooperation.126 The first agreement for military assistance of $ 120 million between Pakistan and China was also signed in 1966.127
During the 1971 India-Pakistan war, China supported Pakistan but not as strongly as it did in 1965. Mr. Bhutto believed that China did whatever it could within its limitations.128 The causes of its inability included first, its engagement in its own internal matters e.g. Cultural Revolution. Second because of Russian support for India,
China was not willing to confront Russia which had warned China to stay away from the crisis.179 Thirdly, China had taken the East Pakistan crisis as an internal affair of
Pakistan and as per their policy, Chinese would not interfere in the internal matters of other States. In his message Premier Zhou paid tribute to the people of Pakistan against the Indian aggression.129 During the decade of seventies, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister
(Chiao Kuan Hua), Foreign Minister (Chi Peng Fei), and Deputy Chief of Staff (Chang
Tsai Chien) visited Pakistan while from Pakistan, Chief of Army Staff
(General Tikka Khan), and Minister of State for Foreign Affairs and Defence (Aziz
Ahmad), visited China to enhance their military cooperation.130
It was due to the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan that the military interaction between Pakistan and China increased. Only in the 1980s, five exchanges of delegation
126 M. Akram Zaki, “Half a Century of Friendship,” Dawn, May 10, 2001 127 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1978, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001, 317-27 128 H. K.Chhabra, “Relations of Nations,” Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 1983, 107-109 179 Amin, Op.cit. 129 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 130 Hasan-Askari Rizvi, “Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment; A Study of Foreign Policy,” Hong Kong: St. Martin‟s Press, 1993, 143-44 182 Rizvi, Op.cit. 62
took place between the two States to discuss regional situation.182 During this phase,
China had increased its military assistance for Pakistan. In 1981 China delivered 25 F-
6s to Pakistan and at the end of 1982 the number of planes delivered to
Pakistan rose to 300.131
An agreement was signed in June 1990, between Pakistan and China for the transfer of technology and cooperation in the defence production, including the production of T-59 and T-85/11 tanks, and also for the development of a new tank in
Pakistan.184 Chinese total military aid to Pakistan till 1996 rose to $ 1.5 billion.132 In
1997, the member of China‟s Central Military Commission and Chief of the Gerneral
Political Department of People‟s Liberation Army (PLA), General Yu Yong Bo and
Chief of the Gerneral Political Department of PLA, and Vice Admiral Shi Yunsheng,
Commander of PLA (Navy) visited Pakistan. Government of Pakistan awarded them with „Nishan-i-Imtiaz: Military‟. This award was given to them in recognition of their services to enhance the military cooperation between the two States. Chief of Naval
Staff, Admiral Fasih Bokhari‟s successful visit to China in March 1998 paved the way for more cooperation.186 In 1999, there was an extensive exchange of military delegations between the two States. These delegations were headed by Chinese
Defence Minister (February), Pakistan Naval Chief (March), Chief of Army Staff (May),
Chinese Chief of Air Staff (August). The main agenda of all these visits was to discuss the regional security situation which had emerged due to the nuclear tests in
131 Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 184 Rizvi, Op.cit. 132 Maqsudul Hasan Nuri, “Entering the New Millennium,” The Nation, February 1, 2000 186 Pakistan Foreign Relations, 1997, A Year in Retrospect, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Islamabad
63
South Asia and Kargil conflict.133
2.1 Exchange of Visits: Impact on the Defence Relations
The first official visit of General Musharraf to China took place in January
2000.188 The purpose of his visit was to consult the Chinese leadership on the issue of signing of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). Pakistan was under tremendous pressure from the U.S.A., Japan and Britain to sign this Treaty. General Musharraf gave priority to discuss the issue with China. Besides China, Pakistan had taken Saudi Arabia and Iran into confidence over the issue.189 Musharraf told the Chinese leadership that discussions and debates had been initiated in Pakistan and a decision would be made on the bases of national consensus. A national consensus on the issue was important because it was to directly impact the defence of Pakistan.190 China did not press Pakistan to sign the treaty because it knew that it would have implications for China as well.191
The Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji said his country had already signed the CTBT and it would undertake procedures for its approval as soon as possible.192 Foreign Minister
Abdul Sattar believed that the CTBT only dealt with the ban on tests and it had no connection with nuclear arsenals. However, it may be pointed out here that the major political parties of Pakistan, including the Muslim
League, People‟s Party and National Awami Party favoured the signing of the CTBT.193
Foreign Office Year Book 1998-9, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 188 Keesing‟s Record of World Events (2000): 43362 189 The Nation, January 13, 2000 190 The Nation, January 18, 2000
133 Musa Khan Jalalzai, “Pak-China Relations and Balochistan,” The Post, July 19, 2006 64
191 Rashid Patel, “India America and Pak-China relations (Bharat America or Pak-Chine Taluqat),” Daily Jang, Lahore, January 28, 2000 192 The Nation, January 18, 2000 193 Op.cit. After Musharraf‟s visit to China in February (2000), a four member delegation from China State Shipbuilding Coorporation (CSSC), visited Pakistan. This delegation was led by CSSC‟s President Li Jian. They visited Karachi Shipyard and Engineering
Work (KSEW). The purpose of their visit was to explore new avenues in small and medium size shipbuilding. China offered Pakistan to provide designs for firefighting
Tags, and Pilot Boats. During the visit the Managing Director of KSEW, Rear Admiral
Arshad Munir Ahmed, stressed the need for closer cooperation between KSEW and
CSSC. He said that the CSSC had vast experience in designing of ships and KSEW would benefit from its experience through joint ventures.194 Another six member
Chinese military delegation led by Lt-General Liu Shunyao, Commander of the Air
Force of the PLA visited Pakistan, on February 26, for five days.195 Lt-General Liu along with Air Officer Commanding Southern Air Command, Air Marshal Pervez Iqbal Mirza visited the mausoleum of the Quaid-i-Azam to pay homage to the great leader. At the mausoleum he observed silence to pay respect to the father of the
Nation. He also laid floral wreath there. Lt-General Liu also met with General Pervez
Musharraf in General Headquarters (GHQ). According to the Inter Services Public
Relations (ISPR), two leaders discussed the matters of professional interests. The meeting led to strengthen the relations between the armed forces of the two States.196
Musharraf presented him with a crest of his office and he also reciprocated the gesture.
Liu also visited air defence command office, where he met with Air Officer
194 The Nation, February 25, 2000
65
195 Daily Din, February 26, 2000 Foreign Office Year Book, 2000, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistsan The Nation, February 26, 2000 Dawn, February 26, 2000 196 The Nation, February 29, 2000 Commanding, Air Defence Command, Air Vice Marshal Sarfraz Arshad Toor.134 This visit of the Chinese delegation was regarded as important because it took place in the backdrop of intense pressure on Pakistan by the U.S.A. for the signing of the CTBT and its involvement in the transfer of missile technology.135
In June (2000), Deputy Political Commissioner of Chinese People‟s Armed
Police Force (CPAPF), Lt. General Zhang Yu Zhong while heading a delegation visited
Pakistan. During their visit they met with Secretary, Lt-General (Retd) Nasim Rana and discussed with him matters of mutual interests. The Secretary said that such visits and exchanges of officials would provide opportunities to learn from the experiences of each other, adding further that these would be helpful in overcoming the difficulties Pakistan was facing internally or externally.136 A six member Chinese People‟s Liberation Army
(CPLA) delegation visited Pakistan in November. The delegation was led by General
Fang Zuki, Political Commissioner of Nanjing Military
Command. They visited the Corps Headquarters (Lahore), where they met with Corps
Commander, Lt-General M. Aziz Khan and discussed with him the matters of professional interest. The delegation also visited the Wagha border and witnessed the change of guard ceremony. They also visited the historical places of Lahore, the Miner-
134 The News, February 29, 2000 135 Detail of transfer of missile technology and American pressure is given on the section Chinese cooperation in .missile technology. Nawa-i-Waqt, March 1, 2000 136 The Nation, June 19, 2000 66
i-Pakistan, the Badshahi Mosque, the Lahore Fort Diwan-i-Khas, the Diwan-iAam and the Shish Mahal. They were impressed by the architectural treasure of the
Mughal era.137
The number of exchanges of military delegations increased between the two
States in 2001 in connection with the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Pakistan-China diplomatic relations. The first, high-level Chinese defence delegation, headed by Liu Jibin, Minister Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (COSTIND) visited Pakistan in April 2001.138 The delegation met with Secretary Defence Production, Air Marshal (Retd) Zahid Anees and discussed the matters related to defence production.139 Air Marshal Zahid appreciated the assistance of China in defence production and termed the different facilities built with the assistance of China as eternal monuments of Islamabad-Beijing Friendship.140
Another Chinese delegation consisted of senior officials of People
Liberation Army (PLA), Navy and Air Force paid very successful visit to Pakistan in
April.141 This military delegation was led by Chief of General Staff of PLA, General Fu
Quangyou. The delegation called on President Rafiq Tarar at Aiwan-e-Sadar. While talking with Chinese General Fu, the President pointed out that friendly relations between the two States were a guarantee of peace and stability of South Asia.142 They also discussed the prevailing situation on Eastern border of Pakistan. Rafiq Tarar said that Pakistan had become the victim of Indian aggression in the past and would not
137 The Nation, November 20, 2000 138 The Nation, April 1, 2001 139 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 1, 2001 140 Dawn, April 1, 2001 141 Daily Jang, May 2, 2001 142 Daily Pakistan, April 21, 2001 67
remain ignorant about its national security. Later on the delegation met with General
Pervez Musharraf. According to the ISPR,
“The Chief Executive welcomed the delegation and expressed the
hope that their visit would help in further strengthening the relations
between the armed forces of the two countries.”143
The delegation also visited the Joint Services Headquarters (JSH), where they were welcomed by a guard of honour. At JSH, they met with Chief of Naval Staff Admiral
Abdul Aziz Mirza. They also visited Air Headquarters and met with Air Chief Marshal
Mushaf Ali Mir and discussed with him the matters of professional interests.144 The delegation met with Chief of General Staff, Lt. General M. Yousaf Khan at General
Headquarters and signed a memorandum of understanding for the mutual cooperation of the armed forces of the two States.145
In May, Premier Zhu Rongji visited Pakistan. Zhu said that China was cooperating with
Pakistan in defence sector but this cooperation was within the parameters of international agreement.146 He pointed out that the Chinese assistance to
Pakistan in defence sector was not against any third country.147 He further said that
China was not going to enter into any defence pact with Pakistan as it did not subscribe to defence alliances.211 In the backdrop of a hike in Indian defence budget, he was asked about Chinese position to support Pakistan in defence sector, he said,
143 The Nation, April 21, 2001 144 Daily Jang, April 21, 2001 145 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 21, 2001 146 Dawn, May 13, 2001 147 Syed Talat Hussain, “Defence Ties not Against any other Country,” Dawn, May 13, 2001 211 The Nation, May 13, 2001
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“We are cooperating in all fields but defence is
Pakistan‟s internal affair.”148
In May another Chinese delegation led by Rear Admiral Zhang Yan, Deputy
Commander North Sea Fleet came to Pakistan. The Chinese delegation comprised of
Chinese Council General at Karachi, Lin Shanglin, Defence Advisor, Major General
Zhang Chengming, Political Commissioner Captain Zhang Zhongxi, Destroyer Flotilla
Captain Wu Hongle, Deputy Commander Destroyer Flotilla Captain Zhang Taoxi,
Commanding Officer TAICANG and Command Liyujie, Commanding Officer
HARBIN. This delegation was particularly in Pakistan in connection with the 50th anniversary of establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and China. Two
Chinese naval ships also came to Pakistan to participate in the celebration of the 50th anniversary of Pakistan-China relations.149 These Chinese ships were received by two
Pakistan navy Destroyers and encored them to the port. 150 Rear Admiral Shahid
Karamullah welcomed the Chinese Rear Admiral Zhang Yan. 151 In his welcome address, Rear Admiral Shahid Karimullah Commander Pakistan Fleet said that Pakistan-
China relations represent a model for peaceful cooperation and friendly relations between the countries with different political and social systems. The induction of
PNSNASR, the fleet tanker from China had improved the relations between the two
States. The development of JALALAT type missile boats equipped with state-of-the-art anti-ship missile, acquisition and successful testing of surface-toair missile system
148 Rana Qaisar and Maqbool Malik, “China Supports Pak Stand on Kashmir,” The Nation, May 12, 2001 Afzaal Mehmood, “What Realism Demands,” Dawn, May 21, 2001 149 The Nation, May 23, 2001 150 Dawn, May 21, 2001 151 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 21, 2001 69
onboard and Type-21 destroyers were the hallmark of our developing naval relations.152
During his address at Pakistan navy dockyard, Zhang expressed his confidence that his visit would further strengthen the existing relations between the navies of the two
States.153 Zhang during his stay in Pakistan also visited the headquarters of Commander
Pakistan Fleet Commander Karachi and Commander Logistics.154 He met with Corps
Commander Lt. General Tariq Waseem Ghazi at the Corps Headquarters.155 During his meeting with Admiral Abdul Aziz, he said China would continue its cooperation with
Pakistan not only in defence sector but also all other sectors.156
A six member Chinese defence delegation came to Pakistan in July. The delegation visited the historical places of Lahore and witnessed the flag lowering ceremony at Wagha border.157 On the defence day (September 6, 2000) of Pakistan
Chief of Staff PLA, Air Force Lt-General Zhang Shenxia praised the defence potential of Pakistan. He said Pakistan Army was strong enough to safeguard its territorial integrity and they were in a position to help their friends in the field of defence production. He expressed these views while talking to Pakistan ambassador to China,
Riaz Khokhar at a reception held at the embassy on the defence day of Pakistan.158 A report appeared on October 4, in London based Sunday Times, said that Pakistan may move all or part of its nuclear weapons to China for safekeeping from fundamentalists.
152 The Nation, May 22, 2001 153 Dawn, May 22, 2001 154 Dawn, May 21, 2001 155 The Nation , May 23, 2001 156 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 13, 2001 157 The Nation, July 5, 2001 The Nation, July 4, 2001 158 The Nation, September 7, 2001 70
Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman, Zhu Bangzao rejected these reports and said that such reports were “totally groundless”.159
On December 21, Chinese Minister Chi Haotian accompanied by Chief of
General Staff Fuquan You called on President Musharraf. They noted that
PakistanChina cooperation was of strategic importance for regional peace and stability.160 It was agreed that the armed forces of the two States would continue to help each other in defence production. Musharraf appreciated the Chinese assistance in defence production.161 He said Pakistan feels itself secured and strong in the region because of
Chinese‟ assistance in the defence sector. He said that Pakistan was lucky to have
Chinese assistance in defence sector.162
Almost five Chinese defence delegations came to Pakistan in 2001
(AprilDecember). It is said these delegations visited Pakistan to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Pakistan-China relations. These exchanges of defence delegations also coincided with the time when the U.S.A. announced its $ 60 billion National Missile Defence Programme that was rejected by China first and then
Pakistan and attack on the U.S.A. territory by terrorists (September 11, 2001).163
In January 2002, at the invitation of Commander-in-Chief of People Liberation
Army, General Fu Quangyou, Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee, General
159 The Nation, November 7, 2001 160 Fazal-ur-Rahman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002): 47-48 161 The News, December 22, 2001 162 The Nation, December 25, 2001 163 Detail is given in Chapter 5 (National Defence Missile (NMD) of America: Pakistan and China Stance and Pak-China Friendship in the Context of Terrorism ) 71
Muhammad Aziz Khan visited China for four days.164 Gen. M. Aziz called on the
President Jiang Zemin. Their meeting lasted for almost one hour. During the meeting regional and international issues were discussed, the Afghanistan situation also came under discussion. President Zemin and General Aziz also discussed the international efforts to counter terrorism.165 General Aziz also met with top-ranking military officials of China. During the meetings both sides discussed the ways and means to strengthen the defence cooperation. 166 Both sides renewed their commitment to continue cooperation in the defence sector.167 During the visit, he was also rewarded with a communiqué, showed the strong determination of the two States not to let any other country use war on terror to further their national interests.168
As an outcome of General Aziz‟s visit to China, a high level Chinese delegation headed by Deputy Chief of General Staff, General Xiong Guangkai visited Pakistan from March 6 to 13.169 Gen Xiong held a meeting on “Sino-Pak Defence and
Security” related issues at the Joint Staff Headquarters.170 The meeting was attended by
Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, General Muhammad Aziz Khan, Chief of
General Staff Pakistan Army, Lt. General Shahid Aziz, Secretary Defence Production
Division, Air Vice Marshal (Retd) Zahid Anees and senior officials of the armed forces.
164 The News, January 13, 2002 The Nation, January 14, 2002 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 14, 2002 165 Daily Pakistan, January 17, 2002 166 The News, January 16, 2002 167 Dawn, January 16, 2002 168 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Impact of 9/11 on Sino-Pakistan Ties,” Daily Times, June 18, 2002 169 Dawn, March 5, 2002 170 The Nation, March 5, 2002 72
During the meeting both sides also expressed their willingness to enhance the mutual assistance in various fields.171 Air vice Marshal (Retd) Zahid
Anees briefed the delegation about the potential of defence production of Pakistan.172
The Chinese delegation along with Chinese ambassador to Pakistan Lu Shulin, met with
Secretary Defence, Lt. Gen (Retd) Hamid Nawaz Khan to discuss the prevailing regional situation.173 The Chinese delegation appreciated the stand of Pakistan to eliminate the international terrorism and efforts to bring peace and stability in Afghanistan.174 General
Xiong called on President Musharraf and discussed with him issues related to bilateral, regional and international importance. The tension on IndiaPakistan border was also discussed. The President told the General Xiong about the latest situation on the border.175 The most important aspect of this visit of General Xiong was that Pakistan and China signed MoU on cooperation and collaboration in the defence production sector.176
In late March, Chief of Staff, People Liberation Army, Air Force, Lt-General
Zheng Shenxia came to Pakistan.177 In Pakistan he met with President Pervez Musharraf in the presence of Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir and ambassador
Lu Shulin. President Musharraf said the visit of Lt-General Zheng further cemented the bilateral relations between the armed forces of the two States.178
171 The Nation, March 9, 2002 172 The Nation, March 12, 2002 173 The Nation, March 12, 2002 174 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 12, 2002 175 The Nation, March 8, 2002 176 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 13, 2002 177 Dawn, March 31, 2002 178 Daily Din, March 31, 2002
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On the Defence Day of Pakistan, September 6, 2002, General Tang Tian Biao,
Deputy Head of Political Department of China‟s Army said that China would continue its defence cooperation with Pakistan for the sake of regional peace and stability.179 Air
Chief Mushaf Ali Mir said that China was cooperating with Pakistan and it had not stopped its cooperation under the pressure of the U.S.A. or the Western countries.180
The Director General Joint Staff, Lt-General Syed Pervaiz Shahid visited China in November. During his visit a MoU was signed between the armed forces of
Pakistan and China for the institutionalization of annual “Defence and Security
Talks”.181 The signing ceremony was held in Defence Ministry, Beijing.182 During the signing ceremony, the Pakistani side was represented by Lt-General Syed Pervaiz
Shahid while Chinese side was represented by Chinese Deputy Chief of General Staff,
General Xiong Guangkai.183 Addressing to the ceremony, General Xiong said that the decision to establish institution for defence and security talks reflects that the international situation would not affect the strong bond of Pakistan-China friendship.184
In December, Liang Guanglie, Chief of the General Staff of the PLA met with the Chief of General Staff (CGS) Shahid Aziz. Liang said that the government of China was satisfied with the defence cooperation between the two States. According to the
179 Daily Jang, September 12, 2002 The News, September 9, 2002 180 Dawn, September 8, 2002 181 The News, December 25, 2002 182 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 18, 2002 183 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 19, 2002 184 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 18, 2002 74
military experts on Sino-Pakistan ties, the defence relations between the two States helped to maintain strategic balance in the region.185
In 2002, five exchanges of delegation took place between the two States in the defence sector. The main agenda of discussion of these delegations was the regional situation that emerged due to the U.S.A. presence in the region (attack on Afganistan) and support of Pakistan to the U.S.A. on the war on terror. Pakistan‟s decision to side with the U.S.A. and to provide the base facilities initially raised concerns in China.186
China perceived it as if Pakistan was playing an active role in cementing American hegemony adjacent to the Chinese Western border. China became attentive by
American military might stretching from the Asian Pacific rim to Afghanistan.187
However, the exchange of delegations from both sides clarified Pakistan‟s position and made it clear that under no circumstances, Pakistan would allow any effort to undermine
Chinese strategic interests in the region. China understood the compulsions under which
Pakistan had to take the decision.252 Pakistan also tried to dispel the Chinese concerns by inviting it to invest in the Gwadar deep sea project.253
In March 2003, Prime Minister Mir Zafar Ullah Khan Jamali, met with Chinese
General, Cao Gang Chun.188 They reiterated to continue cooperation on military-to- military level for peace and security.189 An agreement on bilateral cooperation in the
185 The News, December 25, 2002 186 Fazal-ur-Rehman, Op.cit. 187 Mustafa, Op.cit. Fazal-ur-Rehman, Op.cit. 253 Mustafa, Op.cit. 188 A Report on Prime Minister Jamali‟s Three Days Visit to China ; 26 March 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 2, (March: 2003) 189 Excerpts from a Press Conference by Prime Minister Jamali on his Return from a three days Official Visit to China: Islamabad; 26 March 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 2, (March: 2003) 75
field of defence industry and technology was signed between the two States in April.190
According to the agreement both States would further enhance the defence cooperation.191 This agreement was an outcome of the talks held between Minister of
State for Defence Production Habibullah Khan Waraich and his Chinese counterpart
Zhung Weimin.192 During the talks both sides expressed their commitment to maintain the interaction in strengthening their defence industries. The cooperation of defence industries of Pakistan and China was helpful in promoting peace and stability in the region.193
An eleven member Chinese delegation headed by General Liang Guanglie visited Pakistan in September. At Lahore airport they were warmly received by Corps
Commander Lt-General Zarrar Azim and senior military officials of the garrison.194 The visiting delegation met with President Musharraf and discussed with him matters related to cooperation in various fields including defence production.195
In November, President General Pervez Musharraf visited China for five days.
He termed the defence relations between Pakistan and China as excellent. He expressed his hope that these relations would further grow in future.196 President Musharraf met with President Hu Jintao and the leaders signed a charter to enhance the cooperation in
190 A Report on Signing of Pak-China Charter on Bilateral Cooperation in the Field of Defence Industry and Technology: Beijing; 1st April 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 2, (March: 2003) The News, April 2, 2003 191 Daily Jang, April 4, 2003 192 The News, April 2, 2003 193 Daily Times, April 2, 2003 194 The Nation, September 8, 2003 195 Dawn, September 9, 2003 196 The Nation, November 6, 2003
76
defence industries of the two States. 197 Due to the Chinese assistance in defence industry. Pakistan obtained self-sufficiency in the production of defence equipment. By this way Pakistan came out of the dependency on Western sources that usually dried up at the time of urgency.198 President Hu Jintao said,
“Pakistan and China attach great importance to the role of
Pakistan-China defence and security consultation
mechanism in promoting military-to-military exchanges and
cooperation.”199
The agenda of exchange of delegations between the two States in 2003 was mainly to enhance the defence production of Pakistan. The purpose of Chinese assistance in defence production of Pakistan was to make its defence partner strategically strong and help it move from dependence to self-sufficiency in the defence sector. Thus, Pakistan can defend its integrity and sovereignty.
A seventeen member Chinese delegation led by Chinese Defence Minister and
Vice Chairman of China‟s Central Military Commission General Cao Gangchuan came to Pakistan in March 2004 for five days.200 This delegation was comprised of PLA,
Deputy Chief for General Political Department General Zhang Shutien, Deputy
Commander Navy Vice Admiral Wang Shouye, Deputy Commander Lanzhou,
Military Commander Lt- General Xeng Shouyang, Deputy Commander Chengdu
Military Command Lt-General Meng Jinxi, Director Chinese Air Force Armament
197 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 4, 2003 (Defence Ministry was asked for documents or papers but it was not publicly available yet.) 198 Daily Din, November 6, 2003 199 Dawn, November 4, 2003 200 Dawn, March 23, 2004 77
Major-General Tian Shaoqi, Deputy Director General Foreign Affairs, Chinese
Ministry of Defence, Deputy Director Security Bureau Col. Qiao Guoyi and Deputy
Director Asian Affairs Bureau Col. Wu Xiaoyi, Chinese ambassador in Pakistan and
Military Attaché of China.201 The purpose of their visit was to review the ongoing defence projects and explore new avenues of joint cooperation.202 General Cao during his talks with his Pakistani counterpart, planned for providing training facilities to the armed personnel of Pakistan. 203 He said that the entire Chinese nation considered
Pakistan as their closest friend in the region.204 He announced an interest-free loan of
100 million yuan (12 million US dollars) for the Pakistan armed forces.205 The visit of the Chinese Defence Minister and announcement of loan came when America decided to give Pakistan the status of Non-NATO ally. This development was taken by Chinese very positively and said that this development would not affect its friendly relations with
Pakistan.206
Chinese delegation under the supervision of Zhang Weimin, the Vice Minister of Commission of Science, Technology and Industries for National Defence
(COSTIND), visited Pakistan.207 During his stay in Pakistan, a meeting of the joint committee on cooperation in defence, technology and industry between Pakistan and
China was held in the Ministry of Defence, Islamabad. At this meeting, the Chinese side was represented by Zhang Weimin; Pakistan was represented by Air Marshal (Retd)
201 The Nation, March 27, 2004 202 Dawn, March 23, 2004 203 Dawn, March 24, 2004 204 The Nation, March 27, 2004 205 Dawn, March 24, 2004 206 Dawn, March 26, 2004 207 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 6, 2004 78
Zahid Anees. Pakistan and China agreed to enhance cooperation in defence technology that would help in strengthening the bilateral ties of the two States.208
Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China in December. During his visit to
China he met with Chinese Defence Minister for one hour.209 The Chinese Defence
Minister assured him of the greater defence cooperation, especially in the supply of military hardware.210211 China was a valuable partner in defence, transfer of technology, development of infrastructure and building of mega projects.212 Shaukat Aziz also met with President Hu Jintao and told him that if the defence of Pakistan was strong then its economy would be stable and as a weaker State Pakistan would not be able to play its due role in the peace and stability of the region.213
At the invitation of Chinese Defence Minister Cao Gungchuan, his Pakistani counterpart Rao Sikander Iqbal visited China in January 2005 for five days. Rao was accompanied by Major (retd) Tanveer Hussain Syed, Parliamentary Secretary for
Defence Lt-General Shahid Sadiqu Tarmizi, Director General Joint Headquarter Mr.
Saleem Iqbal, Senior Joint Secretary Ministry of Defence and Commodore Shabbir
Ahmed, Joint Secretary Ministry of Defence Production. The purpose of their visit was to discuss the on-going cooperation in the defence sector. During their stay they visited the military installations and National Defence University.214 Shaukat Aziz also went to
208 The Nation, April 9, 2004 209 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 17, 2004 210 Bahazd Alam Khan, “China, Pakistan to Strengthen Defence Ties,” Dawn, December 17, 211 212 Rasul Bakhsh Rais, “Are We Bring out China?,” The Nation, December 16, 2004 213 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 17, 2004 214 The Nation, January 11, 2005
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China in mid-January and met with the Chinese Defence Minister and agreed to maintain the defence cooperation between the two States.215
In September, Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (JCSC) Chairman, General
Ehsan-ul-Haq visited China and praised the Chinese continued assistance in the defence sector for the security of Pakistan. He said:
“We highly value our defence partnership with China and
wish to strengthen it in future.”216
He also met with Chinese Vice Premier Huang Ju, Central Military Commission Vice
Chairman General Guo Boxiong and Chief of the PLA General Staff General Liang
Guanglie. During meeting with General Liang both sides expressed their desired to expand their existing relations in the defence sector.217
On February 20th, 2006, a framework agreement was signed between the Chinese
Defence Ministry and the Defence Ministry of Pakistan.218 The important clauses of this agreement included the following
• Both States would not join any bloc or alliance that would harm the
territorial integrity and sovereignty of the other State.
• Neither State would allow its territory to be used against the other.
• Measures should be taken to prevent the spread of weapons of mass
destruction.
215 Maqbool Ahmed Bhatty, “New Era of Partnership,” Dawn, January 1, 2005 216 Daily Times, September 19, 2005 217 Daily Din, September 16, 2005 218 Dawn, February 23, 2006 80
• Both States would cooperate to combat against three evils, namely
terrorism, separatism and extremism.
• Neither of the States would sign such an agreement with any other
State.219220
This agreement was an important step towards the promotion of cooperation between the militaries of the two States.221 In this agreement both States also decided to continue all-round cooperation including the exchanges of group visits, consultation of defence personnel training and maritime cooperation.222 On the same date when this agreement of cooperation was signed a practical step of cooperation between the Navies of Pakistan and China was seen. Pakistan Navy rescued partly damaged
Chinese ship operating 250 nautical miles from Karachi in maritime zone of Ormara.223
An ISPR (Navy) Press release said that the Chinese ship had made an emergency call to the Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre (MRCC) Pakistan.224 On receiving this call, a Pakistan Navy helicopter immediately reached the designated area. The helicopter due to inadequate landing desk on ship, carried out risky evacuation while hovering on top of the ship in severe sea and wind conditions and brought the injured crew members to
Pakistan Navy ship Shifa for medical treatment. The Nanjing Ocean Shipping Company of China highly appreciated this act and thanked for the rescue operation.225
219 Framework Agreement on the Cooperation between the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Ministry of National Defence of the People‟s Republic of China: Beijing; 220 February 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb: 2006 ) 221 Dawn, February 23, 2006 222 The Post, November 26, 2006 223 The Nation, April 3, 2006 224 The Nation, February 21, 2006 225 The Nation, April 3, 2006 81
In March, a six-member delegation led by Maj. General Tang Wannian, Commandant,
University of Science and Technology People Liberation Army China, visited the Corps
Headquarters and met with Corps Commander Lt-General Shaffatullah-Shah at his office.226
In August, the 4th round of defence and security talks were held at Joint Staff
Headquarters, Rawalpindi. During the talks Pakistan was led by General Ehsan-ul-
Haq, Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee while the Chinese side was led by
LtGeneral Zhang Qin Sheng, assistant to Chief of General Staff PLA. 227 At the conclusion of talks, two agreements were inked between Pakistan and China on defence cooperation and military assistance to the armed forces of Pakistan.228 The agreements were inked by Maj-General Tariq Salim Malik, Additional Secretary
Ministry of Defence Production from Pakistan and Maj- General Jia Xiaoning, Deputy
Director General of Foreign Affairs Office, Ministry of National Defence from China.229
On the Defence Day of Pakistan (September 6) Chinese Vice Minister visited
Pakistan. He said that it was matter of pleasure for him that his visit coincided with the
Defence Day of Pakistan. He said that his visit would further enhance the cooperation between the two States.230
226 The News, March 19, 2006 227 The Post, August 17, 2006 228 The Nation, August 17, 2006 229 The Post, August 17, 2006 230 Daily Jang, September 7, 2006
82
On October 2, the third round of Pakistan-China consultation on Arms Control and disarmament issue was held at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 231 During the talks
Pakistan was headed by Khalilullah Qazi, Director General (Disarmament) while the
Chinese delegation was led by Zhang Yan, Director General (Arms Control and
Disarmament) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China. Foreign Office Spokesperson
Tasnim Aslam said, the talks were held in a cordial environment which reflected the friendly ties between Pakistan and China.232 Chinese Chief of Air Staff General Kiao
Qing Jin, had put a lot of effort to enhance the cooperation between the air forces of the two nations. To recognize his services, President General Pervez Musharraf awarded him with Nishan-i-Imtiaz: Military. The award ceremony was held at the
President Camp Office, Rawalpindi. The ceremony was also attended by Air Marshal
Tanveer Mahmood Ahmed besides others officials.233
A 26-member Chinese Armed Police Force delegation visited the Headquarter
Pakistan Rangers (Punjab) Lahore in November. They were received by Major General
Hussain Mehdi, DG Pakistan Rangers (Punjab). The delegation was briefed about the operational and training aspects of Pakistan Rangers. Pakistan Rangers was not only guarding the borders of Pakistan but also played a vital role in the internal security, counter-terrorism and counter insurgencies. Besides witnessing flag lowering ceremony at Wagha boarder, the delegation visited Mazar-i-Iqbal and laid a wreath there.234 At the time of arrival of President Hu Jintao to Pakistan, Pakistan Air Force inked a MoU with
231 An Official Release on the Third Round of Pakistan-China Consultations on Arms Control and Disarmament Issue: Islamabad; (4 October 2006) 232 The Nation, October 5, 2006 233 Nawa-i-Waqt, October 17, 2006 234 The Nation, November 11, 2006
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the Chinese Aviation Company CETC.235 The MoU deals with the joint production of aircraft, Airborne Warning and Control System, (AWACS). 236 AWACS was to be equipped with long range early warning radar.237 AWACS was going to be handed over to Pakistan within a few years.302 The PAF sources said, “Pakistan Air Force and
Chsinese Aviation Industries have agreed for a long-term collaboration and codevelopment in the fields of aircraft manufacturing . . . including AWACS.”303
On November 24th, an agreement was signed between North Industries Coorporation
China (NORINCO) and Heavy Industries Taxila (HIT, Pakistan) with the full support of governments and militaries of the two States on the production of tanks. The
Chairman HIT and General Manager NORINCO inked the agreement from their respective sides.304 Pakistan and China had maintained the long term relations in the production of tanks and other armoured vehicles for the last thirty years (since the production of Al-Khalid tank 1990).305 The cooperation between NORINCO and HIT became a symbol of traditional all-weather Pakistan-China friendship.306
In December, a 26 member Chinese delegation led by Maj. General PLA China
Wang Xinli paid a visit to Corps Headquarters and met with Corps Commander
LtGeneral Shafaat-ullah-Shah. Lt-General Shafaat presented the Chinese General a gift
235 Nada-i-Milat, 30 Nov-6 Dec, 2006 Ihtasham-ul-Haque, “Free Trade Accord with China Singed,” Dawn, November 25, 2006 236 „Pak-China Friendship: Economic Cooperation on all Fronts‟, An Article by Mehmood- ulHassan Khan, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 27 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, (Nov : 2006) 237 Shaiq Hussain, “Agreement on AWACS,” The Nation, November 25, 2006 302Daily Jang, November 26, 2006 84
of paintings, representing the cultural heritage of Punjab as a souvenir of his visit to the
Corps Headquarters. The delegation also visited the Naval War College Lahore. At
303 Rana Qaisar, “China not Seeking „Key‟ Role in Kashmir Resolution,” Daily Times, November 25, 2006 304 Pak-China Framework Agreement on Tank Project between NORINCO and HIT: Islamabad; 24 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, XII, (Dec: 2006) 305 Pak- China Framework Agreement on Tank Project between NORINCO and HIT: Islamabad; 24 November 2006, Pakistan Treaty Series, 2006-2009 Vol: XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 306Daily Jang, November 25, 2006 Naval War College the delegation was welcomed by Deputy Commandant of the
College, Captain Nadeem Qamar.238
General Ehsan-ul-Haq, Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) led a high powered military delegation to China on an official visit in April 2007. The delegation was comprised of representatives from the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Defence
Production, and Joint Staff Headquarters of three services. The purpose of their visit was to attend the 5th round of annual defence and security talks. A MoU was signed for the military assistance package for Pakistan.239 General Ehsan-ul-Haq visited Henan Air
Defence Command Academy, from where he also got training as training officer in
1975. At the academy he held a discussion over the joint collaboration between Henan
Air Defence Command Academy and Pakistan Air Defence Command College. 240
During his visit, General Ehsan met with high-ranking officials of China. He met with
General Liang Guanglie and expressed his satisfaction over the military-to-military
238 The Nation, December 17, 2006 239 The Nation, April 28, 2007 240 The Nation, May 2, 2007
85
cooperation of the two States.241 Vice President Zeng Qinghong and Defence Minister
Cao Guangchuan assured the General Ehsan that Beijing would further set up its support to ensure the security of Pakistan and would maintain the regional balance. General
Ehsan also met with Vice Minister of Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence (COSTIND) Jinchung Long, Vice Foreign Minister Dai Bingguo, the special representative of
China to the India-China boundary talks. 242 During his meeting with the Chinese leadership, the issue of the Indo-US nuclear deal and its implications on Beijing and
Islamabad came under detailed discussion.243
Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral M. Afzal Tahir visited China in the first quarter of 2008.
In Beijing he met with the Chinese Defence Minister General Liang Guanglie,
Commander of PLA Navy Admiral Wu Shengli and other senior officials.244 General
Liang said that the defence departments and militaries of the two States maintained long- term exchanges and conducted multi-level cooperation in a wide range of fields.245
241 The Nation, April 28, 2007 242 The Post, August 20, 2007 243 The Nation, August 20, 2007 244 The Nation, April 5, 2008 245 The Nation, April 1, 2008 86
Exchange of Defence Delegations S between o 2000 to 2008 7 u
6 r c 5 e 4 :
3 A 2 u 1 t
0 h 2000 2001 2002o 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 r
Fig: 2.1 Source: Author
Between 2000 and 2008, almost thirty exchanges of defence delegations took place between the two States. Some time the agenda of a visiting delegation was mentioned and many times it was kept confidential for the sake of security or for the national interest of both States. The analysis shows that the exchange of defence delegation increased between the two States when both States sensed some sort of imbalance of power in the region or threat to the security of either State. To consult the views of each other on such situations the number of delegations was increased. The highest number of exchange of delegations took place in 2006. This was the time when
India and America reached a nuclear deal (March 2006). The purpose of this nuclear deal was to counter China. Due to this deal not only the exchanges of defence delegation increased between China and Pakistan but also cooperation between the two States
87
enhanced in the defence sector for the sake of regional balance. The second highest number of exchanges of delegations took place in years 2001 and 2002. This time period was again very crucial for both States due to some changes at regional and international levels. Four major issues at international level had pushed both States to consult each other. First, National Defence Missile system of the U.S.A. and Indian support; second,
September 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks on the U.S.A. territory; third, India-Pakistan
Stand-off 2001-2002; and fourth, the U.S.A. involvement in Afghanistan and Pakistani support.246
As a consequence of all these exchanges of delegations from both sides some major projects were also concluded or started between the two States.
2.2 Chinese Cooperation in Missile Technology
Pakistan-China cooperation in the development of missile technology started in the late eighties.247 In 1987 China concluded a deal with Pakistan for the sale of M-II missiles and launchers.248 After the two years of this deal, (in 1989) Pakistan announced the testing of its short range Hatf series, Hatf-I missile with a range of 300 km and Hatf-
II also with a range of 300 km.249 Pakistan also announced that these missiles were indigenously produced but some Western sources alleged that Pakistan had received technical assistance from China. In August 1993, as a punishment the U.S.A. slapped
246 Detail of every event is given in Chapter 5 247 Haris Reqeeb Azeemi, “55 Years of Pakistan-China Relationship,” Pakistan Horizon, 60, 2, (April : 2007): 109-114 248 Kamal Matinuddin, “The Nuclearization of South Asia,” Karachi : Oxford University Press, 2002, 305-06 249 Ghulam Hussain Adid Sipra, “US National Missile Defence : Impact on South Asia,” National Development and Security, XII, 4, Serial No. 48, (Summer 2004): 102 88
„category two‟ sanctions against certain entities of China and Pakistan that were suspected in the involvement of transfer of M-II missiles.250 Both China and Pakistan rejected these allegations. China categorically stated that it did not transfer any missile related technology or missile to Pakistan that was inconsistent with Missile Technology
Control Regime (MTCR). Pakistan also denied that it had got any missile technology that violated the MTCR guidelines.251 To resolve this issue in 1994, China agreed to follow the main provisions of MTCR and said it would no longer sell M-II missiles to
Pakistan.252
The issue of transfer of missile technology resurfaced in the start of 21st century.
A U.S.A. Congressional research service report stated that
“China continues to supply missile nuclear and chemical
technology consistent with non-proliferation goals
particularly to Pakistan and Iran.”253
According to the U.S.A. media reports, American intelligence agencies had told
President Bill Clinton and Congress that China had continued to help Pakistan in building long range missiles with a capacity of carrying nuclear weapons.254 The reports also informed that Chinese experts had been seen near the Pakistan‟s newest missile factory.255 According to the CIA previous reports, China had helped Pakistan to set up
250 Matinuddin, Op.cit., 308 251 Statement by the Foreign Office Spokesman Clarifying Position with regard to Alleged Transfer of Missile Technology by China to Pakistan, Islamabad : 22 November 2000, Foreign Affair Pakistan, XXVII, 11,12, (Nov-Dec 2000) 252 Dawn, July 3, 2000 253 Arpit Rajain, “Nuclear Deterrence in Southern Asia : China, India and Pakistan,” London : Saya Publications, 2005, 339-48 254 Dawn, July 3, 2000 255 Afzal Khan, “China Aiding Pakistan in Missile Project : NYT,” The Nation, July 3, 2000
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the factory for the manufacturing of M-II surface-to-surface missiles near Rawalpindi.256
The reports also pointed out that the shipment of missiles to Pakistan had continued over the past eight to eighteen months. 257 The cooperation on the missile development between Pakistan and China was regarded as such a serious issue that Clinton administration sent a delegation to China to raise the matter in detail with the Chinese authorities. China also showed its willingness to negotiate with the U.S.A. on the issue of missile export.258 This was the first high level negotiation between the two States since November 1998 when China had stopped all negotiations with the
U.S.A. on this issue after the NATO attack on its embassy in Yugoslavia.259
Pakistan‟s embassy in Washington rejected these reports and branded these as
“groundless” adding that the reports were only designed to mislead the U.S.A. Senate and the cooperation between Pakistan and China was consistent with international obligations.260 Pakistani and Chinese officials said these allegation were not worthy of discussion because these were groundless.261 A Chinese diplomat said,
“We consider these reports in the U.S.A. media totally groundless, so
we do not need to talk about that.”262
256 T.V. Paul, “The Causes and Consequences of China-Pakistani Nuclear/Missile Collaboration” in South Asia Nuclear Security Dilemma : India, Pakistan and China, ed. Lowell Dittmer, New Delhi : Pentagon Press, 2005, 181-82 257 David E. Sanger and Eric Schmitt, “China Missile Aid to Pakistan goes on, Suspects,” The News, July 9, 2000 258 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 5, 2000 259 Dawn, July 3, 2000 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 5, 2000 260 The Nation, July 5, 2000 261 Hasan Akhtar, “Ties with Pakistan to Grow Stronger,” Dawn, July 24, 2000 262 Dawn, July 21, 2000
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Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Sun Yuxi pointed out in a Ministry‟s regular briefing that the allegations of exporting missile technology were groundless and based on ulterior motives.263 He said,
“We are not helping any South Asian countries to develop
nuclear weapons or ballistic missiles that can carry
nuclear weapons.”333
This Chinese Foreign Ministry‟s rejection of allegation was also followed by a denial statement of Pakistani Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar.334 He said,
“I can reaffirm that Pakistan has not received any transfer
inconsistent with China‟s obligations about
MTCR.”264
He said that those reports had nothing new in them and were just based on old information. He also pointed out that the country‟s missile development programme had been at an advanced level where it needed no foreign assistance.265
In November 2000, U.S.A. imposed sanctions on Pakistan and Iran stating that they were the beneficiaries of the transfer of missile technology from China. The sanctions were imposed on Pakistani Ministry of Defence and Space and Upper Atmospheric
Research Commission (SUPARCO).266 While imposing sanctions, State Department
263 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 5, 2000 333 The Nation, July 5, 2000 334 Op.cit. 264 The Nation, July 4, 2000 265 The Nation, July 5, 2000 266 Statement by the Foreign Office Spokesman Clarifying Position with regard to Alleged Transfer of Missile Technology by China to Pakistan, Islamabad, Op.cit. 91
spokesman said the fresh embargo would have little economic impact but the sanction would make their position clear about the transfer of missile technology.
But on the other hand, for the first time in decade the International Monitoring Fund
(IMF) and the World Bank (WB) did not lend a single penny to Pakistan. The WB did not give any funds even for the humanitarian projects under the U.S.A. pressure.267
While protesting against these sanctions, Pakistan‟s Foreign Office spokesman declared the sanctions unjustified and unnecessary. 268 It was stated that Pakistan‟s missile programme was part of its security and nuclear deterrent.269 Pakistani diplomats were astonished by the discriminatory nature of decision taken by the U.S.A. No punishment or penalty had been imposed on India which had been collaborating with Israel on the subject. The Indian missile development programme had gone unnoticed by the U.S.A. administration and was also not considered or declared against the law of the U.S.A.270
China also criticized this discriminatory action of the U.S.A. Chinese reaction came after two days of imposition of sanctions on Iran and Pakistan. Chinese Foreign Ministry
Spokesman Sun Yuxi while criticizing the U.S.A. sanctions against Pakistan and Iran said that these sanctions were
„unpopular‟.271 He said,
267 M. Afzal Khan, “U.S Desiring a Pak-China Split,” The Nation, November 26, 2000 268 Statement by the Foreign Office Spokesman Clarifying Position with regard to Alleged Transfer of Missile Technology Op.cit. 269 Naeem Ahmad Salik, “Pakistan‟s Missile Development : Priorities Challenges, Myths and Reality,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 1, (Spring 2002): 34-36 270 M. Afzal Khan, Op.cit. 271 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 24, 2000 92
“The US government in accordance with its own
domestic laws imposes sanctions on others.”272 And “It is
the only one in the World that is doing so in and our
position on this has always been to oppose it.”344
He also said that China had friendly relations with both Iran and Pakistan but China was strictly following the non-proliferation of missile technology.273 China committed an accord with the U.S.A. under which it would not export ballistic missile components to any other country.274
India also raised its apprehensions and concerns. Indian government said that Pakistan and Chinese alliance had been based on their common hostility against India.275 But these apprehensions were removed by the Chinese Foreign Minister during his visit to
India.276 Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan during his meeting with the Indian
External Affairs Minister Jaswat Singh said that the arms sale to Pakistan was not directed against any country and especially not against India.277 He said that China‟s relationship with Pakistan was normal and bilateral. Tang also advised the Indian people to:
“Pay no attention to the reports which may be
272 The News, November 24, 2000 344 Op.cit. 273 The News, November 23, 2000 274 The Nation, August 8, 2001 275 Brahma Chellaney, “China is Keeping uo its Nuclear and Missile Aid to Pakistan,” The Nation, July 23, 2000 276 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 23, 2000 277 Iftikhar Gilani, “China to Continue Selling Arms to Pakistan,” The Nation, July 23, 2000 93
prejudiced.”278
In 2001 Washington Post reported that an unmanned U.S.A. Intelligence source disclosed that a U.S.A. spy satellite had detected that on May 1, the latest consignment of components of missiles arrived in the mountainous Pakistan-China border by truck.279
Washington Time pointed out that U.S.A. source detected the transfer of twelve such missile components to Pakistan by ships and trucks.280 The paper named the Chinese
Company, China National Machinery Equipment Import and Export Corporation had sent the components to Pakistan for the development of
Shaheen-1 with an estimated range of four hundred and sixty-five miles and Shaheen2 with a range of 1,240 miles.281 These strategic missiles were capable of carrying nuclear warheads.282
U.S.A. officials said this the transfer of missile components to Pakistan was the violation of Sino-U.S.A. accord of non-proliferation that China had signed with the
U.S.A. in November the previous year.283 During his visit to Beijing, Secretary of State
Colin L. Powell raised the issue at several meetings with Chinese officials.
Before his visit the U.S.A. government sent several formal protests to Beijing to stop the transfer of weapon technology and also called Beijing for explanation but China failed to draw up an export control regime.284 A U.S.A. official said that China had
278 Dawn, July 23, 2000 279 The Nation, August 8, 2001 280 Dawn, August 7, 2001 281 Nawa-i-Waqt, August 7, 2001 282 The Nation, January 13, 2001 283 Dawn, August 8, 2001 The Nation, August 8, 2001 284 The Nation, January 13, 2001 94
“Broken Promises” of not to sell nuclear, chemical and biological weapons to „Rough
States‟.285 The Chairman of the American Senate Committee also warned the China to stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons and missile technology otherwise this would affect its relations with the U.S.A.286
China had rejected the reports published in the Washington Post about the shipment of missile technology to Pakistan.287 Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman
Zhang Qiyue called these reports “irresponsible and groundless”. 288 The Chinese
Foreign Ministry officials commented on this report that China did not break its promise with the U.S.A. even at the time when it was in the state of intense anger over the U.S.A. on its arms package to Taiwan.289 The U.S.A. had provided Taiwan with its largest arms package in a decade.290 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing said that the U.S.A. arms sale to Taiwan would,
“Seriously affect cooperation between China and the
United States in the area of non-proliferation.”291
According to Yongjin Zhang, an international relations expert at Australian National
University in Canberra said,
285 (U.S called few states around India as Rough States. Details are given in Chapter 5) Afzal Khan, “China Sent Missile Parts to Pakistan : WT,” The Nation, August 7, 2001 286 Daily Jang, August 8, 2001 287 Daily Din, March 2, 2001 288 The News, August 10, 2001 289 Dawn, May 10, 2001 290 The Nation, May 10, 2001 291 Dawn, May 10, 2001 95
“If China sold arms to Pakistan in response it would be a
kind of tit-for-tat that I don‟t think China would engage
in.”292
Chinese company, China National Machinery and Equipment Import and Export
Corporation also rejected the reports of the Washington Times. These allegations had no truth and company had not sent any consignments of missile components to Pakistan or any other country.293 The company had its business with Pakistan limited to metals, mechanical and technical products that were used in civil works.294
India also added fuel to the fire in this situation by creating propagandas about the Chinese proliferation of missile technology that was strongly rejected by China.295
The Indian Defence Minister branded China as the „mother‟ of Ghauri missile test fired by Pakistan in May 1998.368 The Indian Defence Ministry report 2000-296297 stated that
China had helped Pakistan to enhance its nuclear and missile programmes. The Chinese
Foreign Ministry Spokesman rejected this allegation and warned India not to create such propaganda otherwise it would harm its relations with China. In response to the Chinese rejection, the Indian Foreign Office Spokesman reiterated that its stand remained the same on his Defence Ministry report about the defence cooperation between Pakistan and China. He also said that with the cooperation of
Pakistan in defence sector, China wanted to emerge as a superpower in the region.369
292 The Nation, May 10, 2001 293 Nawa-i-Waqt, August 10, 2001 294 Nawa-i-Waqt, September 5, 2001 295 Ghlum Sarwar, “Pakistan China Relations (Pak-China Taluqat),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 3, 296 297 Khalid Mahmud, “Sino-Pak Ties : Indian Factor,” Dawn, April 14, 2001 369Nawa-i- Waqt, June 5, 2001 96
In September 2001, the U.S.A. imposed economic sanctions on the Chinese firm
China Mechanical Electric Company (CMEC) on the basis of alleged transfer of missile technology to Pakistan. Under this sanction American companies would not buy or use
Chinese rockets for its satellites and America would not supply its technology for the
Chinese artificial satellites. The U.S.A. had also imposed sanctions on the Pakistani institute, National Development Complex of Pakistan, for receiving missile technology from China.298
In 2002, the American Vice Foreign Minister for arms control, John S. Wolf stated that China had given Pakistan not only raw material for the production of missiles but also had given technical assistance for missile production. He said China had promised in November 2000 that it would not export the missile technology to any country but China did not follow it. The American government imposed sanctions on both China and Pakistan in September 2001 but unfortunately neither of the States bothered about these sanctions and continued the cooperation in missile technology.299
Robert Karniol, the Asian correspondent for Jane‟s Defence Weekly in Bankok said,
“China is selling missiles and missile technology to Pakistan and
Iran as well as in the past, I think to
Iraq.”300
China had rejected these allegations. The Director General, Department of
298 Daily Jang, September 2, 2001 299 Daily Pakistan, June 9, 2002 300 Daily Times, August 28, 2002 97
Arms Control, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Liu Jieyi said at a news conference that such reports had nothing true in them.301 Liu also said China had attached great importance to non-proliferation and stood against the development of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery system.302 The Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister said that there was no cooperation between Pakistan and China in the nuclear field. Both States were cooperating in the peaceful use of nuclear energy that was under the IAEA monitoring.303
China had announced the tightening of missile technology and missiles related export regulations under the intense pressure from America. This step was taken by
Beijing before the arrival of American Deputy Secretary of State, Richard Armitage to
China.304 According to the BBC, America welcomed this step of Beijing. On the other hand the new regulations would not affect the missile programme of Pakistan.305
In 2003, the CIA again presented its report to American Congress in which it was claimed that China was transferring missiles and weapons of mass destruction to other States. It was also stated in the report that China was helping Pakistan in the production of short range missiles and chemical weapons by transferring not only material but also technology.306
301 Dawn, August 29, 2002 302 The News, August 29, 2002 303 Dawn, August 28, 2002 304 Nawa-i-Waqt, August 7, 2002 305 Afzal Khan, “Sino-Pak Missile Production in Peril,” The Nation, August 27, 2003 306 Daily Pakistan, April 13, 2003
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The Pakistan Foreign Ministry Spokesman, Ahmed Aziz Khan, rejected the allegations of the CIA, during an interview to the BBC.307 He said Pakistan‟s missile system was indigenous and whenever the sanctions were removed, Pakistan would buy its conventional weapons from America.380
2.3 Joint Anti-Terrorism Exercises
The first ever joint military anti-terrorism exercise was held between China and
Pakistan on August 3, 2004 and lasted for three days.381 This exercise was given the code name “Friendship (youyi) 2004” and was held in Taxkorgan, Northwest of China‟s
Ughur Autonomous Region, bordering Tajikistan, Afghanistan and
Pakistan.382 The drill involved encirclement, assault and mop-up practices. More than
200 Chinese and Pakistani elite troops participated in this drill.383
The purpose to hold this exercise was to crack down three major challenges namely separatism, extremism and terrorism and to safeguard peace and stability of the region.384 Major General Cheng Bing of the People‟s Liberation Army called these exercises a great success, which helped in improving the counter-terrorism capabilities of both states.385
The 2nd joint military counter-terrorism exercise between the two States was held in mid-December 2006. Strategically the exercise was important because it was
380Nawa-i-Waqt, April 13, 2003 381The Nation, August 4, 2004 The Nation, August 9, 2004 382Daily Pakistan, August 4, 2004 „Pivot of Asia‟ Sees China-Pakistan Manoeuvres, China-Pakistan Relations: A Profile of Friendship, VII, 3, March: 2005, Colin Mackerras, Asia Times, (August 13, 2004)
307 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 14, 2003 99
http://www.atimes.com/atimes/china/FH13Ad01.html The Nation, August 5, 2004 Daily Khabreen, July 30, 2004 383 The Nation, August 9, 2004 384 The News, August 4, 2004 Dawn, July 30, 2004 385The Nation, August 9, 2004 The Nation, December 13, 2006 immediately conducted after the visit of Chinese President Hu Jintao to Pakistan.308
This exercise was given the name “Friendship 2006”.309 This time the exercise was held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 310 More than two hundred Chinese military personnel, including elite group, came to Pakistan to participate in this exercise.
This happened for the first time that a group of PLA came to Pakistan to participate in a counter terrorism exercise.311 From Pakistan‟s side, the troops from infantry, special services and Pakistan Army aviation participated in this drill. 312 The ten-day long exercise started on December 11.313 It began with the flag hosting ceremony. During the exercise a group of PLA officers and troops visited Pakistan
Military Academy Kakul, and the Baloch and Frontier Regimental Centres, Abbottabad where they were briefed about the professional matters.314
A 23-member senior military delegation headed by Lt. General Lu Dengming,
Chief of Staff of Chengdu military region, witnessed this exercise and also attended the colourful closing ceremony which marked the end of the ten-days long drill. A thirteen-
308 Jagannath P. Panda, “Dragon Looks South: Current Drives in China‟s South Asian Neighborhood Policy,” in China and its Neighbours, eds. Srikanth Kondapalli Emi Mifune, New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2010, 180-91 309 Daily Express, December 11, 2006 310 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 12, 2006 311 Dawn, December 12, 2006 312 Daily Times, December 19, 2006 313 The Nation, December 10, 2006 314 The Nation, December 13, 2006 100
member media delegation from China and a group of about twenty-five journalists from local and international media attended the concluding session. The two sides expressed their satisfaction over the successful completion of this exercise. Speaking at the ceremony, Rawalpindi Corps Commander Lt-General Tariq Majid said,
“It is a manifestation of our resolve that Pakistan and
China stand united to fight and eliminate the menace of
terrorism, which is affecting the entire fabric of human
society.”315
Senior military commanders and officials from the Chinese PLA expressed their satisfaction over the expertise and professionalism of Pakistan Army in the operations of counter-terrorism. 316 Lt. General Lu said China was ready to conduct counterterrorism drills with Pakistan for the sake of peace and stability in the region.317
The purpose of this exercise was to benefit from each other‟s experience in counter terrorism as both States were fighting against this challenge. Pakistan was fighting against terrorism in tribal areas while China had been confronting the separatists in
Xinjiang province.318
The third such exercise was held in July 2010 in Qingtongxia Ningxia Hui Autonomous
Region of China. This Pakistan-China counter terrorism exercise was given the code
315 Daily Times, December 19, 2006 316 The Nation, December 13, 2006 317 The Nation, December 19, 2006 318 The News, December 11, 2006 101
name “Friendship-2010”. Pakistan Army‟s Special Operations Squad and soldiers of eighth company of the Lanzhou Military Command participated in this exercise.319
2.4 Contracts for F-22P Frigates Production
In April 2005, Pakistan signed four contracts with China for the construction of F22P frigates for the upgradation of its Navy.398 The agreement signing ceremony was held at the Ministry of Defence Islamabad. During the ceremony Pakistani side was represented by the Secretary Defence Production Lt General (Retd.) Ali M. Jan
Aurakzai, while Zhou Wushent, Director General International Cooperation,
Commission of Science and Technologies Industries (COSTIND) represented the
Chinese side.399 Under an agreement China Dockyard Shanghai agreed not only to construct the frigates for Pakistan but also to transfer the technology.400 The transfer of technology clause was very important for Pakistan Navy as it entered into the enterprise of building ships and other sea-craft.401 The contract also involved the training of
Pakistan Navy personnel.402 A framework agreement for a naval frigate was signed by
Federal Minister for Defence Production Habibullah Warriach and Zhang Yuchuan,
Minister for COSTIND.403 China also agreed to provide six medium-size standardized
Z-9 helicopters.404 It was for the first time that Pakistan Navy had
398 The News, April 7, 2005 399 Pact with China for Warships Signed, China-Pakistan Relations: A Profile of Friendship,
319 Sixty Years of Establisment of Diplomatic Relations between Pakistan and China, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People‟s Republic of China
102
VII, 3, (March: 2005,) Dawn, 5 April 2005, http://www.dawn.com/2005/04/05/top4.htm 400Nawa-i-Waqt, April 5, 2005 401 The Nation, April 5, 2005 402 The Nation, July 8, 2005 403 Shahzad Raza, “Pakistan, China Sign Trade and Anti-Terror Agreements,” Daily Times, April 6, 2005 Daily Jang, April 6, 2005 Daily Din, April 6, 2005 Dawn, April 6, 2005 Pak-China Treaty of Friendship [Report], IPRI Journal, V,2, (Summer 2005) 404Nawa-i-Waqt, April 6, 2005 purchased a major fighting unit from China. In the past, such military hardware came from the Western countries including France and Britain.320
Basically, the negotiation on this project started in 1995, when U.S.A. administration reclaimed eight ex-U.S.A. Navy ships leased to Pakistan in 1989. The deal had not been materialized due to lack of funds.321 In May 2000, Admiral Abdul
Aziz Mirza visited China and discussed the issue of purchase of frigates with Chief of
Chinese Navy.322 In 2004, Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Shahid Karimullah met the
Chinese Defence Minister General Cao Guangchun and asked for a loan of $ 750 million from China to purchase the four frigates.323
In July 2005, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Shahid Karimullah paid a five-days visit to China and visited the facility where the frigates production was taking place.324
He also visited the facility of Z-9EC helicopters production and exchanged the views with the manufacturers.325 During his visit Pakistan and China launched a joint project
320 The Nation, April 6, 2008 321 The Nation, April 6, 2005 322 Daily Jang, May 8, 2000 323 Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, V, (1-25 May: 2004) The News, April 5, 2005 324 The Nation, July 5, 2005 325 Daily Khabreen, July 19, 2005 The Nation, July 5, 2005 103
to build four F-22P frigates. The launching ceremony was attended by Admiral Shahid and other senior officials of China People‟s Liberation Army. 326 Admiral Shahid indicated that China had agreed to provide four warships and six helicopters to
Pakistan.327 He said Pakistan would acquire the four frigates by 2013 and the first frigate would be entered into Pakistan by 2008.328 This deal was highly significant and was materialized because of the special interest of the two countries‟ heads. The deal reflected Pakistan‟s „Look East‟ policy. It is important to note that it was for the first time that the Navies of Pakistan and China had agreed to collaborate at such a high level.329 The construction of four frigates at the Hudong Zhonghua Shipyard in Shanghai was launched formally with the help of 600 million US dollars.330
In 2006, Pakistan and China signed an agreement for the indigenous production of the fourth F-22P frigate in Karachi. The Managing Director Karachi Shipyard Rear
Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Rao and Executive Vice President China Shipbuilding Trading
Company Yu Yang, inked the agreement.331 The signing ceremony was witnessed by the Secretary Defence Production Lt-General (Retd.) Ali Mohammad
Orakzai, the President Hudong Zhoughua Shipbuilding Group Zhou Jianneng and
Pakistani Consul-General Zafruddin Mehmood. 332 During an interview Naval Chief
Admiral Tahir said that the contract signed for the construction of the fourth frigate also
326 Dawn, July 5, 2005 327 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 19, 2005 328 Daily Din, July 8, 2005 329 Daily Times, July 8, 2005 330 Dawn, July 13, 2005 331 The Nation, March 31, 2006 332 Dawn, March 31, 2006 104
included the upgrading of Karachi Shipyard, training of Pakistani persons and technical assistance by China during the construction phase of the fourth F-22P frigate.333
President Musharraf visited the Hudong Shipyard in 2006, where the construction process of frigate had been under process. Basically, he had gone to China to attend the
Shanghai Corporation Organization Summit from there he availed himself the opportunity of visiting the Hudong Shipyard as well.334 During the inspection he said that the construction of the frigate will prove to be an outstanding example of everlasting friendship between Pakistan and China.335 He was given a comprehensive briefing about the different phases of construction of the frigates. Musharraf was also briefed that the first frigate would be ready within three years for delivery and the frigates would be equipped with the latest helicopters and missile systems.336
In 2007, the Chairman Joint Chief of Staff Committee (CJCSC) General Ehsan- ulHaq, visited the site of the construction of F-22P frigates and expressed his satisfaction over the pace of production of the frigates. He was informed that the construction process of frigates was as per schedule and the first frigate was to be delivered to
Pakistan in 2008. He was also informed that this project was the biggest one between the Navies of the two States.337 Pakistan ordered four more frigates from China, although four frigates had already been ordered. These ships were based on the
333 Dawn, May 23, 2006 334 The Nation, June 17, 2006 335 The Post, June 17, 2006 336 1Daily Jang, June 17, 2006 Nawa-i-Waqt, June 17, 2006 337 The Nation, May 2, 2007 105
Chinese Jiangwei II class frigates. The new order was an improved version of the
Jiangwei II (053H3) and was to be named as F-22P.338
As per agreement in 2008, China launched the first frigate from Shanghai
Shipyard. The launching ceremony was also attended by the Chief of Naval Staff
Admiral Muhammad Afzal Tahir, in the capacity of Chief Guest. 339 During the ceremony the Naval Chief said,
“It will enhance Pakistan‟s capabilities in shipbuilding and
also the Karachi shipyard‟s capabilities in managing the
construction of a large warship.”340 [He also said,] “This will
be deployed for the defence of our maritime interests and to
meet our commitments in other aspects of maritime
diplomacy.”426
Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani welcomed the new Chinese frigates inclusion into the Pakistan Navy. He said this was another milestone in the strategic partnership of Pakistan and China. 341 The frigate was capable of operating in multi-threat environment.342 It was specially designed for anti-submarine warfare, surface-tosurface and surface-to-air missiles.429 The frigate also had the capability to detect both the nuclear and conventional submarines at long range.430
338 The Post, April 22, 2007 339 The Nation, April 1, 2008 340 The Nation, April 6, 2008 426 Op.cit. 341 The Nation, April 8, 2008 342 Iftikhar A. Khan, “China to Build Frigates for Pakistan,” Dawn, April 5, 2008 429 The News, April 7, 2005 430 A. Khan, Op.cit. 106
2.5 Joint Naval Exercises
Pakistan and China conducted their first ever joint Naval exercise in the
NorthEastern Shanghai coast of China, which started on October 21, 2003, and lasted for three days.343 The Deputy Chief of Staff PLA General Xiong Guankai, termed the exercise as an opportunity for both States to share their experience in Naval fields and also to enhance their capabilities.344 The agreement to conduct joint Naval exercise was concluded when Pakistani Vice Chief of Army Staff General Mohammed Yousaf Khan, met with General Xiong during his visit to China.345 It was for the first time in the history of the PLA Navy that it had conducted a joint naval exercise with any foreign country.434
Two Pakistani Naval ships, Destroyer (Babar) and Tanker (Neser) arrived at the
Shanghai coast under the command of Navy Commander Tahir.435 These ships were warmly welcomed by the Chinese Navy top leader Admiral Xiu Ji Wen. During the welcoming ceremony, he said it would be a matter of pride for China to hold a joint naval exercise with Pakistan.436 The ceremony was also attended by Pakistan‟s ambassador to China Riaz Mohammad Khan and Shanghai Municipal government officials.437
The exercise was tactical in nature and it covered different dimensions of modern-time naval warfare including joint search and rescue operation, patrolling, and search for suspected vessels. The exercise was carried out both on the surface and in deep sea waters. During the exercise, the frontline battleships, anti-submarine
343 Daily Jang, October 23, 2003 Dawn, October 13, 2003 344 The Nation, July 19, 2003 345 Daily Pakistan, July 20, 2003 107
helicopters, investigation, communications and air-sea rescue technology were used.438
Overall, 1,600 military personnel from China and Pakistan participated in this exercise.439 This exercise was jointly commanded by Vice Admiral Zhang Deshun,
Chief of Staff of the East China Sea Fleet of the Chinese Navy and Commodore Shafi of the Pakistan Navy.440
Dawn, July 19, 2003 434 The News, July 19, 2003 435Dawn, October 12, 2003 Dawn, October 23, 2003 436 Dawn, October 12, 2003 437 Dawn, October 19, 2003 438 The Nation, October 22, 2003 Dawn, October 23, 2003 439 The News, October 24, 2003 440 Dawn, October 23, 2003 The exercise gave more confidence to the Pakistan Navy that the Chinese assistance was available for the Naval field as well.346 After the successful completion of the exercise at Shanghai coast, Naval Chief Admiral Shahid Karimullah during his visit to China in May 2004 invited China for another joint Naval exercise and received a positive response to his invitation.347
As an outcome of Admiral Shahid‟s invitation, the second joint Naval exercise was held on November 21, 2005 and continued till 24.348 The ship „Shenzhen‟ a guided missile destroyer, and „Weishanhu‟ an auxiliary tanker, came from China to participate in the joint Naval exercise. Rear Admiral Han Linzhi was commanding the task force.
On entering Pakistani waters, these ships were given warm welcome.349 The exercise
346 The Nation, November 6, 2003 347 Dawn, May 29, 2004 The Nation, July 9, 2005 348 Dawn, November 9, 2005 349 Dawn, November 22, 2005 108
was conducted in the Arabian Sea that included search and rescue operation from helicopters, advanced tactics and cross deck transfer.350 This exercise was to increase the cooperation between the two Navies in the areas of non-traditional security field.351
A five-day naval drill was held at the port of Karachi in March 2013. Other than
China fourteen States including the U.S.A., Britain, Japan etc participated in this drill.
This drill was especially designed for counter-terrorism and to offer humanitarian aids.352 The ship „Shamsheer‟ of the Pakistan Navy visited the Chinese port, Qingdao, in April 2014. The purpose of visit was to take part in Multilateral Maritime Exercise
(MME). This exercise was hosted by Chinese People‟s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy to mark their 65th anniversary.353354 On September 27 (2014) two Chinese ships of the 17th
Naval Convey Fleet came to the Karachi port. The Chinese ships visited Pakistan to conduct bilateral naval exercise with the Pakistan Navy. The aim of the exercise was to enhance interoperation and operational ability of the two navies.355
The cooperation between the navies of both Pakistan and China increased during the research period under study, although it was limited in the past. The joint naval exercises that were started in 2003 between the two States were now conducted on a regular bases to enhance the naval strength of both States.
350 Dawn, November 25, 2005 351 Dawn, November 26, 2005 352 www.nihao-salam.com/news-detail.php?id=MZU3mg== ((accessed on October 27, 2015) 353 http://www.nihao-salam.com/news-detail.php?id=Njk3Ng== (accessed on October 27, 354 )
355 Daily Times, September 27, 2014
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2.6 Karakoram-8 Jet Trainer Aircraft
Karakoram-8 (K-8) jet trainer was a new generation aircraft.356 It was codeveloped by
the China National Aero Technology Import & Export Corporation
(CATIC), the China Nanching Aircraft Manufacturing Company, and Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex, Kamra (PAC).357 The K-8 project was launched in 1986 and its model flew its maiden flight in 1991. A contract for the transfer of technology of front fuselage was signed in 1999 between Pakistan and China. In 2002, at Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex, Karma, the Aircraft Manufacturing Factory (PAMF) Kamra, the first front fuselage of K-8 aircraft was handed over to China. The Managing Director of
PAMF Air Cdre Zakir H. Khan, and the Chinese Defence Attaché Maj.
General Saa E. Chee Khua signed the handover document. Speaking at the handover ceremony, the PAC Chairman Air Vice Marshal Aurangzeb Khan appreciated the efforts of the PAMF in establishing itself as a recognized equipment manufacturer with an ultimate goal to produce the latest jet fighters for the Pakistan Air Force. He also appreciated the efforts being made by the Chinese companies, CATIC and Hun Do
Aviation Industrial Group, with PAMF during all the phases of the K-8 production.358
The Managing Director of PAMF Air Cdre Zakir H. Khan said that Pakistan and China had jointly completed many projects but the development of K-8 was the one which could be quoted proudly.359
356 Kaleem Omar, “Sino-Pakistan JF-17 Jet-Fighter could become a Big Ticket Sales Item,” The News, November 20, 2006 357 Haris, Op.cit., 11-12 358 Dawn, November 6, 2002 359 Op.cit.
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K-8 is capable of providing basic and advanced training.360 It is a two-seater aircraft manufactured for training purposes such as, takeoffs, landings, acrobatics, night and spin flights and armament trainings.455 The price of K-8 was $ 4 million per aircraft and it was considered a cost effective solution for the training role and was to replace the entire fleet of T-37 jet trainer at the PAF Air Academy, Risalpur.361362
Once K-8 was inducted in Pakistan and Chinese Air Force, many other countries were also willing to purchase this jet due to its low cost.363 Myanmer, Zambia and Egypt also decided to induct K-8 into their Air Force. Zimbabwe,
Namibia and Saudi Arabia showed their interest to buy it. In September 2003, Saudi
Arabia even finalized a $ 40 million deal for the purchase of this jet fighter.458 The
Pakistan Air Force achieved a great boost by the joint production of K-8 as Pakistan was the 25% partner in its production.459
2.7 Production of Joint Fighter- 17 /Fighter China-1
/Super-7 /Xiao Long
In February 1992, the China Export Corporation officials invited Pakistan for the joint production of JF-17 thunder aircraft. The Pakistan Air Force accepted this offer in
360 Z.A. Syed, “Thunder of Sino-Pak Friendship,” The Nation, December 3, 2006 455 The Nation, June 8, 2000
361 „ Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sales Items‟ A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, on the Occasion of IDEAS 2006, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 20 November 362 , Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, XI, (Nov: 2006) Omar, Op.cit. 363 Bilal Ahmed, “JF-Thunder, Pakistan or Chine ka Mshtarka Mansuba,” Family Magazine, December 13, 2003 111
1994.460 This was the time when Pakistan was under the Pressler Amendment and the
U.S.A. had stopped the delivery of F-16 and its components.461 In June 1999 an agreement was signed between the Pakistan Air Force and the China National Aero
Technology Import and Export Corporation (CATIC) for the joint designing, production, investment and risk and benefit sharing of JF-17.462 President Yang
Chunshu of China National Aero-Technology Import and Export Corporation said,
458 Omar, Op.cit. 459 The Nation, June 8, 2000 460 Ahmed, Op.cit. 461Nawa-i-Waqt, April 20, 2007 462Daily Jang, April 20, 2007 The Nation, February 23, 2006 Pakistan-China Agreement on Joint Development of Super-7/ FC-1 Aircraft: Beijing; 11 February 1998, Pakistan Treaty Series, 1998-1999, Vol: IX, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan “The JF-17 fighter jet project, which China and Pakistan
jointly funded started in 1999 when CATIC signed a
cooperative agreement with Pakistan Air Force.”463
Preliminary, this project was signed between the CATIC and Grumman (USA) in
October 1988, but was suspended by the U.S.A. government due to the Tiananmen
Square crisis of 1989.464
JF-17 thunder aircraft had an array of names like FC-1 (Fighter China-1), exported name Super-7. The Pakistan Air Force had given it the name of JF-17 (Joint
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Fighter-17). During the tenure of Air Chief Marshal Mushaf Ali Mir it was known as
Super-7 and its nickname was Xiao Long.465 JF-17 Thunder aircraft was single seat, single-engine, light weight, all weather, multi-role with a speed of 1.6 Mach that was
60% faster than the speed of sound.466 It had a state-of-the-art “glass cockpit”, modern avionic and digital control that made it more user-friendly.467 The JF-17 aircraft had an elevation range of 16500 m. It could carry the weapons of 3900 kg.468 It could carry high and low drag bombs, laser-guided bombs, runway penetration bombs and cluster bombs.469 The jet design was based on defunct Russian MiG-33 jet and contained
Russian engine RD-93 and avionics.470 Its tag price was $ 20 million.471 Pakistan had
463 Dawn, Lahore, October 21, 2003 464 Azeemi, Op.cit. 465Omar R. Quraishi, “Pakistan-China Joint Venture,” Dawn, 2003 “Pakistan-China Joint Fighter Aircraft” A Write-up Lt-Gen ® Talat Masood on Successful Inaugural Flight by the First Prototype of JF-17Aircraft, 05 September 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 8, (Aug-15Sept: 2003) 466 Syed Muhammad Ali, “A Rare Sino-Pak Feat in Aviation,” Dawn, April 17, 2004 Tayyab Siddiqui, “Sino-Pak Relations,” The Post, April 22, 2008 467 Ali, Op.cit. 468 Ahmed, Op.cit. 469 Kaleem Omar, “Chinese Air-Force to Buy 200 Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighters,” Dawn, April 11, 2005 470 Daily Times, September 11, 2003 about 50% 364partnership in the development of JF-17 both in term of financial and technical know-how as engineers from Pakistan Aeronautical Complex were participating in the development of this aircraft.365 An amount of more than $ 500 million was invested by China and Pakistan for the development of this aircraft.366 It
364 Nawa-i-Waqt, June 14, 2003 365 Daily Times, June 14, 2003 366 Kaleem Omar, “Chinese Air-Force to Buy 200 Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighters,” Op.cit. 113
was expected that it would replace the F-7s, F-6s, MiG-21, Q-5 Series and Mirages in
Pakistan.367 Initially Pakistan decided to purchase 150 JF-17 thunder aircraft.368369
In February 2001, Air Chief Marshal Musfa Ali Mir visited China. During his visit to
China a formal agreement was signed between the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex and the China Air and Industrial Corporation for the joint production of JF17 thunder aircraft.370 The first consignment of ten JF-17 was delivered to Pakistan in
December (2001).371 The BBC quoted that due to the delivery of this consignment to
Pakistan, the moral of the Pakistan Air Force get raised in situation of India-Pakistan stand-off. The Pakistan Air Force was lagging behind the Indian Air Force but this consignment had increased the strength of Pakistan.372 The Chinese Foreign Ministry
Spokesman Sun Yuxi, rejected what was said on the BBC. He said in a press briefing that China had normal defence trade relations with Islamabad and this delivery had no connection with India-Pakistan standoff.373 Pakistani official also rejected it by saying,
“The delivery of the planes and the deal itself has no
connection at all with the current crisis between India and
Pakistan. It was a deal which was made early last year.”374
367 Daily Times, December 18, 2003 368 Nawa-i-Waqt, June 14, 2003 369 Daily Times, December 18, 2003 370 Dawn, February 16, 2001 371 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 11, 2002 372 Daily Din, January 9, 2002 373 The Nation, January 11, 2002 374 Op.cit.
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The first JF-17 was manufactured on May 31, 2003 and it completed its “first taxi run” on July 1, at a testing airfield in China.375 Pakistan and China tested the flight of the first prototype of JF-17 in August. A publicly test flight was made on September
3, at Wenjiang airport in Chengdu city, capital of South-West Sichuan province.376
This public test flight ceremony was also attended by Pakistan Air Chief Kaleem
Saadat.377 Prime Minister Mir Zafar ullah Jamali said the production of JF-17 was a landmark in the defence history of Pakistan and China.378 He said that the aircraft had been developed in a record time and in minimum budget.379
In 2004, two Pakistani pilots squadron Leader Muhamma Ehsan-ul-Haq and squadron
Leader Rashid Habib flew JF-17 each for 30 minutes in the sky of Chengdu. The two pilots showed their satisfaction over the performance of the aircraft.380 Before the flights special sensors were installed on the aircraft which not only monitored the flight performance but also transmitted the data to the ground station. With the help of this data, engineers sitting at the ground station were able to monitor the flight performance of the aircraft.381 It was for the first time in the history of China Aeronautical Industry that any foreign pilot was granted the permission to fly JF-17‟s prototype.382 From there onward Pakistani pilots were allowed regularly to participate in the test flights of the JF-
375 Quraishi, Op.cit. 376 Kaleem Omar, “Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sales Item,” The News, November 20, 2006 Quraishi, Op.cit. 377 Daily Times, September 11, 2003 378 Dawn, September 7, 2003 379 Messages by Pakistani Dignitaries on Successful Inaugural Flight of the First Prototype of JF-17 Aircraft: Islamabad; 5 September 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 8, (Aug-15 Sept: 2003) 380 Dawn, April 10, 2004 381 The Nation, April 10, 2004 382 The Nation, April 12, 2004 115
17 along with their Chinese counterparts to complete the test flights and evaluation phases of the aircraft.383 This flight test was conducted on all newly manufactured aircraft before they were certified for the regular serial production.384 This indicated the two important developments. First, it reflected the level of defence cooperation between
Pakistan and China. Second, it was recognition by China of the professional competence of Pakistan Air Force pilots.385
On April 6, 2005, a ceremony was held in the aircraft factory, Kamra. The ceremony launched the operation of manufacturing of components that were to be assembled for the development of JF-17 thunder aircraft.386 This ceremony was formally inaugurated by President Pervez Musharraf.387 Speaking on the occasion, Musharraf said that the project for the production of JF-17 was a step towards the selfreliance in the defence sector.388 He said that beside the Chinese experts the production of JF-17 was the outcome of hard work of technical experts of the Pakistan
Aeronautical Complex, Kamra. 389 The joint production of this jet testified to
PakistanChina friendship.390 He said that it would prove to be the backbone of the
Pakistan Air Force.391 The Chairman Pakistan Aeronautical Complex Board said that
JF-17 was a new generation, all-weather, multi-role fighter and its serial production
383 Dawn, April 10, 2004 384 The Nation, April 10, 2004 385 The Nation, April 12, 2004 386 Kaleem Omar, “Chinese Air-Force to Buy 200 Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighters,” Op.cit. 387 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 7, 2005 388 Daily Khabreen, April 7, 2005 JF-17 A Great Leap Towards Self-Reliance: Musharraf, China-Pakistan relations: A Profile of Friendship, VII, 3, March: 2005,Beijing Portal, 6 April 2005, http://www.beijingportal.com.cn/7838/2005/04/06/[email protected] 389 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 7, 2005 390 Dawn, April 7, 2005 391 Daily Jang, April 7, 2005
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would start from 2008 which would reduce the Pakistan Air Force dependence on foreign sources.392 He said that 50% of the airframes and avionics of the aircraft were to be made locally.393
The Chinese Air Force showed its willingness to purchase 200 JF-17 thunder aircraft in a deal worth $ 3 billion. According to the income sharing formula, $ 1.5 billion were to come to Pakistan and this inflow of capital was likely to give a boost to the economy of
Pakistan.394 It meant that the project would not only strengthen the Pakistan Air Force but also its economy.
In February 2006, Musharraf went to China and also visited the Chengdu Aircraft
Industrial Corporation. He described the production of the JF-17 as a leap forward in the bilateral cooperation of the two States.395 He said that the JF-17 was comparable with the F-16s in respect of its platform, maneuverability, engine, avionics and capability of carrying various modern weapon systems. 396 The JF-17 made its operational flight
(2006) in Chengdu city.397 On the occasion of the operational flight of the JF-17, the Air
Chief Tanvir Mahmood Ahmed said that the success of the JF-17 would usher a new era of strategic partnership between the aviation fields of the two States.398 He said the JF-
392 The News, April 26, 2005 393 Daily Jang, April 7, 2005 394 Kaleem Omar, “Chinese Air-Force to Buy 200 Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighters,” Op.cit. Zafar Ali Raja, “Pakistan or Chine Kay Darmiyan 22 Mahedun per ak Nazar,” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 4, 2005 395 Dawn, February 24, 2006 396 The News, March 2, 2006 397 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 11, 2006 398 The Nation, May 11, 2006 117
17 was comparable with the F-16s and would be backbone of the Pakistan Air Force.399
Pakistan included the presentation of the JF-17 in IDEAS
2006 (International Defence Exhibition and Seminar). 400 IDEAS was started by
Musharraf in 2000. Its purpose was to promote the sale of indigenously produced military equipment, munitions and other related products to friendly countries.401
China signed an agreement with Pakistan in 2006 to deliver 150 FC-1 under the name of JF-17 thunder.402 According to the agreement the first batch of four prototypes was to reach Pakistan in the first quarter of 2007. Pakistan expected to start taking the delivery of 150 JF-17 in 2007, but the deal suddenly came under strain.403 Russia had stopped China from re-exporting Russian engine to any third country.404 The Russian policy prohibited the re-export of Russian equipment to any third country.405 Without the Russian engine Klimov RD-93, JF-17 thunder aircraft could not fly. 406 Russian military producer Rosoboronexport said,
“Pakistan is not included in the list of countries with whom
Russia has military technological trade, meaning that the re-
399 Daily Pakistan, May 11, 2006 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 11, 2006 400 „ Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sales Items‟ A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, on the Occasion of IDEAS 2006, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 20 November 2006, Op.cit. 401 Kaleem Omar, “Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sales Item,” Op.cit. 402 The Nation, November 2, 2006 403 The Nation, November 3, 2006 404 Nadi-i-Milat, November 23-29, 2006 405 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 11, 2006 406 S. M Hali, “JF-17 Thunder „On Track!‟” The Nation, November 22, 2006 118
export of Russian military goods to Pakistan was not
possible.”407
This news was a bombshell for Pakistan but it brought a wave of happiness and satisfaction in India. India had been worried about the upgradation of the Pakistan Air
Force by the induction of the JF-17.514 Before China signed an agreement with Pakistan to deliver 150 JF-17, New Delhi had signed an agreement with Moscow not to deliver military technology to Pakistan.408 To get the Russian engine for the JF-17,
China had made political influence on Russia.409 A Chinese delegation visited Moscow and appealed to the Russia government to include Pakistan in the list of countries with which it had military technology trade.410 Russia was aware of the fact that the refusal would complicate its trade relations with China that brought $ 2 billion annually.411
Consequently, Russia accepted Chinese request and gave the go ahead signal. It was good news for Pakistan as it paved the way for Pakistan to buy 150 JF-
17s from China in a deal estimated to be worth $ 2.3 billion.412
In the beginning of 2007, an Indian daily, The Hindu, reported that Russia had again blocked the sale of Russian engines to Pakistan.413 The report quoted General
Anatoly Mazurkevich, Head of the Defence Ministry‟s International Cooperation
407 The Nation, November 2, 2006 514 Hali, Op.cit. 408 Ijaz Ahmed Bhutt, “Visit of Chinese President Hu Jintao to Pakistan (Chine Sadar Hu Jintao ka Dora-i-Pakistan),” Daily Jang, Sunday Magazine, November 19, 2006 409 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 16, 2006 410 The Nation, November 2, 2006 411 The Nation, November 3, 2006 412 Daily Times, November 10, 2006 413 Daily Khabreen, January 23, 2007 119
Department, statement that
“We have denied China the right to supply its JF-17
fighter aircraft powered by Russian RD-93 engines to the
third countries, asking it to sign an end-use
certificate for the engine.”414
But contrary to this report, the Russian government officially allowed China to supply the Russian engine to Pakistan. Russian President Vladimir Putin himself supervised the agreement signed between China and Russian to supply Russian origin engines to
Pakistan.415 India protested against this agreement but Russian government assured New
Delhi that its interests would not be harmed by this agreement.416 Pakistan received two prototypes of the JF-17 thunder aircraft on March 12, 2007.417418 Air Chief Marshal
Tanveer Mahmood welcomed the new arrival of the JF-17 aircraft.419 These prototypes also participated on the flying of the Pakistan Day.526 An opening ceremony of the JF-
17 thunder aircraft was held at Kamra. While addressing the ceremony President Pervez
Musharraf paid homage to the efforts of Air Chief Marshal
Ali Mir (Late) that brought the project on the track. He also appreciated Air Chief
Marshal Kaleem Saadat who continued the project with equal zeal and zest. Musharraf
414 The Nation, January 23, 2007 415 Daily Insaf, April 28, 2007 416 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 28, 2007 417 “A Symbol of Friendship with China”, A Comment by Air Marshal (Retd) Ayaz Ahmed Khan, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 9 May 2007,Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, V, (May: 418 ) 419 Ayaz Ahmed Khan, “A Symbol of Friendship with China,” The Nation, May 9, 2007 526Daily Jang, April 20, 2007
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said that that project would create 5,000 jobs and would be helpful in the alleviation of poverty which was the main endeavor of the government.420
When Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China in 2007, he paid a visit to the
Chengdu Aircraft Corporation also and sat in the cockpit of an under construction JF17 thunder aircraft.421 He expressed his satisfaction over the pace of development of the JF-
17.422 He called the joint venture of manufacturing of the JF-17 as a “Flagship of
Pakistan-China Friendship”. He was informed that two more aircrafts would be delivered to Pakistan in July (2007) and four in the month of December of that year. He was also briefed that military personnel of Aeronautical Complex Kamra were getting training in China.423
Chief of Air Staff Chief Marshal Tanvir Mehmood Ahmed stated that until 2008,
Pakistan had received eight JF-17s and the production of forty-two was under process which was expected to be completed by the end of 2010.424 He said Pakistan was looking for some Western engines for JF-17 thunder aircraft because the life of Russian engine was one-fourth of Western engines. He said that France had changed its policy towards
Pakistan after Nicolas Sarkozy became its President. France had showed its willingness to offer Air Borne Radar RC-400, mission computers and other equipment for the JF-17 and the Pakistan Air Force was evaluating this offer.425
420 Address by President General Pervez Musharraf to the Opening Ceremony of JF-17 Thunder: Kamra; 21 March 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, III, (Mar: 2007) 421 Ahmed Khan, Op.cit. 422 “A Symbol of Friendship with China”, Op.cit. 423 Daily Times, April 20, 2007 424 Up till now (2015) Pakistan had received sixty JF-17 Thunder aircraft from China. The News, October 26, 2015 425 Dawn, September 7, 2008 121
Defence cooperation between the two states was enhanced by the exchange of defence delegations. During the exchange of these delegations not only the national and international security issues were discussed but also agreements, MoUs were signed to enhance the defence capability of both states. Both states started different joint projects to upgrade their defence sector. Joint production of K-8 and JF-17 thunder air craft up graded the Pakistan air force. Naval sector of Pakistan was also improved with the assistance of China. The induction of F-22 frigates boosts the naval capability. Other than these joint projects the militaries of both the states have benifited from each other in counter terrorism field. Different joint exercises were held in China and Pakistan in this regard.
The defence partnership of Pakistan and China is based on the mutual interest of both States. China needs a regional partner to counter India and conspiracies of other international players against it, and Pakistan is its best partner in the region. On the other hand, Pakistan needs someone who can boost its defence capability and China is assisting it without any string. In the beginning, China helped Pakistan by providing military aid but afterwards the aid was converted into the mutual cooperation between the two states. Pakistan and China had started many projects on the basis of joint ventures that not only proved beneficial to get technical know-how in defence sector but also led to the boosting of economy of Pakistan.
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Chapter 3
Collaboration in Economic Field
This is the era of strategic economic ties because through economic and military might, political stability can be achieved. The nations having economic stability can expand their military muscles but without it neither military nor political stability can be achieved. During Musharraf era the economic aspect of relations got special consideration. The economic projects that had been lingering since long were paid special attention and utmost efforts were made to start these projects of economic significance. Efforts were also made for the flow of trade between the two states.
The economic relations between Pakistan and China began in 1950s with limited trade.426 On May 4, 1950, at the National Press Club in Washington D.C, Prime Minister
Liaquat Ali Khan said that Pakistan had recognized China in order to ease the flow of trade.427 However, a proper first trade agreement was signed between the two States in
1963.428 Both States also granted each other the status of „Most Favoured Nation‟.429
Till 1980s the economic relations were based mostly on the trade but afterwards joint projects were started between the two States.430
426 S. M. Zafar, “China-Pakistan Relationship,” The Nation, June 5, 2001 427 S.M. Burke & Lawrence Ziring, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis,” Karachi: Oxford University Press,1994, 428 The Nation, May 20, 2001 429 Daily Jang, May 2, 2001 430 Maqsudul Hasan Nuri, “Security in South Asia and Sino-Pak Relations,” Pakistan Army Journal, XLVII, (Winter 2004): 6-9 123
The Sino-Pakistan Joint Committee for Economic, Trade and Technology was set up in October 1982 to enhance cooperation in that field.431 But the economic relations between the two States remained unimpressive and were given secondary importance.432
Always looking towards the West for cooperation, the business class in Pakistan ignored
China which had been a close and friendly destination for their exports.433 When General
Pervez Musharraf took reins of power in Pakistan the country was under the burden of economic sanctions and no foreign investor was willing to invest there. At this crucial time China came forward to help out Pakistan by putting the profit and loss aside.434
Musharraf also tried to make efforts by creating conducive environment to attract foreign investors. President Musharraf in his book “In the Line of Fire: A Memoir” says that the Foreign Direct Investment had also been dried down as it was just $ 300 million in 1999. Therefore, he decided to discuss the situation with Chinese Premier Zhu
Rongji.435436 On November 4th, 2003, Musharraf, in his speech at the Peking University, stated that when he assumed the responsibility of government, the economy of Pakistan was at its lowest ebb due to mismanagement and corruption, the government decided to focus on economic revival, poverty alleviation, good governance and political restructuring.437
431 “Pak-China Relations: Economic Perspective‟s” A Write-up by Syed Ali Nawaz Gilani in Daily “The News” on 30 October 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, II, (01-07 Nov: 2003) 432 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Sino-Pak Cordiality: An Enviable Target,” The News, May 27, 2001 Aamir Shauri, “Pakistan to Proritise Economiy in Ties with China: Shaukat Aziz,” The News, May 11, 2001 433 Afshan Subohi, “Pakistan Missing Opportunities in China,” Dawn, March 30, 2003 434 Najmul Hassan Najam, “Time-tested Friend to the Rescue,” The News, May 28, 2000 435 President Musharraf, “In the Line of Fire : A Memoir,” London : Simon & Schuster, 2006, 436 -89 437 Address by President General Pervez Musharraf at the Peking University on 4th November 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, II, (01-07 Nov : 2003) 124
The agenda of Musharraf‟s visit to China in January 2000 was to strengthen economic ties between the two States.438 He was accompanied by the Finance Minister
Shaukat Aziz and Commerce Minister Abdul Razzak Dawood.439 During his talks with the Chinese leadership, he put special emphasis on the economic uplift of Pakistan and on bilateral trade.440 An agreement for economic and technical cooperation was signed on January 17, 2000.441 Musharraf appreciated the Chinese decision to postpone the payable loan that had been due in December 1999. The loan was rescheduled between
2010 and 2019.442
As an outcome of Musharraf‟s visit to China, a high powered economic delegation under the supervision of Ma Yue, the Vice Chairman of China Council for the Promotion of international Trade (CCPIT), visited Pakistan.443 The prime purpose of this delegation‟s visit was to explore new avenues for the economic cooperation between the two States and to attend the first meeting of the Joint Business Council that was held on April 3 (2000), at the Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Council and
Industry (FPCCI).444 The Business Council was comprised of members from CCPIT and
FPCCI.445 The purpose of this Council was to identify the areas to enhance the economic activities. 446 The meeting of the Joint Business Council was presided by Fazal-ur-
438 The Nation, January 16, 2000 439 The Nation, January 17, 2000 440 The Nation, April 2, 2000 441 Pakistan-China Agreement on Economic and Technical Co-operation: Beijing ; 17 January 2000, Pakistan Treaty Series 2000-2003, X, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 442 The Nation, January 18, 2000 443 The Nation, April 6, 2000 Dawn, April 5, 2000 444 The Nation, April 2, 2000 445 The News, April 2, 2000 446 Dawn, April 2, 2000 125
Rehman Dittu, President FPCCI. During the meeting it was mutually agreed to establish a Joint Dispute Resolving Committee.447 This Committee was established to resolve the issues related to smuggling and illegal border trade, by mutual consultation.448 During the meeting Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz informed the Chinese delegation about the challenges Pakistan was facing in the uplift of its economy and decisions of the Pakistani government to handle such problems.449 Mr.
Ma Yue appreciated the government‟s plan for economic revival to achieve the economic stability in Pakistan. A ten-member Chinese business delegation also met separately with the Acting Secretary Board of Investment Ahmed Shamsul Huda to discuss the means for the promotion of trade between the two States. 450
According to the Lt. Gen (Retd.) Javed Ashraf, Chairman Pakistan Railways, another major outcome of Musharraf‟s visit was the 11th meeting of Joint Economic
Commission (JEC), after the gap of five years.451 The JEC meeting was held on May
15-16. 452 The Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz along with a delegation which was comprised of the Chairman Export Promotion Bureau, Secretaries for Railways and
Petroleum & Natural Resources, Additional Secretary In-charge Economic Affairs
Division, leading businessmen, farmers and agriculturists attended the JEC meeting.453
This was the first time that agriculturists and farmers were invited to attend the
447 The Nation, April 5, 2000 448 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 4, 2000 449 Dawn, April 2, 2000 450 The News, April 2, 2000 451 The Nation, May 15, 2000 452 Najmul Hassan Najam, “Time-tested Friends to the Rescue,” The Nation, May 28, 2000 453 The Nation, May 17, 2000 Daily Jang, May 19, 2000 126
meeting.454 The theme of the JEC was to explore new avenues of economic cooperation between the two States.455 This meeting was cochaired by Shaukat Aziz with China‟s
Minister for Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Shi Guangsheng. 456 JE
Commission was comprised of three working groups to explore the opportunities for
Chinese investment of Rs. 40 billion in railways rehabilitation projects, construction of
Gwardar port and expansion of the Pakistan Steel Mill.563 If these working groups worked properly then the basic infrastructure of the State would become better, which was in very bad state. It would also help to attract the foreign investors to Pakistan.457
China agreed to send a delegation of experts to Pakistan to set up model agricultural farms including transfer of technology.458 Shaukat Aziz said that his visit to China had served as a catalyst to further cement the economic cooperation between the two
States.459 He said the trade volume between the two States was at $ 1 billion that was only 5% of the Pakistan trade.460 It was very low compared to the real potential. China agreed to import more goods from Pakistan to enhance trade and improve the trade volume between the two States that was heavily in favour of
China.461 Shaukat Aziz‟s visit to China was very successful and it opened more avenues for the economic cooperation between the two States.
454 The Nation, May 19, 2000 455 The Nation, May 18, 2000 456 The Nation, May 17, 2000 563Daily Din, May 19, 2000 Najam, Op.cit. 457 Dawn, May 18, 2000 458 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 17, 2000 459 The Nation, May 19, 2000 460 The Nation, May 16, 2000 Sajid Zia, “Zhu‟s Visit Renews Sino-Pak Friendly Ties,” The Nation, May 19, 2001 461 JassimTaqui, “China‟s Contribution to the Economic Uplift of Pakistan,” The Nation, May 29, 2000 127
On April 3rd, 2001, the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation An Min, visited Pakistan with a delegation of fourteen members.462 The purpose of the visit was to enhance the economic cooperation between the two States and to explore the new opportunities of investment for the Chinese government. For this purpose, he met with different Federal Ministers and also with
General Pervez Musharraf.463 During his meeting with the Finance Minister, he stressed the increased bilateral trade between the two States.571 An Min pointed out that Chinese companies were busy in the completion of the Indus Highway, ChablatNowshera
Project, Karachi Northern bypass, and China would be interested in the
Shipping sector in Pakistan.464
After the visit of the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation, Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji visited Pakistan in May. The main theme or focus of his visit was to strengthen economic ties between the two States.465466
Talks were also held on international, regional and national level issues but main emphasis remained on economic cooperation.467 Six agreements and one MoU were signed during the visit. 468 Pakistan‟s Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz and Chinese
Minister for Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Shi-Guangsheng signed the agreements.469 In fact the agreements which covered a wide range of sectors including,
462 Rauf Klasra, “Chinese Minister due on April 3,” The News, March 29, 2001 The Nation, April 7, 2001 463 Rauf Klasra, “China Unlikely to Invest in 50 Projects,” The News, May 22, 2001 571 The Nation, April 7, 2001 464 Ahmad Hasan Alvi, “Chinese Team holds Trade Talks,” Dawn, April 8, 2001 465 Agha Shahi, “Pak-China and America (Pak-Chine Dosti or America),” Jasarat, May 24, 466 467 The Nation, May 15, 2001 468 Dawn, May 12, 2001 469 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 12, 2001 128
Saindak Copper Gold Projects, manufacturing of Railway‟s Locomotives and Coaches, supply of equipment for building of White Oil Pipeline, a grant of 50 million yuan for the promotion of economic and technological cooperation and 100 million US dollars of a telecom project were also part of it.470 Premier Zhu said General Musharraf was leading Pakistan in the right direction for the uplift of its economy.471 He said,
“I am confident that under his (Musharraf‟s) leadership
Pakistan‟s economy will do better in the future.”472
Zhu presented a four points proposal to achieve better economic ties between the two
States. These points were cooperation in agriculture, infrastructure development, joint venture and software development.473 He also announced Chinese assistance for the projects of Gwardar port and Makran Coastal Highway which were discussed during his visit.474 He also indicated that a purchase mission would soon be sent to Pakistan to buy available commodities.475 General Musharraf thanked the Chinese Premier for taking so much interest in the economic development of Pakistan. 476 The FPCCI hosted a luncheon in honour of Premier Zhu. The purpose of this ceremony was to explore the new avenues to improve the trade ties between the private sectors of the two States.477
470 The Nation, May 11, 2001 Dawn, May 13, 2001 471 Tariq Warisi, “Visit of Chinese Premier is “Breakthrough” (Wazir-i-Azam Chine Ka Dora “Breakthrough” ha),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 18, 2001 472 The News, May 13, 2001 473 The Nation, May 13, 2001 474 Daily Jang, May 13, 2001 475 Dawn, May 13, 2001 476 Dawn, May 13, 2001 477 The Nation, May 13, 2001
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Pakistan requested China to buy polyester on a competitive price. 478 Pakistan was producing 400,000 tones and was able to produce 600,000 tons of polyesters by the end of 2002.586 Shaukat Aziz thought that Zhu‟s visit had opened a new chapter of economic cooperation between the two States.479 The Chinese Premier had come at a time which had been crucial for Pakistan as some Indian observers had been referring to Pakistan as a „failed State‟. 480 Exclusive coverage to Zhu‟s visit to Pakistan was given by international media.589
However, according to some reports published in Pakistan, the delegation that visited Pakistan, in April under the leadership of Mr. An Min, had great reservations about the competency and credibility of Pakistani Ministers they had met. In a report which he himself had submitted, Mr. An Min stated:
“Each Minister had made several very general proposals
which were somewhat incomprehensible. There was no
focus, nor a sense of priority.”481
Twenty-six proposals of Board of Investment were rejected by the Chinese government.
The proposals suggested schemes for the joint ventures with Chinese companies in the private sectors of Pakistan on 100% equity basis.591 Chinese government also had
478 Aaim Yasin, “Dawood to Visit to China in June,” The News, May 15, 2001 586 The Nation, May 13, 2001 479 Wahab Kazim, “Pakistan, China can become Strategic Economic Partners,” The Nation, May 21, 2001 480 Maqbool Ahmed Bhatty, “New Phase in Pak-China Relations,” Dawn, May 23, 2001 589Daily Jang, May 25, 2001 481 Rauf Klasra, “China Unlikely to Invest in 50 Projects,” The News, May 22, 2001 591 Op.cit.
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expressed its reservations about fifty other projects submitted by eleven Federal
Ministers including the ministries of Agriculture, Environment,
Population, Health, Science and Technology, Water and Power, Industries and
Production, Communication, Petroleum and Tourism. 482 According to the Chinese government all projects had been generally proposed and sufficient homework had not been done. The government of Pakistan was asked to prioritize the projects and rather than generalization remained focused. 483 The Chinese government decided to give priority to those projects that had been proposed by General Pervez personally to Mr.
Min.594 This report actually showed the ineptness, carelessness and immature behaviour of some Pakistani Ministers due to which an important opportunity was lost.
A five-member Chinese delegation visited Pakistan in May 2001. The purpose of delegation was to increase its cooperation with Pakistan to enhance its agricultural products.484 The Federal Minister for Food and Agriculture Khair Mohammed Junejo, signed an agreement with a Chinese firm under which it was agreed that a Rs. 116.5 million interest free loan will be provided for the construction and expansion of
Quarantine Laboratory of the Department of Plant Production (DPP) Karachi.485 On
November 16, Khair Mohammed Junejo laid the foundation stone of the Pakistan Plant
Quarantine Expansion project in Malir, Jinnah Avenue.486 The laboratory was to test and
482 Arshad Ahmad Haqani, “Pak-China Economic Partnership and Our Mistake (Pak-Chine Iqtasadi Ishtaraq Kar or Hamari Mujramana Kohtahi),” Daily Jang, May 23, 2001 483 Masooda Bano, “Nothing has-Changed,” The News, May 31, 2001 594Klasra, Op.cit. 484 The Nation, May 30, 2001 485 Dawn, May 30, 2001 486 A Report on Foundation Stone Laying Ceremony of a China-Aided Plant Quarantine Expansion Project, Karachi 16 Nov 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, II, (November 2001) 131
identify the plants, crops and other agriculture related diseases before being exported to other nations.487
In June 2001 two Chinese economic delegations visited Pakistan. The first one consisted of twenty-six senior officials from the public and the private sectors, headed by China‟s Communication Minister Huang Zhendong. The delegation arrived in
Karachi in the first week of June and remained there for six-days.488 The Minister for
Communications and Railways, Lt. Gen (Retd) Javed Ashraf Qazi, indicated that the visit had been part of a series of exchanges initiated for the bilateral cooperation in communication sectors of the two States.489 Basically three issues i.e. the Gwardar port,
Makran Coastal Highway and acquisition of sixty-nine locomotives for Pakistan
Railways, were discussed with the delegation. The government of Pakistan wanted technical and financial assistance from China in these projects.601 The second sixteenmember delegation led by Vice Director General of Ministry of Foreign Trade and
Economic Cooperation of China Wang Shichun visited Pakistan Export Promotion
Bureau. Mr. Wang held meetings with Minister of State and Chairman Export Promotion
Bureau Tariq Ikram. This delegation included representatives of major corporations of
China like China Iron & Steel, China Chemical S & S, China Textile
487 The Nation, May 30, 2001 488 The Nation, June 8, 2001 489 The Nation, June 9, 2001 601 The Nation, June 8, 2001 132
Materials, and Shang Dong Products Imports & Exports.490 The Minister of Commerce
Razak Dawood, appreciated the intention of the delegation to start joint ventures, investment, and purchase polyester chip, chrome ore and cotton.491
On December 20th President Musharraf visited China for four days.492 He was accompanied by the Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, Commerce Minister, Petroleum and Natural Resources Minister and other officials related to the trade and business.493
On the first day of Gen. Musharraf‟s visit seven agreements were concluded with China for the promotion of economy, science and technology in Pakistan.494 According to
Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz, China had extended the grant of $ 350 million to
Pakistan. This package of grant was to complete the ongoing projects with the assistance of China throughout the country. Chinese government also offered to Pakistan to convert the short-term loans to facilitate the repayment.495 China also offered to buy all lint produced in Pakistan for its paper printing industry.496 Pakistan also opened its two commercial offices in Shanghai and Guangzhou, two leading business and trading centres of China. These offices were supervised by Commercial Counsellor Pakistan
Mission in Beijing Zafar Mahmood.609 These centers were given the task to promote interaction among the business communities of both States.497
490 The Nation, June 16, 2001 491 The Nation, June 19, 2001 492 The News, December 20, 2001 493 Rana Qaisar, “Several Pacts Likely During Musharraf‟s China Visit,” The Nation, December 15, 2001 494 Dawn, December 21, 2001 495 Dawn, December 21, 2001 496 The Nation, December 29, 2001 609 The Nation, December 27, 2001 497 The News, December 25, 2001 133
A twenty-six-member business delegation headed by President FPCCI Iftikhair
Ali Malik visited China from December 22 to 25. During the visit a MoU was signed with a Chinese Company, Qingqi Group for establishing a diesel loader vehicle manufacturing plant in Pakistan in collaboration with the Guard Group Company.498
The business delegation‟s visit also coincided with General Musharraf‟s visit to China.
The delegation also attended the Trade and Investment conference held on December
24, 2001 at Guangzhou. Gen. Musharraf had been invited to address this important conference which was attended by 250 eminent Chinese businessmen and 40 Pakistani businessmen. 499 The purpose of this conference was to explore such opportunities through which both countries could cooperate in economic field by joint ventures and investments.500 Musharraf in his speech urged Pakistani business community to adopt the policy to “Look East” particularly towards China.501
In January 2002, Commerce Minister Abdul Razzak accompanied President
Musharraf during his visit to China. Abdul Razzak later indicated that the Chinese investors were interested in investing in silk and textile sectors of Pakistan.502 He said that necessary talks were held to finalize that the Chinese investors would select the city where they would like to establish the Silk Park.503 A silk delegation led by the Vice
President of China National Textile Industry Council Ku Kun Yuan, visited
Pakistan. During his meeting with the Minister for Privatization Altaf M. Saleem,
Pakistan offered cooperation in silk production and indicated willingness to declare any
498 Dawn, December 21, 2001 499 Dawn, December 21, 2001 500 Daily Pakistan, December 27, 2001 501 The Nation, December 24, 2001 502 The Nation, January 11, 2002 503 The News, January 11, 2002
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part of country as “Silk Park/ Silk Town”. 504 The “Silk Park” project had been coordinated by the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) of Pakistan to be set up at Karachi or Faisalabad.505 This park facilitated the procedure for the printing of plain silk cloth in Pakistan.506 Altaf M. Saleem expressed the hope that China would find Pakistan an ideal place for silk manufacturing, reprocessing and export to other countries of the region and also outside the region.620
In another meeting, sixteen Chinese Pharmaceutical Companies were offered to invest in Pakistan for the development of traditional medicines and introduction of better health care system. Chinese investors also showed interest in manufacturing of surgical and acupuncture equipment in a joint venture with Pakistani businessmen.
They also wanted to export these medicines and equipment to the Middle East, West
Asia, Africa and Europe.507
In March, when Chinese Vice Premier Wu Bangguo came to Pakistan to attend the groundbreaking ceremony of Gawadar Port. An agreement was signed with the
Metallurgical Construction Corporation (MCC) of China for the development and exploitation of Duddar Lead-Zinc mine.508 This agreement was signed by the President of MCC China Ma Yanli and Secretary Petroleum and Natural Resources Abdullah
504 Asim Yasin, “China to Invest in Silk Production,” The News, March 13, 2002 505 Syed Mohammad Akhtar, “Pak-China Business,” The Nation, March 18, 2002 506 ______“Pak-China Partnership and the Business Imperatives,” The News, June 3, 2002 620Yasin, Op.cit. 507 The Nation, January 26, 2002 508 Foreign Office Year Book-2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 135
Yousaf. The signing ceremony was witnessed by General Musharraf and Wu Bangguo.
Duddar mine had an estimated 14.31 million tons of zinc and lead reserves.509 The firm planned to invest eighty million US dollars in the project for the mining and installation of plant to separate the metal.510
A trade delegation under the supervision of Cao Zinyu, Vice Chairman of the
Chinese Chamber of Commerce for Import and export of Textile, visited Pakistan in
September 2002.511 Mr. Cao stated that Chinese companies were willing to upgrade the textile machinery of Pakistan. Textile was the largest sector of Pakistan that had been contributing 66% of overall exports of the country.512 To cooperate in the textile sector, another Chinese team visited Pakistan. The team acknowledged that the all imports from
Pakistan were comprised of cotton yarn, cotton fabric, chemicals, leather and leather products.513 They admitted that there was a lack of knowledge about the Pakistani products in China. They agreed to a proposal of a single country exhibition of Pakistani products in China particularly of fruits like mangoes, oranges etc. 514 Every year thousands of fruits went to waste for certain reasons including the lack of accessibility
509 The Nation, March 23, 2002 510 Foreign Office Year Book-2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan Duddar-Mine Project was launched in January 2005. The project started its production by the end of 2007 and will continue its production till 2023. In order to manage the expanses of the project MCC signed an agreement not only with two more Chinese companies (MCC (51%), Hunan Zhuzhou Non-Ferrous Metals Smelter Co. Ltd. (34%), and Hunan Huang Shaping Lead and Zinc Mine Co. (15%)), it also signed a financing agreement with China Development Bank. China Development Bank would provide US $54 million loan for the development of Duddar Mine Project. (http://china.aiddata.org/projects/35306?,frame=y and www.dawn.com/news/389547chinese-stake- inbalochistan (accessed on October 21, 2015) 511 The News, September 8, 2002 512 The Nation, September 8, 2002 513 The Nation, November 22, 2002 514 The Nation, November 24, 2002 The Nation, July 7, 2002
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to a proper market.515 The Chinese mission signed an import agreement of $ 2.65 million with Pakistani counterpart.516 The agreement was signed at the head office of FPCCI in the presence of FPCCI Chief Tariq Saeed.517
Prime Minister Zafar ullah Khan Jamali visited China in March 2003. During his visit four agreements were signed.518 According to one of the agreements, for the economic betterment of Pakistan, China agreed to provide a grant of 50 million Yuan and 500 air- conditioned buses for Karachi to improve the public transport system of the city.519520 A batch of 50 buses had already been plying on roads.521522 In addition to that
China also offered to supply more buses for Lahore and for other cities.523
In July a team of Chinese experts visited agriculture farms in Pakistan to examine the pest-control and export management. After their detailed survey it was declared that
Pakistani mangoes met the standard and quality to be imported. The Chinese Quarantine and Quality Control Bureau agreed to issue quarantine certificate to allow Pakistani mangoes for export.524 But due to lack of a sound mango export policy, India captured the Chinese market to export mangoes.525526 Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister
Sardar Yar Muhammad Rind visited China for a bilateral talk relating to the agriculture.
515 Afshan Subohi, “Pakistan Missing Opportunities in China,” Dawn, March 30, 2003 516 Dawn, November 23, 2002 517 Daily Din, November 23, 2002 518 Daily Jang, March 25, 2003 519 Kaleem Omer, “China Offers Pakistan Low Cost Desalination Package,” The News, July 29, 520 521 ______“Pakistan is the World‟s Biggest Recipient of Chinese Aid,” The News, July 30, 522 523 A Write-Up on Pak-China Trade as Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 01 August 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 8, (Aug-15 Sept : 2003) 524 The Nation, July 25, 2003 525 Nadeem Shah, “Chinese Team‟s Visit to Mango Orchards Cancelled,” The News, June 15, 526 137
Later an agreement between Sardar Yar Muhammad and his counterpart Du Qinglin was signed for cooperation in the agriculture sector. Sardar Yar Muhammad said Pakistani government was thinking of utilizing about Rs. 35 million out of the grant that was offered to Pakistan by China during Jamali‟s visit.527
President Musharraf visited China from November 1 to 5, 2003, to attend the annual conference of the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA). Musharraf was the keynote speaker in Boao Conference.528 The basic purpose of this conference was to enhance economic cooperation among the Asian States. 529 Musharraf said that for the development of Asia it was necessary to enhance economic cooperation among the nations of Asia but conflicts in South Asia and instability in Afghanistan were the problem that were creating hurdles in the economic growth of the region.530 Musharraf also addressed the first Business Conference held at Beijing. The purpose of this conference was to attract the Chinese investors in Pakistan for joint economic ventures.
The conference was attended by 400 Chinese and Pakistani businessmen.531 Musharraf offered to set up in Pakistan an “Exclusive Economic Zone” for Chinese companies. He said that the cooperation between the two States was more suitable in textile, oil, gas, mining and chemical sectors and told them that China had been most important investor in Pakistan. 532 More than thirty-seven Chinese companies like ZTE, Hawai,
Technologies China Petroleum, Dong Feng, China Ocean Shipping and Air China were
527 The Nation, August 1, 2003 528 Pakistan Foreign Relations 2003-2004, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 529 Daily Jang, November 4, 2003 530 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 4, 2003 531 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 4, 2003 532 The News, November 5, 2003 138
operating in oil and gas, IT and telecom, power generation, engineering, automobile, infrastructure and mining sectors of Pakistan.533 During this visit an agreement between the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (Private) LTD, and the China
Metallurgical Construction (Group) Corporation for the development of Duddar Lead-
Zinc deposits in Balochistan was also signed.534 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao assured of
Chinese support to uplift the economy of Pakistan.535 The Chinese government also offered a preferential loan of $ 500 million to Pakistan for the upgradation of bilateral trade.536
Pakistan had reserves of almost all types of marbles, granite and onyx in
Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.648 A ten member delegation of China Stone Material Industry Association led by the Association‟s Secretary-General Zhang Wen
Bo visited Pakistan in 2004. The delegation also included President China‟s Geological
Engineering Exploration Academy Tian Zhenyuan. 537 They wanted to import semi- finished and raw marble and granite from Pakistan. During his meeting with Chairman
Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) Azhar Jaffery, Mr. Zhang told him that China was also interested to import finished and processed stone at a later stage.538
533 Address by President General Pervez Musharraf to a Gathering Executives of Chinese Corporations and Business Enterprises: Beijing, 4 Nov 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, II, (01-07 Nov : 2003) 534 Agreement between Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation (Private) LTD and China Metallurgical Construction (Group) Corporation for Development of Duddar Lead-Zinc Deposits in Balochistan : Beijing ; 3 November 2003, Pakistan Treaty Series 2000-2003, X, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 535 The News, November 5, 2003 536 Excerpts from an Interview of Foreign Minister Kasuri with “China Daily” As Appeared in the Paper on 10 April 2004, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, IV, (April: 2004) 648 The Nation, March 19, 2004 537 The Nation, March 5, 2004 538 The Nation, March 19, 2004 139
Pakistan‟s Prime Minister Mir Zafar-ullah Khan Jamali went to China in April to attend the annual conference of Boao Forum that was held from April 24 to 25,
2004. The theme of conference was “A Win-Win Asia, An Asia Open to the World”.
Almost 1000 people participated in the conference. The economic cooperation in the context of globalization, integration of regional economies, development paths for Asia and sustainable development of society came under discussion.539
In May, a twenty-four-member Chinese delegation came to Pakistan and showed its keen interest in setting up a paper industry in the Export Processing Zone of
Salim near the motorway (M-II). They also committed that Pakistan was safe for foreign investment. They were interested in setting up of a sugar industry and making paper from the crushed sugarcane. The Chinese investors were informed that besides crushed sugarcane, straws of wheat and paddy were also used for paper making.540
Meanwhile, a team of Chinese exporters and importers of mangos who were scheduled to visit Pakistan cancelled their visit due to some criticism aimed at President
Musharraf‟s agricultural package.541 The Mangos Grower Association criticized the package as they thought that small farmers had been ignored in the package.654 The first ever food festival to display Pakistani mangoes was held in China in the month of August
2004. It was organized by Pakistan‟s embassy to export Pakistani mangoes to China.
Commercial Councillor Shahid Mahmood had arranged for Pakistani mangoes, specially
539 The News, April 24, 2004 540 Dawn, May 7, 2004 541 In June 2004, President Musharraf announced an agricultural package to provide relief to farmers. He announced abolishment of sales tax and withholding import of all agricultural implements not produced in Pakistan. This package was criticized by farmers. (www.pakistan.com/english/news/newsDetail.php?newsid=576 accessed on May 7, 2015) 654 Shah, Op.cit.
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“Chounsa” to be displayed at two super stores in China. Former Chinese ambassador
Lu Shulin acknowledged the good quality and sweet taste of Pakistani mangoes.542
Pakistan‟s Ambassador to China Riaz M. Khan told the farmers that China would provide a market for horticulture products of Pakistan. Pakistani mangoes got very positive response in China. Next year Pakistan would heavily export mangoes to
China.543
Li Chengyu, Governor of Hanan province, paid a visit to Pakistan in August
2004. He met with Chief Minister Punjab Pervaiz Elahi. After his meeting an agreement was signed between Punjab province and Hanan province for the industrial cooperation between the two provinces.544 Pakistan also offered China to use its seaport to access
Africa and the Middle East. This offer was made by Minister for
Kashmir Affairs Faisal Saleh Hayat, when Governor of the Xinjiang province Ismail
Tiliwaldi met with him in Islamabad. Mr. Hayat pointed out in his speech that Pakistan could earn millions by becoming a transit country.545 China had signed agreements granting the status of “Most Favoured Nation (MFN)” to 190 countries including
Pakistan. Another agreement with Pakistan to promote bilateral trade was signed. Under which Pakistan was allowed to export 700 items to China at exclusive duty rates.546
542 As a result of this exhibition in 2006 Pakistan registered for mango export to China. (ppinewsagency.com/598/8 accessed on October 28, 2015) The Nation, August 9, 2004 543 Daily Jang, August 24, 2004 544 Dawn, August 25, 2004 545 Dawn, October 7, 2004 546 The Nation, November 3, 2004 141
Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China from December 14 to 18. 547 He discussed regional and bilateral issues with Chinese leaders to promote economic cooperation between the two States.548 Shaukat Aziz announced the plan to set up a
China industrial zone in Pakistan to make Chinese access easier to Africa and Middle
East.549 Pakistan had given China Free Market Economic Status believing that it would enhance Chinese investments in the country.550 Pakistan and China signed twenty-five agreements both in the public and private sectors for the promotion of economic cooperation.551 The two countries signed an agreement to construct housing projects
(Sukh Chayn Garden Housing Estate) in Pakistan.552 According to the agreement, 1600 villas of some different sizes were to be built by using Chinese technology at Multan
Road, Lahore. This project also included farmhouses. The estimated cost of this project was $ 110 million. The work on the project was to be started in three months and to be completed in three years. 553 The agreement was concluded after Shaukat Aziz‟s meeting with the President of China State Construction Engineering Corporation Sun
Wen Jie. It was signed by the President of Sukh Chayn Gardens, Lahore, Shujjat Azeem, on the behalf of the government of Pakistan.554 Two MoUs were also signed during the
547 The Nation, December 14, 2004 548 Bahzad Alam Khan, “Aziz in China on Mission to Boost Ties,” Dawn, December 15, 2004 549 ______, “China, Pakistan Sign 7 Accords in Vital Sectors,” Dawn, December 16, 2004 550 Salim Javed, “Prime Minister‟s Sucessful Visit to China and Stability of State (Wazir-i- Azam Ka Kamyab Dora-i-Chine or Mulki Istahkam),” Daily Jang, December 28, 2004 Salim Bokhari, “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment,” The News, December 16, 2004 551 Javed Mahmood, “Pakistan, China to Sign 25 Accords,” Daily Times, December 15, 2004 552 Daily Khabren, December 11, 2004 553 Daily Din, December 16, 2004 554 The Nation, December 16, 2004 In April 2005, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao laid down the foundation of Sukh Chayn Garden Housing Estate. The contract of the project was awarded to China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC). CSCES had completed the project in record time of one year. (http://www.sukhchayn.com/ accessed on October 21, 2015) 142
same visit of Shaukat Aziz. The first MoU was signed between the ZTE Company of
China and the Software Expert Board of Pakistan. Riaz M. Khan, Pakistani ambassador to China, and ZTE Vice President Madam Fang Rang signed the MoU on behalf of their respective governments. Under the MoU the ZTE was to manufacture telecommunication equipment in Pakistan and to export it as
Pakistani goods. Another MoU was signed between the Royal Fan Pakistan and MIDEA
Company of China. According to the agreement, Chinese company had to cooperate in manufacturing of refrigerators, air-conditions, ovens and some other kitchen products at
Sundar Industrial Estate in Lahore.555 In the same visit Shaukat
Aziz also inaugurated the building site of Pakistani Consulate General in Shanghai.556
The inaugural ceremony was attended by Federal Ministers, Ghulam Sarwar Khan,
Nauraiz Shakoor, Ghazi Gulab Jamal, Jehangir Tareen, Chinese ambassador to Pakistan and Pakistan‟s ambassador to China besides some other elites of the city.557 It was the permanent Pakistan‟s consulate in a commercial city of China. The 5,000 square meter land for this consulate had been donated by Chinese government. In his inaugural speech
Pakistan‟s Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz stated that the opening of Pakistani consulate general in Shanghai reflects Pakistan‟s seriousness to improve its bilateral economic ties with China.558 On the same occasion an agreement was signed for the establishment of a pharmaceutical unit in Karachi. The agreement was signed by two Chinese companies, the SPGC Sinc Pharmaceutical Laboratories Limited and the Orient
555 The Nation, December 19, 2004 556 Salim Bokhari, “Premier‟s Journey to China, A Big Success,” The News, December 31, 2004 557 RanaTahir Mahmood, “New Chapter Opened in Sino-Pak Ties: Shaukat,” The News, December 18, 2004 558 Rana Qaisar, “Pakistan a Magnet for Investors: Aziz,” Daily Times, December 18, 2004 672 The News, December 23, 2004
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International Holding Limited, with M/S Royal Group of Pakistan. The agreement was signed by Vice President Madam Zhu Xiao Fang on behalf of the SPGC Sinc
Pharmaceutical Laboratories Limited, Mr. Tao Hong on behalf of Orient International
Holding Limited, and Mrs. Mumtaz H. Maker, Chairperson on behalf of the Royal
Group. This was actually the finalization of the agreement between Chinese companies and M/S Royal Group of Pakistan that had been signed during the President
Musharraf‟s visit to China in November 2003. By this joint venture $ 5 million investments came to Pakistan from China and it also created almost 150 jobs.672
In 2004, a seventeen-member Chinese delegation of top investors led by Lu
Yiping, Chairman Shanhai Petro-Chemical Company, visited Islamabad. The delegation met with Punjab Chief Minister Chudhary Pervaiz Elahi and showed their interest in investing in industry, real estate, information technology and automobile sectors. They also promised to review the lingering project of light mono rail in Lahore.559 Pakistan offered free of charge land in Sunder Industrial Estate to Chinese bringing in an investment of $ 20 million dollars for the establishment of exportoriented industrial units. The offer was made by the Punjab Industrial Minister Chaudhary Muhammad
Ajmal Cheema while taking to Chinese investors.674
In April 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao visited Pakistan for three days and inked 18 agreements with Pakistan.675 These agreements were mostly related with the field of
559 Intikhab Hanif, “Chinese „Ready‟ for Major Investment,” Dawn, March 26, 2005 To cater the transport problem of Lahore, Punjab Chief Minister Pervaiz Elahi approved a light monorail project of 25 Km track linking new terminal complex of Lahore airport with Shahdara Town. According to the project the light rail would run over a 17-foot high track to be laid via Ravi Road and Bhati Chowk. Since early eighties, a light rail transit system was under discussion in government circle. In 1991 a Japanese development organization completed their feasibility studies but this study was reviewed and updated as a part of the World Bank funded „Lahore Traffic and Transport Studies‟ in 1993 but nothing had done. Again in 1995 Japan proposed to finance the original scheme of the project 144
business, trade and investment.676 An agreement was signed for the construction of low- cost 1200 houses with an investment of 85 million by China Estate Engineering
Corporation.677 Wen Jiabao and Shaukat Aziz inaugurated the “Sukh-Chayn Housing
Scheme” project.678 An agreement of $ 40 million was signed for the construction of
Loweri Top tunnel.679 An agreement was signed regarding the export of live stock from
China to the Middle East and some other countries by using Pakistan as transit.680
China showed its interest to import rice, mangoes and dates from Pakistan.681 Shaukat
Aziz said Pakistani rice, mangoes and oranges were of high quality and taste. He said,
but no benefit was gain from this offer. Chief Minister Pervaiz Elahi was keen to complete the project with the help of China till October 2007 but this project is still lingering. Dawn, Lahore, January 24, 2003 Daily Times, October 21, 2015 674 The Nation, April 3, 2005 675 The News, April 7, 2005 The News, April 6, 2005 676 Ahmad Rashid Malik, “Sino-Pak Economy Ties,” The Nation, April 7, 2005 677The News, April 7, 2005 Daily Jang, April 7, 2005 678Daily Jang, April 6, 2005 679 Dawn, April 5, 2005 680 Protocol of Quarantine and Health Requirements for Sheep and Goats to be Exported to Pakistan for Transit from China through Pakistan (between the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People‟s Republic of China): Islamabad ; 5 April 2005,Pakistan Treaty Series 2004-2005, XI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 681 The Nation, April 9, 2005
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“These are very addictive items, once you taste them, all our
export problems would be over.”560
The Treaty of Friendship Cooperation and Good-Neighbourly Relations was also signed during the visit. The treaty dealt with the issues of mutual interests like economic cooperation, trade, agriculture, transportation, finance, investment, custom, and telecommunication.683 This treaty was expected to contribute towards a comprehensive partnership, and benefits were to be passed down from generation to generation.561 Wen also attended the fourth Asian Cooperation Dialogue Ministerial meeting which was held in Islamabad.562 Pakistan and China also agreed to establish a Joint Investment
Company (JIC) in Pakistan to realize full economic potential of the two countries.563
This agreement was signed by Advisor to the Prime Minister on Finance Dr. Salam Shah and Chinese Commerce Minister Bo Xilai on the conclusion of 12th Pakistan-China Joint
Economic Commission (JEC) meeting, held in Islamabad from April 3 to 6, 2005.564
The Agreement on cooperation and mutual assistance in customs matters was signed by
Salman Shah and Chinese Foreign Minister Li
Zhuoxing. Li Zhuoxing signed another agreement „Implementation Rules of the
Agreement between Pakistan and China, concerning International Road Transport‟ with communication Minister Shamim Siddiqui. Tariq Ikram, Chairman Export Promotion
Bureau (EPB), and Wan Jiefi, Chairman China Council for the Promotion of
560 Nadeem Malik, “China Offers Help in N-Power Generation,” The News, April 7, 2005 683 Mohammad Ali Siddiqi, “New Level of Friendship with China,” Dawn, April 9, 2005 561 Ghayoor Ahmed, “Significance of Hu‟s Visit,” Dawn, November 23, 2006 562 Dawn, April 4, 2005 563 Dawn, April 7, 2005 564 Foreign Office Year Book 2004-05, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 146
International Trade (CCPTI), signed an agreement for the cooperation of EBP and
CCPTI.565
In February 2006, President Pervez Musharraf visited China to address the
Pakistan-China Business Forum. During the Forum he met with almost hundred top
Chinese business executives.566 Musharraf stressed that there was a need to extend bilateral economic relations to the height of their diplomatic and political relations.567
Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao said Chinese government encouraged the investment in
Pakistan but following the murder of Chinese in Balochistan he raised the concerns about the security of the Chinese nationals working in Pakistan.568 During the visit fourty agreements were signed, thirteen in the government sector and twenty-seven in the business and industrial sector. 569 The signing ceremony was held at the
PakistanChina Investment Forum in the presence of President Musharraf.570 Another agreement was also signed under which China agreed to provide a $ 300 million loan to
Pakistan to buy Chinese goods.571 It was decided to set up a new “Textile City” at Port
Qasim near Karachi on 1200 acres of land.572 Textile City management offered high- class infrastructure facilities and other incentives to Chinese companies that were
565 Dawn, April 6, 2005 566 Dawn, February 20, 2006 567 The Nation, February 21, 2006 568 The killing of Chinese in Balochistan is given in detail in Chapter 5. The forces behind the murders of Chinese nationals try to create the rift between the governments of both the states. So that the cooperation between the two states in different economic, strategic and defence can be hampered. The Post, February 22, 2006 569 Nawa-i-Waqt, February 23, 2006 570 Dawn, February 22, 2006 571 The Post, February 22, 2006 572 „The Chinese Economic Juggernaut Roll On‟ An Article by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 28 January 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, I, (Jan: 2008) 147
interested in setting up textile related joint ventures with the Pakistani companies.573
Commerce Minister Humayun Akhtar Khan said that the visit of the President was a breakthrough for cooperation in the banking sector of the two States. A formal agreement was signed between Habib Bank of Pakistan and City Commercial Bank,
Urumqi to work on partnership basis.574 China Development Bank (CDB) and National
Bank of Pakistan (NBP) also signed a MoU for joint financing for different economic projects.575576 CDB and NBP decided to work out a strategy for business scope, terms and conditions, administration, location and other significant issues for the economic cooperation. 577 Pakistan and China also signed an agreement to expand bilateral economic ties and trade cooperation.578 It was further decided that the two countries would work out a comprehensive plan for their bilateral economic cooperation and would establish an Economic Cooperation Group (ECG) under the framework of the joint committee on economic, trade, scientific and technical cooperation.579 This group was made responsible for the financial and technical arrangements besides guiding the respective enterprise in light of market rules, and identify economic projects of mutual interests.580
573 Kaleem Omer, “Pakistan-China Economic Cooperation : An All-Weather Partnership that has Stood the Test of Time,” The News, February 27, 2006 574 The Nation, February 24, 2006 575 Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan, “A New Era of Long-tested Friendship,” The News, February 576 , 2006 577 Daily Times, March 24, 2006 578 Joint Statement Issued during President Pervez Musharraf‟s Visit to China, Pakistan Perspective, II, 1, (January-June, 2006) 579 The Nation, May 13, 2006 580 Pakistan-China Framework Agreement on Expanding and Deepening Bilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation : Beijing; 20 February 2006, Pakistan Treaty Series 2006-2009, XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 148
The first meeting of this group was held on May 20, in Islamabad, to consider proposals for increasing bilateral trade in the next five years.581 A high profile fifteen member
Chinese delegation came to Pakistan to attend this meeting.582 Minister for Commerce
Humayun Akhtar Khan said that the purpose of the meeting was to formulate a comprehensive five-year plan to enhance trade and economic cooperation between
Pakistan and China.583 The delegation also discussed the domestic economic conditions, industrial structure and its main characteristics.584
President Musharraf visited China in June to attend the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization (SCO) Summit. Besides attending this Summit Musharraf met with the
Presidents of China, Russia, Iran and Afghanistan to discuss the means and ways to increase bilateral trade.585 A delegation of sixty industrialists and businessmen under the supervision of President Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce and Industry Jalil
Ahmad Malik also visited Kashgar. The purpose of this visit was to participate in the 2nd
Kashgar International Trade Fair 2006 and display their products during the fair to enhance market for Pakistani products. The delegation met with high government functionaries of China.586
In October, Punjab Chief Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi went to China on an official visit for six days.587 During his address in a conference in Shanghai he offered maximum
581 Haq Nawaz, “Pak, China to Discuss Doubling Trade Volume,” The Nation, May 20, 2006 582 Sajid Chaudhry, “Pakistan, China to Setup Joint Investment Company,” Daily Times, October 25, 2006 583 Nawaz, Op.cit. 584 Sajid Chaudhry, Op.cit. 585 The News, June 17, 2006 586 The Nation, June 27, 2006 587 Shahid Qaider, “Chief Minister‟s Visit to China (Wazir-i-Alahika Dora-i-Chine),” Nawa- iWaqt, November 6, 2006 149
incentives to Chinese businessmen under the Public-Private Partnership Scheme and tried to convince them that the Punjab was an ideal place for them to invest.710 After the conference, two MoUs were signed between the Chinese investors and The Bank of
Punjab. Under the first agreement The Bank of Punjab pledged to provide better financial facilities to Chinese investors and according to the 2nd MoU, Chinese investors agreed to invest in a mega project and to establish international standards markets and stores in different cities of Punjab.711 Under the first phase of this project 150 super markets and more than 1,000 small stores in different cities of Punjab were to be established.712 He also visited the capital of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing. At a reception in Nanjing hosted by Sun Zhijun, Minister for Science,
Technology, Culture, Information and Public Affairs of Jiangsu Province, Pervaiz Elahi offered 500 acres land to the Chinese investors in different industrial estates of the
Punjab province.713 He told the Chinese investors that free of charge land would be provided to those who would invest $ 25 million in the industrial estate, while others were be given developed industrial plots at original cost.714 He said such plots would also be allocated to the Chinese investors in industrial estate of Faisalabad. The offer was a step to fulfil the promise made by Musharraf, during his visit in November
2003, to develop a special industrial zone.715 He also held detailed discussions with the
Governor of Jiangsu Province Liang Bao Hua, and other senior officials of the
710Daily Din, October 16, 2006 711 The Nation, October 16, 2006 712 Nawa-i-Waqt, October 22, 2006 The Nation, October 21, 2006 713 The News, October 17, 2006 714Javed Younas, “Chief Minister‟s Visit to China. . . Important Step towards Peace and Prosperity (Shanti Taraki Ka Aham Sanga-i-meel . . . Wazir-i-Alaha Punjab Kadora-i-Chine),” Nawa-i- Waqt, November 3, 2006 150
Daily Khabren, October 17, 2006 715Irfan Shahzad, “Facilitating Chinese Investors, Investment Friendly Incentives to Attract FDI,” The News, October 23, 2006 province. As an outcome of Pervaiz Elahi‟s meeting with Liang Bao Hua, a declaration of cooperation between the government of Punjab and Jiangsu province was signed.588
The important points of this declaration were included to develop benefits from each other‟s experience to promote exports, market studies of both provinces, strategies to increase the opportunities of investments, to average industrial exhibitions and fairs, to exchange industrial and cultural delegations.589 Provincial Minister for Information and
Technology Abdul Aleem Khan said the agreements signed in different industrial and other sectors would create job opportunities in Punjab and as a consequence would bring prosperity in the province.590 Liang Bao Hua said that Pervaiz Elahi had brought very solid and useful proposals to enhance cooperation between Jiangsu and the Punjab province. 591 The Chinese authorities also expressed their willingness to provide educational facilities to Pakistani students at postgraduate level, in agriculture and livestock sectors.592 They also offered scholarships to the talented students.593
Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Pakistan for four days from November 23rd to
26th.594595 During his visit eighteen agreements and MoUs worth of $ 6 million were signed.596 President Musharraf and Chinese President witnessed signing ceremony of
588 The Nation, October 18, 2006 589 Daily Din, October 18, 2006 590 The Nation, October 19, 2006 591 The Nation, October 20, 2006 592 The Nation, October 19, 2006 593 Daily Jang, October 19, 2006 594 Ahmed Rashid Malik, “Economic Dimensions of Hu‟s Visit,” The Nations, November 29, 595 596 Hussain Ahmad Paracha, “Ideal Friend (Mishali Dost),” Nawa-i-Waqt, November 27, 2006 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Evaluating Hu‟s Pakistan Visit,” The Post, December 3, 2006 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 25, 2006 151
the agreements.724 An agreement was signed for the implementation of Five-Years
Programme in Islamabad on November 24th.725 The draft of this agreement was already prepared by the Sino-Pakistan Joint Working Group after five days of discussions.726 It covered cooperation in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, infrastructure, public works, minerals, energy, information and communication technology, service and education, and technical cooperation.727 Pakistan was the only country with whom China signed the agreement.728 Under this agreement both sides also agreed to triple their bilateral trade to $ 15 billion by 2011.729 China agreed to establish Pakistani Consulate
General in Chengdu to facilitate Pakistani traders and tourists.730 On the last day of his visit President Hu also inaugurated the Economic Zone on Raiwind Road near Lahore with Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz.731 He also inaugurated Haier-Ruba Economic Zone at Manga Mandi.732 In his inaugural speech the President said that it was for the first time that his country had established
724Hanif Khalid, “China is the Sincere and Genuine Friend of Pakistan (Chine he Pakistan ka Haqiqi or Mukhlis Dost ha),” Daily Jang, November 30, 2006 725Pakistan-China Five-Year Development Program for Trade and Economic Cooperation : Islamabad ; 24 November 2006,Pakistan Treaty Series 2006-2009, XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan Framework Agreement on Security of Financial for Pak-China Bilateral Cooperation between Ministry of Finance and Revenue (Finance Division0, Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation : Islamabad ; 24 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXII, XII, (Dec : 2006) 726Hanif Khalid, “Chinese President Arrived Today,” The News, November 23, 2006 727Rao Khalid, “Pak-China N-ties Bound to Grow :Hu,” The Nation, November 25, 2006 The Post, November 26, 2006 728Sajid Chaudhry, “Pakistan and China Sign Five-Year Plan on Economic,” Daily Times, November 25, 2006 729 The target set in five year for volume of trade was not achieved in 2011. The trade volume between both States in 2011 was $ 8.6 billion. (Keynote Speech by Ambassador Masood Khan of Pakistan at China Institute of International Studies , Beijing; (August 19, 2011) The Nation, November 26, 2006 730 Daily Times, November 26, 2006
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731Daily Jang, November 27, 2006 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 28, 2008 732 The News, November 27, 2006 Economic Zone outside China.597 Other provinces of Pakistan were also willing to provide land to the Chinese investors to establish Special Economic Zones but Punjab had taken a lead in this regard.598 During his visit Hu identified three other projects completed in Pakistan as monument of economic cooperation between the two States, namely Chasma Nuclear Power Plant, Gwardar Port and the Karakorum Highway.599
He said that Pakistan and China were enjoying close political and diplomatic relations but the figure of trade and investments was not impressive and was much below the existing potential.600601 Chief Minister Pervaiz Elahi in his speech highlighted that Hu‟s visit had promoted bilateral economic ties.602
In April 2007, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz went to China and during his visit twenty- nine agreements were signed including fourteen in the public and fifteen in the private sector.603 The agreements included finalization of Diamer Bhasha Dam, opening of
Chinese Bank in Pakistan, construction of a new airport at Gwardar, cross border cables construction and agreement between Shanghai Stock Exchange and Karachi Stock
Exchange.604 It was agreed to promote bilateral trade by an effort to achieve the trade target of $ 15 billion by 2010. It was also agreed to establish Electronic Data Interchange
597 Daily Jang, November 27, 2006 598 Dawn, November 27, 2006 599 Sultan Ahmed, “Economic Cooperation with China,” Dawn, November 30, 2006 600 Mehtab Haider, “Tapping Bilateral Trade Potential still Low : Hu,” The Nation, November 601 , 2006 602 Mehtab Haider, “China to Help Build 6 N-Plants,” The Nation, November 18, 2006 603 Visit of Prime Minister, Shaukat Aziz to China on 16-21 April 2007, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXXIV, IV, (Apr : 2007) 604 Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan, “Economic Cooperation: Prospects and Constraints,” The News, April 23, 2007 Daily Times, April 21, 2007 153
(EDI) System for the promotion of trade. 605 A MoU was also signed between the
Planning Commission of Pakistan and the National Development and Reform
Commission of China to strengthen the socio-economic relations by exchanging delegations and by promoting discussions in friendly environment.606607
As a result of Five Year Plan China Specific Economic Zone (SEZ) was established in an area spread over 3,000 acres of land near Kala Shah Kaku interchange, near Lahore.608 Advisor to the Finance Ministry Dr. Ashfaq Hasan Khan, while talking about the zone said that exclusive incentives were given to Chinese investors, such as exemption of taxes on the import of machinery and necessary equipment for the establishment of industries in the zone. The federal government had taken the responsibility for the supply of water and electricity, while the provincial government was made responsible for the development of the approved roads. The board of investments was asked to establish its office in SEZ to provide one window operation facility to investors. It was agreed that a dry port would also be established in the zone for the imports and exports of goods.609 Shaukat Aziz believed that the SEZ would be able to attract foreign direct investments in manufacturing sector, helping Pakistan to enhance its exports.610
605 Joint Statement between the People‟s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the Visit of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz from 16-20 April 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, IV, (Apr : 2007) 606 Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation between the Planning of Pakistan and the National Development and Reform Commission of the People‟s Republic of China : Beijing ; 17 April 607 , Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, IV, (Apr : 2007) 608 A Report on “Chinese Investment in Pakistan” by Akhtar Jamal, As Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 01 march 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, III, (March : 2008) 609 Business Recorder, March 2, 2007 610 The Nation, September 1, 2007 154
In July 2007, three Chinese nationals were killed in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Beijing showed concerns about this killing but they did not take any step to roll back the economic cooperation with Pakistan.611 A trade delegation visited Pakistan in late July.
The delegation consisted of members for various larger business groups of China like
Sino-Chem Coorporation, China Tax Group, Sino Steel Coorporation, China Meheco
Coorporation, and China Minerals Corporation. 612 This delegation was headed by
Assistant Trade Minister Wang Chao.613 The purpose of the visit was to explore new areas from where China could increase its imports from Pakistan.614 On July 18, an agreement between China Development Bank and Economic Affairs of Pakistan was signed for the establishment of Pakistan and China Investment Company Limited
(PCICL).615 The agreement was signed by Chen Jianbo and Xia Qiang on behalf of
China Development Bank and M. Akram Malik, Secretary Economic Affairs Division and Iqbal Hassain, Senior Joint Secretary on behalf of Economic Affairs Division of
Pakistan.616 According to this agreement, the head office of this company was to be set up in Islamabad and branches were to be opened in and outside of Pakistan. Advisor to the Prime Minister on Finance Dr. Salam Shah was nominated as the first Chairman of the company and M. Akram as Director. The Chinese side nominated Chen Jiabao as
Managing Director and Vice Chairman of the Company whereas Xia Qiang as
Director.617 It was decided that the company would become operational in August with
611 Dawn, July 11, 2007 (Detail of incident is given in Chapter 5) 612 The Nation, July 12, 2007 613 Dawn, July 20, 2007 614 The Nation, July 20, 2007 615 Zafae Ahmad, “Traders Hail Setting Up of Pak-China Investment Company,” The Post, December 24, 2007 616 The Nation, July 22, 2007 617 The Post, July 22, 2007 155
a paid-up capital of $ 200 million to be subscribed equally by both parties to promote investments, to start joint ventures, and to finance the asset management, for house financing, investment in banking and infrastructure projects. 618 The company was established on July 27, 2007. 619 The establishment of this company was also an implementation of Five Year Plan. 620 President Musharraf said the launching of
Pakistan-China Investment Company was another milestone in the economic relations between the two States.621
By August 2007, China Mobile Pak-Limited (CM Pak) had entered into a multi-million dollars agreement with Wateen Telecom (Pvt). Limited for the use of
Wateen‟s state-of-the-art fabric optic cable network laid across the country. Wateen
Telecom was Pakistan‟s first and largest private communication sector and media solution company.622
3.1 Preferential Trade Agreement
During President Pervez Musharraf‟s visit to China in November 2003, Pakistan and China signed a Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA).623 PTA meant to reduce traffic on some specific items to be imported or exported to each other.758 A formal document on PTA was signed between Deputy Director General, Department of International
618 The Nation, December 28, 2007 The Post, July 22, 2007 619 Dawn, December 27, 2007 620 The Post, July 22, 2007 621 Business Recorder, December 17, 2007 622 China Mobile Pak-Limited (CM Pak) Formerly Paktel Limited The Nation, August 7, 2007 623 Khalid Mustafa, “Trade to go under PTA from Jan 1,” Daily Times, December 14, 2003 758 Dawn, November 4, 2003 156
Trade and Economic Affairs Zhu Hong and Commercial Counsellor in Pakistan
Embassy Shahid Mahmood. 624 The agreement was to help in enhancing the trade between the two States.625 Foreign Minister Shaukat Aziz said the signing of
PTA was a breakthrough for enhancing trade between the two countries.626 Commerce
Minister Humayun Akhtar Khan said despite the fact that Pakistan was not a member of
Bangkok agreement, China had given it the same concession as it had granted to the members. 627 He said India too had negotiated a PTA with China. 628 Secretary
Commerce Kamal Afsan said that China had agreed to reduce duties on the import items and given tariff concession to Pakistan on 893 items for its export to China. In contrast, such concession was given to China on 200 items only.629
It was suggested by China to implement the agreement from the December 20th but Pakistani authorities asked for two more weeks to do the required homework on the implementation of project, so it was mutually decided to implement the agreement from
January 1, 2004. According to some economists, the agreement was expected to increase
Pakistan‟s export to China by 100% while Chinese exports to Pakistan were expected to increase by 25%.765 Chinese officials believed that the PTA would provide an
624 Dawn, December 30, 2003 625 Daily Jang, November 5, 2003 626 The News, November 4, 2003 627 In July 1975, among seven nations, Bagladesh, India, Lao PDR, Republic of Korea, Srilanka, Pilippines and Thailand signed an agreement known as Bangkok Agreement. The purpose of this agreement was expansion of trade through traffic concession. In 2000, China also joined this agreement. The Nation, November 7, 2003 628 Mehtab Haider, “Preferential Tariff Pact Likely with China during Musharraf Visit,” The Nation, October 25, 2003 629 The News, November 4, 2003 765 Mustafa, Op.cit.
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opportunity to Pakistani products to access Chinese markets and enhance the trade through land route.630
The bilateral trade between Pakistan and China showed an upward trend when the PTA came into effect on January 2004. In January, Pakistani exports to China increased by
50.16% and imports were 48.43% as compared to the quantum of trade in January
2003.631 The PTA had discouraged the illegal trade because the minimum customs duty rates discouraged the illegal trade.632633 In November a trade delegation led by Secretary
Commerce Tasneem Noorani visited China. During his meeting with Chinese Assistant
Commerce and Trade Minister Yi Xiao Zhun, expansion of PTA and a Free Trade
Agreement (FTA) to further promote the economic cooperation between the two States were concluded.634 Tasneem Noorani indicated that it would take some time to set FTA because there were some issues to be resolved.635 When Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China in December 2004 a protocol was signed to initiate a study on FTA.636637
Pakistan and China agreed to form a Joint Study Group (JSG) to work out measures in six-months time for signing the FTA.772
In February 2005, Chinese Assistant Minister for Commerce and Trade Yi
Xiao Zhun, visited Pakistan and met with Akber Abdullah, the Acting President of
FPCCI, and discussed with him a draft of the FTA. Akber Abdullah was of the view that
630 Daily Times, May 1, 2004 631 Daily Times, March 24, 2004 632 Javed Mahmood, “Pak-China Trade Crosses $1 b Mark in a Mths,” Daily Times, May 29, 633 634 The Nation, November 13, 2004 635 Dawn, November 13, 2004 636 Salim Bokhari, “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment,” The News, December 16, 2004 772Dawn, Lahore, December 19, 2004 Rana Qaiser, “Relations with India not at Pakistan‟s Expanse: China,” Daily Times, December 637 , 2004 158
the draft of FTA would not produce the desired results of increasing the bilateral trade.638
To pave the way for FTA, Shaukat Aziz approved a modified draft on Early
Harvest Programme (EHP). The objective was that instead of implementation of FTA in one go, it was suggested that execution would be started in phases of 30-40 items and then would be formally converted into FTA.639 When Premier Wen Jiabao visited
Pakistan in April 2005, talks were held on this issue.640 As an outcome of Wen and
Shaukat Aziz‟s talks, EHP was signed in Islamabad on April 5th.641 The Commerce
Minister Humayun Akhtar Khan told the press in a briefing that the EHP had been signed between the two States and it would come in to effect from January 1, 2006.777 The PTA was to be abolished after EHP implementation.642 Under the EHP customs duties on bilaterally agreed items were brought to zero.643644 Both States agreed that first reduction would take place from January 1, 2006, and by January 1, 2008, tariff on all items would be reduced to zero.645 Shaukat Aziz and FPCCI Chief Muhammad Saeed discussed the trade deficit with Premier Wen. The Chinese leader hoped that the trade deficit of
Pakistan would be reduced by exporting quality rice to China under EHP. 646 An agreement was reached between the Export Promotion Bureau of Pakistan and the
638 The Nation, February 25, 2005 639 Khaleeq Kiani, “China to Sign 10 Accords,” Dawn, April 2, 2005 640 The Nation, December 9, 2005 641 Agreement on the Early Harvest Programme for the Free Trade Agreement between the Government of the People‟s Republic of China and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Islamabad; (5 April 2005) Pakistan Treaty Series 2004-2005, XI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 777 Dawn, April 7, 2005 642 Mubarak Zeb Khan, “FTA Talks with China Begin Tomorrow,” Dawn, August 6, 2005 643 Sajid Chaudhry, “Pakista, China Develop Consensus on EHP,” Daily Times, March 31, 644 645 Sajid Chaudhry, “Pakistan, China to Begin Trade Under EHP,” Daily Times, April 7, 2005 646 Afzal Bajwa, “Sino-Pak Ties Enter New Stage,” The Nation, April 7, 2005 159
Chinese Commerce Ministry.647 According to this agreement, both sides had finalized two lists of fifty-two items on which both sides agreed to reduce duty to zero rate by
January 1, 2006.648 The fifty-two items to be exported to China by Pakistan included bed linen, table linen and other house textiles, terry towels, blended fabrics, synthetic yarn, synthetic fabrics, mangoes, oranges, dates, terrapin, marble articles like tiles etc, surgical goods, sports goods, cutlery, certain dyes, guar gum and medicine. The items to be exported to Pakistan by China included industrial machinery and chemical raw materials.649
For the implementation of the FTA several rounds of talks were held between high officials of the two States. The first round of negotiations on the FTA was held in
Urumqi (China) on August 15-16, 2005. A seven-member Inter-Ministerial delegation of Pakistan led by Joint Secretary Ministry of Commerce Shahid Bashir visited China to participate in it.785 During the meeting Pakistani side was represented by Shahid Bashir and the Chinese side was led by Assistant Minister Yi Xiao Chun. It was decided during the meeting that both sides would work out all related matters to boost the trade between the two States while protecting their business interests. 650 The second round of negotiations was held in December. A six-member delegation led by Shahid Bashir visited China for the talks.651 As a result of the visit the Commerce Minister of Pakistan
Humayun Akhtar Khan and his counterpart Bo Xilai inked an agreement on December
647 The Nation, August 6, 2005 648 Daily Times, August 6, 2005 649 The Nation, August 6, 2005 785 Zeb Khan, Op.cit. 650 The Nation, August 17, 2005 651 The Nation, December 8, 2005
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10, to enforce the EHP from January 1, 2006.652 Humayun indicated that the two sides had completed EHP in a short period of time and considerable progress had been made towards FTA.653 He also said that the two countries were being of reducing tariff on about 3,000 items, in three phases till January, 2008.654 In the first phase, the Chinese side was to bring the excise duty to zero rate on 769 mutually agreed items that included vegetables, fruits, marble material and cotton fabric.655 Pakistan was willing to reduce tariff to zero rate on 486 items, which included textile machinery and chemicals.656
President Musharraf said that both sides were committed to enforce the EHP and to facilitate the negotiations on
FTA.657 He acknowledged that Pakistan was the first country in the region with which
China had FTA.658
The third round of negotiations on FTA was held in Islamabad between May
16th and 18th, 2006. A fifteen-member Chinese delegation of high officials of Chinese
Commerce Ministry visited Pakistan to participate in the negotiations.659 During the talks the chapters of FTA were discussed for the first time.660661 In very friendly and conducive atmosphere both sides agreed on the draft agreement. It was the major
652 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 10, 2005 Business Recorder, December 10, 2005 653 The News, December 11, 2005 654 Dawn, December 10, 2005 655 The News, December 10, 2005 656 The Post, December 17, 2005 657 The Nation, February 21, 2006 658 Visit of President General Pervez Musharraf to China From 19-23 February 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb : 2006) 659 The Nation, May 14, 2006 660 Imran Ayub, “FTA Talks with China to Conclude this Month,” The News, September 7, 661 161
outcome of the negotiations.662 Both sides expressed their satisfaction on the conclusion of the third round of talks on FTA.798 Chen Chao, an official of
International Trade Department of China‟s Ministry of Commerce said that the friendly ties between the two States were a favourable factor for FTA talks.663
The fourth round of negotiations was held in August to sort out some fundamental issues on Free Trade Agreement by reducing maximum taxes on trade items.664 After the fifth round of negotiations, Pakistan and China finalized the draft agreement on FTA. 665666 FTA was finally signed on November 24th, by Humayun
Akhtar and his counterpart Bo Xilai in the presence of President Hu Jintao and President
Musharraf in Islamabad.667 This was Pakistan‟s second FTA with any country, the first one was signed with Sri Lanka.668 This FTA was also China‟s second one as its first one was signed with Chile. EHP that had been operational from January 1, 2006 was to be merged into FTA as FTA was to become operational on July 1, 2007.669 It was to reduce export tariff on 5,104 Pakistani items to zero per cent tax and 3,942 items were to be charged zero to 5% tax within five years after the implementation of the agreement.805
662 The Nation, May 19, 2006 798 Nawaz, Op.cit. 663 The Nation, May 14, 2006 664 The Post, October 3, 2006 665 Haq Nawaz, “Pak-China Free Trade Agreement Likely on 24th,” The Nation, November 22, 666 667 Daily Jang, November 25, 2006 Khalid, Op.cit. 668 Nawaz, Op.cit. 669 State Visit of the President of China to Pakistan from 23-26 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb : 2006) “Expanding Trade with China” A Write-up by Sultan Ahmed, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 12 July 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VII, (July : 2007) 805 Sultan Ahmed, Op.cit.
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A mixed response was received on the signing of the Free Trade Agreement, most people welcomed the agreement as it had enhanced the trade volume but a few showed reservations about it. The supporters of this agreement argued that due to tariff reduction, Chinese goods would become cheaper and more accessible to common men and ultimately raise the living standard of the common man.670 The business community from Karachi mostly endorsed this step. Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(KCCI) welcomed this development and viewed it as a good gesture to enhance the two- way trade and be helpful in the balance of trade.671 However, the critics of FTA said that
China had given concessions to Pakistan on similar products on which it had given concessions to India under Bangkok Trade Agreement (BTA), which had created a great competition for the Pakistani products.672 Qaiser Bengali, a Professor of Economics at the Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and
Technology, forwarded the view that as per international norms practice all over the
World, the weaker State was offered more benefits from the FTA but in the case of
Pakistan, the status of China as supplier of consumer goods had been further boosted due to cheap Chinese products.673 Some important items like cotton yarn, leather, raw hide skin, petroleum oil obtained from bituminous minerals, had been out of the list of
FTA although China had been the major importer and Pakistan the exporter of these
670 Noor-ul-Huda, “The Door to China,” The News, April 9, 2006 671 Erum Zaidi, “Business Community Endorse Sino-Pakistan Bilateral FTA,” The Nation, November 26, 2006 672 Dawn, February 18, 2006 673 Haseeb Ahmed Bhatti, “Chinese Products Engulf Pakistan,” The Post, May 28, 2007 Muhammad Kashif, “Right Time to Explore Chinese Market,” Dawn, November 26, 2006 163
products. China did it intentionally to protect its trade with Hong Kong. Hong Kong was exporting 95% leather and its products to mainland China.674675
3.2 Development of Gwardar Sea Port
Gwadar is a district of Balochinstan, having a population of 50,000. 676 It is situated at a distance of 750 km away from Karachi.677 Geographically, it is located at a very significant position, as it is just 250 miles away from the Strait of Hormuz, the main sea route to export oil from the Gulf to around the globe.678 It was estimated that the volume of trade and oil transportation will be twenty times more by 2020 from the Strait of Hormuz that would make it more important in future.679 The Southern tip of Xinjiang
(China) is just 2500 km away from it although this part of China is 4500 km away from its Northern coast.680
In the 19th century Gwardar had been the territory of Oman. It was given to
Sultan of Oman as a gift by Khan of Kalat on the wedding ceremony of Sultan‟s daughter.681 In 1956 Foreign Minister of Pakistan Feroz Khan Noon in the first time drew attention of the government towards this territory. 682 After long negotiations
674 Ramzan Chandio, “Pakistani Export to China Insignificant,” The Nation, November 28, 675 676 Nadeem Malik, “China to Invest in Gwardar-II Project,” The News, April 5, 2005 677 „“Gwardar Port” A Project of Great Economic Potential,‟ An Article by ParveenZaiby, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 6 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb: 2006) 678 Dawn, March 22, 2002 Dawn, December 24, 2001 679 Agha Shahi, “Pakistan, China and NMD,” Dawn, May 19, 2001 680 The Nation, September 22, 2005 Dawn, March 22, 2002 681 Abdul Sattar, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2005: A Concise History,” Karachi: Oxford University Press, 72-73 682 Ardeshir Cowasjee, “One in the String of Pearls,” Dawn, September 11, 2005 818Sattar, Op.cit. Cowasjee, Op.cit. 164
between Pakistan and Oman, facilitated by the U.K. the territory was taken from Oman in 1958 by paying $ 8,400,000.818 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the formation of five Central Asian States, it seemed essential for Pakistan to develop the port at Gwardar because Karachi and Qasim port were not large enough to offer an outlet to these landlocked States.683 In 1992, the Ministry of Communication of Pakistan came up with an advertisement in the newspapers calling for „expression of interest‟ in the
Gwardar deep sea port. Eighteen foreign companies and twelve local companies submitted their expression of interest. It was decided to start the project with a Dutch company but before the agreement could have been signed to start the work on the port, the National and Provincial assemblies in Pakistan were dissolved
(1993). After that Sultan Qaboos of Oman showed his interest in assisting the project.
Commerce Minister of Pakistan Chaudhri Ahmad Mukhtar visited Oman to discuss the project there. But again the project could not be started as the opposition parties in
Balochistan Assembly and National Assembly alleged that the Gwardar had been indirectly given to the U.S.A. as it had cordial relations with Oman. After a long wait
Sultan of Oman lost his interest in the project although Chief Minister of Balochistan
Nawab Zulfikar Magsi, tried to revive his interest but failed to do so.684 An international
Consortium of Port Consultants, M/S Posford Duvivier and Gifford & Partners of the
U.K. in association with M/S Techno Consultant of Pakistan were appointed in 1996 to
683 Najmul Hassan Najam, “Time-Tested Friends to the Rescue,” The Nation, May 28, 2000 684 Sultan Ahmed, “Gwardar_A Port with Great Promise,” Dawn, March 22, 2002 165
work out the detail design of the port. The consultants suggested that the port would be completed in two phases.685 But no progress was made.
General Pervez Musharraf took the construction of Gwardar port seriously. In
May 2000, in the 11th session of Pakistan-China Joint Economic Commission, China had showed its interest in the construction of Gwardar port.686 When Chinese Primier
Zhu Rongji visited Pakistan in May 2001, General Pervez Musharraf discussed with him the construction of Gwardar port.687 Communication Minister of Pakistan Javed Ashraf
Kazi explained to him the strategic importance of the port.688 The construction of the port in a woefully underdeveloped province of Balochistan would give boost to the economic activities there.689 It was expected not only to attract the trade and industry but also open the door for tourism there and create more jobs in Balochistan, leading to the alleviation of poverty in the province.690 Moreover, it was expected to bring Pakistan and China closer.691 It was likely to provide an alternative platform for the Southern regions of China to have an access to the maritime trade and to export their mineral resources.692 Zhu Rongji expressed his willingness to provide financial and technical assistance for the development of the port.693 He said,
685 Ghazanfar Mehdi, “Ground-Breaking of Gwardar Port a Landmark in Pak-China Cooperation,” The Nation, March 23, 2002 686 Foreign Office Year Book, 2000, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 687 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 14, 2001 688 The News, August 10, 2001 689 The Nation, May 15, 2001 690 Dawn, March 22, 2002 Daily Jang, August 8, 2001 691 The Nation, August 12, 2001` 692 Dawn, May 17, 2001 693 Dawn, May 13, 2001
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“Our Minister for Communication will visit Pakistan and
discuss ways and means to what extent we can extend
support for these projects.”694
Chinese spokesperson Zhang Qiyue indicated that his country was ready to help Pakistan for the construction of the port after feasibility study had been conducted.695 According to the promise of Primer Zhu Chinese Communication Minister Huang Zhendong, officially visited Pakistan in June. He met Musharraf and discussed with him some details of the construction of the port. After his meeting with General Musharraf, the
Chinese delegation visited the site of the port.696 Huang told Pakistan that China was willing to extend all possible support based on the recommendations of experts.697
Chinese experts rejected the initial design of Gwardar port that was made by a British firm.698 According to Chinese experts, it lacked the planning to accommodate long term requirements. On the experts recommendations, the
Government of Pakistan requested China to take over the design of the project itself.
The new design of the port included a large railway track and stations to connect
Gwardar with the rest of the Pakistan as well as with other countries such as Afghanistan, the Central Asian States and Iran.699 In July, the Chinese government announced 198 million US dollars financial assistance for the construction of the phase-I of the port.700
694 Syed Talat Hussain, “Defence ties not against any other Country,” Dawn, May 13, 2001 695 Rana Qaisar and Absar Alam, “Pakistan Opposes US Missile Defence Shield,” The Nation, May 13, 2001 696 The News, June 13, 2001 697 The Nation, June 14, 2001 698 Nawa-i-Waqt, August 6, 2001 699 Absar Alam, “China to Extend & 400m Soft-term Credit,” The Nation, August 5, 2001 700 Foreign Office Year Book 2001, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 167
Rest of the money was to come from the government of Pakistan, as the total cost of the project was $ 248 million.701702 The break-up of Chinese assistance was as follows.
: Grant $ 18 million
: Interest free loan $ 31 million
: Consumer loan $ 58 million
: Buyers Credit 60 million
: Total $ 198 million.
: Pakistani component $ 50 million.838
Chinese ambassador to Pakistan Luo Zhaohui during an interview said that China had provided its biggest foreign aid for the construction of Gwardar port.839 Pakistan
Minister of Finance and Economic Affair Shaukat Aziz visited China from August 7703th to 10th, to negotiate the terms of credit for the project. He also signed three agreements relating to the construction of the port.840 These agreements were signed between
Pakistan Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs Shaukat Aziz and Chinese Minister of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Shi Guangsheng on behalf of their respective governments. 704 The three agreements signed in Beijing on August 10, included the Pakistan-China Agreement on Financing the Construction of phase one of
701 India, China to form Alliance,
the Gwardar Port Project.705 Under this agreement China agreed to help Pakistan in the construction of Phase–I of the project, which included three multiple purpose berths accommodating 50,000DWT (Deadweight Tonnage) cargo vessels. The main scope of the work included search work, marine construction, civil, public works and supplying of port cargo handling equipment etc. Both sides also agreed for an additional fund of
RMB 150 million to be utilized for the project.706 The other two agreements were:
• Pakistan-China Protocol on Implementation of the Gwardar Port Project Phase-
I707
and
• Pakistan-China Framework Agreement for the Provision of Concessional Loan
to Pakistan708
The terms and conditions of these agreements included the loan for twenty years at the annual interest rate of two per cent.709
There were speculations that due to Pakistan‟s decision to support the U.S.A.
705 Pakistan-China Agreement on Financing Arrangements for Construction of the Gwardar Port Project Phase-I, Op.cit. 706 Agreement on Financing Arrangements for the Construction of the Gwardar Port Project Phase-I ,between the Government of Pakistan and the Government of People‟s republic of China, Beijing, 10 August 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, I, (Jan: 2008) 707 Pakistan-China Protocol on Implementation of the Gwardar Port Project Phase-I, between the Government of Pakistan and the Government of People‟s republic of China, Beijing, 10 August 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, I, (Jan: 2008) 708 Pakistan-China Framework Agreement for Provision of Concessional Loan to Pakistan, between the Government of Pakistan and the Government of People‟s republic of China, Beijing, 10 August 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, I, (Jan: 2008) 709 Framework Agreement between the Government of Pakistan and the Government of Peoples Republic of China to Pakistan, on Provision of Concessional Loan by China to Pakistan, Beijing, 10 August 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 7,8, (July-Aug: 2008) 169
on War against Terror, China would stop the construction of the port. But Islamabad and
Beijing both denied these speculations. Pakistan Communication and Railway
Minister Javed Ashraf Kazi while denying the reports said that Pakistan‟s support for the U.S.A.-led coalition in Afghanistan had not stopped or delayed the development of
Gwardar port as many believed.710 He further stated that if there was any delay it would be just because of some technical reasons. He said the work on the Gwardar port had been postponed till March 23rd, next year by the Chinese and Pakistani experts due to technical reasons and not because of any political reason.848 A statement by China was also issued on the subject. Chinese ambassador in Pakistan Lu Shulin said, “work on
Gwardar will start as per schedule and will not stop due to September 11, incident.” He added, “it has temporally been stopped because of National day holidays of China and it will be resumed as soon as the holidays are over.”711
In March 2002, a high level delegation led by Secretary Communication Iftikhar
Rashid visited China to finalize the technical details of the project.850 After detailed negotiations with the Chinese high ministers, officials and experts, an agreement was reached on March 15, regarding the technical details of the construction of the phase-I of the port.851 It was a sort of signal to go ahead for the construction of the port.
According to this agreement the port was to be completed in three years. Both States were to supervise the project jointly ensuring the timely completion and quality of work.
Manpower on the project was to be hired locally and technical experts were to provided by the Chinese government.852 The construction work was taken by Chinese Harbour
710 Ihtasham ul Haque, “No Differences with China Over Support to US; Says Minister,” Dawn, October 19, 2001 848Op.cit. 711 Daily Khabren, October 24, 2001 170
Engineering Group.853 This company had a vast experience as it had completed many international projects like airports, highways and bridges.854
Chinese Vice Premier Wu Bangguo visited Pakistan with a delegation of high officials from March 21 to 24.855 The purpose of his visit was to attend the groundbreaking ceremony of Gwardar.856 Gwardar port was inaugurated by President
Lu Shulin said, “October 01 is the Chinese National day and there is a week-long mid-autumn Chinese festival. The festival is a sort of yearly family reunion when members of a family get together. The Chinese workers were absent because of this reason.”
The Nation, March 14, 2002
851 The Nation, March 16, 2002 Text of the Handing over Certificate Regarding China-Aided Gwardar Port Phase-I in Pakistan: Islamabad; 24 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, (November 2006) 852 The Nation, March 16, 2002 853Misbah Momin, “Unveiling the Rugged Terrain,” The News, May 23, 2002 854 Sultan Ahmed, Op.cit. 855 Foreign Office Year Book- 2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 856 The Nation, March 22, 2002 Pervez Musharraf with Wu Bangguo on March 23rd.712 The ceremony was attended by government ministers and elite of the city.713 President Musharraf paid special thanks to
Chinese Premier Zhu for taking keen interest in providing technical assistant for the construction of the port.714 He said,
712 Dawn, March 22, 2002 713 President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf‟s Address at the Ground-Breaking Ceremony of Gwardar Deep-Sea Port, 22 March 2002,
171
“I took up the issue of Gwardar port project with Mr. Zhu
Rongji, the Chinese Prime Minister when we met in May
last in Islamabad and he agreed to help Pakistan revive its
economy.”860
He also said that the port was to serve as a hub of economic activities for the region and the whole region would be just like a funnel. The top of the funnel was a wide area of
Central Asia and China‟s Western region and the funnel got narrow from Afghanistan and ended at Gwardar. Gwardar port would be economic funnel of the whole region.715
While talking to the ceremony Wu Bangguo said the port would promote economic activities of the whole region and would also serve as symbol of Pakistan-China friendship in the 21st century.716 He said that the construction of the port would be completed in two phases,
“The first phase comprises construction of three berths
with facilities of accommodating vessels of 250,000DWD. In the second phase, the port will have
another 10 berths, including three dedicated container
terminals.”717
Pakistan and China signed an agreement under which the Exim Bank of China agreed to provide $ 118 million for the construction of the port. The agreement was signed between the Chairman of the Exim Bank Yang Zilin and Riaz Mohammad Khan,
715 President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf‟s Address at the Ground-Breaking Ceremony of Gwardar Deep-Sea Port, 22 March 2002, Op.cit. 716 The Nation, March 22, 2002 The Nation, March 25, 2002 717 Muhammad Ejaz Khan, “Gwardar Project to Strengthen Sino-Pak Ties, Say Musharraf,” The News, March 23, 2002 172
Pakistan‟s ambassador to China.718 Four hundred Chinese engineers and technicians were working on the project.719 China had pledged to train Pakistani engineers and technicians to run the port.720
In late 2004, another MoU was signed between Pakistan and China to expand the
Gwardar seaport channel up to the depth of 14.7 m to make it the deepest port in the country and to facilitate big vessels.721722 The cost of the project was raised to 40 million
US dollars.723
When in 2005, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao visited Pakistan, he did not inaugurate the Gwardar port because it needed four or five more months to be completed.
Although there were reports in the media that Wen did not inaugurate the project due to security reasons.724 However, according to the Chinese ambassador to
Pakistan, the delay in the completion of the port was due to incomplete civil work on the port which was the responsibility of Pakistani authorities.870 Wen Jiabao in a statement said that the project was very important for both States.871 Privatization and Investment
Minister Dr. Abdul Hadeez Sheikh informed the reporter that after the completion of first phase of the port, China had agreed to expand the project further and the Chinese government was ready to invest $ 70 million for deepening the port from 11 to 14 feet.872
However, no agreement could be reached in this regard during the Premier Wen‟s
718 Dawn, December 27, 2002 719 The News, May 7, 2004 720 Fazal Hakeem, “A Model of Engagement,” The News, November 6, 2004 721 Bahzad Alam Khan, “China Pakistan Sign 7 Accords in Vital Sectors,” Dawn, December 16, 722 The Nation, December 17, 2004 Salim Bokhari, “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment,” The News, December 16, 2004 723 Daily Jang, December 17, 2004 724 Khaleeq Kiani, “Pakistan, China to Sign 10 Accords,” Dawn, April 2, 2005 173
visit.873 The agreement for the additional dredge work was concluded in Beijing on
August 10, 2005.874
During his fifth visit to China in February 2006, Musharraf offered China trade corridor, energy corridor and transport hub to meet the future Chinese energy requirements.875 He said that Pakistan was ready to cooperate with China in the construction of an oil pipeline from Gwardar to Xinjiang, enabling China to import oil from Saudi Arabia, Iran and Africa.876 Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz added that for this purpose feasibility study had been conducted to provide the shortest possible route and
870Nawa-i-Waqt, July 5, 2005 871 Daily Times, April 4, 2005 872 “We are happy to see the smooth completion of Phase-I of the project, thanks to the concerted efforts of both sides. I believe that the port will play a key role in promoting social and economic progress in the region and provide new opportunities for China-Pakistan trade and commerce.” Dawn, (April 5: 2005) The Nation, April 13, 2005 873 The Nation, April 6, 2005 874Contrat Agreement Between China and Pakistan for Additional Dredging Works of Gwardar Deep Water Port, Phase-I: Beijing; 10 August 2005, Pakistan Treaty Series 2004-2005, XI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 875The News, March 9, 2006 Ziad Haider, “Challenges Ahead in Sino-Pakistan Ties,” Dawn, March 11, 2006 876“55 Years of Pak-China Relations” An Article by Syed Ali Nawaz Gilani, SecretaryGeneral, Pak-China Friendship Association NWFP, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 24 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May: 2006) Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “Local Market China‟s Growing Stake in Pakistan,” Economy in Focus, Daily Times, December 11-17, 2006 Daily Times, February 23, 2006 the alternate one, via the Strait of Malacca. 725 President Musharraf also met with members of All China Federation of Commerce and Industry in Shanghai. He assured
725 Excerpts from an Address by Prime Minister Shukat Aziz to a Seminar on “55 Years of Pak- China Relation”, Organized by the Institute of Strategic Studies, Islamabad on 23 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May: 2006) Syed AM Nawaz Gilani, “55 Years of Pak-China Relation,” The Post, May 27, 2006
174
the Chinese businessmen that they would be given privileges in setting up industries in the Economic Free Trade Zone (EFTZ) near Gwardar. The government of Pakistan had announced that the industries set at EFTZ would be exempted from paying customs duty and sales tax.726 Hu De Ping, first Vice Chairman of All China Federation of Commerce and Industry expressed gratitude to President Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat
Aziz for establishing exclusive industrial zone for Chinese investors.727 According to a report submitted by the delegation from Xinjiang on the annual session of the 10th
National People‟s Congress in March, the channel of transportation of energy through
Pakistan was 20,000 km shorter as compared to via Cape of Good Hope reducing the transportation fee by 25%, and transportation time to be cut by a month.728 Shaukat Aziz invited China to invest in oil refineries, storages and pipelines to develop Gwardar as an
„energy and transshipment port‟. 729 Addressing the 9th Summit of the Economic
Corporation Organization in Baku capital of Azerbaijan on May 5th, he expressed his high expectations from the Gwardar port due to its geo-strategic location.730 He hoped that the completion of the port would boost up the economic activity in the whole region.883 The Government of Pakistan had selected the site for the proposed oil city, in an area of 22,000 acres of land near the Gwardar.884 It was to be the biggest refinery of
726 „Energy Corridor Could became an Economic Bonanza for Pakistan‟ A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 19 June 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, VI, (June : 2006) 727 Excerpts from An Address by President General Pervez Musharraf to the Delegates of PakChina Energy Forum: Islamabad; 27 April 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, IV, (April : 2006) 728 The Nation, April 6, 2006 729 Dawn, April 26, 2006 730 “Gwardar‟s Scope as a Free Trade Zone in ECO Region” A Write up by Syed Fazl-e- Haider, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 15 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May: 2006) 175
Pakistan with a capacity to refine 60,000 barrels of oil per day.885 President Hu Jintao agreed to develop Pakistan as an energy corridor through the Gwardar port.886 China planned to invest $ 12 billion in multiple projects in Pakistan and one of them was the oil refinery at Gwardar.887
In November 2007 after the joint inspection of the Phase-I of the port, both
Pakistan and China agreed that it would be completed and be ready to be handed over to Pakistan by the time of the visit of President Hu Jintao to Pakistan who will hand over the completion document of the Gwardar port to President Pervez Musharraf.888 On its completion, Gwardar port was inaugurated in March 2007.889 Phase-I of the port was handed over to the World‟s best Port Operators-Port of Singapore Authority (PSA) for forty years, due to the unrest in Balochistan and American influence in the region China had shown little interest in using this port, but in February 2013 the right of port was given to China because PSA was not generating revenue according to the agreement.890
883 Excerpts from a Press Conference by the Prime Minister on return from a Nine-day tour of South East Asian Countries and China: Islamabad: 29 April 2004, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, XII, (11-31 DEC 2007) 884 The Nation, November 17, 2006 885 Dawn, March 7, 2006 886 Dawn, June 17, 2006 887 The Nation, March 9, 2006 888Text of the Handing Over Certificate Regarding China-Aided Gwardar Port Phase-I in Pakistan: Islamabad; 24 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, (Nov: 2006) “China, A Factor of Global Stability” An Article by Former Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmad, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 18 November 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb:2006) 889 The Nation, April 26, 2007 890 Address by President General Pervez Musharraf to the Opening Ceremony of JF-17 Thunder: Kamra; 21 March 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, III, (Mar: 2007) In February 2007, Islamabad approved the construction of an airport at Gwardar. About
6500 acres of land were provided for the purpose.891 The estimated cost of the project was $ 70 million.892 A MoU in this regard was signed between the Pakistan Civil 176
Aviation Authority and the China Harbour Engineering Corporation when Prime
Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China (2007).893 Federal budget 2008-09 had allocated
750 million rupees for the construction of the airport.894 It was expected that the construction of the airport would create jobs in this economically backward area.895
China agreed to provide an assistance of $ 500 million to build the phase-II of the port, having nine more berths, an approached channel for larger oil-tankers vessels, storage terminals and related infrastructure facilities.896
The U.S.A., India and Iran had reservations about the Chinese help in the construction of the port.897 Susanne Koelbl, an analyst, wrote on the German Web
Portal „Spiegel Online‟ that India and America viewed the presence of China in
Gwardar as threat to their interest in the region.898 There were reports that China was developing the Gwardar port for stationing Chinese warships in future. The reports
Syed Ali Zafar, “China, India and Pakistan?,” The Nation, August 11, 2008 (Detail is given in chapter 5) Babar Ayaz, “What‟s Wrong with Pakistan,” India: Hay House, 2013, 292 891„Non-Functional Gwardar Port‟, An Analysis by Syed Fazl-e-Haider, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 11July 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, VII, (July : 2008) 892 Syed Fazl-e-Haider, “Moves Towards Trade Corridors,” Dawn, September 24, 2007 893“Spellbinding Visit to China”, An Article by Fazal Hakeem, As Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 7 May 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, V, (May : 2007) “Gwardar : An Emerging Gateway to Central Asia”, A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 22 April 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, V, (May : 2007) 894„Non-Functional Gwardar Port‟, An Analysis by Syed Fazl-e-Haider, Op.cit. 895 Dawn, April 19, 2007 896„Gwardar: An Emerging Gateway to Central Asia‟, A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 22 April 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, V, (May: 2007) “Pakistan-China Economic Cooperation”, An Article by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 27 February 2006 897Daily Jang, September 29, 2001 898 Daily Times, May 11, 2006 also disclosed the views of Indian analysts who were of the view that the construction of Gwardar would give China a chance to set a well-equipped stage on the Indian
177
Western border.731 It was believed that Gwardar would give China a Naval access to the
Arabian Sea to keep an eye on American ships, signals and Indian Navy.732 Americans were also of the views that China would try to seek the bases all along the oil routes.733
This port was also the part of the Chinese assistance to Pakistan in defence build-up to boost up its Naval and air power.734735 During the time of crises, it could move its Naval assets further from Indian Naval and air threats.736 Richard
Fisher, an Asian specialist at the Jamestown Foundation, quoted,
“From what we know now, this is a commercial deal, but
it can easily set the stage for military cooperation in
future.”737
Both Pakistan and China denied these reports.905 Chinese presence in Gwardar and
Myanmer was more related to energy concerns than any challenge or threat to India.738 As China was the largest consumer of oil after America.739 The Chinese Foreign
Ministry Spokesperson said,
“The proposed Gwardar project will only be a trade
731 Mateen, Op.cit. 732 Kanti Bajpai, “Managing Ambivalence: Pakistan‟s relations with the United States and China since 2001,” in Pakistan in Regional and Global Politics, ed. RajshreeJetly, London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2009, 86-88 733 Musarrat Jabeen, “China and Economic Development in South Asia : A Case Study of Balochistan,” South Asian Studies, 23, 2, July 2008, 734 The Sentinel, Guwahati, December 30, 2002,Selection from Regional Press, Dec 16-31, 735 736 Jabeen, Op.cit. 737 Amir Mateen, “China Eyeing Persian Gulf through Gwardar,” The News, June 1, 2001 905 Op.cit. 738 Siadharth Varadarjan, “Fuel Enough for Dragon and Elephant,” The Hindu, 14 April 2005, http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/14/stories/200504140125100.htm IPRI Factfile, VII, 10, Oct 2005, Islamabad Policy Research Institute 739 http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/22jg/tyfls/tyfl/t15496.htm China-Pakistan Relations: A Profile of Friendship, IPRI Journal, VII, 3, March 2005, Islamabad Policy Research Institute 178
port.”740
3.3 Makran Coastal Highway
Gwardar port was linked to Karachi by Makran Coastal Highway.741742 Makran
Coastal Highway also provides a link between National Highway Network and thereby providing an access to the landlocked Central Asian States.743 The length of the highway was 653 km, and cost of the project would be more than Rs. 15 billion.744
Preimer Zhu promised to provide financial assistance to this project. 745 Chinese
Communication Minister Huang Zhengdong along with his Pakistani counterpart Javed
Ashraf Kazi visited the site of the Makran Coastal Highway. The highway would be completed in three phases. The first section of the project was Lyeri-Ormara, the 2nd section would be from Ormara to Pasni and the 3rd one was from Pasni to Gwardar. The work on the first phase was given to Frontier Work Organization (FWO). After the inspection of the first phase Huang said both Gwardar and Makran
Coastal Highway would play a crucial role for the uplift of Balochistan.913
740 The Nation, July 2, 2001 741 “Free Trade among ECO States could Benefit the Whole Region”, A Write Up by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 8 May 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, V, (May : 742 ) 743 Tariq Azeem, “A Boost to Ties with China,” Daily Times, December 19, 2004 HB Sheikh, “Hats Off to China, Pakistan,” The News, May 12, 2004 744 The Nation, June 24, 2006 The Nation, June 8, 2001 745 Daily Jang, May 13, 2001 179
3.4 Karakoram Highway
Karakoram Highway (KKH), “8th wonder of the World” is the highest paved road
(15,397 feet) of the World.914 It passes from the area where World‟s four largest mountain ranges, the Karakoram, the Himalayas, the Hindukush, and the Pamir lie.915
It is also the World‟s most expensive road to maintain due to landslide and avalanches in winter.916 It is also known as “Friendship Highway” as it connects the territories,
Hunza (Pakistan) and Xinjiang (China), of the two friendly countries.917 This 400 km long highway starts from Abbottabad, then passes from Mansara, Thakat, Besham,
Chillas, Gilgit, Hunza and then via Khunjrab pass enters China.918 The purpose of the construction of KKH was to increase trade, people to people contact and military aid to
Pakistan in case of any foreign attack. The bridges on the highway were capable of carrying lightweight tanks.919 Indian officials labeled its construction as “a military sinister movement directed against India.”920 After the disintegration of the Soviet
Union, the strategic significance of KKH gets increased as it provides the shortest
913 The Nation, June 11, 2001 914„Energy Corridor Could became an Economic Bonanza for Pakistan‟ A Write-up by Kaleem Omar, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 19 June 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, VI, (June : 2006) Kashif Zaman, “Karakoram Highway a Symbol of Eternal Friendship between China and Pakistan,” Dawn, November 24, 2006 915 Family Magzine, September 29, 2001 916Moonis Ahmar, “KKH‟s Role in Pak-Central Asian Trade,” Dawn, September 25, 2000 917Arif Mahmood Apil, “Karakoram Highway, A Symbol of Pak-China Friendship (Karakoram Highway, Pak-Chine Dosti Ka Neshan),” Family Magzine, November 10, 2001 Ghulam Amin Beg, “Kashgar has Changed,” Dawn, December 30, 2003 918Arif Mahmood Apil, “Silk Route (Shara-i-Rasham),” Family Magzine, June 8, 2002 919 Mohammad Ahsan Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimension in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 920Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang‟s Urghurs : Politics, Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway,” Asian Survey, XLV, 4, (July/ August 2005): 522-45
180
possible route to reach Karachi port for China and the Central Asian States.746 Although the shortest route to reach Pakistan from the Central Asia is via Kabul but due to non ending war in Afghanistan, KKH is the safe alternate route.922
After the 1965 India-Pakistan war it was felt that there was no road link between
Pakistan and China. Premier Zhou Enlia was eager to connect China with
Pakistan via road.747 In 1969 the government of Pakistan deployed Army Engineering
Corp to construct a class 9 shingled road from Basham towards Pathan along the river
Indus.748 Chinese People‟s Liberation Army along with Pakistan Army‟s Engineering
Corps worked on the construction of KKH.749 Eight thousand tons of dynamite were used to cut the rocks to construct the road.926 Almost 15,000 Pakistani and Chinese took part in the construction of this highway.750 The Chinese participation in the highway was kept confidential till 1976, when Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto sent a message of condolence to the Chinese government on the death of twenty-five workers due to landslide near Pathan. This message of condolence disclosed the Chinese participation.751 In 1978, Karakoram Highway was formally opened and the opening ceremony was held on the Chinese built Thakat Bridge.752 On its completion, Chinese
746 Dawn, Lahore, June 25, 2000 922Ahmar, Op.cit. 747 Manzoor Hussain, “The Friendship Highway,” Dawn, May 11, 2001 748 Khalid Mahmud, “Revisiting the Silk Route,” The News, September 28, 2000 749 Ahmed Faruqui, “The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan‟s Relationship with China,” IPRI Journal, (Summer 2001): 2-3 926Arif, Op.cit. 750 Ahsan Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimension in Pakistan-China Relations,” Op.cit. 751 The Nation, January 28, 2001 752 The Post, November 23, 2006 The Nation, January 28, 2001 181
Deputy Premier Li Xiannian said the highway “allow us (China) to give military aid to
Pakistan.”753 In 1982, China and Pakistan signed a protocol to open the
Khunjerab pass between them, and it was also opened to civil traffic.931 To provide
Pakistan an access to Central Asian States, in 1992 a MoU was signed between China and Pakistan to construct a link highway to connect to Chinese side of KKH.754 In
November 1998, Pakistan, China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement on
„traffic in transit‟ to further promote the existing trade relations through roads from
Almaty to Karachi by using the Silk Route. The agreement envisaged to extend the trade route from KKH to Kashgar, Biskek and Almaty. The work on this agreement was to start from May 1, 1999.933 The Silk Route International Trade Fair was held in
Gilgit and Hunza from September 12th to 24th, 2000.755 It was organized by the Gilgit
Chairman of Commerce with the collaboration of his Chinese counterpart Trade and
Commerce Organization of Xinjiang. The purpose was to enhance trade and tourism in the northern areas of Pakistan.756 Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan Lu Shulin said
“We would like to import more goods from Pakistan and increase
the trade between China and Pakistan through
Silk route.”757
753 Ziad Haider, “Clearing Clouds Over Karakoram,” Daily Times, April 4, 2004 931Dawn, November 24, 2006 Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty, “Revitalizing land Trade with China,” Dawn, May 28, 2007 754 Kaleem Omar, “Concerning the New Internal Age in the Content of Pakistan- China Economic Cooperation,” The News, May 7, 2001 933Moonis Ahmar, Op.cit. 755 The Nation, January 28, 2001 756 The News, September 23, 2000 757 The Nation, September 29, 2000 182
KKH needed to be widened at some points from where dual traffic was not possible.758 In November 2000, an agreement was signed between Chairman National
Highway Authority Major General Tariq Javed and the representatives of Chinese consultant firm M/S Hanan Consulting Yan Changfing at the head office of National
Highway Authority, for the rehabilitation and construction of KKH.759 According to this agreement, China was to provide Rs. 34 crore for the rehabilitation and construction of
KKH.760 Besides this, China was also provide technical and financial assistance for the maintenance of seven bridges washed out by the floods.761
Premier Zhu during his visit (May 2001) to Pakistan said there was a need to expand trade between the two States through land route.762 Traditionally, the land route trade was limited between the two States due to geographical barriers. 763 For this purpose, he said KKH would be expanded so that heavy trucks could pass through it.764
President Rafiq Tarar said as we were celebrating 50 years of Pakistan-China friendship,
“We cannot forget the services and sacrifices of hundreds of
Chinese workers and engineers who worked shoulder to shoulder
with their Pakistani brethren in the construction of Karakoram
Highway.”765
758 Dawn, June 25, 2000 759 A Report on Signing of Pak-China Agreement for Construction of Karakoram Highway Islamabad, 18 November 2000, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVII, 11, 12, Nov, (Dec: 2000) 760 The Nation, November 25, 2000 761 A Report on Signing of Pak-China Agreement for Construction of Karakoram Highway Islamabad, Op.cit. 762 Dawn, May 13, 2001 763 Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty, “Revitalizing land Trade with China,” Op.cit. 764 Daily Jang, May 13, 2001 765 Rana Qaiser and Absar Alam, “Pakistan Oppose US Missile Defence Shield,” The Nation, May 13, 2001 183
He further said,
“Many of them laid down their lives in this great
undertaking. We salute their noble services for building a
solid bridge of friendship and commerce between our two
countries.”766
According to the official sources, 406 Chinese and Pakistani workers lost their lives during the construction of KKH, as one person for every mile but unofficial sources showed some higher figures. They showed that as many as 2000 Pakistani and
500 Chinese had given their lives for the completion of this road.767 In the wake of 9/11
(2001) attacks on the U.S.A., Pakistan-China border was closed by Chinese authorities for security purposes. Although it normally remained open from May 1 to December 31, for goods and passengers.768 When Pakistan decided to join war against terrorism, thousands of tribesmen, most of them belonging to religious parties blocked the KKH to demonstrate against the government‟s decision. The protestors warmed that if the government did not stop supporting the U.S.A. led war in Afghanistan, they would continue blocking the road.769 The traders of the two countries faced financial losses because this was the peak season of border trade between the two States. After the negotiations with the immigration authorities of Pakistan, China reopened the border in
December at Khunjarab for cargo purpose.770
766 Op.cit. 767 The Nation, January 28, 2001 768 The Nation, December 3, 2001 Daily Jang, May 2, 2002 The Nation, May 1, 2002 769 The Nation, October 26, 2001 770 The Nation, December 3, 2001 184
Most of the trade was not through the KKH between the two States, it was through
Karachi or coastal areas of China.771 In November 2003 during the visit of President
Musharraf to China, China-Pakistan signed a joint declaration in which both States promised to “strengthen transport cooperation and promote inter flow of personnel and commodities through the Karakoram Highway.”772 China Central Television showned an hour long documentary related to KKH on the 25th anniversary of KKH. The documentary highlighted the sacrifices of the Chinese and Pakistani engineers and workers whose contributions went a long way towards the completion of to complete this project.773
China agreed to upgrade the KKH, that was devastated due to the earthquake (October
8, 2005) and construct the Bhasha dam. 774775 This Chinese agreement was in the response to President Musharraf‟s request to the Chinese leadership, when he visited
China in February 2006.776 He said,
“This road when upgraded will provide the shortest route
to the sea for products manufactured in China. The same
road can serve to provide an overland route for trade
771 Daily Times, October 17, 2003 772 Ziad Haider, “Clearing Clouds Over Karakoram,” Op.cit. 773 The Nation, January 2, 2004 774 The Post, February 22, 2006 Ahmad Rashid Malik, “Growing Economic Ties with China,” Business Recorder, February 23, 775 776 Khalid Mustafa, “Pakistan to Seek more N-ties,” The News, February 14, 2006 Joint Statement Issued during President Pervez Musharraf‟s Visit to China, Pakistan Perspectives, II, 1, (January-June, 2006) 185
between China and India, thus linking two of the largest
markets in Asia.”777
An agreement was signed on February 20 (2006), between Bank of China and Economic
Affair Division of Pakistan. 778 According to this agreement, China was to provide financial assistance of $ 350 million to repair the damage.779 China would also provide technical assistance for the upgradation of KKH. A joint working group was to be established for the consultation of specific technical issues related to the project.780
To improve the trade relations with China upgradation of KKH was decided.
The rehabilitation work at KKH was divided into four sections,
• Hassanaabdal-Mansehra Section (97 km)
• Mansehra-Sazin Section (254 km)
• Sazin-Raikot Section (120 km)
• Raikot-Khunjerab Section (335 km)781
On November 24th, 2006, the National Highway Authority signed an agreement with
China Road and Bridge Corporation to upgradate the Khunjerab-Raikot section of the
777 Willem Van Kemenade, “Stable Pakistan Essential for China,” The Post, March 31, 2008 778 Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Communications of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Ministry of Communications of the People‟s Republic of China on Cooperation in Up-Gradation of Karakoram Highway: Beijing; 20 February 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb : 2006) The Nation, November 25, 2006 779 Nirupama Subramanian, “Musharrad Turns to China,” The Nation, June 13, 2006 780 Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Communications of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Ministry of Communications of the People‟s Republic of China on Cooperation in Up-Gradation of Karakoram Highway: Beijing; 20 February 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, Op.cit. 781 Kashif Zaman, Karakoram Highway a Symbol of Eternal Friendship between China and Pakistan, Dawn, November 24, 2006 186
KKH.782 China signed a MoU to provide $ 337 million as financial assistance for this.961
The work on this project was to be completed in 2010.962 According to this agreement,
KKH was to be widened to 7.3 m.963 Chairman National Highway Authority Major
General Farakh Javed said that it was empasized while signing this agreement that KKH would remain opened throughout the year irrespective of weather.964 China and Pakistan also agreed to construct an additional part of KKH from Raikot to Sazin.965 This agreement was signed between Bank of China and the Economic Affairs Division led by Communication Minister Mohammad Shamim Siddiqui and China Road and Bridge
Company Chairman Chen Yu Sheng. The company agreed to send two-hundred engineers and surveyors in February 2007 to conduct the survey of the project. After conducting the survey, the construction work was due start in March. The company also assured the maintenance of KKH for one year and after that they would train the
Pakistani engineers. The Chinese firm would construct a sports complex, children parks, dispensaries and restaurants along the highway. Mr. Saddiqui assured the Chinese firm of the maximum support while working on KKH.966
3.5 Sust Dry Port
In 2002 an agreement was signed between Pakistan and China to construct a dry port at Sust (on the border of Pakistan and China), 87 km from Khunjarab Pass and
Shahzada Irfan Ahmed, “An Hu and Hu of Developing Pakistan,” The News, December 3, 2006 961Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan, “Economic Cooperation on All Fronts,” The News, November
782 Pakistan-China Agreement between National Highway Authority and M/S China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) for Improvement of KKH from Raikot to Khunjerab Chainage 335 Km (471Km to 806Km): Islamabad ; 24 November 2006, Pakistan Treaty Series 2006-2009, XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 187
27, 2006 962Nawa-i-Waqt, November 26, 2006 963Khabren, November 26, 2006 964Daily Pakistan, November 26, 2006 965 The Nation, November 25, 2006 966 The News, November 25, 2006 455 km from Kashghar, with an investment of 7.5 million US dollars. It was decided that the port would be completed in a short period of four months. The construction of this dry port was expected to boost the economic activities of the area as well as the trade between the two States.783
But it took four years to complete the dry port. In 2006, President Musharraf inaugurated Sust Dry Port. The port was established at an area of 201 canals. In his inaugural speech the President said that this dry port would further strengthen political and economic relations between the two States.784 The Sust dry port initially catered customs clearance of 40 containers per day and its capacity was to be enhanced to 400 containers. Initially it aimed to generate an annual revenue of Rs. 714 millions.785 Later on in 2007, it was decided between Pakistan and China to set up a joint venture company
“Pak-China Sost Dry Port Pvt Ltd”. The purpose of this company was to handle or manage the issues or matters pertaining to Sost dry port.786
3.6 Bus Service between Pakistan and China
It was decided between Pakistan and China that a regular bus service on a daily basis would be started between Sust and Tashkorgan on June 1, 2006.787 Another bus
783 Nawa-i-Waqt, February 23, 2002 784 Zia-ul-Haq Sarhadi, “Furthering Economic Relations,” The News, September 11, 2006 785 Zia-ul-Haq Sarhadi, “Pak-China Sust Dry Port,” The Post, August 26, 2006 786 The Nation, February 24, 2007 787 The Nation, March 23, 2006 188
service would operate between Kashgar and Gilgit on the same route thrice a week.788
An agreement in this regard was signed after two days 21-22 March talks in Urumqi between Pakistani and Chinese delegation.789790 The agreement was signed by Joint
Secretary Communication Fardous Alam Khan on behalf of the government of Pakistan and Deputy Director General Xinjiang Communication Wang Xiang on behalf of the
Chinese government.791 The fare from Sust to Tashkorgan was decided to be $ 25 and from Gilgit to Kashgar was $ 44.792 This was for the first time that Northern areas of
Pakistan were connected with the Western part of China via bus service.976 Both countries would also start cargo services through Khunjarab route from May 1.977 3000, permits would be issued to registered transporters for goods services. Each permit would be valid for one round trip.793 State Minister for Communication Shahid Jameel Qurashi said that the bus service that was going to be inaugurated on June 1, would be delayed for 15 days. This delay was caused for technical reasons.794 On June 15, Federal Minister for Communication Shamim
Ahmed Siddiqi formally inaugurated the bus service between Gilgit and Kashgar.795
788 Daily Jang, March 24, 2006 789 Irfan Ghauri, “Pakistan and China to Start Bus Services from June 15,” Daily Times, May 790 , 2006 Dawn, March 23, 2006 791 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 24, 2006 792 Javaid-ur-Rehman, “Sino-Pak Bus Service Agreed,” The Nation, May 24, 2006 976 Dawn, March 23, 2006 977Javaid-ur-Rehman, Op.cit. 793 Dawn, March 23, 2006 794 Omer Rehman, “Pak-China Bus Service Postponed,” The Post, May 2, 2006 795 Javeed-ur-Rehman, “Pak-China Bus Service Launched,” The Nation, June 16, 2006 189
From Gilgit bus started its journey at 10.35 am reached its destination after travelling 14 hours. 796 When bus reached Kashgar local authorities warmly welcome the passengers.797
3.7 Rehabilitation of Railways Sector of Pakistan Despite development and progress in different modes of communication, railways was one of the cheapest sources for a developing country like Pakistan. But unfortunately in Pakistan railways was not a preferable means of transportation due to mismanagement and corruption in this sector. This sector had been ignored by successive governments since independence.798 Its annual deficit was increasing every year.799 There were total 364 locomotives in Pakistan railways and out of these 69% were 40 years old, although the average age of a locomotive was 20 years.800
On the 11th session of the Pakistan-China Joint Economic Commission held in
Beijing, China expressed interest in rehabilitation of Pakistan Railways. 801 For the rehabilitation of Pakistan Railways, a MoU was signed between Chairman Pakistan
Railways Lt. Gen (Retd) Javed Ashraf and Chen Weigen, Chairman China National
Machinery and Export Coorporation. 802 Javed Ashraf said that under the initial agreement China would provide equipment for the manufacturing of locomotives,
796 Nadeem Ahpul, “The Renewal of Everlasting Friendship (DostiKe La-Zawal Rastay Ka Tajdid-i-Ahad),” Khabreen Special Eddition, November 25, 2006 797 Nawa-i-Waqt, June 16, 2006 798 Dawn, May 18, 2000 799 Najum Hassan Najam, “Time-tested Friend to the Rescue,” The Nation, May 28, 2000 800 The Nation, November 19, 2001 801 Foreign Office Year Book, 2000, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 802 The Nation, May 17, 2000 190
coaches, and tracks. The experts of the two countries would determine the price and nature of equipment that would be supplied to Pakistan.803
During the Premier Zhu meeting with Chief Executive General Pervez
Musharraf in Islamabad (2001), it was decided that China would supply 69 locomotives and 175 passenger coaches to Pakistan.804 This project was delayed for almost eight years, as PC-I of this project was approved in 1994 and afterwards no action was taken for this project but when Musharraf took over he decided to launch the project in financial year 2001-2.990 In this regard an agreement was signed for the supply of locomotives to Pakistan between Secretary Railways Saeed-ul-Zafar and President of
Dongfang Electric Corporation Li Zongwen, in May 2001.991 According to this agreement, Chinese firm, Dongfang would supply 69 locomotives to Pakistan.992
Another agreement was signed for the supply of passenger coaches to Pakistan.993
According to this agreement, the China National Machinery Import and
Export Coorporation (CMC) would supply 175 coaches to Pakistan railways.994 Initially
15 locomotives and 40 coaches would come from China and the rest would be built in
Pakistan, Rawalpindi Carriage Factory in Islamabad.995 Minister of Communication
Javed Ashraf Qazi after meeting with Chinese Railway Minister Fu Zhen Huan, said
China Exim Bank would provide soft loans of $ 200 million to modernize Pakistan railway system.996 A four member delegation of Pakistan Railways visited China to observe and purchase the Chinese locomotives.997 A formal contract in this regard was signed on November 8, when another delegation of members of the finance department
803 The Nation, May 17, 2000 804 Dawn, November 9, 2001 Nawa-i-Waqt, November 19, 2001 191
under the supervision of Chairman Railway Saeedul-Zafar visited China.998 The delegation visited six cities to observe the
990Rizwan Razi, “Chinese Coaches‟ Cost up by 330pc,” The News, August 12, 2002 991Umer Farooq, “Zhu for Promoting all-round Cooperation,” The News, May 12, 2001 992 The Nation, May 12, 2001 993 Dawn, May 12, 2001 994 The Nation, July 29, 2001 995Ihtasham-ul-Haque, “No Differences with China Over Support to US, Say Minister,” Dawn, October 19, 2001 Daily Pakistan, June 15, 2001 The Nation, July 30, 2002 996The News, August 12, 2001 The Nation, August 12, 2001 997Daily Pakistan, June 15, 2001 998A Report on Signing of a Contract with China for Improvement of Railway Services in Pakistan, Beijing, 28 November 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 12, (Dec : 2001) manufacturing of locomotives, carriages, track and sleepers in different factories.999
According to the agreement, Chinese Exim Bank was to meet 87.5% of the total financial expenditure on supplier credit basis while the remaining amount was to be arranged by Pakistan railways.1000 Communication Minister Javed Ashraf Qazi said,
“We have discussed with Exim Bank for supply of 69
locomotives and 175 coaches to Pakistan Railways. He
said all the technical issues in this regard have been
finalized.”1001
The repayment of credit was to be made within 15 years, three years as grace period and the interest rate was agreed to be 5%.1002 China would also train the manpower to manufacture the same engine within the country.1003
In 2002, it was decided that Pakistan would purchase 52,000 metric tons of railway material from China for the development of its railway workshops within the country.1004 A contract in this regard was signed by Saeed-ul-Zafar and Vice President
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of China Railways Materials and Supply Coorporation (CRMASC) Liu Guoping. The total amount of this contract was $ 22,152,000 out of which 15% was to be paid by
Pakistan and remaining amount would be financed by Chinese Exim Bank as a supplier credit loan on soft terms.1005 By July Chinese government had handed over
Daily Khabren, November 18, 2001 999The Nation, November 19, 2001 1000 A Report on Signing of a Contract with China for Improvement of Railway Services in Pakistan, Beijing, Op.cit. 1001Absar Alam, “China Agrees to $ 400m Soft Credit,” The Nation, August 13, 2001 1002 Dawn, November 9, 2001 1003 A Report on Signing of a Contract with China for Improvement of Railway Services in Pakistan, Beijing, Op.cit. 1004Nawa-i-Waqt, July 30, 2002 1005 Dawn, March 24, 2002 fourteen coaches to Pakistan Railways.805 A ceremony in this regard was held in
Karachi at Karachi Port Trust. The ceremony was attended by Council-General of China
Lain Shang Lie and Chairman Pakistan Railways Board Saeed-ul-Zafar. 806 A train comprising these coaches was decided to be operational between Lahore and
Karachi from August 14. 807 Pakistan Railways‟ bigwigs decided on „Karakoram
Express‟ as the name of the train.808 A delegation came from China to participate in the inaugural ceremony of Karakoram Express.809 The Karakoram Express was inaugurated by General Pervez Musharraf at Rawalpindi Railway station on August 14. Then it was seen by Governor Punjab Lt. Gen (Retd) Khalid Maqbul at Lahore station, and when it started its journey back to Lahore from Karachi it was seen by Governor Sindh
805 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 30, 2002 806 The Nation, July 30, 2002 807 The Nation, May 22, 2002 808 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 30, 2002 809 Nawa-i-Waqt, August 8, 2002
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Muhammed Mian Soomro. A fine of Rs. 200 was fixed for those who would throw the dirty stuff in the Karakoram Express.810
In 2007, the Chinese government terminated a contract to supply the 300 new high-speed bogies to Pakistan. According to the sources, the Chinese government was much annoyed with Pakistan for awarding the contract to a Chinese firm that was not in its good books. Pakistan used diplomatic channel to convince the Chinese government to allow the firm to deliver the order but failed. Pakistani ambassador to China held a series of meetings with the Chinese authorities but all in vain. Railway
Minister Sheikh Rashid confirmed the termination of a multi-billion project and the use of diplomatic channel to convince Chinese authorities. He said actually the business rivalry between the two companies had led to this sorry situation.811812
3.8 Expansion of Pakistan Steel Mill
Pakistan Steel Mill (PSM) was established in 1976 with the help of Russia at
Karachi. At the time of its establishment the Russian experts attached the economic viability of the mill with the expansion of its production from 1.1 million tons to 3 million tons. But unfortunately this did not happen on time and as a result PSM even did not repay the Rs. 19 billion loan which was acquired by the mill from Habib Bank,
Natioal Bank and Allied Bank, at the time of its construction. Even PSM had to pay
Rs. 2 billion every year as service charges on the loan.813 During the 11th session of
810 Riffat Qureshi, “The Karakoram Express,” The News, October 23, 2003 811 Rauf Kiasra, “Rs 30 m Earnest money of Chinese Firm Confiscated,” The News, October 812 , 2007 813 Najam, Op.cit.
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Joint Economic Commission meeting in Beijing, a firm decision was taken to expand
PSM.814 China offered 1.5 billion US dollars investment for the expansion of PSM after stabilizing the unstable financial health of the mill.815816 The total cost of the expansion of the mill up to 3 million tons per year would be 1.8 billion US dollars without disturbing the major scope of suppliers of finance.817
In 2004, Chairman PSM Lt. Gen. (Retd) Abdul Qayyum Khan visited China and signed a MoU.1017 According to the MoU, the Metallurgical Construction Coorporation
(MCC) of China would consider to provide financial and technical assistance for the implementation of PSM expansion.818
In 2006, a five-member Chinese delegation led by Sun Xian Min, President of
Beris Engineering and Research Corporation, visited Pakistan. The delegation met with
Chief of Engineering Development Board Imtiaz Rastgar and discussed with him the expansion of the production of Pakistan steel by restarting the mega steel project,
Kalabagh Steel, with some local partner. Basically Kalabagh Steel project was started in 1964 with the collaboration of a German Company. This company had completed all necessary infrastructures and started the construction of the blast furnace but the government of Pakistan then decided to shift the project to Karachi. The Chinese delegation also included blast furnace specialists who also visited the iron ore mines at
814 Foreign Office Year Book, 2000, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 815 Kaleem Omer, “China Offers Pakistan Low-Cost Desalination Package,” The News, July 816 , 2003 817 Rauf Klasra, “Pakistan Seeking $ 1.5 b Aid for PSM Expansion,” The News, May 12, 2001 1017 Dawn, August 18, 2004 818 The Nation, August 18, 2004
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Kalabagh. These experts also went through German Company reports in order to judge the feasibility of the project.819820 After the departure of President Hu from Pakistan in
November, a MoU between Beris Engineering and Research Corporation of China and
Mughal Steel of Pakistan was signed.821 This MoU was signed in the presence of
Jahangir Khan Tareen, Minister for Industries Production and Special Initiatives.822
Under this agreement, China was to transfer technology to process the prime quality steel by using the indigenous iron ore reserves of Pakistan, because Pakistan was had
1.4 billion tons of unexplored iron reserves.823 Imtiaz Rastgar said that China had also offered to cooperate with Pakistan to establish the second steel mill. Pakistan‟s annual steel production was almost 200,000 tons while its demand was near about 500,000 tons.
This demand and supply gap was filled by importing steel from other countries like
Russia, South Africa, Ukraine and Egypt. Analysts believed that Pakistan could not achieve its economic target until unless it enhanced its steel manufacturing capacity to at least four million tons. This could only be done by building another steel manufacturing facility in the country.824
819 Haq Nawaz, “China Keen on Restarting Kalabagh Steel Project,” The Nation, October 19, 820 821 Sultan Ahmed, “Economic Cooperation with China,” Dawn, November 30, 2006 822 The Nation, November 28, 2006 823 The Nation, December 1, 2006 The Nation, November 28, 2006 Daily Jang, December 2, 2006 824 Business Recorder, December 25, 2006
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3.9 Saindak Copper and Gold Mine
Saindak Copper and Gold mine was located in Chaghai district of Balochistan.825
The project to extract copper and gold from this mine was started in 1991 and it was
Pakistan‟s first metallurgical project.826 China technically and financially helped to start this project. This project started its trial production, a commercial basis, ran a shortage of capital, and the government of Pakistan ran shortage of it so the project had stopped working since 1996.827 Although Pakistan contacted Grand Lease Bank and Bank of
China for financial assistance but these banks did not help in this regard.828
In 2000, Secretary Petroleum and Natural Resources Abdullah Yousaf along with Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz visited China. Abdullah Yousaf disclosed that
Chinese firm had agreed to take the Saindak Copper and Gold mine project on lease and had formed a consortium to arrange $ 30 million for operational cost.1028 Pakistan decided to award the project to Chinese firm Metallurgical Construction Coorporation
(MCC) of China during the Premier Zhu‟s visit (May 2001) to Pakistan.1029 An agreement in this regard was signed.1030 The agreement was signed by Chairman of
MCC Yang Changheng and Abdullah Yousaf on behalf of their respective governments.1031 Under the agreement, Saindak Copper and Gold project was given to
China on lease for ten years.1032 A second agreement on a concessional loan for the
825 Aziz Bhatti, “Visit of Chinese Premier-and Balochistan (Chine Kay Wazir-i-Azam ka Dora- Or Balochistan),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 18, 2001 826 Khabren, March 23, 2002 Dawn, March 22, 2002 827 Bhatti, Op.cit. 828 Muhammad Aslam Saleemi, “Pak-China Friendship: In the Background of AmericanIndian Objective (Pak-Chine Dosti : America, Bharat „Azaheem Ke Tanazur Main),” Daily Pakistan, June 4, 2001 197
implementation of Saindak project was signed on December 20th, 2001. The agreement was signed by Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources Usman Aminuddin and
Natural Resources Minister of China Tian Fengshan.1033 Under this agreement, the government of China agreed in principle to provide a loan of 200 million RMB Yuan for the implementation of Saindak Copper and Gold mine project. The term of the loan was twelve years with an annual interest rate of 2%.1034 Chief Executive Pervez
Musharraf said that Pakistan had revived the project again with the assistance and cooperation of China after almost six years.1035
1028 Najam, Op.cit. 1029Khaleeq Kiani, “Chinese Firm to get Saindak Contract,” Dawn, May 11, 2001 1030 Dawn, May 12, 2001 1031Umer Farooq, “Zhu for Promoting All-Round Cooperation,” The News, May 12, 2001 1032 The Nation, May 12, 2001 1033 Dawn, December 21, 2001 1034 Pakistan-China Framework Agreement on Provisionof a Confessional Loan by China to Implement the Saindak Copper and Gold Mine Project in Pakistan : Beijing ; 20 December 2001, Pakistan Treaty Series 2000-2003, X, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 1035 President of Pakistan General Pervez Musharraf‟s Address at the Ground-Breaking Ceremony of Gwadar Deep-Sea Port, 22 March 2002 http://www.infopak.gov.pk/CE_gwadar.htm IPRI Factfile, VII, 3, (March 2001) Aziz Saughur, “Gwadar to be Hub of Economic Activities,” The Nation, March 23, 2002 In 2004, another agreement on Saindak project was signed between Pakistan and
China.829 Under this agreement, China was supposed to bring an investment of 120 million dollar in Saindak project.830 The purpose of this agreement was the expansion of production from Saindak.831
829 Fazal Hakeem, “A Model of Engagement,” The News, November 6, 2004 830 Saleem Bokhari, “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment,” The News, December 16, 2004 831 Daily Din, December 16, 2004
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The analysis shows that China helped Pakistan in the development of various projects to boost its economy even at the cost of its citizens (targeted especially in the construction of Gwardar Port). Although a number of measures (exchange of delegations of high officials, heads of States, agreements and MoUs), were taken to improve the balance of trade between the two States but unfortunately this balance of trade was highly in favour of China. There were two major factors due to which this trade deficit could not be fulfilled. These factors were legal and illegal influx of Chinese products to
Pakistan. Legal means here the concession on customs duty on different products to make these products easier to penetrate in Pakistani markets.
Rather than giving relaxation on customs duty to Chinese products, the Government of
Pakistan should have given more attention to industrial set up of the country and taken financial and technical assistance from China in this regard, if it really wanted economic prosperity in the State.832 But Chinese were of the view that only setting up industries in Pakistan would not bring economic prosperity in Pakistan. Pakistani should have learned from Chinese about how to set up industries and how to run them.
Illegal means like smuggling without any customs duty made the foreign products cheaper than even their manufacturing price in Pakistan. As a consequence of it many factories and industries of Pakistan such as shoe, toys, pottery making industries etc got closed because people prefered to buy these cheap products and their demand was increasing day by day. Strong measures should have been taken to control or stop the illegal trade. These measures could be in the form that officials involved in illegal trade should have been punished by dismissing them from their services (because
832 Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri, Foreign Minister of Pakistan (2002-2007) interviewed by visiting Chinese delegation in the presence of Author, June 10, 2015 199
without official involvement illegal trade could not be possible), by suspending them, by collecting fine from them or sending them to jail for few months.
Chapter 4
Cooperation of China in Energy Sector of Pakistan
Energy is the backbone of all types of economic activities. In primary economic activities some source of power or energy is needed to produce or extract raw material.
In secondary activities, energy is needed to transform raw material into manufactured material. In tertiary activities energy is used to transport this manufactured material to
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some market place. If there is energy shortage or some sort of disturbance in the supply of energy all the cycle from raw material to processed material in market gets disturbed and ultimately affects the economic growth of an area or the entire country.
Unfortunately for the last one decade Pakistan is suffering from energy shortage.
Unplanned load-shading and non-availability of fuel was the order of the day. Acute shortage of power supply paralyzed all commercial and economic activities of the country. Inflation, poverty, unemployment, social disturbance and dependence on foreign debt were the consequence of paralyzed economic system. This power shortage also had casting impact on foreign investments. Foreign investors were attracted towards those areas or country having cheap and smooth supply of power but Pakistan could not attract the investors on this basis. This energy shortage was also linked to mismanagement, poor government policies and lack of awareness at grass- roots level.833
Cheapest source to produce power are water and coal. God has blessed Pakistan with abundance of these sources but in Pakistan maximum energy has been produced by burning fossil fuels i.e gas and oil. Pakistan is one of the world‟s most gas dependent economies as it is producing 50% of its energy by using gas, 30% by water, 16% from oil, 0.2% from coal, and from nuclear power supply is less than
833 Khurshid Khan, “Energy Security in Pakistan: The Case of IPI and TAPI,” Current Affairs Digest, Book 230, (October 2013): 75-83 201
1%. 834835 Several energy analysts were in opinion that the energy infrastructure of
Pakistan was the worst in Asia.836
The Government of Pakistan negotiated with different state and international organizations to start energy related projects. Beside other international organizations and state, China has helped Pakistan to overcome this crisis. MoUs regarding almost a half dozen hydropower projects were signed during the President Musharraf‟s visit to
China in December 2001. These projects included Jinnah hydropower Project, Golan
Gol hydropower Project, and Keyal Khwar hydropower Project.837
During President Pervez Musharraf visit to China in February 2006, a framework agreement was signed on the cooperation in the energy sector.838 Framework agreement was signed between the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources of the
Government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan and National
Development and Reform Commission of People‟s Republic of China, on February 20th,
2006, in Beijing.839840841 Pakistan expressed its desired to construct oil refineries, gas
834 „Energy Corridor: Myth and Reality,‟ An Article by Yousaf Nazar, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 26 February 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, II, (Feb: 2007) Interview by Ishtiaq Hussain by Anjum Sakeen Ahmad Rana, Daily Pakistan, November 6, 835 „Pakistan-China Relation‟, An Analysis by Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik, AS Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 16 April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April: 2008) 836 „Energy Problems of South Asia and Integrated Strategies for Pakistan,‟ An Article by Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 30 October 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, X, (Oct: 2006) 837 The Nation, May 5, 2003 838 Foreign Office Year Book 2005-2006, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 839 Text of the Joint Statement between the People‟s republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Issued at the End of President Mussharraf‟s State Visit from 19 to 23 february 840 , Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb: 2006) Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb: 2006) Pak-China Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Energy: Beijing; 20 February 841 , Pakistan Treaty Series 2006-2009, XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan Pakistan Treaty Series, 2006-2009, XII, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan 1046 Joint Statement between the People‟s Republic of China and Islamic Republic of Pakistan, IPRI Journal, VI, 2, (Summer 2006)
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terminals, oil and gas storage and transit facilitie. The Chinese government welcomed all these proposals.1046
As a consequence of this framework agreement, Pakistan-China Energy Forum was held in Islamabad, on April 25-27, 2006.842 Energy Forum was being organized by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources of Pakistan.843 The purpose of this
Energy Forum was to work out a joint comprehensive strategy in the field of energy.844
Mr. Hu Deping, First Vice Chairman, All China Federation of Industry and Commerce along with more than 150 delegations from China related to energy sector attended the forum and from Pakistan almost 300 delegations participated.845 Shaukat Aziz, Prime
Minister of Pakistan has inaugurated the forum and during his inaugural address he said that Pakistan needed Chinese cooperation to generate 8,800MW of electricity through nuclear power plants in the next two decades.846 President Musharraf during the forum also emphasized the production of energy by using civil nuclear technology with the coordination of China.847 Almost 30 MoUs were signed by private oil companies of both
States in the forum.848 The MoU included investment in oil field, oil refineries, coal- fired power projects and hydropower projects. The two sides discussed the possibilities to construct an oil pipeline from Gwadar to the Western part of China and construction
842 Wasim Iqbal, “Aziz for Boosting N-Energy Ties with China,” The Post, April 26, 2006 The News, March 4, 2006 843 The Nation, April 25, 2006 844 An Official Release on a Memorandum of Understanding for Energy Co-operation between Pakistan and China Signed on 27 April 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, IV, (April: 2006) 845 The Nation, April 25, 2006 846 Daily Times, April 26, 2006 847 Daily Khabreen, April 28, 2006 848 Daily Jang, September 5, 2006
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of oil storage and refinery at the site of the port.849 A proposal was also presented to extend Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline project to China.850
In April 2008, a MoU was signed between the Ministry of Water and Power of the Pakistan and the Ministry of Water Resources of the China.851 According to this
MoU, both States committed that they would extend cooperation in managing water resources and hydal power.1057
China helped Pakistan to produce energy from almost all possible sources i.e, nuclear, hydal, thermal and even from wind. Energy related projects that were completed or started with the collaboration of China during Musharraf era are as below;
4.1 Nuclear Energy Cooperation between Pakistan and
China
Generation of power by using nuclear technology was a sophisticated, advanced and multi-disciplinary technology.852 Despite being a nuclear State, Pakistan is not fully benefiting from nuclear technology. Till 1990, Pakistan‟s total nuclear power capacity was only 137MW due to Karachi Nuclear Power plant (Kanapp-I) installed by Canada and then China came forward to help Pakistan in this field.853 It was in the late 1980s when China showed its interest in installing a
849 The Post, September 4, 2006 850 President‟s Address to the Shanghai Institute of International Studies on Pakistan-China Partnership for Peace and Development, IPRI Journal, VI, 2, (Summer: 2006): 207-11 851 Joint Statement of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People‟s Republic of China, 15 April 2008, IPRI Journal, VLLL, 2, (Summer 2008): 166-68 1057 The Nation, April 12, 2008. 852 Muhammad Ijaz Butt, “Chinese-Aided Development Projects in Pakistan,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, XXXVII, 3, (July 2000) 853 Khalid Mustafa, “Pakistan to Seek more N-Ties,” The News, February 14, 2006 204
300MW nuclear power plant in Pakistan.854 In November 1989, Chinese Prime Minister
Li Peng visited Pakistan and assured of Chinese support to develop a nuclear power plant.855 A contract was signed between Pakistan and China in December 1991, for the construction of a second nuclear power plant in Pakistan at Chashma after Karachi nuclear power plant.856 The contract was signed between the Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission and China National Nuclear Cooperation.857 The plant was located in the province of Punjab on the left bank of the river Indus, 280 kms south of Islamabad.858859
To seek the safeguard of International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) for this power plant, an agreement was signed in March 1999 in Vienna.860
Chashma nuclear power plant (Chasnup) had a design life of 40 years. The plant was based on a nominal 12 months fuel cycle and draws up to 25 cusecs of cooling water from the adjacent Chashma-Jhelum link canal. The water was discharged back into the river Indus downstream of Chashma Barrage but after removing heat from this water through various pieces of radioactive equipment of the plant.861 Water and Power
Development Authority (WAPDA) used to get 1,849 million kilowatt per hour
854 N.M. Butt, “Nuclear Developments in Pakistan,” in Arms Race and Nuclear Developments in South Asia, eds. Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema & Imtiaz H. Bokhari, (Islamabad: Asia Printers, 2004) 855 Hasan-Askari Rizvi, “Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy,” (Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1993) 856 Emanuel Sarfraz, “A Great Leap Forward,” The Nation, May 20, 2001 857 Maqsudul Hasan Nuri, “Entering the New Millennium,” The Nation, February 1, 2000 858 Zia-ul-Hasan Siddiqui, “A Milestone of Sino-Pak Friendship,” The Nation, October 1, 859 Nadeem Malik, “Shaukat Leaves for China,” The News, May 14, 2004 860 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 1993 Longman, 39, 3, (1993): 39370 861 Dawn, October 1, 2003
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(KW/hr) electricity from this plant. 862863 Jiang Zemin, President of China visited
Pakistan in 1996. During his visit he assured that Pakistan-China nuclear cooperation was for peaceful purposes and was under the supervision of United Nation‟s IAEA.864
Chasnup was inaugurated in March 2001.865 A 22 member Chinese delegation under the supervision of Chinese Minister for Science, Technology and Industry for
National Defence Liu Jibin, came to Pakistan. The purpose of visit was to participate in the inaugural ceremony of Chasnup. 866 The inaugural ceremony was attended by ambassadors from China, Nigeria, South Africa, Iran and Afghanistan besides
Pakistan‟s ambassador in U.S.A. Dr. Maleeha Lodhi and in China Riaz Khokhar.867 Mr.
Liu was the chief guest of this ceremony. General Musharraf inaugurated the Chashma
Nuclear Power Plant.868 During the opening ceremony, he said that this nuclear power plant was completed with the help of China and stood as a monument of Pakistan-China friendship and South-South cooperation. 869 He congratulated Chinese and Pakistani engineers on the successful completion of this nuclear power plant. He also appreciated the engineering design of the plant.870 He said the plant would go a long way to meet the growing energy needs of Pakistan.871 Liu said the inauguration ceremony coincided with
862 Rafique Ahmed Dahar, “Pakistan Proud of Historical relations with China,” Dawn, May 863 , 2001 864 Nuri, Op.cit. 865 Return Speech by General Pervez Musharraf, Islamabad, May 11, 2001, IPRI Journal, I, I, (Summer 2001) 866 The Nation, March 29, 2001 867 Rasheed Khalid, “Sino-Pak Ties: China,” The News, March 30, 2001 868 The Nation, March 29, 2001 869 Speech by Chief Executive General Pervez Musharraf, At a Dinner in Honour of Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji, 11 May 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVIII, 5,6, (MAY, JUN: 2001) 870 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 29, 2001 871 The Nation, March 29, 2001 206
the 50th anniversary of the establishment of Pakistan-China diplomatic relations.872 He delivered a letter of congratulations from Prime Minister Zhu Rongji to Chief Executive
General Pervez Musharraf on the inauguration of Chasnup. Mr. Rongji described
Chasnup as „a symbol of traditional friendly relations between the two countries.‟873
Liu also met with President Rafiq Tarar at Aiwan-e-Sadar and conveyed the best wishes of the Chinese leadership on the successful completion of Chasnup.1078 Federal Minister for Science and Technology Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman said that it took thirty years to add a new nuclear power plant in national grid station after Karachi Nuclear Power Plant, but the next one would take six or seven years.1079
Chasnup was an outstanding example of how China helped Pakistan to generate electricity from atom for peaceful purposes.874 The United States was repeatedly urging
Beijing to stop nuclear cooperation with Pakistan.875876 Former Ambassador to China
Akram Zaki said nuclear cooperation between Pakistan and China was under intense pressure, but the Chinese President Jiang Zemin during his visit to the U.S.A. did not response to any such pressure.877 Deputy General Manager of Jin Joan Engineering
Cooperation, Xi Xun said during an interview to „Radio China‟ that Pakistan and China faced pressure and opposition from the West but both States ignored these oppositions
872 A Report on a call on the President and the Chief Executive by a Chinese Delegation Headed by Minister of Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence, Liu Jibin, Islamabad 28 March 2001, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXVIII, 3, (March: 2001) 873 Dawn, March 29, 2001 1078 The Nation, March 29, 2001 1079 Khalid, Op.cit. 874 The News, December 21, 2001 875 President Musharraf‟s State Visit to the People Republic of China from 1-5 November 876 , Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, II, (01-7 Nov: 2003) 877 Collocia Zaidi, “Strong Ties with Pakistan is China‟s State Policy,” The Nation, May 8, 2001 207
and completed the nuclear plant with full determination. 878 During a ceremony at
Chashma nuclear power plant, President Musharraf said that Chasnup was designed and built with the collaboration of China and was maintained by Pakistani engineers and scientists. He said that Pakistan was grateful to China for its technical help for the completion of Chasnup.879
4.1.1 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant II
After the successful completion of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant I, progress was made to initiate work on phase II of Chasma Nuclear Power Plant (C-2).1085 Prime
Minister Mir Zafar-Ullah Khan Jamali visited China in March 2003. During his visit a
MoU was signed for the construction of phase II of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant.880
The MoU was signed in the Great Hall of China in the presence of Prime Minister Jamali and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao.881 Mr. Jamali said that MoU was signed for the purpose of peaceful use of nuclear energy.882 Further said that C-2 would have a capacity of 300MW and would take six years for its completion. It was expected to be complete in 2011. 883 On the completion of this plant, the total nuclear power generation of
Pakistan was to exceed to 730MW. 884 Chairman Atomic Energy Commission of
878 Daily Din, May 27, 2001 879 Excerpts from an Address by President Pervez Musharraf during his Visit to the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant on 19 December 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, XII, (11-31 Dec: 2007) 1085 Text of An Official Release on a Misleading BBC News Report on Pak-China Relations: Islamabad, 21 November 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, 12, (08 Nov-31 Dec 2003) 880 Khabreen, March 28, 2003 881 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 25, 2003 882 Dawn, March 27, 2003 883 Sultan Ahmed, “China Investment Package,” Dawn, April 3, 2003 Dawn, November 2, 2003 Akhtar Ali, “Pak-China Eternal and Exampary Friendship (Pak-China “Lazawal or Bemisal” Dosti,)” Nada-i-Milat, April 24-30, 2008 884 Shakil Shaikh, “Pakistan, China Ink N-Plant Deal,” The News, May 5, 2004 1091Nawa-i-Waqt, March 25, 2003 1092 Ahmed, Op.cit.
208
Pakistan Pervez Butt said that China had agreed to extend financial and technical assistance to Pakistan for the construction of phase II of Chasma power plant.1091 China was going to help Pakistan in energy field when fuel prices were increasing rapidly.1092
Advisor to Prime Minister on Finance Shaukat Aziz said in a press conference that China had agreed to provide a soft-term loan of US $ 700 million for the construction of C-2 and further details in this regard were to be worked out by Atomic Energy Commission of both States.885
President Musharraf visited China in November 2003 for three days.886 It was expected that he would finalize the deal for construction of C-2 but at the end of his visit no such deal came forward. 887 International media highlighted that the Chinese leadership had failed to respond to Pakistan on the construction of C-2.1096 The BBC commented that the romantic vision of Pakistan-China friendship was gone and China was supposed to take decisions in its national interest.1097 Although China accepted the proposal to construct the C-2, negotiations were going on in this direction. 888
Discussions on issues that were of complex and sensitive nature took time to be finalized.1099 China had already helped Pakistan in the construction of C-1 despite the
American opposition.1100 Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman said that China had agreed to construct another nuclear power plant at Chashma but now a “consensus” had reached between the two States.1101
885 The Nation, March 28, 2003 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 28, 2003 886 Dawn, November 6, 2003 887 Abbas Akther, “Pak-China Friendship and Self Donation (Pak-Chini Dosti or “Khud Superdigi”),” Nawa-i-Waqt, November 7, 2003 1096Daily Din, November 6, 2003 1097 Abbas Akther, Op.cit. 888 Jasarat, November 7, 2003 209
Pakistan and China signed a contract for the construction of C-2 in 2004. The contract was signed between the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and the
China National Nuclear Cooperation (CNNC) at the Prime Minister House
(Pakistan). From the Pakistani side, the contract was signed by Chairman of PAEC
Pervez Bhutt and from the Chinese side by Kong Rixin, the President of CNNC.1102
According to an agreement, China was bound to provide 150 million US dollars for the expansion of C-2 and this was to be part of preferential buyers‟ credit of $ 500 million to be provided by Chinese government for various development projects.1103 The two countries exchanged the letters for utilizing $150 million for C-2 project.1104 For C-2, the whole equipment was to be imported from China.1105 The contract for C-2 plant was done at a very crucial time when terrorists killed three Chinese engineers working at
Gwadar.1106 China proved its deep rooted friendship by signing the C-2
1099 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Future Strengthening of Sino-Pak Ties,” The News, 9 November 2003, http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/nov2003-daily/09-11-2003/oped/02.htm IPRI Factfile, ChinaPakistan Relations, A Profile of Friendship, Vll, 3, ( March: 2005) 1100Jasarat, November 7, 2003 1101Nawa-i-Waqt, November 5, 2003 No Pakistan-China Nuclear Deal, BBC News, 5 November 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3242987.stm IPRI Factfile, China-Pakistan Relations, A Profile of Friendship, Vll, 3, (March: 2005 ) 1102 The Nation, May 5, 2004 1103 Daily Din, December 16, 2004 Salam Bokhari, “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment,” The News, December 16, 2004 Javed Saddiqui, “ Prime Minister‟s Visit to China… What China is Thinking? (Wazir-i-Azam Ka Dora-i-Chini . . . Chini Kya Soch Raha Ha?),” Nawa-i-Waqt, December 22, 2004 1104 Daily Times, January 1, 2005 1105 Ahmad Rashid Malik, “Sino-Pak Ties,” The Nation, February 2006 1106Nawa-i-Waqt, May 6, 2004 contact and gave a message to those who wanted to create a rift between Pakistan and
China that such actions could not harm the friendly relations between the two States.
210
John Wolf, the Assistant Secretary in the U.S.A. State Department‟s Bureau of
NonProliferation, said that Washington knew for some time that China would provide
C-2 to Pakistan. He further said,
“But, although we would prefer that no such cooperation should
occur, Chashma II will be under IAEA
safeguards and the NSG full scope safeguards provisions
have always made allowance for the completion of
agreements and contracts entered into before
membership.”889
Henry Hyde, the Republican Chairman of the House‟s International Relations Panel, said,
“China in joining the NSG with a contract in hand to
provide a new nuclear power reactor to Pakistan is a very
serious issue.”1108
Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao came to Pakistan for three days in April
2005. During his visit an agreement was signed between China and Pakistan related to
C-2 plant. According to this agreement, China agreed to provide financial assistance of
350 million US dollar for C-2 plant.890 The groundbreaking ceremony of C-2 was held on April 8 (2005).891 Prime Minister‟s Secretary of Strategic Programme Dr. Ishiaq
889 Daily Times, May 19, 2004 1108 Op.cit. 890 Daily Jang, April 6, 2005 891 Mazhar Qayyum Khan, “A Landmark Visit,” The Nation, April 12, 2005 Press Remarks of Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz on the Conclusion of Talks with Chinese Premier, 5 April 2005 Islamabad, IPRI Journal, V, 2, (Summer 2005) 211
Ahmad inaugurated the ceremony.892 Wen Jiabao promised to continue cooperation in nuclear field after the completion of C-2.893 China and Pakistan expressed satisfaction over the performance of Chashma nuclear power plant-I and the start of the Chashma power plant unit-II. 894 In November 2006, the IAEA, board of governors had unanimously approved the safeguards agreement between Pakistan and IAEA in respect of Chashma-2. The signing ceremony regarding the safeguards agreement was held in
Vienna on February 22, 2007. The agreement was signed by ambassador Shahbaz on behalf of Pakistan and Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei, Director
General IAEA.895
4.1.2 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-III and Chashma Nuclear
Power Plant-IV
In 2006, there was news that during President Musharraf‟s visit to China, he would discuss and push the Chinese leadership for the building of two more nuclear power plants each of 300MW. But Foreign Office Spokesperson Tasnim Aslam, showed complete ignorance that such discussions were going to be held during
President Musharraf‟s visit.896
892 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 9, 2005 893 Nadeem Malik, “China offers help in N-Power Generation,” The News, April 7, 2005 894 Joint Statement Issued During President Pervez Musharraf‟s Visit to China, Pakistan Perspectives, II, I, (January-June 2006) 895 An Official Release on Approval of the Safeguards Agreement between Pakistan and IAEA in Respect of CHASHMA-2 Nuclear Power Plant: Islamabad; 23 February 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, II, (Feb: 2007) 896 Nirupama Subramanian, “Musharraf Turns to China,” The Nation, June 13, 2001 212
In 2008, President Musharraf before going to China told reporters that, he would discuss with the Chinese leadership the expenses of Chashma-III and ChashmaIV as well as discussing a future 1000 MW project.1116 Chashma-III and Chashma-IV worth Rs.
129.374 billion would be completed within 8 years and would provide electricity to
National Transmission and Dispatch Company at the rate of Rs. 6.06 per unit.1117 A senior official said,
“Islamabad‟s request for more Chinese nuclear power
reactors is meant to bridge the widening gap between the
demand and supply of energy. The Chinese friends have
been asked to help Pakistan establish at least four more
nuclear power plants of nearly 1,300 MW and the
response was positive.”1118
Further progress on the construction of Chashma-III and Chashma-IV was made during the President Zardari government.
4.2 Hydro-Power Production with the Assistance of China
Pakistan is blessed with mighty rivers. A number of projects were started by the governments on these rivers both for the irrigation purpose and for power generation purpose.1119 Pakistan has a hydro potential of more than 40,000 MW.1120
1116 The Nation, April 11, 2008 1117 Khalid Mustafa, “Pakistan, China may Enter Deals for more Nuclear Power Plants,” The News, October 8, 2008 Zafar Bhutta, “ President to Request China for Financing Power Projects,” Daily Times, September 14, 2008 1118 Shaiq Hussain, “China Nods to Four more Nuclear Plants,” The Nation, April 14, 2008 1119http://www.skb.net.pk/Dams1.htm (accessed May 21, 2014)
213
1120 M. Osman Ghani, “Joint-Venture in the Energy Sector,” The News, February 5, 2007 But only 30% of electricity was produced by using hydel power.897 China agreed to cooperate with Pakistan in the construction of small and medium size hydro-power plants.898 Some important hydro-power projects that were being built or were in the process of construction or at the negotiating table, with the assistance of Chinese companies which were as follows.
4.2.1 Diamer Bhasha Dam
In 2006, Diamer Bhasha Dam was proposed to be constructed on the Indus River in district Diamer of Gilgit Baltistan with power generation capacity of 4500 MW.899 The average annual production of the project was expected be 1800 Gwh.900901 In 2008, the
Executive Committee of National Economic Council formally approved the project.902
Pakistan Planning Commission Deputy Chairman M. Salman Faruqui disclosed that
WAPDA had completed the engineering design of the Bhasha Dam and was working on the process of pre-bidding for the construction of contract.903 The World Bank and Asian
Development Bank refused to finance the construction of such a huge project. 904
According to these international donors, the location of the dam was in the disputed territory so Pakistan had to take an NOC from India.905 Pakistan then turned towards
897 Pakistanyouthmovement.com/articles/164_the_energy_crisis_in_pakistan_and_its_solution s?tmpl=component&print=1&page= (accessed on May 13, 2014) 898 Najmul Hassan Najam, “Time-Tested Friend the Rescue,” The Nation, May 28, 2000 899 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam (accessed September 22, 2013) 900 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/BrochureHydropowerprojectsjuly09.pdf (accessed May 22, 901 ) 902 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam (accessed on September 22, 2013) 903 Zafar Bhutta, “President to Request China for Financing Power Project,” Op.cit. ______“Pakistan, China to Set up Joint Power Corporation,” Daily Times, October 5, 2008 904 Nawa-i-Waqt, April 17, 2008 905 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam (accessed September 22, 2013) 214
China for financial assistance for the project. Pakistani authorities presented the draft of detailed design of the project to the Chinese authorities to seek a loan for the construction of the dam. China after analyzing the draft design of dam offered a soft loan for the construction of the dam.906 China assured of $ 4 billion financial assistance.907 Foreign
Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi confirmed that China would finance Pakistan on the construction of the Bhasha dam as it had the requisite expertise and experience in handling of such a large project.908 He also said,
“This will be the project that can generate 5,500 MW of power
and the net return will be 25% per annum.”909910
Chinese Development Bank would support the dam.911 China agreed to finance $ 8.5 billion for the construction of the dam while the government of Pakistan placed Rs.
200 million for the development of the dam during the fiscal year 2008-09.912 Besides, financial assistance, the Chairman Cao Guanjiang, of Three Gorge Company offered skilled labour for the construction of the dam.913 The labour had the experience of dam
906 Zafar Bhutta, “Pakistan and China to Sign MoUs for Bhasha Dam Financing,” Daily Times, April 4, 2008 907 http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2011/12/08/news/profit/china-to-provide-4b-for- diamerbhasha-dam-project/ (accessed September 22, 2013) 908 The News, April 17, 2008 Daily Times, April 17, 2008 909 Mariana Baabar, “China to Provide Pakistan $ 500 m loan say Qureshi,” The News, April 910 , 2008 911 „Pakistan-China Relations‟, An Analysis by Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik, As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April: 2008) 912 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Strategic Studies, XXIX, 2 & 3, (Summer & Autumn 2009) 913 http://www.onlinenews.com.pk/details.php?newsid=231755&catname=Business (accessed September 22, 2013) 215
construction as they had worked on the construction of Three Gorge Dams in China.914
Diamer Bhasha dam project was inaugurated by Prime
Minister Syed Yusuf Raza Gilani On October 18, 2011.915
During the construction work of the dam thirty-one villages were affected and 2660 acres of agricultural land was submerged in the dam. The affected population was resettled in nine model villages in the vicinity with better facilities. They were provided with five marla plots and six kanal agricultural land for cultivation. The total cost of resettlement was estimated as $ 1.8 billion.916917
4.2.2 Neelum-Jhelum Hydro-Power Project
Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower project having installed capacity of 969 MW was located in Muzafarabad district of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, between an elevation of
600 m and 1100 m.918 The Neelum-Jhelum project was unique in nature as almost 98% of the project was underground including 41km long tunnel, transmission system and a power house, and the remaining 2% inlet and outlet could be seen on the ground.919
Geological field survey confirmed the feasibility of work in the area. The project has limited environmental impact and no effect on human activities in the area. 920 The experts said that project would produce 5.150 billion units of electricity annually. The
914 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 915 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamer-Bhasha_Dam (accessed September 22, 2013) 916 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/BrochureHydropowerprojectsjuly09.pdf (accessed May 22, 917 ) 918 „Neelum-Jhelum Hydroelectric Project in True Perspective‟ A Write-up by Member (Water) WAPDA on the Occasion of Groundbreaking Ceremony of Neelum-Jhelum Hydroelectric Project: On April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April: 2008) 919 Dawn, February 9, 2006 920 „Neelum-Jhelum Hydroelectric Project in True Perspective‟ Op.cit.
216
cost of the project was estimated at Rs. 130 billion.921 The height of the project was 60 m while length was 160 m.922
India wanted to construct Kishanganga Hydropower project on the river
Neelum and its purpose was to divert the flow of the river Neelum. If India did it,
Pakistan was not able to construct the Neelum-Jhelum project as the flow of water would not be sufficient to produce 969 MW of electricity. 923 If Pakistan did not start the
Neelum-Jhelum project on immediate bases then according to the 1960-Indus Water
Treaty, it was obliged to allow India to divert the flow of water for power generation.924
Pakistan floated international tenders for the project in 2000, while India did the same for Kishanganga project in 2001.1146
The Economic Affair Division (EAD) had asked China for financial assistance of
Neelum-Jhelum project but China refused to finance the project because it would not extend more funds to Pakistan until unless ongoing projects were executed and it was committed to give economic assistance to other Asian and African States. 925 After
Chinese refusal for financial assistance, Pakistan consulted Saudi-Arabia, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates but did not get a positive response from them too. When
Chinese refusal was brought to the notice of President Musharraf, he summoned the file of the project from the Ministry of Water and Power and studied it in detail before his
921 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 922 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 923 Khalid Mustafa, “China Stops Loans to Pakistan,” Daily Times, July 5, 2002 924 Khaleeq Kiani, “China Offers $ 1bn for Power Unit,” Dawn, May 14, 2003 1146 Mustafa, Op.cit. 925 Khalid Mustafa, “China to Fund Neelum-Jhelum Power Project,” Daily Times, August 12, 2002
217
visit to China, so that he could discuss the issue with the Chinese leadership. During his meeting with Chinese President Jiang Zemin he convinced the Chinese leadership to finance the project.926
A Chinese State-owned power construction company, China Machine Tool Company
(CMT), approached the Pakistani government and expressed its willingness to assist the project through equity and also make available credit from Chinese banks on very competitive terms.927 The government of Pakistan authorized Lt General
(Retd) Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Chairman WAPDA, to discuss the details of project with the
Chinese company.928 Beijing‟s offer came at a very crucial time, because according to
Indus Water Treaty 1960, the timeframe allowed to Pakistan to construct hydropower project on the river Jhelum was running out.929 Later on the Chinese company demanded that the condition of providing „supplier‟s credit, should be replaced by
„buyer‟s credit‟ so they could arrange funds from anywhere in the world in addition to the Chinese government.1152 But some Pakistani officials rejected the demand of the
Chinese company although having no other choice.930 Pakistan had re-advertised the project in 2005 but received poor response as only two international competitive biddings for the project were received. M/S China Machanical Electric Company
926 Khalid Mustafa, “China to Fund Neelum-Jhelum Power Project,” Op.cit. 927 The Nation, May 20, 2003 928 Kaleem Omer, “China Comes Through Again for Pakistan,” The News, May 19, 2003 929 ______, “China keeps Coming Through for Pakistan,” The News, December 3, 2006 1152 Dawn, February 9, 2006 930 „Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project Delayed by more than Four Years‟ A Write-Up by Kaleem Omer, as Appeared in daily „The News‟ on 3 December 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, XI, (1-20 Nov: 2007) 218
(CMEC) had also submitted a bid.931 After the back and forth of negotiation between
Pakistan and China at last on July 7, 2007, the project contract was awarded to M/S.
CGGC-CMEC Consortium, China.932 Luo Zhaohui, Chinese ambassador to Pakistan along with three member Chinese delegation met with, Liaquat Ali Jatoi, Minister for
Water and Power and assured him of their full support to Chinese company which was awarded the contract of Neelum-Jhelum project. 933 The construction agreement of
Neelum-Jhelum hydropower project was signed on December 19, 2007 and the letter of commencement was issued on January 30, 2008.934 Work on this project was started on
June 3, 2008 and it was expected to be completed in November 2016.935
4.2.3 Gomal Zam Dam
The Gomal Zam dam having install capacity of 17.4 MW was located on the
Gomal River in South Waziristan Agency.936 Under the “Vision 2025 Programme of
WAPDA” the government of Pakistan approved the project in August 2001. The project was approved by Executive Committee of the National Economic Council on August
31, 2001.937 The cost of this project was Rs. 12.825 billion.938 The Gomal Zam dam was
931 Dawn, February 9, 2006 932 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 933 The Nation, November 4, 2007 934 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 935 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 936 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) The Nation, October 12, 2004 937 www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/gomalzam.pdf (accessed September 23, 2013) 938 Javed Rana, “China Wants Better Security for Workers,” The Nation, October 18, 2004 219
758 feet long and 436 feet high.939 China National Water Resources and Hydro Power
Engineering Group Co-operation were working on the project. In October 2004, two
Chinese engineers were abducted from the dam site by terrorists.940 The construction work on the dam was stopped because out of these two abducted engineers one was killed during rescue operation.941 The company called back its engineers and workers from the Gomal Zam dam. After the mutual efforts of
Pakistani and Chinese government the company agreed to resume the work on the project.942 To cope with the security of Chinese experts on Gomal Zam dam, one wing of Frontier Core and five platoons of other personnel in the area were deployed.
The construction work on the dam was again started on March 1, 2006.943
4.2.4 Jinnah Hydro-Power Project
Jinnah hydroelectric project was on the right side of the existing Jinnah Barrage, near Kalabagh in Mianwali district of Punjab.944 Its installed capacity was 96 MW.945
This project was completed by Chinese Company-Dong Fang Electric Corporation with the cost of $ 128 million.946 The letter of commencement was issued on February 18,
2006. The project was expected to be complete on February 17, 2010 but heavy rains
939 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 940 The Nation, October 11, 2004 941 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 17, 2004 942 Zafar Ali Raja, “Visit of President Musharraf to China (Sadar-i-Pakistan Pervez Musharraf ka Dora-i-Chini),” Nawa-i-Waqt, February 21, 2006 943 Daily Din, February 16, 2006 The News, February 25, 2006 944 The Nation, May 20, 2003 945 Daily Pakistan, May 13, 2001 946 The Nation, May 5, 2003 Ali Raza, “Pakistan, China Ink Power Projects Deal,” The News, December 28, 2001 220
and flood in July 2010 delayed the project. This project was completed on October 31,
2013.947
4.2.5 Ghazi Brotha Hydro-Power Project
Ghazi Barotha project was located on the Indus river downstream of the Tarbela
Dam, 100 km away from Islamabad.948 It consists of three main components, barrage, the power channel and the power house. The project was inaugurated by President
Musharraf on August 19, 2003.949 Dong Sang Electric Supply Corporation a
Chinese Company has completed the Ghazi Brotha Hydropower project installed capacity of 1,450 MW, with the financial assistance of about 8080 million US dollars.950
During the construction of this dam, 110 dwellings were affected. WAPDA established three villages in the vicinity to compensate the population for these dwellings with all facilities. A project Non Government Organization (NGO), Ghazi
Barotha Taraqiati Idara (GBTI) was established and funded by WAPDA. The purpose of this NGO was to carry out development activities in the projected affected areas.951
This NGO was not just established for public relations cover it is working for the affecties of area.952
947 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 948 http://www.power.technology.com/projects/ghazi/ (accessed May 21, 2014) 949 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ghazibarotha.html (accessed May 21, 2014) 950 Dawn, Feburary 24, 2006 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. The Nation, May 5, 2003 951 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ghazibarotha.html (accessed May 21, 2014) 952 http:www.gbti.org.pk/ (accessed on September 20, 2016)
221
4.2.6 Golan Gol Hydro-Power Project
The Golan Gol hydropower project was located on Golen Gol Nullah, a tributary of Mastuj River, near Chitral Town of Khyber Pakhtunkhaw. 953 The project had a generation capacity of 106 MW and mean annual energy production was 436 Gwh.1177
The estimated cost of the project was $130 million. The feasibility study of the project was completed in 1997 and then updated in 2005.954955 The contract of the project was given to China National Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering
Coorporation (CWHEC).956
4.2.7 Khan Khwar Hydro-Power Project
The Khan Khwar hydropower project was located on Khan Khwar River, a right bank tributary of the river Indus, near Besham district Shangla in Khyber
Pakhtunkhaw.957 It has installed capacity of 37 MW. The worth of the project was $
86 million. The contract of this project was given to Sinohydro Company.958 The Khan
Khwar hydropower project was inaugurated on June 2003. Its power house had been in commercial operation since November 2010. Till April 2014, the power house had supplied power of 772.754 MKwh to the national grid.959.
953 http://wapda.gov.pk/vision2025/htms_vision2025/gghp.html (accessed May 21 2014) 1177 The Nation, May 20, 2003 954 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/BrochureHydropowerprojectsjuly09.pdf (accessed May 22, 955 ) 956 Ali Raza, Op.cit. 957 The Nation, October 10, 2008 958 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 959 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 222
4.2.8 Dubar Khwar Hydro-Power Project
This project was located in district Kohistan of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, on the Dubar
Khwar River, a right bank tributary of the river Indus. The letter of commencement was issued in June 2003 and the project was expected to be complete in October 2008 but later on the date of completion was revised to June 2013. The worth of the project was
Rs. 16324.476 million.960 The install capacity of this project was 130 MW and the contract of this project was given to Sinohydro Company.961
4.2.9 Allai Khwar Hydro-Power Project
The Allai Khwar hydropower project was located on the Allai Khwar River, the left bank tributary of the river Indus in district Battagram of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.
The date of commencement of this project as per contract was June 2003.962 It has power production capacity of 121 MW. Project was of worth $ 121 million. Chinese Company
Guangxi Water and Electric Power Construction Group was assisting this project.963 The powerhouse of this project had been in commercial operation since March 2013 and had supplied 533.863 MKwh power to the national grid till April 2014.964
960 Op.cit. 961 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 962 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 963 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 964 www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/ongoing_index.html (accessed May 13, 2014) 223
4.2.10 Kohala Hydro-Power Project
The project was located on an upstream of the Jhelum River in Muzaffarabad district of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. The production capacity of the project was 1,100
MW with an average annual production of 4800 Gwh. The project was commenced in
December 2006 and the final feasibility study of the project was completed in December
2008 with the help of international consultant.965966 A Chinese company,
Sinohydro Corporation has shown interest in the construction and investment.967
4.3 Thermal Power Projects
As much as 71.5% power generation in Pakistan was being produced by burning thermal fuels e.g oil and gas. The power generation from thermal power plant was expensive and created a burden on the national economy of Pakistan.968 A huge amount of GDP was consumed to import raw material to produce thermal power.
Chinese assistance in the setting up of thermal power station in Pakistan was as follows.
4.3.1 Muzafargarh Thermal Power Station
Muzafargarh thermal power station was the biggest one in the country.969 It was gas and furnace oil based power plant.1192 It was set up with the collaboration of China National
Machinery and Equipment Import and Export Corporation. The project was given to the
965 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/vision2025/hmtls_vision2025/kohala.html (accessed May 22, 966 ) 967 Fazal-ur-rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Areas of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 968 Cms.waterinfo.net.pk/pdf/tn.pdf (accessed May 21, 2014) 969 Ali Raza, “ „Pakistan, China Ink Power Project‟ Deal,” The New, December 28 , 2001 1192http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/4419 (accessed May 21, 2014)
224
Chinese company after International Competitive Bidding. 970 Its power generation capacity was 320 MW.971 During General Pervez Musharra‟s visit to China in 2001,
Pakistan‟s ambassador to China and concerned Chinese Officials signed an agreement to extend 500 KV Muzafargarh and Ghatti Transmission lines.972
Chinese firm has given $ 88 million for the extension of the project.1196
4.3.2 Nandipur Power Project
Nandipur power plant was located in Gujranwala. This project was based on
Furnace oil. Its generation capacity was 450 MW.973 Chinese Dong Fang Company was cooperating on this project.974 Nawaz government (2014) granted the permission to transfer the project from oil to gas. Chinese company has done the transmission work.975
4.3.3 Iran-Pakistan-India Gas Pipeline: Extension to China
The idea to extend the Iran-Pakistan-India (IPI) gas pipeline to the Western part of China (Xinjiang) along the Karakorum Highway was first time proposed in Pakistan-
China Energy Forum held in Islamabad in April 2006.976 This project was viewed by
Chinese experts as an alternate route of Strait of Malacca for the transportation of oil but
970 Ali Raza, “„Pakistan, China Ink Power Project‟ Deal,” Op.cit. 971 Muhammad Ijaz Butt, “Chinese-Aided Development Projects in Pakistan,” Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, XXXVII, 3, (July 2000) 972 Dawn, December 21, 2001 Dawn, December 24, 2001 1196 Akhtar, Op.cit. 973 http://www.arynews.tv/electricity-production-nandipur-power-project-begins/ (accessed May 22, 2014) 974 Zafar Bhutta, “Pakistan and China to Sign MoUs for Bhasha Dam Financing,” Op.cit. 975 http://www.arynews.tv/electricity-production-nandipur-power-project-begins/ (accessed May 22, 2014) 976 President‟s Address to the Shanghai Institute of International Studies on Pakistan-China Partnership for Peace and Development, Op.cit. 225
wanted it to be cost effective.977 On June 14 and 15, 2006, President Musharraf while addressing Senior Executives of the All China Federation of Industry and Commerce
(ACFIC), and summit meeting of the six-nations Shanghai Cooperation Organization respectively also offered China to extend the proposed IPI gas pipeline to Xinjiang.978
Chinese government expressed its willingness to participate in IPI gas pipeline project.979 Chinese Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi, in a joint press conference with his
Pakistani counterpart Shah Mahmood Qureshi said
China was seriously studying Pakistan‟s proposal to participate in IPI, but they want more information regarding this project.980
Iranian ambassador to Pakistan Ma‟ashallah Shakiri said the IPI project was basically among three nations but any other nation of the region (referring to China) eager to join the project would be welcomed.981 The spokesperson of the Iranian
Foreign Minister had indicated that the China‟s keenness to join the IPI project.982
India was also open towards the joining of China in the IPI project.1207
A feasibility report prepared by Chinese experts had pointed out some geological obstacle in the gas pipeline that would run from Pakistan to China via
977 Shaheen Akhtar, “Indo-US Strategic Partnership: Implications for China,” Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXVIII, 1& 2, (January-February 2009) 978 „Energy Corridor could become an Economic Bonanza for Pakistan,‟ A Write-Up by Kaleem Omer, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 19 June 2006, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, VI, (June 2006) 979 Excerpts from a Joint Press Conference by the Foreign Ministers of Pakistan and China: Islamabad; 26 April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April: 2008) 980 The Nation, April 26, 2008 981 Shafqat Ali, “Pakistan Wants China in IPI,” The Post, May 29, 2008 982 Quddsia Akhlaque, “China Shows Interest in Pipeline Project,” The News, April 16, 2008 1207 Shafqat Ali, Op.cit. 226
Gilgit, if China joined the project.983
4.3.4 White oil Project
On May 11, 2001, an agreement was signed between Pak-Arab Refinery
Company (Private) Limited (PARCO) and China Petroleum Engineering &
Construction Group Corporation (CPECC).984 According to this agreement, Pakistan would acquire equipment and material from China to transport 12 millions tons of white oil products from Port Qasim, Karachi, to Mahmood Kot in district Muzzafargarh.985
Chinese Exim bank would finance the white oil project and letter of intent (LOI) was signed between PARCO and CPECC.986
4.3.5 Energy Production from Coal
In Pakistan most of the electricity was being produced by thermal power plants that used oil and gas. Pakistan was a country with scarce resources of oil, so oil was being imported for this purpose and a huge amount of GDP was used to import oil. The government was trying to replace it by using the coal in local industries and tried to cut its huge oil import bill of around $ 3 billion a year.987 Pakistan had almost 184 billion tons of coal reserves being the fourth largest in the World but unfortunately the annual
983 Akhlaque, Op.cit. 984 Project facilitation Agreement for the Finalization of the Contract for White Oil Pipeline Project between Pak-Arab pipeline Company (Private) Limited and China Petroleum Engineering & Construction Group Corporation: Islamabad; 11 May 2001, Pakistan Treaty Series 2000-2003, X, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of Pakistan 985 The Nation, May 3, 2001 Maqsudul Hasan Nur, “China, Central Asia and Gwadar Seaport,” The News, July 28, 2002 986 The News, April 9, 2001 The Nation, May 3, 2001 987 Daily Times, May 17, 2002
227
coal production was only 3-4 million tons only.988989 Huge reserves of coal in Pakistan were still waiting to be utilized.990 Out of these 3-4 million tons coal, 90% coal was used in brick kilns. Pakistan made a number of attempts to attract foreign investors in coal sector but unfortunately failed due to the poor infrastructure and the remoteness of coal deposits.991
Government of Pakistan has taken strategic decision to maximize the use of coal in power generation.992 It was decided that the share of coal in energy generation would be enhanced from 7% to 20% by the end of this decade.993994 Some Chinese
Companies have shown their interest in coal the sector of Pakistan.995 General Pervez
Musharraf said,
“China‟s assistance in coal mining and use of coal as an
effective source of energy could also provide us relief
from our increasing import bill on energy imports.”996
China has vast experience in the production of energy from coal. It has been producing
988 Ismat Sabir, “Pakistan Again Needs Chinese Help,” The Post, September 8, 2008 http://www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/BrochureHydropowerprojectsjuly09.pdf (accessed May 22, 989 4) 990 Ghani, Op.cit. 991 Daily Times, May 17, 2002 992 Dawn, February 9, 2002 993 „China and Pakistan Joint-Venture in the Energy Sector‟ A Write-Up by M.Osman Ghani, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 5 February 2007, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXXIV, II, (Feb: 994 ) 995 Noorilhuda, “The Door to China,” The News, April 9, 2006 996 Dawn, May 13, 2001 1220 Noorilhuda, Op.cit.
228
80% of its energy from coal. It has 200 billion tons of coal reserves and producing 1,960 million tons of coal from 20,000 mines.1220 Some coal based power projects with the assistance of China were as follows,
4.3.5.1 Coal-based Power Project in Jherruck
Through a preliminary geological survey, Sindh government has identified a large potential of ignite coal resources at Sonda-Jerruck near historic city of Thatta. For commercial exploration of Jherruck coalfield, CMC undertook further exploration for detailed geological findings so as to utilize it for power generation besides attracting international investment.997 It was the 2nd largest coalfield of Sindh after Thar coalfield.
It has enough coal reserves to produce 500 MW of electricity for more than 20 years.998999 Sindh Chief Minister Arbab Ghulam Rahim pointed out that Jherruck coal field having coal reserves of more than 7 billion tons.1000
The Sindh government has issued a letter of intent to a Chinese Coorporation
Gaingsu, to carry out a feasibility study for building a coal-fired power plant at
Jherruck. A separate MoU was signed with the Chinese Machinery Import and Export
Corporation (CMIEC) to set up another coal-based power plant. The two plants would generate 250 MW each. The investment cost of each power plant was estimated at $
997 „China and Pakistan Joint-Venture in the Energy Sector‟ A Write-up by M. Osman Ghani, Op.cit. 998 Khaleeq Kiani, “Chinese Firms to Set Up Two Power Projects,” The Nation, February 5, 999 1000 The Nation, July 31, 2005 229
500 million. 1001 The Sindh coal authority has signed a MoU with China National
Machinery Import & Export Corporation, to develop Jherruck coal field for power generation. The MoU was signed by Irfanullah Khan Marwat, Provincial Minister for
Mines and Minerals Development, on behalf of the Sindh Coal Authority and Shan Wei,
Vice President of China National Machinery Import & Export Corporation on behalf of his coorporation.1002
4.3.5.2 Coal-Power Project at Lakhra Sindh
China has also helped Pakistan to set up a coal power project at Lakhra in
Sindh to overcome the shortage of electricity in Sindh.1003 Haseeb Waqas Engineering
Ltd, has signed an agreement with a Chinese Company, Guangdong Huazheng
Bioequipment Limited. Both companies have already proceeded for pre-qualification of the project.1004 The generation capacity of this plant was 450 MW.1228
Huge reserves of high quality of coal were also waiting to be utilized in
Balochinstan.1229 To utilize the coal reserves of Balochistan for power generation, Faseih
Iqbal, Chief Editor Balochistan Times and Zamana and Ex-Senator visited Beijing and held the initial talks with Chinese officials to set up coal-based power houses in the province.1005 The two sides proposed to set up power houses of 100 to 200 MW in the private sector to provide cheap electricity to the people of
1001 Dawn, May 24, 2002 1002 The Nation, July 31, 2005 1003 Azar Abbas Haidery, “Envoy asks Pak Exporters to Explore Chinese Market,” The Post, June 23, 2007 1004 The Nation, October 3, 2003 1228Daily Pakistan, October 3, 2003 1229 Ghani, Op.cit. 1005 The Nation, August 27, 2002 230
Balochistan.1006
4.3.5.3 Thar-Coal Field
Around 175 billion tons of coal was spread over 9,000 square kilometers of an area of the Thar Desert. The main bed thickness of the coal ranged between 12 m and 21 m at an average depth of 170 m.10071008 According to Dr. Samar Mubrak, from Thar coal deposit Pakistan can produce ten to twenty thousand megawatt. 1009 The Chinese government has assured of their technical assistance for the mining of coal from the Thar
Desert. China National Petroleum Coorporation (CNPC) sent a technical delegation for assessment and examination of various aspects of drilling and exploration activities of the Thar project.1234 A MoU was signed between Pakistan and
China to construct two power plants each of 300 MW at the Thar coalfield.1010 Sindh
Minister Dewan Yousaf Farouqui signed the MoU on the behalf of government of
Pakistan at the residence of Pakistan‟s ambassador to China Riaz Hussain Khokhar.1011
Director General of Sindh Coal Authority Abdul Ghani Pathan said in an interview that an agreement was signed with Shenhua Group Coorporation to conduct the geological survey of the Thar coalfield.1012 According to MoU, the Shenhua Group was responsible for investment, construction and operation while Pakistani-side was liable to provide
1006 The Nation, September 1, 2002 1007 Khaleeq Kiani, “Chinese Firms to Set Up Two Power Projects,” The Nation, February 5, 1008 1009 Dr. Samar Mubarak, Chairman Thar Coal Project, interviewed by Nasir Rana, Rose Special Programme, Rose One Channal, at 7. 20 am on 23 March 2015 1234 Akhtar, Op.cit. 1010 The Nation, April 30, 2002 1011 The News, April 30, 2002 1012 Daily Times, May 17, 2002 231
project site and necessary infrastructure. The government of Pakistan specified the area at Thar to be handed over to the Chinese Company for the power generation.1013
Thar coal project was delayed for sometime due to the outbreak of SARs
(name of disease) in East-Asia. 1014 Finance Minister Shaukat Aziz said China and
Pakistan then agreed to speed up work at the Thar coal and for this purpose 100 Chinese engineers were coming to Pakistan to conduct the hydrological survey of the project.1015
Prime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali constituted a Special Task Force for smooth functioning of Thar coal project. The Task Force was to be headed by Shaukat Aziz.
The Prime Minister took this decision while his meeting with Ye Qing, Chairman of the
Shenhua Group. Ye Qing called the Prime Minister Jamali at the State Guest House to discuss various aspects of the project. The Task Force was responsible for sorting out and getting rid of all bottlenecks.1241 Ye Qing also agreed to spend two million US dollars on the feasibility report of the project.1016 During a meeting Chinese Commerce
Minister Bo Xilai and his Pakistani counterpart Humayun Akhtar Khan agreed to set up a joint working group to speed up work on the Thar coal project.1017
However, all these agreement and contract were in vain because Shenhua Group rolled back after spending three years on the Thar coal project. The company had spent 25 million US dollars on the construction of a road, water and power availability of the
1013 A Report on Pakistan-China MoU to Establish Two Coal Based 600 Megawatts Power Plants in Province of Sindh: Beijing; 1st March 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, I, (Jan-Feb: 2003) 1014 Dawn, November 9, 2003 1015 Mehtab Haider, “Chinato Extend & 500m Credit,” The Nation, November 9, 2003 1241 The Nation, March 27, 2003 1016 Rana Qaisar, “Pakistan, ChinaWantIraq‟s Soverignity Respected: Jamali,” Daily Times, March 27, 2003 1017 Dawn, July 16, 2005 232
project, but when they mined the coal, it was not of high quality, so company rolled back.1018 There was also another reason for which company rolled back. Initially, the company demanded 5.86% unit tariff for project but later on reduced its demand to
5.79%. On the other hand WAPDA initially offered 3.2% and the National Electric
Power Regulatory Authority offered 4.2% tariff. On the instruction of Prime Minister
Shaukat Aziz the tariff was increased to 5.36% per unit. President Musharraf formed a committee to convince the company to resume the work at Thar coalfield deven at 5.79% unit but the company refused to resume the work. The company consulted AES
Corporation of U.S.A. to invest in project but did not convince them.1245 Another
Chinese company Sino Coal showed willingness to work on the Thar coalfield.1019
There were some political and administrative reasons for delaying of this project.
The Federal government abolished the Sindh Coal Authority and formed a new Thar
Coal Board while Sindh Minister said that the Sindh Coal Authority was not abolished and a separate Thar Coal Energy Board was formed to accelerate the project.
The establishment of the Thar Coal and Energy Board, Thar Coal Development
Authority, Federal Thar Coal Authority and Sindh Thar Coal Authority ect. created a lot of confusion for the investor to whom they consulted for the project.1020
4.4 Wind Power Generation Plants China has the distinction in Asia of producing cheap electricity from windpower, particularly in the regions that were away from the bigger cities. Various
1018 Zafar Bhutta, “Pakistan and China to Sign MoU for BashaDam Financing,” Op.cit. 1245 Khaleeq Kiani, “Thar Plant Expected to Figure in Beijing Talks,” Dawn, February 13, 2006 1019 Zafar Bhutta, “Pakistan and China to Sign MoU for Basha Dam Financing,” Op.cit. 1020 Ismat Sabir, “Pakistan Again Needs Chinese Help,” The Post, September 8, 2008 233
Xinjiang based Chinese Companies had showed their interests to cooperate with
Pakistan to produce cheap electricity through wind power at its coastal areas.1021 Dong
Fei Lin, Vice President Xinjiang International Economic Coorporation said,
“We can help Pakistan through joint venture to install
windmills or wind turbines at places where there is a
steady wind blowing at least at a speed of 20-25
km/h.”1022
Vice General Manager, Suntime International Economic and Trading Company, Li
Yongxin said his company would help Pakistan in setting up horizontal axis wind turbines at its coastal areas or at the top of the hills where wind blows at a high speed at least for half of the year.1023
Pakistan agreed that China would install electricity generation stations through wind power. The step was taken to solve the electricity supply problem in rural areas of
Pakistan.1024 This step was taken during a meeting held at the Ministry of Science and
Technology. The meeting was presided by Federal Minister for Science and Technology
Prof. Dr. Atta-ur-Rehman. The Chinese delegation was supervised by Shen Dechang of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences. It was decided that the pilot project would be installed at coastal areas of Sindh and
Balochinstan. If the experience proved successful then it would be extended to other areas of the country on a larger scale. The project was to be implemented by Chinese
1021 Dawn, May 24, 2002 1022 The Nation, May 2, 2002 1023 The News, July 8, 2002 1024 The News, January 9, 2002 234
Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences (CAAMS) and Pakistan Council for
Renewable Energy Technology (PCRET).1025
A MoU was signed between PCRET and CAAMS and Beijing Solar Energy
Research Institute (BSERI). The Pakistani side was represented by Dr. Ishtiaq Qazi,
Director General, Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technology (PCRET).
According to the MoU, the Chinese side was supposed to install 100 wind turbines of different watts in the coastal areas of Pakistan. It was agreed that the Chinese experts would help in indigenous manufacturing of turbines through gradual transfer of technology and Pakistan would provide necessary infrastructure to install turbines.1026
Pakistan signed an MoU with China to purchase the wind turbines. The MoU was signed in Urumqi (China) between Pakistan Planet Energy (PVT) and Chinese firm Goldwind
Science and Technology.1027 Pakistan Planet Energy was represented by its Chairman,
Tariq Sayeed and Goldwind Science and Technology was represented by its Vice
President Wang Xiangming.1028 Goldwind Science and Technology was included in the
World‟s top ten turbine manufacturers.1029
Pakistan is suffering from energy crisis since last decade. This energy crisis has direct effect on her economy. Indigenous production and foreign investment is the basic tool of ecomonic growth but both cannot materialize without any source of energy. Factories and industries need some source of energy to run. Foreigners were attracted to those areas where cheap source of energy is available. Unfortunately Pakistan is lacking in
1025 The Nation, January 9, 2002 1026 The Nation, September 27, 2002 1027 The Nation, June 4, 2008 1028 The Nation, June 3, 2008 1029 The Nation, June 4, 2008 235
both tools of economic growth. Chinese government also comes to help Pakistan to come out from this crisis. China helped Pakistan to produce energy from all possible means of production of energy including hydro, coal, gas, nuclear and even from wind.
Now China is also helping Pakistan to get benefit from solar energy by solar panals.
If all the energy projects that were in the process of completion with the assistance of
China, completed on time then Pakistan would be out of energy crisis and could boost its economy. It could attract foreign investors on the basis of cheap energy and also flourish its own industries that were on the devastating edge due to energy shortage.
Chapter 5
India-China Relations: Pakistan as a Factor
Many analysts believed that the improvement in the India-China relations has strong implications for Pakistan-China relations but many believe in the opposite 236
direction. They believed that improvement in India-China could not harm the longlasting
Pakistan-China friendship.
India-China relations can be discussed into three phases. The first phase started on December 1949 and continued until October 1962. The main slogan of this phase was
„Hindi Chini Bhi Bhi‟ (Chinese and Indian were brothers). The relations were most cordial during this phase. During this phase the relations between Pakistan and China were normal and the stance of China on Kashmir was that the problem should be resolved bilaterally without involving the West especially the United Nations.1030
The second Phase started in October 1962 and continued until the late 1970s.
During this phase the relations between India and China reached their lowest ebb, as the border war broke out between the two States.1031 During this phase the relations between
Pakistan and China were friendly. Pakistan openly branded India as an aggressor and held it responsible for the war.1032 In February 1964, the Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai visited Pakistan, during his visit, he supported the right of the people of Kashmir to decide their own fate.1033 When President of Pakistan, Z.A. Bhutto visited China in
1972, the Chinese government also firmly supported the right of self determination of people of Kashmir.1034 A war broke out between Pakistan and India in September 1965,
1030 Muhammad Ijaz Butt, “China and the Kashmir Issue,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, XXVI, 2, (April: 1999) 1031 Shahid M.A min, “Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy A Reappraisal,” (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2000), 159-160 1032 H.K. Chhabra, “Relations of Nations,” (Delhi: Surjeet Publications, 1980), 108, 133 1033 Mohammad Ashen Chaudhri, “Pakistan and the Trouble World,” (Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1993), 197 1034 Joint Communiqué Issued on the Visit of the President of Pakistan to China ; 31 January- 2 February, 1972, Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs Islamabad 1973, Joint Communiqués, (Jan 1968- Dec 1973)
237
China came to rescue Pakistan. China not only warned India to stop “Criminal
Aggression” or face grave consequences. China rejected India‟s claim that the attack on
Lahore was a defensive measure.1035
After late 1970‟s the relations between India and China moved towards normalization. This trend started during Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping‟s coming to power.1036 With the improvement of relations with India, China revised its policy over the Kashmir issue. The first public expression of the revised approach was noticed in a statement made by Deng Xiaoping in June 1980, during an interview to Indian journal
„Vikrant‟. He described Kashmir as “a bilateral problem” between India and Pakistan and that both States should solve it cordially.1037 Pakistan did not react negatively over this change in the Chinese policy on Kashmir dispute. Pakistan viewed this as a tactical change rather than withdrawal of the support to Pakistan‟s stance.1265 The relations between India and China faced a setback in May 1998, when Prime Minister Vajpayee cited China as the main cause of Indian nuclear tests.10381039 China cancelled the meeting of Joint Working Group (established for border talks between India and
1035 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, “Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations,” in Reading in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, (Oxford University Press, 2001) 1036 Swaran Singh, “China-India Economic Engagement Building Mutual,” (New Delhi: French Research Institutes, 2005) 1037 Moonis Ahmar, “Pakistan, India, China Triangle: The Changing Geo-Strategic Realities and Indo-Pak Conflict,” Margalla Papers, (2004) 1265 Hasan Askari Rizvi, “Pakistan and the Geostrategic Environment: A Study of Foreign Policy,” (Hong Kong: St. Martin‟s Press, 1993) 1038 Jawed Naqvi, “No N-Arms for Pakistan: Li,” Dawn, January 13, 2001 Aylea Zaidi & Sirajuddin Aziz, “From Confrontation to Co-operation,” The News, August 31, 1039 238
China) to be held in Beijing to express its strong disapproval of Indian nuclear test.1040
Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh visited China in June 1999 to put back the relations again on the normal track.1041
Kargil was the first crisis, after the nuclear explosions between India and
Pakistan.1042 China maintained neutrality over the crisis and emphasized that the issue should be solved through bilateral means. 10431044 In June 1999, Pakistan‟s Foreign
Minister Sartaj Aziz paid a visit to China during the Kargil crisis. In Beijing he met
Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan and Li-Peng, Chairman of the National
People‟s Congress. Li Peng, during his discussion with Sartaj Aziz advised Pakistan to,
“Stay cool and resolve the differences through peaceful means
and to keep away from worsening the
situation.”1045
In 2000, Tang Jiaxuan, visited India before coming to Pakistan. Some countries tried to create an impression that Pakistan‟s importance was reduced as Chinese Foreign
Minister visited India first.1046 But this propaganda was rejected by Tang Jiaxuan by
1040 John Cherian, “India and China Some Positive Movement,” Frontline, April 13, 2002, Selection from Regional Press, (May 1, 2002) 1041 Khalid Mahmud, “Sino-Pak Ties: India Factor,” Dawn, April 14, 2001 1042 Kargil Conflict broke out between May and July 1999 between Indian and Pakistan, in the Kargil Distric of Kashmir along the Line of Control (LoC). Foreign Office Year Book, 1998-9, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 1043 Shahzad Akhtar, “Sino-Pakistani Relations: An Assessment,” Strategic Studies, XXIX, 2 & 1044 , (Summer & Autumn 2009) 1045 Muhammad Ishaque Fani, “Pak-China Security Relations and Mutual Ventures,” Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 46, 2, (July-Dec 2009) 1046 Arshad Ahmad Arif, “Chinese Foreign Minister‟s Visit to Pakistan (Wazir-i-Kherja Chini ka Dora-i-Pakistan),” Nawa-i-Waqt, July 24, 2000 239
saying that the relations between India and China would not affect the long lasting friendship between Pakistan and China.1047
In mid July 2001, President Musharraf visited India to establish good relations with it.1048 Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan Lu Shulin, expressed satisfaction over
Musharraf‟s talks with Vajpayee.1049 But after the meeting the Indian government tried to create a rift between Pakistan and China. Vajpayee, during the Lok Sabha Session on
August 7th, accused Musharraf of taking back the area ceded to China in 1963.1050
Pakistan Foreign Office denied this in a statement issued on August 8, by saying,
“No Such discussion took place at any stage.”1051
Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Mr. Zhang Qiyue stated there was no question of reopening of border issue between Pakistan and China as it had been settled long ago.1278
The year 2006 was designated as the year of „India-China Friendship‟.1052 This decision was taken during Premier Wen Jiabao‟s visit to India in April 2005.1053 The main outcome of Premier Wen‟s visit to India was the decision to double the volume of trade between the two States in the next four years.1054 India with its massive middle
1047 Hasan Akhtar, “Ties with Pakistan to Grow Stronger,” Dawn, July 24, 2000 1048 The News, December 22, 2001 1049 The News, July 4, 2001 1050 Muhammad Ramzan, “Follow the Chinese,” The Nation, August 19, 2001 1051 The News, August 13, 2001 1278 Op.cit. 1052 Kamal Matinuddin, “President Musharraf‟s Visit to China,” The News, March 3, 2006 1053 P.S. Suryanarayana, “A New Entente,” Frontline, February 11, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, (Feb 1-16, 2006) 1054 Maqbool Ahmed Bhatty, “China‟s „Indispensible Partnership‟,” Dawn, December 12, 2006 240
class represented an excellent economic opportunity to Chinese exporters.1055 China had already been the third largest trading partner of India.1056 The two countries shelved their border dispute to improve their economic ties.1057 President Hu Jintao visited India in
November 2006. 1058 When he arrived in India he was received by Indian Foreign
Minister, whereas before his visit when President Bush, Shah Abdullah and Prime
Minister of Nepal, Girija Prasad Kairala visited India, they had been received by the
Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself.1059 After spending four days in India,
President Hu visited Pakistan.1060
5.1.1 Indian Bid for Permanent Membership in the United Nations
Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) consists of fifteen members, of which five were permanent with the power to veto, while others were selected for two years‟ terms. There was a proposal to raise the strength of the UNSC permanent members up to fourteen. 1061 G-4, (India, Germany, Japan and Brazil) claimed for permanent membership of the UNSC.1062 Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Wang Li said
China was looking forward to the response of international community on the expansion
1055 Iffat Idris, “Future is Asia,” Daily Times, June 16, 2003 1056 C. Raja Mohan, “India and China: A Shifting Paradigm,” The Hindu, July 29, 2004, Selection from Regional Press, July 16-31, 2004 1057 Rasul Bakhsh Rais, “Are We Losing Out China?,” The Nation, December 16, 2004 1058 Nasir Ahmed Mughal, “31 Agreements Signed during Chinese President Hu Jintao Visit to Pakistan (Chinese Sadar Hu Jintao ke Dora-i-Pakistan Main 31 Mahidy),” Jinnah, November 28, 2006 1059 Daily Jang, November 24, 2006 1060 Abid Mustafa, “At the Edge of a Precipice,” The Nation, December 31, 2006 1061 Mir Jamilur Rehman, “„Bhai-Bhai‟ Once Again,” The News, April 16, 2005 1062 G. Parthasarathy, “Red Star Over South Block,” The Times of India, June 10, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, (June 1-15, 2008) 241
of the UNSC. 1063 Senior members of the Chinese Institute of Contemporary
International Relations, a body whose members were considered as a think tank to formulate the foreign policy of China, unanimously said that population and size of a country was not a criteria to seek the membership of the UNSC, but contribution to the
World peace had to be considered in this regard. It was said that if India fulfilled three conditions then its quest for permanent membership could be considered and no one could become a member of the Security Council overnight.1064
Pakistan opposed the Indian quest for permanent membership of the UNSC.1065
Pakistan with the help of „Coffee Club‟ got the support of more than a hundred countries to oppose the G-4, quest for permanent membership of the UNSC and the right to veto.
Pakistan has no objection to the membership of Germany and Japan but strongly objected to the Indian membership. Pakistan showed its reservations about India because
India had not only fought wars with Pakistan but also with China and it also did not enjoy good relations with Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bangladesh. India had also rejected the
UN resolutions to resolve the Kashmir dispute. On the other hand, Britain and Russia were supporting India.1066
1063 Daily Times, July 21, 2000 1064 Salim Bokhari, “Musharraf‟s Initiatives on Kashmir,” The News, December 16, 2004 1065 „What are Strategic Ties?‟ An Article by Anwar Syed, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 16 April 2006, taken from Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, IV, April 2006 1066 „Coffee Club‟ is comprises of forty States. Most members are middle-sized States who oppose the bigger regional powers grabbing permanent seats in the UNSC. The prime movers of the club include Italy, Spain, Australia, Canada, South Korea, Argentina and Pakistan. (www.hindustantimes.com/archives/coffee. . .unsc.../article1-10996.aspx accessed on May 7, 2015) Nawa-i-Waqt, April 13, 2005 242
On Indian bid for permanent membership of the UNSC, Premier Wen Jiabao said
(during his visit to India in April, 2005) that China would be happy to see India in the
UNSC.1067 China supported the necessity to expand the UNSC to respond to the global threats and challenges.1295 India claimed that China would support India and would not become a hurdle for the Indian quest for permanent membership in the
UNSC.1296 Chinese ambassador to India Sun Yuxi, said China was „not an obstacle to‟
Indian bid. Sun Yuxi stated that China had been opposing Japan‟s bid to get a permanent seat in the UNSC.1297
Some analysts hold the view that China had extended support to India on the issue. It was embarrassing for Pakistan.1298 They thought China‟s support would ease the way of India to get the permanent membership in the UNSC.1299 The Chinese endorsement was an important victory for India in its campaign to convince the global community that it deserved the honour of participating in the World affairs not for two years‟ terms but on a permanent basis.1300 Pakistan believed that if India got the seat in the UNSC with the veto power than it would create more trouble for Pakistan especially in resolving the Kashmir dispute, where it was involved in State terrorism.1301 But according to some observers it was not for the first time that China had announced its support for India on the issue, China had been doing it to improve
1295 Zhang Chunxiang, “China and the Enlargement of the UN Security Council,” Pakistan Horizon, 58, 4, Oct 2005
1067 Khalid Mahmud, “Sino-Indian relation: Future Prospects-Friendship, Rivalry or Cooperation,” Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXVI, 5, (May 2007) 243
1296 Daily Times,April 13, 2005 The Statesman, January 26, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, January 16-31, 2006 Rabia Azmat, “Historic Visit of Chinese President to Pakistan (Chini Sadar Hu Jintao Ka Tarikhe Dora-i-Pakistan),” Nada-i-Milat, 30 Nov-6 Dec, 2006 1297 The Tribune, April 16, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, April 16-30 2006 1298 Ghulam Asghar Khan, “Sino-Indian Détente,” The Nation, April 18, 2005 1299Nada-i-Milat, 30 Nov-6 Dec 2006 1300Growing Sino-Indian Ties, Sino-Indian Relations (2004-2005), IPRI, Factfile, VII, 10, (October 2005) 1301 Hussain Ahmad Paracha, “Examplary Friendship (Misali Dosti),” Nawa-i-Waqt, November 27, 2006 its economic relations with India and it had nothing to do with its relations with Pakistan, and that China was giving importance to Pakistan.1068
New Delhi‟s claim about Beijing supported it was rejected by Premier Wen in press briefings, he said China did not support Indian candidature for the UNSC.1069 Wen
Jiabao categorically stated that China did not support the Indian bid of the UNSC‟s membership but his country would support Indian aspirations to play a bigger role in the
World body.1070 Later on, Pakistan‟s Foreign Minister Khurshid Mehmood Kasuri said
Pakistan and China both had adopted a principled stand that the expansion of the UNSC should be based on specific countries.1305 On August 6, 2005, the Chinese Foreign
Ministry also clearly rejected the G-4 proposal for becoming the permanent members of the UNSC, and insisted that,
1068 Shaiq Hussain, “Support to Indian UNSC Seat not to Affect Pak-China Ties,” The Nation, April 13, 2005 1069 Daiy Times, April 13, 2005 John Cherian, “Moving Closer,” Frontline, April 23, 2005, Selection from Regional Press, April 16-30, 2005 1070 Mariana Babar, “No Cavil in China-India Call on UNSC Expansion: Kasuri,” The News, April 14, 2005 The Nation, April 13, 2005 1305 Babar, Op.cit.
244
“China will resolutely vote “No” if the G-4 proposal is put up
for a vote.”1071
According to an Indian press report New Delhi had got „documented evidence‟1072 that Beijing was acting along with Pakistan to sabotage the Indian efforts for a permanent seat in the UNSC.1073 Although the public opinion of China was to support the aspirations of India to play a bigger role in the World Affairs.1074 According to Srikanth Kondapalli, a China expert, from India, the Chinese leadership was not just opposing Japan‟s inclusion in the UNSC but in reality China was against the Indian candidacy as well.1075
Besides China, the U.S.A. also did not want to see India at the higher table in the global affairs because it never came up with the support of India to get the permanent membership of the UNSC.1076 The former U.S.A. ambassador to India
Robert Black-Will, said about Indian quest for UNSC permanent membership that,
“I don‟t think it‟s going to happen.”10771078
1071 Abdul Wajid, “Playing the China Card,” The Post, August 19, 2005 1072 Daily Times, June 16, 2008 1073 G. Parthasarathy, “Challenges from China: Growth the Only Way for India,” The Tribune, August 7, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, August 1-15, 2008 1074 Daily Times, June 16, 2008 1075 Seema Sirohi, “Crisis is Opportunity, China has Softened on India‟s N-deal. Talk will Only Pick up Now,” Outlook, October 8, 2007, Selection from Regional Press, September 16-30, 2007 1076 K.P. Nayar, “Looking for the Method,” The Telegraph, October 28, 2009 1077 Amit Baruah, “Permanent Seat for india in Security Council Unlikely,” The Hindu, January 1078 , 2005, Selection from Regional Press, Jan 1-15, 2005
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5.1.2 National Defence Missile of America: Pakistan and China’s
Stance
On May 1, 2001, President George W. Bush during his speech in National
Defence University announced $ 6o billion U.S.A. National Missile Defence (NMD) programme. 1079 This programme was designated to protect U.S.A. from missile attacks.1080 President Bush said that the U.S.A. defence system that was established after the cold war was dated and there was a need for a new system because some
„rogue‟ states had acquired new weapons that were dangerous for U.S.A. defence system.1081 He named Iran, Iraq and North Korea as „rogue‟ states. 10821083 He also indicated that the U.S.A. did not wish to remain bound by the Anti Ballistic Missile
(ABM) treaty of 1972.1084
The international community responded both positively and negatively (mostly negatively) to this announcement. 1085 Pakistan remained quiet at this stage. China,
European Union, Commonwealth, Japan, Russian, and some other Western countries including some allies of the U.S.A., like France, also opposed this programme.1086 These
1079 Sajid Zai, “Zhu‟s Visit Renews Sino-Pak Friendly Ties,” The Nation, May 19, 2001 1080 Rana Qaisar, and Absar Alam, “Pakistan Oppose U.S Missile Defence Shield,” The Nation, May 13, 2001 1081 Arshad Ahmad Haqani, “Journey to China . . .Stress in America China Relations (Safar-i- Chine 3 . . . America Chine Kashedighee Ke Mazeed Behase,)” Daily Jang, May 5, 2001 1082 ______, “ Journey to China 2 . . . Stress in Amreica China Relations and its Consequences (Safar-i-Chine 2 . . . America Chine Kashedighee or is Key Muziraat),” Daily Jang, May 1083 , 2001 1084 M.B. Naqvi, “In the Eye of the Storm,” The News, July 18, 2001 1085 Haqani, “Journey to China 2 . . . Stress in Amreica China Relations and its Consequences (Safar-i-Chine 2 . . . America Chine Kashedighee or is Key Muziraat),” Op.cit. 1086 Tariq Warsani, “Visit of Chinese Prime Minister is Break Through (Wazir-i-Azam Chine Ka Dora “Break Through” Ha),” Nawa-i-Waqat, May 18, 2001 Nawa-i-Waqat, May 11, 2001 246
States considered it disastrous for strategic balance of the World.1087 They believed that it would force both Russia and China to build more nukes because if
U.S.A. was going to improve the quality of its deterrence, the older deterrence of Russia and China would become vulnerable according to the NMD definition of the U.S.A.1088
China announced if U.S.A. followed its National Missile Defence system then China would also enhance its nuclear missile capacity by 10 times.1089 This tough reaction from
China came because this system was a violation of an international treaty (ABM) and it would start a new arms race in the World.1090
India surprised the world community by becoming the first country to support the American concept of NMD to strengthen its „partnership‟ with Washington.1091
President Bush also wanted to make friendly relations with India since he assumed the office.1092 He perceived India as counterweight to China and wanted to make China a second Soviet Union.1093 It was an open secret that America wanted to use India to encircle China.1094 Mr. Akram Zaki said,
1087 Aga Shahi, “Pak-China Friendship and America (Pak-Chine Dosti or America),” Jasarat, May 24, 2001 1088 Naqvi, Op.cit. 1089 Haqani, “Journey to China 2 . . . Stress in Amreica China Relations and its Consequences (Safar-i-Chine 2 . . . America Chine Kashedighee or is Key Muziraat),”Op.cit. 1090 Rahimullah Yusufzai, “All Weather Friendship,” The News, May 10, 2001 1091 Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty, “New Phase in Pak-China Relations,” Dawn, May 23, 2001 1092 „Relations with China & US‟ An Article by Former Ambassador Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty, As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 05 March 2006, Taken from Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, III, (March 2006) 1093 Syed Sabat-ul-Hassan Zagham, “Pak-China Friendship Long Live (Pak-Chini Dosti Zindabad),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 29, 2001 1094 Jasarat, May 14, 2001
247
“Now also a new security situation is developing. The
United States is taking India as its strategic partner in the
policy of containment and encirclement of China with
Japan and China‟s province of Taiwan as the two
pressure points against Beijing.”1095
According to News reports, India was one of the friends of America to whom,
President Bush had briefed about his plan of NMD before announcement.1096 There were four major interests of India that influenced it to support the stance of America on
NMD.1097 Firstly, India wanted the support of the U.S.A. to get permanent membership of the UN Security Council, secondly, to get the defence linkage with U.S.A., thirdly, distance U.S.A. from Pakistan and fourthly, India supported NMD because Theatre
Missile Defence (TMD) may also be considered on the bases of NMD.1331 It was also confirmed that New Delhi had planned to build up its own missile shield by purchasing
ABM from Israel and Russia.1332 China was not happy with the Indian stance on NMD plan.1333 President Bush‟s missile defence system pitched India and China on the opposite sides.1334
To get the support on NMD, President Bush sent three teams towards sixteen countries of the World. One team was headed by American Deputy Secretary of State,
Richard Armitage.1335 This team visited India. The U.S.A. totally ignored Pakistan as it did not send any envoy to Pakistan.1336 In India Mr. Armitage said this National
1095 Dawn, May 16, 2001 1096 Farooq Nisar, “Chinese President‟s Visit to Pakistan (Chinie Wazir-i-Azam Ka Dora-i- Pakistan),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 12, 2001 1097 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Sino-Pak Cordiality: An enviable Target,” The News, May 27, 2001 248
Missile Defence system could be used against the „rogue‟ states neighbouring India.1337
Although Mr. Richard did not mention the name of Pakistan and China, but hints were dropped to indicate that the U.S.A. was not comfortable with Pakistan and China was the biggest source of strength behind the rough States.1338 Pakistani media highly condemned the statement of Mr. Richard, then American Foreign Office clarified it that what Richard said in India did not mean Pakistan by any way.1339 The extension of missile defence to India in return for its support would certainly affect the political and strategic environment of the region. It would particularly affect the
1331 Theater Missile Defence (TMD) deployed nuclear and conventional missiles for the purpose of maintaining security in a specific region. (www.britannica.com/EBChecked/topic/1974712/theater-missile-defence-TMD March 19, 2015) Ghulam Hussain Abid Sipra, “U.S National Missile Defence: Impact on South Asia,” National Development and Security, XII, 4, Serial No. 48, (Summer 2004) 1332 Bhatty, Op.cit. 1333 Muralidhar Reddy, “China Backs Pakistan‟s Position on Kashmir,” The Hindu, May 12, 2001, Selection from regional press, May 15, 2001 1334 Mushahid Hussain, “China: Pakistan‟s Strategic Partner,” The Nation, May 8, 2001 1335 Bedar Sarmadi, “Love base Relationship with China (Chini se Muhabat Key Rashtay),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 22, 2001 1336 Emanuel Sarfraz, “A Great Leap Forward,” The Nation, May 20, 2001 1337Khabran, May 15, 2001 1338 Mian Saifu Rehman, “Fall of the Iron Curtain,” The News, May 24, 2001 1339 Sarmadi, Op.cit. complex security matrix of Sino-Pakistan-India along their relations with the U.S.A.1098
As the U.S.A. Deputy Secretary of State was busy convincing India on NMD,
Premier Zhu was writing history in Pakistan.1099 Zhu‟s visit coincided with high level
US-India talks in New Delhi on NMD.1100 Zhu was scheduled to visit South Asian
1098 Sipra, Op.cit. 1099 The Nation, May 23, 2001 1100 The News, May 13, 2001
249
countries including Pakistan, Sri-Lanka, Nepal, Maldives and Thailand.1101 India was skipped from this tour although New Delhi was looking forward to receiving Mr. Zhu.
Although Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee had invited Prime Minister Rongji, when Li Peng, Chairman of China‟s parliament visited India in January.1102 The Chinese
Foreign Ministry gave this justification that Mr. Li had visited India so
Premier Zhu was not included in his tour.1345
The visit of Premier Zhu to Pakistan started on May 11, for four days.1346 This was the first foreign visit of Prime Minister Zhu in the new millennium and an honor for
Pakistan, it opened a new chapter of cooperation between Islamabad and Beijing.1103
This visit sent a clear message to India that Pakistan was fully supported by China.1348
President Musharraf opposed the controversial NMD and endorsed the Chinese criticism on it. 1104 President Musharraf opposed the NMD first time when Zhu visited
Pakistan.1105 He said Pakistan was opposed to any action that would activate nuclear and missile race.1106 He said
1101 Aziz-ud-din Ahmad, “Agreements and Differences,” The Nation, May 3, 2001 1102 Gautam Datt, “China P.M Leaves India out of South Asia Tour Itinerary,” The Asian Age, April 13, 2001, Selection from Regional Press, May 1, 2001 Nawa-i-Waqt, March 27, 2001 1345 Dawn, May 10, 2001 1346 Aziz-ud-din Ahmad, Op.cit. 1103 Absar Alam, “Threshold of New Beginning,” The Nation, May 14, 2001 1348 Sarfraz, Op.cit. 1104 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 13, 2001 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2001 1105 Nafees Saddiqui, “Pakistan and China can be Strategic Partners (Pakistan or China Strategic Partner Ban Sakty Han),” Daily Jang, May 22, 2001 1106 Dawn, May 13, 2001
250
“We are against any action that re-initiates the strategic nuclear
and missile race.”1107
A Chinese Spokesman confirmed that Musharraf and Rongji had discussed NMD.1108
Akram Zaki said, that regional (India) and global hegemony (U.S.A.) became partners and global hegemony was opposed by China and regional hegemony was opposed by
Pakistan.1109 The BBC had given extra importance to Zhu‟s visit to Pakistan because during his visit Pakistan opposed U.S.A. NMD plan and supported the stance of China and sent a strong signal to India.1110 According to the BBC, one of the reasons behind backing the Chinese stance by Pakistan was the Indian support to this programme.1111
Pakistan has paid some price for opposing the U.S.A. NMD as the attitude of
U.S.A. towards Pakistan changed. Secretary of State Colin Powell in a senate conference mentioned for the first time, that India-America relations could be used to solve the
Kashmir issue. Some analyst believed that Pakistan had not to opposed the American
NMD plan because of its weak economy, as some U.S.A. institutions were funding
Pakistan.1112
5.1.3 China’s Role to De-Escalate India-Pakistan Stand-off 2001-02
The relations between Pakistan and India got strained in the second week of
1107 Adnan Rehmat, “Backing Off__Boldly,” The News, May 20, 2001 1108 Op.cit. 1109 Dawn, May 16, 2001 1110 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 15, 2001 The News, May 15, 2001 1111 The Nation, May 15, 2001 1112 Nazair Haq, “ Pak-China Economic Relations (Pak-Chini Iqtasadi Tawan),” Daily Pakistan, May 21, 2001 251
December 2001. The reason was the attack by five gunmen on the building of Indian
Parliament on December 13. 1113 Even before preliminary investigation Indian government had blamed Pakistan for this act of terrorism. 1114 India held Lashkar- iTayaba (Army of the Righteous) responsible for this attack and considered this attack as an attack on Indian democracy and threatened Pakistan with grave consequences.1115 International community highly condemned this attack. The Chinese leadership also condemned the terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament.1116 President
George W. Bush supported Indian stance that Lashkar-i-Tayaba was involved in this attack and further said Lashkar-i-Tayaba was an extremist group of Kashmir and was involved in terrorist activities.1117 Pakistan also unequivocally condemned the attack and offered its assistance to Indian government. Pakistan asked the Indian government to provide evidence, and then Pakistan would take action, but India rather than accepting this offer not only rejected it but also threatened Pakistan to cross the Line of Control
(LoC) in Kashmir to punish the terrorists.1118 India also rejected Pakistan‟s offer of a joint inquiry and even it turned down the offer made by America to associate Federal
Bureau Intelligence (FBI) with the investigation team, instead India threatened Pakistan with military action.1119
1113 The News, December 21, 2001 1114 Dawn, December 22, 2001 1115 Jasarat, December 22, 2001 The News, December 21, 2001 1116 B.M. Jain, “Global Power: India‟s Foreign Policy 1947-2006,” (New York: Lexington Books, 2008) 136-148 1117 Jasarat, December 22, 2001 1118 Mir Jamilur Rahman, “A Comprehensive Partnership,” The News, December 22, 2001 1119 Dawn, December 22, 2001
252
On December 20th, 2001, President Musharraf visited China for five-days to discuss the regional situation with Chinese leadership besides other matters of interest.1120 Although this visit was scheduled earlier but it coincided with the attack on
Indian Parliament.1121 President Musharraf requested China to use its influence to ease the tension between India and Pakistan. He said that we want friendly neighbourly relations with India and showed his reservations about Indian mentality to blame
Pakistan for this attack.1122 He vowed to crack down the Kashmiri groups that were accused by India if India would provide evidence against these groups. He said
“We are already taking measures to move against all
groups that are involved in any form of terrorism
everywhere in the World.”1123
President Jiang Zemin supported Pakistan‟s stance on the Kashmir issue to solve the problem by peaceful means. He hoped that the Kashmir issue would be resolved as soon as possible.1124 China offered for mediation to solve the tension that emerged out of attack on Indian Parliament between India and Pakistan but China stressed that both states should initiate bilateral dialogue to solve the problem.1125 The Chinese Foreign
Ministry Spokesman Zhang Qiyue, asked Islamabad and New Delhi to seek an appropriate solution to the issue through dialogue and make efforts to maintain peace and stability in the region. He said
1120 The Nation, December 20, 2001 1121 Dawn, December 22, 2001 1122 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 22, 2001 1123 The Nation, December 25, 2001 1124 The News, December 20, 2001 1125 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 22, 2001 253
“China is extremely worried over the exchange of fire that
took place on the Indian and Pakistani border.”1126
India had banned its airspace for Pakistani flights from January 1, 2002, as tension raised between the two States.1127 India also called back its ambassador and reduced its diplomatic staff up to 50% and deployed its forces along the entire stretch of its border with Pakistan.1128 Due to this restriction President Musharraf flew to
Kathmandu via China to attend the 11th South Asian Association of Regional Conference
(SAARC) Summit. 1129 President Musharraf travelled by a Chinese aircraft from
Chengdu near Tibetan region to Kathmandu and on his return took the same Chinese airline up to Chengdu to fly back to Islamabad by the PIA.1375 Musharraf stayed overnight in China on his way to Kathmandu.1130 Pakistan‟s Foreign Secretary Inam-ul-
Haque was pulled out of Kathmandu at the eleventh hour so that he could join the
President in China.1131 During his stay in China, President Musharraf had an extensive exchange of views with the Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji. The talks were held for more than half an hour in a very cordial atmosphere.1378 He told the Chinese leadership that
Pakistan wanted to resolve the tension through dialogue and was against the war.1132 He further said U.S.A., Britain and China would make diplomatic effort to realize India that
1126 Dawn, December 27, 2001 1127 Hasan Akhtar, “Pakistan, China to Discuss Stand-off,” Dawn, January 3, 2002 1128 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002) 1129 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 5, 2002 Dawn, January 2, 2002 1375 Akhtar, Op.cit. 1130 Dawn, January 2, 2002 1131 Amir Mateen, “Did China Visit Help Musharraf?,” The News, January 5, 2002 1378 The Nation, January 4, 2002 1132 Daily Jang, January 4, 2002
254
the way it was behaving was not only disastrous for India and Pakistan but also for the whole of South Asia.1133 General Musharraf said,
“I am going with an open mind to contribute my maximum to the
SAARC meeting.”1134
Musharraf expressed his gratitude to Zhu Rongji for receiving him at short notice during their national holidays.1382 Zhu said that China appreciated the sense of utmost restraint exercised by Pakistan in the wake of massive troops deployed by the Indian along its
Eastern border. He also said,
“The whole World has seen with appreciation the farsighted and
statesmanship like policy pursued by the
Pakistani government.”1135
Pakistan‟s ambassador to China Riaz H. Khokar said India-Pakistan tension was at the top of the agenda during the negotiation between Musharraf and Zhu Rongji.1136 He said
Pakistan wanted to solve the conflict through dialogue and China supported this step of
Pakistan.1137 The Press Secretary to the President Major General Rashid Qureshi said the talks held between Musharraf and Zhu Rongji were highly successful and it has again proved that whenever Pakistan needed China, it was there to help Pakistan as it did in
1133 The Nation, January 3, 2002 1134 The Nation, January 4, 2002 1382 Op.cit. 1135 Dawn, January 4, 2002 1136 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 4, 2002 1137 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 3, 2002 255
the past.1138 He said the Chinese government considered Pakistan as “a very reliable and close friend” and declared that “China would always stand by Pakistan.”1387 Some
U.S.A. analysts said that although there wasn‟t any statement from Chinese side to support Pakistan but it allowed General Musharraf to make concessions to India and negotiate from a position of strength instead of weakness.
U.S.A. Secretary of State Colin Powell did not want Pakistan to misconceive the Chinese support as an encouragement to step back from its commitment to curb extremism and take a harsher stance against India.1388
In his telephonic message, Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, to his
Indian and Pakistani counterpart said the conflict could hurt not only the peace talks in
Afghanistan but it would threaten the regional stability.1139 Tang also told Colin
Powell in a telephonic conversation that,
“If the situation gets out of control and results in large
scale armed conflict, not only India and Pakistan will
suffer, it would also influence the peace process in
Afghanistan and endanger the stability and development
of South Asia and even all of Asia.”1140
Tang and Colin Powell stressed that India and Pakistan should solve the dispute by using diplomatic efforts.1141 Through Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) China and
1138 The Nation, January 4, 2002 1387 Dawn, January 4, 2002 1388 Mateen, Op.cit. 1139 Dawn, January 2, 2002 1140 Dawn, January 4, 2002 1141 Daily Jang, January 4, 2002 256
Russia urged India and Pakistan to solve the conflict between them by peaceful means.1142
The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Mohammad Aziz Khan said Pakistan was seeking evidence against the twenty persons who were wanted by
India. He said that India had not provided any evidence against those wanted persons, so it was difficult for Pakistan to take action on Indian demand.1393 Indian Prime Minister
Atal Behari Vajpayee threatened Pakistan that if war with Pakistan started then every weapon that “we have would be used against Pakistan and we would change the map of
Pakistan.” He also threatened Pakistan to use nuclear weapons. But very next day he said that India would not use nuclear bomb first, but would try to solve the conflict by diplomatic means. On the other hand Indian, Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee said that if conflict did not get resolved through diplomatic means then India would take such military action against Pakistan as America took against Afghanistan. 1143 Fu Ying,
Director General of the Ministry of Asian Affairs Department said China was trying to convince India and Pakistan to step down from the brink of war by moral pressurization.
He said China‟s reluctance to get involved in this dispute was long rooted in its diplomatic history.1144 General Fu Quanyou, Chief of General Staff and Zhan Wannian,
Vice Chairman Chinese Central Military Commission, appreciated the measures announced by President Musharraf during his address for de-escalation of tension and
1142 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 8, 2002 1393 Akhtar, Op.cit. 1143 Daily Amn, January 9, 2002 1144 The Nation, January 10, 2002 257
rooting out terrorism. Zhan said China would continue to extend its support to Pakistan in the defence field.1145
Chinese Premier Zhu visited India from January 11 to 15, 2002, although it was scheduled in November the previous year but was postponed for different reasons.1397
At the arrival of Zhu in Agra (India), Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh said in a press conference that China would not interfere in the prevailing tension between India and Pakistan.1146 Jaswant Singh also said that China would not want to play the role of a mediator between India and Pakistan.1399 The Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman
Sun Yuxi, said China appreciated President Musharraf‟s pledge to crack down extremists as he mentioned in his January 12th, address to the nation. He said that this showed his commitment to settle the conflict through dialogue with India. These comments of Sun Yuxi, came after Zhu arrived in India for talks.11471148114900
Mr. Sun Yuxi also said,
“We are great admirer of President General Pervez
Musharraf‟s efforts to maintain peace and stability in the
region.” 1150 and,“We are convinced that Pakistanis are
keen for a dialogue to settle dispute with its neighbours.
But India has always avoided negotiations on the
1145 The Nation, January 16, 2002 Dawn, Lahore, January 16, 2002 1397 Fazal-ur-Rehman, Op.cit. 1146 Atul Aneja, “We have no Plan to Broker Indo-Pak Peace, Say Zhu,” The Hindu, January 1147 , 2002, Selection from Regional Press, February 1, 2002 1148 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 14, 2002 1149 Dawn, January 14, 2002 1150 The Nation, February 10, 2002 258
Kashmir issue.”1151
General Mohammad Aziz Khan visited China (last week of January, 2002), during his visit he met President Jiang Zemin. Jiang said that China supported the steps taken by Pakistan to solve the Kashmir Issue and to ease the prevailing tension between
India and Pakistan.1152 He also appreciated the steps announced by the
President Musharraf in his address to the nation.1153 Chinese Ambassador to Pakistan
Liu Shulin said China was playing its role to prevent war. He expressed his hope that there would be no war, as both States were developing nations and war would sent them to at least ten years back. He said,
“People of both countries as well as of other South Asian
States will suffer as a result of the war. That‟s why we
(China) say that there should be no war at any cost.”1154
President Musharraf asked America to put pressure on India to resolve the
Kashmir issue. He said Kashmir issue could be resolved through the mediation of any big power. Chinese President Jiang Zemin also asked President Bush to support the efforts made by Pakistan to ease the tension on its Eastern border and also asked him to help Pakistan in this regard.1155 Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan said China would continue to encourage and persuade Pakistan and India to solve their disputes through peaceful means and China was prepared to play its constructive role for the
1151 The News, February 11, 2002 1152 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 17, 2002 1153 Daily Pakistan, January 17, 2002 1154 Dawn, January 24, 2002 1155 Daily Jang, February 23, 2002 259
stability of the region.1156 Senior Chinese Vice-Foreign Minister Yang Wencheng said
China fully supported the stance of Pakistan to resolve the Kashmir issue through peaceful means.1157
Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan visited Islamabad a day before the arrival of the
U.S.A. Assistant Secretary of State Christiana Rocca, who was hoping to ease the tension. 1158 Jiaxuan met with his Pakistani counterpart Abdul Sattar and said the
Kashmir issue was a leftover problem by history and it needed to be resolved through peaceful means.1159 He said to his Indian counterpart, Jaswant Singh, in a telephonic conversation that he hoped the tension between India and Pakistan would soon be deescalated. 1160 Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Kong Quan said in a press briefing that Jiaxuan discussed the prevailing situation with the U.S.A. Secretary of State
Colin Powell, on the phone.1161 During the telephonic conversation with Colin Powell,
Jiaxuan asked international community to adopt more balanced and fairer attitude to encourage the direct dialogue between the two South Asian nations.1162 He told Colin
Powell that Beijing was too much concerned about the heightened tension between
India and Pakistan.1414 Indian government expelled the Pakistani High
Commissioner.1163 The U.S.A. warned the situation as “dangerous” and European
1156 The Nation, March 7, 2002 Dawn, March 7, 2002 1157 Dawn, April 5, 2002 1158 The News, May 15, 2002 1159 The Nation, May 19, 2002 1160 The Nation, May 25, 2002 1161 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 29, 2002 1162 The Nation, May 19, 2002 1414 The Nation, May 29, 2002 1163 Dawn, May 21, 2002 260
countries cautioned that New Delhi was running out of patience over cross border raid into Kashmir.1164 A delegation of American Congress members met with President Jiang
Zemin. After meeting with Jiang Zemin, they told the reporters that the Chinese
President had assured them that in the wake of India-Pakistan war, China would not take sides as China was a friend of both India and Pakistan.1165 Chinese Foreign Office denied this report that China would not support Pakistan in the wake of its war with
India.1166 Chinese Foreign Office Spokesman, said China would help Pakistan in case of war with India but it was the desire of President Jiang Zamin that India and Pakistan should solve the conflict through dialogue.1167 He said about the report that it was not based on facts.1168
Pakistan and India agreed to de-escalate military stand-off as Islamabad took certain measures to check the infiltration of militants into Indian held Kashmir. Pakistan assured that it was against all terrorist activities and would not allow its territory to be used against any violent activity anywhere in the World including India.
The U.S.A. and U.K. guaranteed India about the Pakistan‟s sincerity in combating terrorism and the fact that Musharraf‟s government assured of stopped infiltration of the militants into the Indian held Kashmir. The breakthrough was achieved after the intense pressure from the world community i.e, Russia, U.S.A., China, Kazakhstan and behind the scene diplomatic efforts in Almaty to defuse the tension between India and Pakistan and pull back them from the brink of war that might trigger a nuclear catastrophe in
1164 The Nation, May 25, 2002 1165 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 30, 2002 1166 Khabran, June 1, 2002
1167 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 31, 2002 1168 The News, May 31, 2002 261
South Asia.1169 Russia and China who were two eminent players at Almaty Security
Conference (2002), tried to defuse tension between the two States. According to the
CNN, Russian President Vladimir Putin made it his personal mission to de-escalate the tension. 1170 Russian President Vladimir Putin demanded that Pakistan should end,
„terrorism‟ in Kashmir and urged Pakistan and India to resolve their dispute peacefully.1423 The Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Liu Jianchao, said in a press briefing that China supported the Russian efforts of mediation between India and
Pakistan for resolving dispute.1171 On the sideline of the Conference on Interaction and
Confidence Building Measures in Asia, President Jiang Zemin met with both President
Musharraf and Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee separately.1172 The meeting was arranged after consultation with India and Pakistan.
Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Kong Quan said that the leaders of India and Pakistan know their home realities, war would lead to destruction of their economies.1426 The Chinese Defence Minister Chi Haotian, hoped that India and
Pakistan would sit down to negotiate rather than threatening each other with nuclear weapons.1427 Chinese Vice Premier Qian Qichen said that China was confident that both
States would tackle their problems through dialogue.1173 He assured that his country would continue to push both States for reconciliation and contribute to peace and stability in South Asia. He appreciated Pakistan‟s efforts for peaceful solution of the
1169 Absar Alam, “Pakistan, India Agree to Defuse Tension,” The Nation, June 4, 2002 1170 The Nation, June 4, 2002 1423 The Nation, June 9, 2002 1171 The News, June 8, 2002 1172 The Nation, August 31, 2002 1426 The News, June 4, 2002 1427 Op.cit. 1173 Dawn, June 3, 2002 262
dispute. 1174 President Jiang Zemin asked the international community to use their influence to bring India and Pakistan to the negotiating table because war was not only devastating for the region but also for whole World. 1175 During his meeting with
President Jiang Zemin, President Musharraf said that he was willing to hold unconditional talks with Indian Prime Minister.1176 The Chinese Spokesman said,
“China welcomes Pakistan‟s willingness to resume talks with
India at any level, anytime and anywhere.”1177
China appreciated the efforts made by President Musharraf to initiate dialogue with
India. Liu Jianchao said,
“We highly appreciate the efforts made by President
Musharraf and his government to ease tension in South
Asia, which has gained the understanding and support of
the international community.”1178
Liu told that President Jiang Zemin during his meeting with Indian Prime Minister at
Almaty, asked him to hold talks with Pakistan.1179 Chinese ambassador to Pakistan
Zhang Chunxiang, said China was trying to bring peace and stability between the two
States. He said,
1174 The News, June 27, 2002 1175 Daily Jang, June 5, 2002 1176 The News, June 5, 2002 1177 The Nation, June 19, 2002 1178 The News, July 3, 2002 1179 Ihtashamul Haq, “Pakistan Deserves Fair Treatment: China,” Dawn, September 29, 2002 263
“Our desire is that the troops on the borders should be immediately
withdrawn and both countries should resolve their differences through
dialogue.”1180 and “It is
not fair to exert pressure on Pakistan and the International
community should play a balanced role by pursuing an
evenhanded approach towards India and Pakistan for
settling half a century old Kashmir
dispute.”1436
Inamul-Haq, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, paid his first foreign visit to
China after assuming the office. The purpose of the visit was to consult the Chinese leadership on the latest development in South Asia.1181 While meeting with the Chinese
Foreign Minister Inamul-Haq hoped that China would continue to pursue the international community to ease tension between India and Pakistan.1182 He further said that the world community also appreciate the efforts of President Musharraf.1183 Jiaxuan said President Musharraf gained the support and understanding of the international community.1184 The Chinese government also discussed the tension between India and
Pakistan with the British Foreign Fecretary Jack Straw, who visited
Beijing. Liu Jianchao said,
1180 B. Muraliahar Reddy, “China to Play “Balancing Role”,” The Hindus, June 24, 2002, Selection from Regional Press, July 15, 2002 1436 Haq, Op.cit. 1181 The Nation, July 1, 2002 1182 The News, June 27, 2002 1183 Nawa-i-Waqat, July 3, 2002 1184 The Nation, July 1, 2002
264
“The Chinese government will urge the British Secretary
to help creating conducive atmosphere for promoting
peace and stability in South Asia.”1185
While taking with Jack Straw, Tang Jiaxuan said China was ready to work with the international community to ease the tension between India and Pakistan.1186 Chinese government supported the efforts made by the United States and Britain to de-escalate the tension between the two States.1187Chinese Vice Foreign Minister of Foreign
Affairs Wang Yi said,
“President Musharraf‟s policies are correct and in the right
direction.”1188
He said the question of Kashmir was not related to terrorism and counterterrorism. It was a “left-over from history, from the aftermath of British Colonialism” and it involved
“a very complicated territorial and religious issue.” He said that the issue of Kashmir could not be solved through military means, dialogue was necessary between the two
States to solve this issue. 1189 Regarding the Indian allegation against Pakistan of infiltration of terrorists across the line of control Kong Quan said,
“We believe Pakistan‟s stand is firm to root out terrorism and
domestic religious extremism.”1190
1185 The Nation, July 12, 2002 1186 Daily Jang, July 18, 2002 1187 Jawed Naqvi, “China Back Efforts for Easing Tension,” Dawn, July 12, 2002 1188 The Nation, July 25, 2002 1189 Jawed Naqvi, “China Urges Joint Efforts by India, Pakistan,” Dawn, October 8, 2002 1190 The News, August 1, 2002 265
India announced that it was ready to resume dialogue with Pakistan at defence level if terrorism and cross border infiltration were included in dialogue. This announcement was made by India on the advice of Colin Powell‟s visit to India.1191
Pakistan‟s Minister for Information and Media Development Nisar Memom said, while
President Musharraf was visiting (August 2002) the countries of South Asia and flying over China, he decided to avail himself the opportunity to consult the Chinese government over the development in South Asia. Musharraf said that Pakistan did not want to involve in a war or would not start a war first. President Jiang Zemin said China supported all those efforts that were to alleviate tension in South Asia.1192 Akram Zaki said Chinese were peace-loving people and they wanted a peaceful settlement of this burning issue.1193According to the BBC, the brief visit of President
Musharraf to China was very important as it aimed to send a signal to India that Pakistan still had powerful friends in the region.1194
India and Pakistan decided to withdraw troops from their International border in
October 2002.1195 Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhang Qiyue said in a press briefing that China welcomed the Indian decision to withdraw its troops from its border with Pakistan.1196 Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmood Kasuri said that China played a constructive role in de-escalating the tension between India and Pakistan.1197 Foreign
1191 Khabran, August 1, 2002 1192 The Nation, August 3, 2002 1193 The Nation, September 26, 2002 1194 The Nation, August 3, 2002 1195 Foreign Office Year Book 2002, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 1196 P.S. Suryanarayana, “China Welcomes India‟s Move,” The Hindu, October 18, 2002 1197 Visit of Foreign Minister Kasuri to China from 7-9 April 2004, Taken from, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, IV, (April 2004) 266
Office Spokesman Jalil Abbas Jilani said Pakistan acknowledged a “positive and constructive role of China in Pakistan-India relations right from the day one.”1198
According to some analysts, China adopted an unbiased posture during the whole period of Pakistan-India standoff because it did not want to endanger the programme of modernizations initiated during Deng‟s era.1199 They also suggested that Pakistan‟s friend was remarkably quiet during the whole situation except for two or three statements in support of Pakistan. Pakistan missed the Chinese voices of support that it got in 1965 & 1971.1200 They also said the assurance of Chinese support to Pakistan in case of a massive build-up of Indian troops came from the Pakistani press not from the
Chinese press. Instead of praising only Pakistan, the Chinese government welcomed the initiatives taken by the two countries to de-escalate the existing tension.12011202 There was also another view that China did not adopt a policy of confrontation with India because such an act could push India closer to America.1203
Although the analysis of the whole situation indicated that China supported and appreciated President Musharraf‟s policies and steps during the whole situation. The maximum higher hierarchy of China had given statement in favour of Pakistan and tried to convince India in a diplomatic way to start negotiations with Pakistan. China also convinced the international community to adopt an unbiased approach towards
1198 Beijing Playing Positive Role for Peace: FO-Chinese Premier Due Today, IPRI, Fact File, China-Pakistan Relations, A Profile of Friendship, VII, 3, (March 2005) 1199 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Impact of 9/11 on Sino-Pakistan Ties,” Daily Times, June 18, 2002 1200 M. P. Bhandara, “All Quiet on the Chinese Front,” Daily Times, June 19, 2002 1201 Samina Yasmeen, “China and Pakistan in a changing World,” in Asian Security and China 1202 -2010, eds. K. Santhanam & Srikanth Kondapalli, (Delhi: Shipra Publications, 2004), 310-11 1203 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan‟s Relationship with China,” IPRI Journal, 1, 1 (Summer 2001) 267
India and Pakistan to resolve the conflict rather than putting pressure only on Pakistan.
5.1.4 India-America Nuclear Deal
On June 29, 2005, the U.S.A. Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfeld and
Indian Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee signed the “New Framework for U.S.A.-
India Defence Relationship.”1204 On July 18, the U.S.A. and India released a controversial agreement on full cooperation in the civil nuclear energy sector.1205 The
Pentagon Officials stated that if the U.S.A. Congress approved the U.S.A.-India Civil nuclear energy deal, then India would be able to buy 5 billion US dollar worth of conventional military equipment from the U.S.A. Early in March 2006, President Bush visited India. His visit was very significant as the two countries agreed to have a global strategic partnership. During President Bush‟s visit on March 2, India and U.S.A. signed a civilian nuclear cooperation pact. President Bush termed this agreement as a
“historic agreement.”1206 According to this agreement, India secured seven years exemption to safeguard its breeder reactors.1207 Condoleeza Rice opined that this deal would end Indian “nuclear isolation” by bringing sixteen of its twenty- two nuclear reactors under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards.1208 Strategic analysts in U.S.A., George Perkovitch, Ashely Tellis, Stephen
Cohen and Sumit Ganguly, urged the U.S.A. to build strategic partnership with India.
1204 Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXV, 4-5, (April-May 2006) 1205 „Pakistan Need for N-Energy‟, An Article by Noorilhuda, as Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on March 8, 2006, taken from Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, III, (March 2006) 1206 Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXV, 4-5, (April-May 2006) 1207 The Nation, August 20, 2007 1208 „Indo-US Deal: Not Without Amendments‟, An Article by MS. Nasim Nehra, As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 10 April 2006, taken from Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIII, IV, (April: 2006)
268
Their main argument was that a “rising India” would counter a “rising China” and maintain a balance of power in Asia.1209
On the other hand, the deal was the violation of the article 1, of the Nuclear
Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which made it mandatory for the NPT signatories to conduct nuclear transactions only to the NPT signatories and India was not the signatory of the
NPT. U.S.A. did not consult any member of the Nuclear Supplies Group (NSG) before this deal.1210 The U.S.A. felt uneasy the way China had been recording high economic growth, so to check the economic and military growth of China, Bush administration had gone out of the way to offer cooperation with India in civil nuclear technology.1466
Once the IAEA and NSG approved the deal then India could purchase nuclear material and technology from any country.12111212
Russia and France were enthusiastic about the deal, Britain took political decisions to favour India, but some lobbies inside the U.S.A. and Europe showed opposition to this deal and reservations were also shown by China and Pakistan.1213 Mr.
Chomsky, an internationally renowned linguist, author and foreign policy expert warned that the U.S.A. desire to sell advanced military equipment to India would lead to an arms race in Asia. He pointed out that if India got these pieces of military equipment than
Pakistan and China too would want the same. About the NPT he said,
1209 Shaheen Akhtar, “Indo-US Strategic Partnership: Implications for China,” Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXVIII, 1 7 2, (January-February 2009) 1210 „Indo-US Deal: Not Without Amendments‟, An Article by MS. Nasim Nehra, Op.cit. 1466 The Nation, February 22, 2006 1211 Y. Mallikarjun, “Chinese Incursion Cause for Concerns: Antony,” The Hindu, July 24, 1212 , Selection from Regional Press, July 16-31, 2008 1213 C. Raja Mohan, “Negative N-Vibe,” The Indian Express, July 31, 2007, Selection from Regional Press, July 15-31, 2007 Shaheen Akhtar, Op.cit.
269
“It is predictable that as soon as the U.S.A. broke it,
someone else would break it too, . . . once you open the
door, others are going to follow.”1214
China argued that it was fundamentally wrong to change the global nonproliferation regime for the sake of only one State. Any change in the rule must be based on “Principled Criteria.” China‟s emphasis on “Principled Criteria” was perceived by India as an attempt to get the same benefits for Pakistan that India would gain from the nuclear deal with the U.S.A. 1215 Indian Defence Minister Pranab
Mukharjee said,
“The first step is getting the approval of the US congress.
Therefore it will go to the Nuclear Suppliers Group
(NSG) of which China is a member. China is aware of our
needs and we will surely take it up after the matter is
resolved in the US congress.”1216
Most of the Chinese scholars, Zhao Gancheng, Wu Chunsi, Yu Yingyi, Wang Yiwei and
Xia Liping felt that the nuclear deal was very discriminatory towards Pakistan and would destabilize South Asia.1472 Wang Yiwei, a leading Chinese expert, at the
Institute of International Studies, an influential think tank, said,
1214 Anwar Iqbal, “Sino-Pakistan Nuclear Agreement Likely: Chomsky,” Dawn, June 1, 2007 1215 Mohan, Op.cit. 1216 The Indian Express, June 14, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, June 1-15, 2006 1472 Shaheen Akhtar, Op.cit.
270
“If the India-U.S.A. nuclear deal is primarily about
energy, as India has been arguing, then why not make an
exception for Pakistan and allow Beijing to help
Islamabad in developing nuclear energy as well?
Pakistan too needs energy.”1217
He also said,
“Our relations with Pakistan are close and very good.
We should pay attention to Pakistan‟s concerns as
well.”1218
Wang said China was not concerned about the nuclear deal between U.S.A. and
India but many people in China were concerned that India should be used as a card by
U.S.A. to contain China.1475 Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA) Mr. Saran rejected the views that India was part of any design to contain China.12191220 A mature nation like
India could never allow its own interests to be endangered while exploring new areas of cooperation with other countries.1221 New Delhi told Washington that their strategic ties were independent of New Delhi‟s defence dealing with Beijing and vice versa.1222 When
U.S.A. senate has voted in favour of nuclear deal between India and U.S.A., China softens its attitude towards nuclear deal.1223
1217 The Post, July 25, 2007 1218 Op.cit. 1475 Op.cit. 1219 Amit Baruah, “India not Part of any Design to Contain China,” The Hindu, August 29, 1220 , Selection from Regional Press, August 16-31, 2006 1221 The Tribune, May 31, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, May 16-31, 2001 1222 The Times of India, May 31, 206, Selection from Regional Press, May 16-31, 2006 1223 Sushant Sareen, “The Dragon‟s Balancing Out,” The News, December 3, 2008 271
Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Qin Gan said,
“We considered the cooperation between countries to use
nuclear energy for peaceful purpose will be
beneficial to maintain the principles and effectiveness of international
nuclear non-proliferation.”1224
When in March 2006, President Bush visited Pakistan, Pakistan demanded the same nuclear agreement as U.S.A. did with India but U.S.A. refused to accord
Pakistan with the same nuclear deal.1225 Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz warned that,
“A selective and discriminatory approach will have serious
implications for the security environment in
South Asia.”1482
Similar observations were made by President Musharraf, Foreign Minister Shah
Mehmood Qureshi, and Adil Sultan of Pakistan Strategic Plan Division. Shah Mehmood
Qureshi said Pakistan had the full right to use nuclear technology to meet its growing energy demands.1226 Pakistan one of the members of the IAEA board, showed strong opposition to safeguard the deal. It submitted a note that described the draft to safeguard the nuclear agreement between India and U.S.A. as “discriminatory and dangerous” and called for its amendment. Pakistan‟s principled stand was to give it an equal opportunity
Khalid Mahmud, “Sino-Indian Relations: Future Prospects-Friendship, Rivalry or Cooperation?,” Spotlight on Regional Affairs , XXVI, 5, (May 2007) 1224 Anil K. Joseph, “Nuke-deal: Beijing Cools Down,” The Tribune, December 14, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, December 1-15, 2006 1225 Rajeev Sharma, “China Wary of Indo-US N-deal,” The Tribune, March 26, 2006, Selection from Regional Press, March 16-31, 2006 1482 Shaheen Akhtar, Op.cit. 1226 Op.cit.
272
to access the civil nuclear technology.1227 India blamed that China was encouraging
Pakistan to demand parity with India in nuclear deals as Indian said, it was evident that
China had warned that the nuclear deal would lead to an arms race and by the time
Pakistan was echoing the same words.1228 Mushahid Hussain
Syed termed Indo-U.S.A. nuclear deal as directed against China.1229
India made several attempts and sent high officials to convince China that the deal was entirely for energy purposes.1230 Early in March, 2008 Indian Prime Minister Manmohan
Singh visited China.1231 After meeting with President Hu Jintao, Manmohan Singh showed confidence that there would be “no difficulty” from Beijing, when the case would go before the NSG. Although the Chinese expressed that they had no objection to any country going for peaceful nuclear development.1489 They did not say that they were going to support India in the NSG meeting. In early July Singh again met with
Chinese President Hu on the sidelines of G-8 meeting but did not get assurance from the
Chinese side.1490 As a last effort Singh wrote two letters addressed to President Hu and
Premier Wen Jiabao. The letters explained the Indian position on the deal and asked for the Chinese support in the NSG.1232 The Chinese ambassador to India Sun Yuxi, said it was the right of every State to generate energy in any form including nuclear form. He said everything leading to strengthen non-proliferation was welcomed by the
1227 The Nation, August 20, 2007 1228 Sharma, Op.cit. 1229 Dawn, May 22, 2006 1230 Shaheen Akhtar, Op.cit. 1231 The Sentinel, March 8, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, March 2-15, 2008 1489 The Indian Express, July 30, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, July 16-31, 2008 1490 Shaheen Akhtar, Op.cit. 1232 Pallavi Aiyar, “No Assurance on Nuclear Deal,” The Hindu, July 30, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, July 16-31, 2008 273
international community. 1233 India revealed that if Beijing showed positive attitude towards the Indo-U.S.A. deal, New Delhi must in return sign that it was ready for genuine cooperation with China in deepening regional integration through the
SAARC.1234
Indian leadership had expressed the sense of displeasure to the Foreign
Minister Yang Jiechi, who was on three days‟ diplomatic visit to India. 1235 They expressed reservations that at the meeting of the NSG in Vienna, China took a back seat.1236 India was not happy over the Chinese attitude at NSG meeting. It considered it that China tried to sabotage India-specific waiver at the meeting although China had given an impression that it would not become an obstacle at the NSG meeting.14123712386
Yang tried to clear this misunderstanding that had cast a shadow on the ties between the two countries. He said China had adopted a „responsible and constructive approach‟ at both the meetings of the IAEA and the NSG. He claimed that the Chinese policy on supporting India was decided before the meeting. He also said,
“When I reached Kolkata, I was in for a big shock at reading
reports in the media. I told reporters that facts
(about China‟s role at NSG) speak louder than
1233 Seema Sirohi, “Crisis is Opportunity: China has Softened on India‟s N-deal. Talks will only Pick Up Now,” Outlook, October 8, 2007, Selection from Regional Press, September, 16-30, 2007 1234 C. Raja Mohan, “Nuclear History: Chinese Take Way,” The Indian Express, July 30, 2008, Selection from Regional Press, July 16-31, 2008 1235 Ashok Tuteja, “Chinese Foreign Minister Arrives: New Delhi May Convey Displeasure on Beijing‟s role at Vienna,” The Tribune, September 8, 2008, Selection from regional Press, September 1- 15, 2008 The Nation, September 9, 2008 1236 C. Raja Mohan, “Bush Gone, now Chance to Reserve Beijing,” The Indian Express, March 1237 , 2006, Selection from Regional Press, March 2-15, 2006 1238 Ashok Tuteja, “Chinese Foreign Minister Arrives: New Delhi May Convey Displeasure on Beijing‟s role at Vienna,” Op.cit.
274
words.”1239
But all these arguments did not satisfy the Indian leadership.1498 When a vote on the follow up of Indo-U.S.A. nuclear deal allowing the World to import and export nuclear material and technology approached in the board of governors of the IAEA and the NSG,
China voted for India.1240 China welcomed the NSG granting a waiver to India to engage in nuclear commerce.1500 Although some policy makers and strategic thinkers were propagating that China would block exemption for India but all this news proved wrong.1501 China felt it was better to engage India on the issue rather than opposing the deal. China knew that if it remained the only country in opposing the deal in NSG, it would ruin its relations with India. Although China wanted the same deal for Pakistan but its hands were tied by the international obligation as a member of the NSG.1241
According to a report, Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan after closed door meeting with Indian leaders denied that China had tried to block the waiver at the NSG meeting.1242
India China relations show trend of improvement from 1970s. But this graph of improvement does not have any match or challenge for Pakistan-China friendly ties. The analysis shows that there is an element of mistrust between the relations of India and
China. This element of mistrust is absolutely absent from Pakistan-China trust worthy relations. Many times at international forum India and China were seen on opposite sides
1239 Ashok Tuteja, “Nuclear Deal, Our Backing was Decided before Vienna: China,” The Tribune, September 10, 2008, Selection from regional Press, September 1-15, 2008 1498 Op.cit. 1240 K.P. Nayar, “Look for the Method,” The Telegraph, October 28, 2009 1500 The News, September 9, 2008 1501 Nayar, Op.cit. 1241 Sushant Sareen, “The Dragon‟s Balancing Out,” The News, December 3, 2008 1242 Jawed Naqvi, “China Supported Pakistan at NSG,” Dawn, September 9, 2008 275
but Pakistan and China were not only on the same page but also support each other‟s point of view and even they consult each other on different international issues. India has more inclination towards U.S.A. than China and she wants to become the strategic partner of U.S.A. even at the expanse of angriness of China. India also wants to become the part of the game that is for the containment of China.
India-China relations are in much better form what were in 1960s. Even they have celebrated 2005 as India-China friendship year. The improvement in relations is not only in the interest of Pakistan but also in the interest of peace and stability of the region. If the level of trust developed between both States than they can join hand together to fight the other challenges of the region, the biggest one is terrorism that has shaken the World in general and this region particularly.
276
Chapter 6
Pakistan-China Friendship in the Context of
Terrorism
Soon after the terrorist attack (September 11, 2001) on New York and
Washington, President General Pervez Musharraf decided to pay an urgent visit to China to consult the Chinese leadership on the security situation that emerged out of these attacks.1243 But the President had to cancel his one day visit followed by an assurance from the Chinese side to support his government decision in the fight against international terrorism.1244 The Chinese ambassador to Pakistan Lu Shulin, met with
President Musharraf and discussed with him the security environment resulting from the terrorist attack on the U.S.A.1245 Musharraf also shared the policies of his government on this situation with him.1246 Instead of Musharraf‟s visit to China, a special envoy of
President Jiang Zemin arrived on September 18, in Islamabad to meet him.1247 The envoy expressed the support of the Chinese government to Pakistan for its principled
1243 Nawa-i-Waqat, September 17, 2001 1244 The Nation, September 17, 2001 1245 The News, September 16, 2001 1246 Daily Din, September 16, 2001 1247 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002) 277
policy on assisting the international coalition in its fight against terrorism. China also assured that it would stand firmly by Pakistan in the face of its difficulties arising out of the post-September 11, developments.1248
China sealed its border with Pakistan, Afghanistan, and two Central Asian States, namely Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan on September 12, for security purposes and to avoid the entrance of any terrorist in China.1249 China beefed up its military along its Western border adjoining Pakistan and Afghanistan in the wake of the terrorist attack on the
U.S.A. China was in close contact with Pakistan as the Chinese troops were moving along its border.1250 The Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman, said that due to military troops deployed along the Western most border of China; there was no chance of Usama
Bin Laden‟s entrance.1251 China agreed to give Washington its support in war against terrorists, particularly regarding sharing intelligence information. But the Chinese
Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan, mentioned that the antiterrorism campaign should
“Respect the United Nations norms of International Law.”1252 China had strong reasons to get on the bandwagon of an international coalition on „war on terror‟ due to terrorists and extremists activities in its Xinjiang province. But Beijing had also reservations about intervention and the use of force.1253
Foreign Minister Abdul Sattar visited China, Saudi Arabia and United Arab
Emirates to consult the leaders of the friendly countries on the situation that had emerged
1248 Foreign Office Year Book, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan 1249 The News, September 18, 2001 1250 Dawn, September 29, 2001 1251 Nawa-i-Waqt, September 29, 2001 1252 The News, September 23, 2001 1253 Ghulam Hussain Abid Sipra, “US Missile Defence: Impact on South Asia,” National Development and Security, XII, 4, 48, (Summer 2004) 278
out of the terrorist attack on U.S.A. mainland. 1254 Chinese Foreign Minister Tang
Jiaxuan told his Pakistani counterpart that China understood the position of Pakistan and would support the measures it had taken to deal with the situation against antiterrorism.
He also told Abdul Sattar that China was actively considering providing financial assistance to Pakistan to deal with Afghan refugees that had fled to Pakistan after U.S.A. attack on Afghanistan, as UN had called it the World‟s worst humanitarian crisis.1255 In his speech on Pakistan television and radio on the occasion of the founding of the People‟s Republic of China, Ambassador Lu Shulin, said that the government and the people of China supported the position taken by Pakistan in line with its national interests against international terrorism.1256 During his conversation with President Musharraf, the Chinese President said that any action against terrorism should be based on proper information and be well-targeted. The Chinese government announced a financial assistance of 1.2 million US dollars to cope up with Afghan refugees.1257 There were two rumours in the mid of October, after the 9/11 incident, first one was that China had called back its citizens, living and working in Pakistan. This news was rejected by both Pakistani and Chinese Foreign Ministry. The Pakistan
Foreign Ministry Spokesman said all Chinese institutions, embassy in Islamabad and consulate in Karachi were working normally, just a few Chinese according to their will shifted to safe places inside Pakistan that were working or living on Pakistan-Afghan border. 1258 The Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Sun Xuxi, said all Chinese
1254 The Nation, September 17, 2001 1255 The News, October 1, 2001 1256 The News, October 2, 2001 1257 Nawa-i-Waqt, October 2, 2001 1258 Daily Jang, October 10, 2001 279
assisted projects in Pakistan were going on smoothly, except in a few cases the work was suspended on the project, that were in the vicinity of Afghanistan border. Those who returned home at the outset of the war against terrorism, had started going back to resume their work in Pakistan.1259 The second news was that China had banned people from nineteen, Middle East and nearby countries flying on any of its State run airlines in the wake of September 11, attacks. 1260 An emergency notice was sent to major agencies telling them not to issue tickets to people from the list of the countries including
Israel, Pakistan, Saudi-Arabia,
Afghanistan, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, the United Arab Emirate, Oman,
Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, Kuwait, Sudan, Libya, Algeria and Palestine.1261 The notice read,
“Ticket shall not be issued to people from 20 (sic)
countries again. Tickets already issued should be
cancelled and fully refunded, or processed only after
receiving confirmation from the local embassy or
consulate.”1262
The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan had blamed mainland airlines for misunderstanding a directive about banning travelers from Pakistan and some other countries issued after terrorist attacks in the United States. Neither the Foreign Ministry nor the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) had asked the airlines to ban
1259 The Nation, November 3, 2001 1260 The News, October 15, 2001 1261 The News, October 16, 2001 1262 The News, October 15, 2001 280
passengers from the twenty countries. The Ministry of Foreign Affair issued a statement which stated,
“A few airlines misunderstood the concerned policy and have
acted inappropriately in some individual cases.”1263
The statement also said that China welcomed all travellers with valid visas.1525
Sun Xuxi, the Spokesman of Chinese Foreign Ministry said that Pakistan and
1264China had similar stand on war against terrorism and they had been maintaining regular contacts with each other for early restoration of peace in Afghanistan.1265 On
November 6, an eight member delegation of eminent persons, led by Former Vice
Foreign Minister Liu Shuging visited Pakistan.1266 Mr. Liu Shuging, expressed Chinese government solidarity with Pakistan in the current difficult time. He also conveyed the full support of the government and people of China for the decision taken by President
Pervez Musharraf to cooperate with the international campaign against terrorism.1267
Pakistan ambassador to China Riaz Khokhar, said the relation between Pakistan and
China would not be affected by Pakistan‟s joining the U.S.A. led terrorism coalition and its ties with the West. He said
“Pakistan‟s decision to join the US led anti-terrorism
coalition was based on a number of considerations. After
September 11, incident, anti-terrorism has become a topic
1263 The News,October 16, 2001 1264 Op.cit. 1265 The News, November 3, 2001 1266 The Nation, November 11, 2001 1267 A Report on a visit of a Chinese People‟s Friendship Delegation, Led by Former Minister, Mr. Liu Shuging: Islamabad, November 6, 2001, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXVII, II, (Nov 2001) 281
of consensus in the international community. Pakistan
risks the danger of being accused of supporting
terrorism and damaging its relationship with international
community if it stubbornly refuses to cooperate.”1268
Pakistan considered the attitude of both China and Russia, which vowed their support for the anti-terrorism campaign. The United States had suggested that its military strikes could possibly be expanded to other countries that supported terrorism.1269 The
Chinese Foreign Ministry‟s Spokesman condemned the U.S.A. suggestion to expand its military strikes to other countries. Many other countries even
U.S.A. allies also showed reservation about it.1270 In a telephonic conversation President
Jiang Zemin and President Pervez Musharraf said the international community should push for early solution of Afghanistan problem. They shared the views that,
“The early establishment of an interim authority which
can represent all ethnic groups in Afghanistan while
ensuring the solution in Kabul (is) under control.”1271
In a second telephonic conversation the leaders of both countries said that the
United Nations should play a leading role in resolving the situation in Afghanistan.1272
The two leaders also expressed concerns over the humanitarian situation in
1268 The Nation, November 17, 2001 1269 Op.cit. 1270 Daily Jang, November 6, 2001 1271 The News, November 18, 2001 1272 The Nation, November 18, 2001
282
Afghanistan. 1273 In the last week of November, Pakistan‟s Trade and Commerce
Minister Abdul Razzaq Dadood visited China. During his visited the Chinese Prime
Minister Zhu Rongji once again assured of the Chinese aid to Pakistan. He said China could understand that Pakistan was facing financial crisis due to „war on terror‟ in
Afghanistan.1274
In December, President Pervez Musharraf visited China for three days.1275 The purpose of the visit was the assurance to the Chinese leadership that their decades-old friendship would not be affected despite his government‟s growing ties with
Washington in the war on terror.1276 Musharraf said Pakistan opposed the terrorism in its all forms all over the World. He also dispelled the misconceptions to relating Islam with terrorism. He pointed out that the attack on the U.S.A. was basically due to some political dispute, not due to religious conflict.1277 Musharraf said since September 11,
China and Pakistan had maintained close „consultation and coordination‟. Both played an active role in facilitating a fair and equitable settlement in Afghanistan.1278
President Jiang lauded Pakistan‟s position against terrorism and said,
“China understands and supports the decision Pakistan
has made in the light of its national interests and current
situation.”1279
1273 The News, November 18, 2001 1274 Daily Din, November 23, 2001 1275 Nawa-i-Waqt, December 20, 2001 1276 The News, December 25, 2001 1277 The News, December 22, 2001 1278 The Nation, December 22, 2001 1279 Dawn, December 22, 2001 283
The Foreign Minister Spokesman Sun Xuxi, said the visit of President Musharraf took place at crucial time when a new political situation had emerged in the region, following the military strikes against terrorism in Afghanistan. It was important that the two countries should discuss the post-war scenario and its impact on the regional peace and stability.1280 Joseph Cheng, a Chinese expert at the City
University of Hong Kong said,
“At the same time consulting with China enhances Pakistan‟s own
bargaining power on the Afghan
Issue.”1542
On January 12, 2002, in his speech to the nation General Musharraf announced his plans to help international efforts against terrorism.1543 Pakistan opened up its airspace to American fighter planes under the excuse of search and rescue mission which allowed the presence of a number of American air bases on Pakistani soil. Some of these airbases hosted several hundred American military personnel.1281 The
People‟s Liberation Army Chief, while talking with General Aziz Khan said America should not use „war on terror‟ for her hegemony and superiority in the World. He said that we condemn the double standard that U.S.A. had adopted on war on terror.1282
1280 The Nation, November 3, 2001 1542 Dawn, December 22, 2001 1543Fazal-ur-Rehman, Op.cit. 1281 Abid Mustafa, “Have Sino-Pak ties Reached the End?,” The Nation, December 5, 2006 1282 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 17, 2002 284
President Pervez Musharraf said the non-NATO status of Pakistan as granted by U.S.A. would not affect its relations with China.1283
5.2.1 Chinese Nationals Victims of Terrorism in Pakistan
Almost 8,000 Chinese engineers, workers and technicians were working on almost 120 projects in Pakistan. Most of them were working in tough terrains of
Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Only 1,100 Chinese nationals were working in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on various hydel projects. But these workers were facing the harshness of a few terrorists beside the harshness of topography of the area where they were working. Many times they became the victim of terrorist attacks and kidnapping.12841285
During the Musharraf era (1999-2008), the first attack on the Chinese nationals was reported in 2001. In Balochistan, 48 km away from the city of Dahaheed, the terrorists attacked a Chinese engineer.1286 The engineer was on his way back to the survey area along with his driver and two duty guards. When they reached near Ambada area of Sunny subdivision, some unidentified persons fired a rocket which hit the vehicle.
The driver, Bacha Khan, died on the spot, while the Chinese engineer, Mr. Pong, and his two guards, Sher Muhammad and Jabbar Riaz, were injured. The injured were rushed to Civil Hospital Sibi, and were later shifted to Quetta. As background, it may be pointed out that the Premier Oil Company had got the concession for the exploration of oil and
1283 Daily Times, March 25, 2004 1284 Rahimullah Yusufzai, “China May Ok Two Missing Engineers,” The News, September 24, 1285 1286 Jasarat, May 10, 2001 285
gas in the Sunny Sohan area of the Sibi district.1287 The purpose of attack was to create hurdles in the way of the Company to work on oil and gas exploration in the area. This was also the act of those who did not want Pakistan-China friendship to flourish.1288
Soon after the incident, the Chief Executive General Pervez Musharraf issued a directive to the Balochistan Governor, to employ all available resources, civil and military to trace down the terrorists who were responsible for this act.1289 He also directed the relevant authorities to launch a full scale search operation of the area to arrest the culprits.1290
In September 2003, there was an attempt of terrorists to kidnap the two Chinese engineers as they were coming back in a vehicle from their construction work on the
Gomal Zam Dam. But this act of terrorism failed, because the driver who saw a few armed persons standing on the road side, wisely and successfully rushed the vehicle and saved the engineers from becoming the hostage of the terrorists.1291
On May 4, 2004, at 8:30 am, a group of terrorists attacked a vehicle that was carrying Chinese engineers, working at the Gwadar deep seaport.1292 The incident took place when the Chinese engineers were moving towards their workplace and their vehicle slowed down at a speed breaker, and at that moment an Aluto Suzuki car standing nearby was blown up with a huge bang with the help of a remote control.1293
Consequently, three engineers died on the spot before getting any medical aid, while the
1287 The Nation, May 7, 2001 1288 Jasarat, May 10, 2001 1289 The Nation, May 9, 2001 1290 The Nation, May 7, 2001 1291 Daily Din, September 2003 1292 A Report on “A Terrorists Attack Killing three Chinese Engineers in Gwadar: Islamabad 4 May 2004,” Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, V, (1-25 May 2004) 1293 Shahzada Zulfiqar, “13 held after three Chinese Engineers Killed in Gwadar Blast,” The Nation, May 5, 2004
286
other eleven including the driver and a guard of Balochistan Reserve Police (BRP) were injured.1294 According to the local police sources, no one was at the place of incident except the victims.1557 The injured were flown to Karachi by a special flight and were admitted to Agha Khan Hospital for medical treatment. Immediately after the injured had been shifted to Karachi, Sindh Chief Secretary Dr. Muttawakil Kazi, arranged ambulances to carry them to the hospital. He also directed the health department to provide the best medical facilities to the injured. The Boluchistan Governor Owais
Ahmad Ghani visited the Agha Khan Hospital and inquired about the health of the
Chinese and Pakistani personnel. The Federal Minister for
Communication Senator Babar Khan Ghauri visited the hospital. He said,
“Anti-Social elements do not want any development in
Pakistan.”1295
He said a special monument would be built as a mark of respect and tribute to the
Chinese engineers who became victims of the explosion and added
“We consider them as our heros.”1296
The bodies of three engineers were flown from Karachi to Tianjin (China), the hometown of the deceased, by a special C-130 aircraft and the Communication Minister accompanied them.1297 A compensation cheque of $ 145,000 for the victims was handed over to the Chinese Consul-General Sun Chun Ye, in Karachi by Karachi Port Trust
1294 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2004 1557 Zulfiqar, Op.cit. 1295 Dawn, May 5, 2004 1296 The Nation, May 10, 2004 1297 A Report on “A Terrorists Attack Killing three Chinese Engineers in Gwadar: Islamabad 4 May 2004,” Op.cit.
287
Chairman Vice Admiral Ahmad Hayat. The Admiral Hayat announced an amount of $
25,000 for the heirs of each deceased, $ 10,000 each for the four who were seriously injured and $ 5,000 each for the six who were not critically injured.1298 President General
Pervez Musharraf strongly condemned this barbaric act of terrorism and he assured his
Chinese counterpart that,
“We will do our utmost in providing every assistance and
treatment to those injured.”1299
The Prime Minister Mir Zafar-Ullah Khan Jamali assured his Chinese counterpart by saying,
“We will leave no stone unturned to apprehend the culprits, who
will be given the most severe
punishment.”1300
The Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesman Kong Quan, said China urged the Pakistani side to find out the cause of the explosion, punish the killers and take effective measures to guarantee the safety of the Chinese people in Pakistan. He said China would send a joint working group made up of officials from the Ministries of Commerce, Health and
Communication to look into the explosion in Pakistan.1301 The Chinese Foreign Minister
Li Zhoaxing assured Khurshid Mahmmod Kasuri that terrorists would not succeed in
1298 Dawn, May 8, 2004 1299 A Report on “A Terrorists Attack Killing three Chinese Engineers in Gwadar: Islamabad 4 May 2004,” Op.cit. 1300 Op.cit. 1301 The Nation, May 5, 2004 1565 Op.cit.
288
their nefarious aims and China would continue to work on the project as it was vital for the development of the area.1565 The Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister Shen Guofeng while talking to the delegation of Pakistani journalists, said that the terrorist attack against the Chinese engineers at Gwadar would not affect
Beijing‟s resolve to help Pakistan to develop the deep seaport.1302 The Balochistan
Governor Owais Ahmad Ghani, Chief Minister Jam Mir Muhammad Yousaf, the Chief
Secretary Major (retd) Ashraf Naasar and Provincial Police Officer Dr. Muhammad
Shoaib Suddle said that the experts were reviewing the different aspects of the blast, but one thing was confirmed that the terrorists were fully trained in explosion with the use of the remote control.1303 A unanimous resolution was adopted by both the Government and the opposition parties of Balochistan Provincial Assembly to condemn the terrorist attack on engineers and expressed their deep sorrow over the loss of lives.1304 The
Former Chief Minister and head of Balochistan National Party (Mengal) Sardar Akhtar
Mengal said that everyone felt sorry for the loss of human lives, but naturally those who were hurt over the Government action, would show their reaction, as every action was bound to have some reaction. All the nationalist parties and groups of Balochistan were opposing the construction of Gwadar Port as well as the construction of cantonments in different areas of the province including Gwadar. They had declared Gwadar project as death warrants for the Baloch population and held the view that its development, would
1302 Wajahat Ali, “Terrorism can‟t Stop China from helping Pakistan,” Daily Times, May 27, 2004 1303 Zulfiqar, Op.cit. 1304 “The Killing of Chinese and Sino-Pak Ties,” an Article by Rashid Ahmad Khan, as appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 19 July 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VII, (July 2007) 1569 Zulfiqar, Op.cit.
289
turn the people of Balochistan into minority by a flood of outsiders that would capture the economic opportunities there.1569
Another horrifying episode of terrorism took place on October 9, 2004 with
Chinese engineers as employees of China National Water Resources and Hydro Power
Engineering Group Cooperation, who were working on the project of Gomal Zam
Dam of worth Rs. 12.825 billion, in South Waziristan.1305 On October 9, two Chinese
1305 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2004 The Nation, October 11, 2004 290
engineers, Wang Peng and Wang Ende, were going to the site of Gomal Zam Dam from their residential area of Hathala (South Waziristan), a group of terrorists led by a former
Guantanamo Bay detainee Abdullah Mehsud, abducted the engineers along with their driver and guard from Tank (South Waziristan).1571 Abdullah Mehsud had just come back to Pakistan in March from Guantanamo Bay after spending twenty-five months in custody at the U.S.A. Naval base.1572 The Chinese ambassador Zhang Chunxiang, also disclosed that the kidnapers were identified as Afghan immigrants, but their motives behind the kidnapping were still not clear.1573 President General Pervez Musharraf took serious notice of this incident and directed the Interior Minister and Governor of Khyber
Pakhtunkhaw to secure the release of the Chinese engineers immediately. He termed this act of terrorists as a conspiracy to disturb the SinoPakistan relations.1574 The
Secretary-General of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) Mushaid Hussain, while condemning the abduction of the Chinese engineers said that this would not affect
Pakistan‟s relations with China because those involved in such activities were neither
Pakistani nor they had any connection with Islam.1575 A spokesman of the Chinese
Foreign Office Zhang Qiyue said that the Chinese government had called upon Pakistan to take measures for the safe release of engineers.1576 A scholar, Zhang Yulan, of
Chinese Academy of Science, said that the
The Nation, October 18, 2004 1571 The Nation, October 12, 2004 The Nation, October 10, 2004 Lubna Jerar Naqvi, “Humans are our Friends,” The News, October 16, 2004 Syed Irfan Raza, “Engineers Body to be Flown Home Today,” Dawn, October 16, 2004 1572 Wajid Shamsul Hassan, “Bid to Sour Sino-Pakistan Friendship,” The Nation, November 1, 2004 1573 The Nation, October 11, 2004 1574 Op.cit. Dawn,
291
1575 Nawa-i-Waqt, October 20, 2004 1576 October 13, 2004 hostage case would not influence Sino-Pakistan ties but suggested to the Chinese
Companies in Pakistan to tighten the security for staff, or withdraw some of them, no matter if it delays the project.1306
The local tribal elders of South Waziristan while assuring cooperation put their full effort in the release of the Chinese engineers. They met with Abdullah Mehsud, the head of the kidnappers. During their negotiations, Abdullah was willing to surrender the two Pakistani‟s (the guard and the driver of Chinese engineers) who were in his custody but the local Jirga and administration had rejected the offer. So the first attempt for the safe release of engineers failed as no compromise was achieved between the local Jirga and Abdullah Mehsud. 1307 A 24 member team of Mehsud tribe elders headed by members of National Assembly Maulana Merajuddin and Brig (retd) Qayoom Sher
Mehsud again started talks with militant leader Abdullah Mehsud at an unknown place in South Wiziristan Agency to convince him to release the engineers.1308 During the negotiations, Abdullah Mehsud demanded a safe exit for the kidnappers, while the government said that it could be considered only after the release of the Chinese engineers. The team returned with the message that their efforts made no significant headway regarding the release of the Chinese engineers along with their security
1306 The Nation, October 16, 2004 1307 Awar Din Mehsud and Akhtar Shahzad, “Efforts for Chinese Recovery Fail,” The Nation, October 14, 2004 1308 Awar Din Mehsud, “Tribal Elders meet Mehsud for Chinese Engineers‟ Release,” The Nation, October 13, 2004 1580 Mehsud, Op.cit.
292
guards.1580 Failure of negotiating team motivated the concerned authorities to exercise the option of commando operation to secure the engineers.1309
Federal Minister of Communication Sheikh Rasheed Ahmed said, “The government was in contact with abductors for the last three days but they have not responded positively.”
The security forces started the operation when they heard the sound of fire from the side where the abducted Chinese were kept.1310 The operation was jointly conducted by twenty-two commandos of both military and para-military forces with the help of several helicopters. During the operations a brief armed encounter took place between the two forces and the kidnappers in which all the five kidnappers were killed on the spot. The security forces succeeded in the release of one engineer who got some injuries but the other one, Mr. Wang Peng, received serious injuries and consequently died, because the kidnappers used him as shield during the operation in Chakmalai village near
Jandola.1311 The security forces collected, a satellite phone,
300 rounds, 7 hand grenades and an American wireless set from the kidnappers.1312 Out of five killed kidnappers, three were identified as foreigners, showing the involvement of foreign hand in this act of terrorism. This was basically the act of those who wanted to damage the Pakistan-China friendship.1313 The Interior Minister Aftab Ahmed Khan
Sherpao said that the operation was carried out as the last option after intercepting some radio communications of the terrorists in which they were planning to move out of the
1309 Awar Din Mehsud, “Chinese Hostage, 5 Abductor‟s Killed,” The Nation, October 15, 2004 1310 Daily Pakistan, October 15, 2004 1311 Awar Din Mehsud, “Chinese Hostage, 5 Abductor‟s Killed,” Op.cit. 1312 Daily Pakistan, October 15, 2004 1313 The Nation, October 18, 2004 Dawn,
293
area with engineers or after killing them.1314 The Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmood
Kasuri telephoned to his Chinese Counterpart Li Zhaoxing to inform him about the tragic death of one of the Chinese engineers, during the rescue
1314October 17, 2004 294
operation.1315 He said the people who were doing such kind of activities didn‟t want to see investment or development in Pakistan. They wanted Pakistan‟s relations with other countries to be worsened.1316 Ambassador Zhang Chunxiang praised the efforts made by Pakistani security forces for the rescue of the engineers. He thanked his Pakistani counterpart for keeping him informed throughout the crisis.1317 He further said that,
“I want to tell you that this will have no effect on our relations.”1590
The Chinese Assistant Minister, on behalf of his government said,
“We are fully satisfied and comfortable that Pakistan utmost
effort and care to get the hostages released.”1591
The body of, Mr. Wang, was wrapped in Pakistani and Chinese flags and before the
PAF plane left the Chaklala airbase, a special ceremony was held at the airport at 8:45 am, during which a military guard of honour was given to the deceased.1592 It was a symbol of rare gesture of respect reserved usually for those who made exemplary services to the nation.1318 The Minister for State for Foreign Affairs Syed Mekhdoom
Khusro Bakhtiar, during an interview said, Pakistan had decided to provide $ 100,000 as compensation to the family of the deceased engineer and $ 50,000 to the engineer,
1315 A Report on “Handling by the Government of Pakistan of the Situation Created by the most Horrifying Episode of Hostage taking two Chinese Engineers Working on the Gomal Zam Dam Project,” Op.cit. 1316 The Nation, October 19, 2004 1317 The Nation, October 15, 2004 1590 Naqvi, Op.cit. 1591 Dawn, October 17, 2004 1592 Raza, Op.cit. The Nation, October 17, 2004 1318October 17, 2004 Dawn,
295
who was rescued in the operation.1319 The Chinese President Hu Jintao said that the incident would not affect the cooperation between Pakistan and China.1320 During his meeting with National Assembly Speaker Chaudhry Amir Hussain, at the Great Hall of the People, also said that China was aware of the fact that Pakistan had taken all possible measures for the release of the engineers.1321 The tribal elders strongly condemned the killing of a Chinese engineer and assured the government of extending all-out support in its fight against terrorism. They expressed their solidarity with the Chinese brothers.1322 Khyber Pakhtunkhaw Governor Lt. Gen (retd) Syed Iftikhar Hussain Shah had strongly appreciated the cooperation extended by the Mehsud tribe particularly the
Jalalkhel sub-tribe in dealing with the issue of Chinese engineers. 1323 Xinhua, the
Chinese news agency, reported that the Chinese company in charge of the Gomal Zam
Dam project had withdrawn its staff temporarily, although previously it was reported that the Chief Executive of Sino-Hydro Coorporation, Guo Jiantang, assured Pakistan‟s ambassador to China Mr. Riaz M. Khan, that the Coorporation would fulfil its ongoing five projects including the Gomal Zam Dam. 1324 China had also expressed some reservations about the two incidents which happened in 2004. Beijing had indicated that the killing of the three Chinese engineers in May in Gwadar and the current murder of another in South Waziristan pointed towards the loopholes in Pakistan‟s security
1319 The Nation, October 18, 2004 Dawn, October 18, 2004 1320 The News, October 19, 2004 1321 Dawn, October 30, 2004 1322 The Nation, October 19, 2004 1323 The Nation, October 18, 2004 1324 The Nation, October 30, 2004 Fazal Hakeem, “A Model of Engagement,” The News, November 6, 2004 296
arrangements.1325 China also considered these incidents as conspiracy of those forces that were opposing Chinese influence in Pakistan. It was also suggested that Mehsud might have done it to please those who spared his life and freed him from the hell that
Guantanamo Bay was.1601
In November 2005, terrorists fired five rockets at the Chinese workers camp in Tallar area of Gawdar district. The rockets were carried out when the Chinese engineers were busy in their work on Tubat-Gawdar section of Gwadar-Rato Dero highway. Two rockets landed near the parking area of the camp.1602 Many vehicles were damaged.
Three other rockets landed in an open space close to the camp. Rockets were launched from the Dahram mountain range at the company‟s camp site.
Fortunately, no casualty in this attack was reported.1603
President General Pervez Musharraf decided to go to China on an official visit, starting from February 19, 2006, but just four days before his visit, on February 15, three
Chinese engineers were shot dead in Hub area of Balochistan.1604 The Chinese engineers working for Attock Cement factory, 18 km away from the Hub City or 680 km southeast of Quetta, were on their way back home, when their vehicle was ambushed by two motorcyclists.1605 Due to the firing by the motorcyclists, three Chinese engineers along with their Pakistani guard died, while one engineer was injured and shifted to Karachi.
The Chinese engineers were moving without any police
1325October 20, 2004 Dawn,
297
1601 Hassan, Op.cit. 1602 The Nation, November 11, 2005 1603 Dawn, November 16, 2005 1604 Daily Times, February 22, 2006 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2006 1605 Khabren, February 16, 2006 Business Recorder, February 18, 2006 The Nation, February 17, 2006
298
or company guard.1326 According to the SHO, Munir Hussain, Sakran Police Station, the attackers used Kalashnikovs in attack.1327 Chief Minister Balochistan Jam Yousaf while condemning the death of the Chinese engineers said that two days prior to the incident, the vehicle of the Chinese engineers was changed but the incident happened. 1328
President General Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz sent messages of condolence to their counterparts in People‟s Republic of China on the killing of the
Chinese engineers in Hub. The President assured the Chinese ambassador that the culprits would not go unpunished, would be detected soon and brought to justice.1329
The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) claimed the responsibility of the killing of the
Chinese engineers through a telephonic call to a newspaper office in Quetta, and claimed that the attack was a warning to the outsiders engaged in exploiting the mineral resources of Balochistan.1330 BLA spokesman Meerak Baloch reportedly said, that the attack “is part of our struggle against the central government and its collaborators (Chinese), who are aiding the centre‟s exploitation of our natural resources.”1611
Babar Bashir Nawaz, Chief Executive Officer of the Attock Cement Factory, talking to a private TV channel said that a total of 14 Chinese engineers and workers
1326 Nawa-i-Waqt, February 16, 2006 1327 Shahzada Zulfiqar, “Three Chinese Engineers, Driver Shot Dead in Hub,” The Nation, February 15, 2006 1328 The Nation, February 21, 2006 1329 Messages of Condolence and Expression of Condemnation by Pakistan on the Killing of the Chinese Engineers in a Terrorist Attack in Balochistan: Islamabad, 16 February 2006, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (Feb 2006) 1330 Business Recorder, February 18, 2006 Dawn, February 17, 2006 1611 The News, February 17, 2006 1612Zulfiqar, Op.cit. 299
including two women were working on the project.1612 He announced that after the death of the three engineers, the remaining 11 would be sent back to China.1613 The bodies of the deceased engineers were flown to China by C-130 aircraft. The Minister of State
Shahzad Waseem, accompanied the bodies.1614 While taking the bodies of the Chinese engineers from the Agha Khan Hospital, Chinese Consular General Shun
Chun Ye, said that the Chinese engineers would complete their ongoing projects in
Pakistan but there was a need for foolproof security for them.1615 Balochistan‟s
Provincial Police Officer Chuadry Mohammad Yaqub, said that the local police with the help of Sindh rangers, especially called from Karachi, arrested 49 suspects in connection with the killing of engineers, for screening and interrogation purpose.1616 During the interrogation, a person named Shah Nawaz admitted that he had telephonic linked with the killer.1617 Khuzdar police announced the amount of 10 lacs as prize for those who would give information about the killers.1618 The Chinese leaders expressed „deep concerns‟ over the killing of three engineers and demanded from Pakistan to catch the killers.1619 According to Qin Gang, Foreign Ministry Spokesman at Beijing, President
Hu Jintao ordered the Chinese Foreign Ministry as well as the embassy and consulate in
Pakistan to request Islamabad to catch the murderers and ensure the safety of the Chinese in Pakistan and properly handle the aftermath.1620 Foreign Minister Li
Zhaoxing conveyed the order to his Pakistani counterpart Khurshid Kasuri in an
„urgent‟ 1:00 am phone call. Li demanded from Pakistan to catch the killers and ensure
The Nation, February 17, 2006 1613 Zulfiqar, Op.cit. 1614 Dawn, February 18, 2006 1615 Express, February 17, 2006 1616 The Nation, February 17, 2006
300
1617 Nawa-i-Waqt, February 22, 2006 1618 Daily Jang, February 17, 2006 1619 The Nation, February 17, 2006 1620 Ikram Ullah, “Horror at Hub,” The Nation, February 19 2006 the safety of Chinese personnel in Pakistan.1331 Mr. Kasuri conveyed to his Chinese counterpart deep sorrow and grief over the tragic killing of the engineers and assured him that immediate measures would be taken to strengthen the security of all the Chinese nationals in Pakistan.1332 He also pointed out that this was an act of those who wanted a rift between the two countries. President Musharraf was to leave for fivedays visit to
China starting on February 19, but the incident had soured the mood of his visit.1623 The
Chinese ambassador Zhang Chunxiang had termed the killing of the three Chinese engineers in Hub as a shameful act to undermine the friendly relations between Pakistan and China.1624 According to Xinhua, the government of China sent the Foreign Ministry task force in order to handle the aftermath of the case properly.1333 Unfortunately, the killing came just four days before General Musharraf‟s visit to China, the purpose of which was to “further strengthen the economic, political and defence links between the two countries.” The government was also trying to attract the investors from all over the globe by offering “an enabling environment” but the security situation was deteriorating, sending negative signals to foreign investors.1334 It is clear that the killings were planned to embarrass the President in front of our friends and to abort the visit.1335 Li Zhaoxing claimed that President
1331 The Nation, February 17, 2006 1332 Dawn, February 17, 2006 1623 Daily Times, February 18, 2006 1624 Ullah, Op.cit. 1333 The News, February 18, 2006 1334 The Nation, February 17, 2006 1335 Ghayoor Ahmed, “Reinforcing ties with China,” The Nation, February 20, 2006 301
Musharraf‟s visit to China would boost bilateral ties between China and Pakistan. Li said,
“We are ready to work with Pakistan to open new
horizons.”1336
During his meeting with the Chinese President Hu Jintao and leaders of People‟s
National Congress, President Musharraf expressed his regrets over the recent killings of the Chinese engineers.1337 He assured the Chinese President that all the culprits involved in the killings of the Chinese engineers would be brought to justice. He also pointed out that this was the act of those who did not want the flourishing of friendship and cooperation between Pakistan and China and wanted to see Pakistan as an underdeveloped State.1338 During his address at Pakistan-China Business Forum in
Beijing, President Musharraf again conveyed his regrets over the killings of the Chinese engineers in Hub.1339 There were two apprehensions about the killings of the Chinese engineers in Hub area of Balochistan. The first one was based on the premise that due to the development of Balochistan, the level of poverty would be reduced and people would become aware of their rights and the influence of the local Sardars would be eroded and as such, development was not in the interests of the Sardars. So, they would
Muhammad Ajmal Naizi, “Visit to China and Stress (China ka Dora or Be-Chanie),” Nawa-i- Waqt, February 27, 2006 1336 Daily Times, February 18, 2006 1337 Daily Jang, February 21, 2006 1338 Visit of President General Pervez Musharraf to China from 19-23 February, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (February 2006) 1339 Text of the address by President General Pervez Musharraf to the Pak-China Business Forum: Beijing, 21 February 2006, Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, XXXIII, II, (February 2006) 302
try to crush all those elements involved in the development of Balochistan.1340 The second one related to the possible involvement of foreign hands, as was hinted by the
Inspector General of Balochistan Chuadhry Yaqub.1341 The
U.S.A. was well aware of the fact that Balochistan was well endowed with minerals, oil and gas resources, and for that reason wanted an upper hand in Balochistan and did not like the Chinese involvement there.1342 So the killing of Chinese engineers, technicians and workers reflected an effort to reduce the influence of China in Balochistan and to sour the relations between China and Pakistan. 1343 China was also well aware of
America‟s long term plans to separate the Balochistan province from
Pakistan and to integrate it with Iran‟s Balochistan region to create a Balochi State. This plan was being mentioned in various U.S.A. intelligence papers such as CIA reports on
Global Trends in 2015.1344
It is worth noting that in the context of terrorism, 2007 was also not a peaceful year in the Pakistan-China relations. In this year, a series of attacks on Chinese nationalists was observed. All these incidents were connected with one incident or were in reaction to one incident in particular (Lal Massjid). On 22 June, the female students of Lal
Masjid/Jamia Hafsa abducted seven Chinese women along with a man.
The Chinese citizens were running massage parlour in the posh area F 8/3 sector of
Islamabad.1637 The number of Chinese parlour had increased in the previous two years
1340 Daily Jang, February 17, 2006 1341 Express, February 17, 2006 1342 Abdul-Rasheed Qureshi, “ Pak-China Friendship Long Live (Pak-Chine Dosti ZindaBad),” Nawa-i-Waqt, June 17, 2006 1343 Nawa-i-Waqt, February 19, 2006 1344 Abid Mustafa, “Have the Sino-Pak ties Reached the End?,” The Nation, December 5, 2006 1637 Daily Times, June 24, 2007 303
in the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi due to the increase in the number of clients. The client expanded because the parlours were providing the facilities of acupuncture, osteopathy, hot stone massage, body to body massage, Chinese herbal medicine, remedial massage etc. The Chinese parlours were immediately closed after this incident, as the news of the kidnapping spread like a wildfire all over the World.1345
The students of Lal Masjid/Jamia Hafsa accused them of engaging in prostitution and took action against them as part of their campaign of enforcing Taliban style Islam.1639
The deputy chief cleric of the Jamia, Maulana Abdul Rashid Ghazi, claimed that they had received several complaints that the massage centre was an undercover brothel. The parlour charged Rs. 1000 for a massage, with additional
Rs. 500 for “desirable services”. He further pointed out that Islamabad Deputy
Commissioner Chaudhry M. Ali, Assistant Commissioner Farasat Ali Khan and Senior
Superintendent of Police Zafar Iqbal had acknowledged that the parlour was also used as a brothel. He informed that the students of Beaconhouse school in the vicinity had helped the madrassa students to gather evidence against the massage parlour.1640 All the
Chinese were released after being detained for 16 hours due to the efforts of some diplomatic channels.1641 On the eve of release of the Chinese citizens, Maulana Ghazi said,
1345 Sher Baz Khan, “Over 100 Chinese Women Flee to Lahore,” Dawn, June 28, 2007 1639 “The Killing of Chinese and Sino-Pak Ties,” An Article by Rashid Ahmed Khan, Op.cit. 1640 Daily Times, June 24, 2007 1641 Baz Khan, Op.cit.
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“If we hurt the feelings of our Chinese brothers . . . we
apologize, and we ask them to look at it from our point of
view.”1346
The release of the Chinese women in burqas woke up the government over the issue, especially the embarrassment it faced globally on the abduction of the Chinese.1347 In his address to the nation on July 12, President General Pervez Musharraf called the abduction as the “most embarrassing and shameful.”1348 In a press conference in the
Parliament house, the Minister for Religious Affairs Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq condemned the act of kidnapping the Chinese from the massage centre. He said it was an attempt to damage the friendly ties between the two States. He claimed that the
Chinese women were running the health clinic in Islamabad and their kidnapping was interference in their personal lives.1349 Chinese ambassador Luo Zhaohui expressed his regret over the abduction by students of madrassa. He said,
“We were shocked and surprised at such an incident, which took
place in Federal capital.”1646
Zhaohui appreciated the efforts of the government to secure the release of the Chinese hostages.1647 The action taken by students of Lal Masjid/Jamia Hafsa against the
Chinese nationals gave rise to the Chinese worries and suspicion about the security of
1346 Daily Times, June 24, 2007 1347 The Post, July 10, 2007 1348 “The Killing of Chinese and Sino-Pak Ties,” An Article by Rashid Ahmed Khan, Op.cit. 1349 The News, June 24, 2007 1646 The Nation, June 28, 2007 1647 Op.cit.
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Chinese in Pakistan. The warning given by the Ghazi brothers to the government, that if any action was taken against them, they would react through bombing and attacks all over the country, sent wrong vibes all over the world especially in China about Islam.
There were reports that the Chinese government was reviewing its investment plan in
Pakistan due to security apprehensions about their citizens.1350 The Chinese Minister of
Public Security Zhou Yongkang Zhou, called the Lal Masjid mob “terrorist” who kidnapped the Chinese and asked the government of Pakistan to punish the “criminals.”
While meeting with the Federal Interior Minister Aftab Ahmad Khan Sherpao in Beijing, he stressed the need for providing security to the Chinese working in various development projects in Pakistan.1351 In July, Musharraf ordered troops to take action against the Lal Masjid militants.1352 The Foreign Office spokesperson Tasnim Aslam pointed out that the Chinese government welcomed the Lal Masjid operation in the context of abduction of the Chinese.13531354 But later on in an interview, this statement of the Foreign Office spokesperson was rejected by the Chinese ambassador by stating that it was against the policy of China to interfere in the domestic affairs of any State.1355
In 2008, the Capital police claimed that they had arrested seven Chinese and two
Pakistani involved in illegal business of prostitution in G-9/4 area of Islamabad. The
Sub Inspector Mahar Aslam claimed that after receiving a number of complaints against
1350 Khalid Mustafa, “Attack on Chinese may put Mega Projects in Jeopardy,” The News, July 10, 2007 1351 Daily Times, June 29, 2007 1352 Syed Saleem Shahzad, “Regime Change in Islamabad,” The Nation, August 1, 2007 1353 Qudssia Akhlaque, “Peshwar Killing not to Hurt Sino-Pakistan ties: FO,” Dawn, July 10, 1354 1355 Excerpts from an Interview of the Chinese Ambassador in Islamabad Luo Zhaohui, as appeared in ;The News‟ on August 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VIII, (August 2007)
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these Chinese, they got the search warrants from the magistrate and raided the house and caught them redhanded.1356 Although it was evident that some Chinese were involved in illegal activities but it was not the responsibility of the madrassa students to punish any culprit when there were specific laws to deal with the crime.
On July 8, a few days after the Lal Masjid incident, three Chinese workers of an auto-rickshaw factory were killed, due to the firing of unidentified men.1357 The Chinese nationals were the workers of Quing Qui, motorcycle workshop in Peshwar.
At 9:30 pm, some unidentified persons armed with automatic rifles opened fire on them.
The Chinese workers were rushed to Lady Reading Hospital where three were declared dead while the fourth one was seriously injured.1358 The wounded Chinese told the police that three men came into their house, they demanded money from them but when the Chinese refused, they first beat them and then opened fire on them.1359 But later on, the wounded Chinese worker stated that the attackers entered their house and sprayed fire on them and after that they made the film of their bodies. He also said that he could not understand the language they were speaking.1360 The initial reports suggested that this incident happened as Chinese were resisting the dacoits but subsequent reports pointed out that the killing of Chinese was connected with the Lal Masjid siege. The witnesses from the area confirmed that a number of bearded men came to the workers‟ house opened fire on them and left without taking anything. 1361 Villagers in the
1356 The Nation, February 7, 2008 1357 “Motives Behind the Killings of Chinese,” A Write-Up by Muhammad Munir as appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 12 July 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VII, (July 2007) 1358 The Nation, July 9, 2007 1359 The News, July 10, 2007 1360 Daily Times, July 10, 2007 1361 Business Recorder, July 13, 2007 307
surrounding area where the Chinese were killed, termed the foreigners as friendly, having many friends in the village. They said the foreigner‟s economic condition did not seem at its best and they were planning to move back to China next month.1362
President Pervez Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz, sent their massages of condolences to their respective counterparts in China on the tragic killing of three
Chinese nationals in Peshwar city. 1363 Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz declared that harming Chinese in Pakistan was a “deliberate act of our adversaries to create mistrust between the two countries but assured that such attempt would be dealt with an “iron hand”.1364
The President and the Prime Minister of Pakistan ordered an immediate inquiry of the incident, as it was clearly an attempt to strain the relations between Pakistan and
China.1662 The Chinese government had showed serious reservations about the killing of the Chinese nationals and had asked the Pakistani government for the medical treatment of the wounded persons and help to send back bodies of the deceased.1365 The Chinese ambassador Luo Zhaohui said in an interview, a day prior to the killing of the Chinese nationals in Peshwar, that he had announced a huge amount of money for malaria eradication in Pakistan and had contributed cash for the flood victims. The media in
Beijing showed strong reservations about this gesture of goodwill because the Chinese
1362 Dawn, July 10, 2007 1363 Message of condolence from the President and Prime Minister to their Chinese Counterparts respectively, on tragic killing of three Chinese nationals by unknown Assailants in the city of Peshwar: Islamabad, 9 July 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VII, (July 2007) 1364 Daily Times, August 8, 2007 1662 Akhlaque, Op.cit. 1365 Dawn, July 10, 2007
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nationals were being killed in Pakistan.1366 The Provincial Information Minister Asif
Iqbal while condemning the killing of the Chinese nationals, expressed the view that the purpose behind this disgraceful act was to harm the relations between China and
Pakistan.1367 The Chinese State Councillor and Defence Minister Cao Gangchuan, had expressed the determination that such acts would not affect the strong bond of friendship between the two States. 1368 The Deputy Chief of Mission of Chinese Embassy in
Pakistan Mao Siwei, led a three member team and visited Peshwar. In Peshwar, the team met with senior police officers, as well as wounded
Chinese nationals and they also visited the place where the incident occurred. The
Deputy Chief of Mission showed satisfaction over the progress in the investigation of the murder of the Chinese workers.1369 Mao said that two theories emerged from the making of the video film by the attackers. The first theory was that the killers had made film to show their head that they had killed the targets and got the money. According to the second theory the attackers wanted to show the film on some TV channel. He supported the second theory on the premise that some forces and elements wanted to malign the relations of Pakistan and China.1370 There were many speculations about the attack on the Chinese in Peshwar.1371 Firstly, it was considered as a simple case of robbery, as was suggested by the wounded Chinese in his first statement to the police.
But Khyber Paktunkhwa Information Minister Asif Iqbal Daudzai claimed that there
1366 An Interview of Chinese Ambassador Luo Zhaohui, as appeared in Daily, „The News‟ on 14 July 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, VII, (July 2007) 1367 Nawa-i-Waqt, July 9, 2007 1368 The Nation, July 20, 2007 1369 The News, July 10, 2007 1370 The Nation, July 23, 2007 1371 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Shooting of the Chinese,” The Post, July 15, 2007
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was no evidence to term this incident as dacoity.1372 Moreover, according to the local witnesses, the attackers did not take anything from the Chinese house. Consequently, this speculation was considered quite weak notwithstanding the statement of the wounded Chinese. However, he had also changed his statement later on, which rendered this speculation weaker. The second speculation was based on the thinking of the majority of people who linked the incident with the Lal Masjid operation of the government. It had suggested that the Chinese government‟s statement of welcoming the military operation against the Lal Masjid, did not go down well in Pakistani society.
Peshwar Police Chief Abdul Majeed Marwat also endorsed the view that the killing was done in revenge for the Lal Masjid operation. A militant leader, Maulvi Fazlullah, having close links with the clerics of Lal Masjid/Jamia Hafsa, declared through his illegal FM radio, an open confrontation against the government to take revenge through armed attacks and suicide bombing.1373 Although this statement was rejected by the
Chinese ambassador in an interview by stating that China did not pressurize Pakistan for undertaking the operation against Lal Masjid/ Jamia Hafsa, as it was against the policy of China to interfere in the internal matters of any other State. He further said that although he had accepted the invitation to visit Lal Masjid/Jamia Hafsa, but it couldn‟t be materialized due to security reasons. 1374 The third speculation suggested the involvement of a foreign hand in the killing and hurting of the Chinese in Pakistan. A member of
1372 “Motives Behind the Killings of Chinese,” A Write-Up by Muhammad Munir as appeared in The Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on (12 July 2007) 1373 Business Recorder, July 13, 2007 1374 Excerpts from an Interview of the Chinese Ambassador in Islamabad Luo Zhaohui, Op.cit. 310
National Assembly and Parliamentary Secretary of Defence Major (retd) Tanveer
Hussain, was of the view that in the killings of the Chinese in Pakistan, the Indians and
U.S.A. Intelligence agencies were involved, as no Pakistani could ever harm the
Chinese.1375 The India backed separatists belonging to the Jundollah (God‟s Soliders) and Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA). These armed groups were working to undermine the cordial relationship of China and Iran with Pakistan. On April 18, 2008,
Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi disclosed that,
“Some external forces are trying to weaken China-
Pakistan strategic ties by „creating
misunderstanding.”1376
The fourth speculation envisaged the attacks and killing of the Chinese in Pakistan as part of revenge operations of the Muslim separatists of China as their fellows were killed by the Chinese authorities after their extradition from Pakistan.13771378
On July 19 (2007), the second incident of terrorism occurred in Balochistan, relating to the Chinese nationals after the Lal Masjid operation.1379 A time bomb was exploded at
Hub in Balochistan and it killed 24 policemen and local citizens. The target was basically the van in which the Chinese engineers were moving from their work location of Zinc
1375 Daily Jang, August 9, 2007 1376 Sajjad Shaukat, “India‟s Hidden Strategy Against Pakistan-China,” Pakistan Observer, May 15, 2008 1377 Rauf Klasra, “China Executing Extremists Extradited by Pakistan: Report,” The News, July 1378 , 2007 1379 Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2007 311
mine to Karachi. The suicide attacker was killed on the spot, who probably pressed the button to detonate the bomb, missed the front van of the
Chinese and hit the vehicle full of Lasbela police men guarding the van of the
Chinese.1380 The Chinese Consul General Karachi Chen Shan Min, stated publically that his government was much concerned about the security of the Chinese working on the various projects in different areas of Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan. He pointed out that the Chinese government was well aware that a handful of people were involved in killing, attacking, and abducting of the Chinese nationals and that these people did not represent Pakistan or its people.1381 Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi wrote a note of thanks to his counterpart Khurshid Kasuri, after the Chinese workers narrowly escaped a suicide bomb attack in Hub.1382 Chinese Assistant Foreign Minister thanked President
Pervez Musharraf for the support and cooperation extended by the government of
Pakistan in the wake of the recent incident. He conveyed condolences of the Chinese side over the casualties suffered by Pakistan police personnel while providing security to the Chinese engineers.1383 The Federal Information Minister Muhammad Ali Durrani, pointed out that targeting the Chinese in Pakistan aimed at hurting the strategic ties between the two States and damaging the economic progress of Pakistan.1384 Foreign
Office spokesperson Tasnim Aslam, while commenting on the suicide attack in Hub said the relations with China were vital and imperative for Pakistan, and for that reason, some
1380 Daily Times, July 20, 2007 1381 The Nation, September 8, 2007 1382 Qudsia Akhlaque, “China Thanks Pakistan,” Dawn, July 22, 2007 1383 The Nation, August 9, 2007 1384 The Nation, July 20, 2007
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forces were intent on damaging these relations.1385 In Balochistan the Chinese nationals were being attacked and killed as a part of international conspiracy. There was a general perception that the Americans had an eye on the rich mineral resources of Balochistan and were using terror to achieve their objectives. Another speculation was based on the involvement of „Friends of the Lal Masjid Clerics‟ in this incident to take revenge.1386
As an aftermath of the Lal Masjid operation, the third incident happened in mid
September 2007, when some unidentified motorcyclists attacked the convoy of the
Chinese engineers, when they were heading towards their project of Kachhi Canal near
Rajanpur. Fortunately, no casualty was reported. After the incident, the engineers returned to their camp office in Rajanpur. The Elite force of the Punjab police, the border military police and the Balochistan levies had reached the spot and started the search operation, but did not succeed in tracing any culprit. The Chinese engineers were engaged in the construction of 144 km Canal, most of which was to be completed in the sensitive border areas of Sindh, Punjab and Balochistan. The work on this project had been delayed for the last three years, due to the incidents of minelaying, firing and abduction of workers.1387
At the close of the year 2007, Benazir Bhutto was assassinated. After her assassination, China impressed upon the Government of Pakistan to provide security to
1385 Business Recorder, August 3, 2007 1386 Daily Times, July 20, 2007 1387 The Nation, September 15, 2007
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its citizens working on power generation projects, and other projects towards off the looming danger.1388
Chinese Nationalists Who gave their lives to flourish the Pakistan-
China Friendship
Name Place Year
Zhou Xuemeng Gwadar May, 2004
Hao Guang Chang Gwadar May, 2004
Guo Qihong Gwadar May, 2004
Wang Peng South Waziristan October, 2004
Long Hongbao Hub February, 2006
Wei Jianpin Hub February, 2006
Zhao Bin Hub February, 2006
Lee Peshwar July, 2007
Fing Peshwar July, 2007
1388 Zafar Bhutta, “Chinese Government Seeks Security for its Nationals,” Daily Times, January 24, 2008 314
Lillee Peshwar July, 2007
Source: Taken from different Newspapers
Yearly Deaths of Chinese Nationals as Victims of Terrorim in Pakistan (2001- 07)
4 3.5 3 2.5 No. of Deaths 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Year
Source: Author
5.2.2 Disturbance in Xinjiang Province and Attitude of Pakistan towards it
The antiterrorism cooperation between Pakistan and China started before the international campaign against terrorism due to separatist uprising in Chinese Western province Xinjiang. Xinjiang is the biggest province of China consisting of two crore population.1389 The Capital of Xinjiang was Urmuqi and major cities of this province are
Kashgar, Xi‟an, Urumqi ect. Urumqi has the largest number of Pakistani and most of them were traders, having their offices there.13901391 Xinjiang Province shared its five
1389 Tahir Khalil, “President Pervez Musharraf‟s Visit to China (Sadar Pervez Musharraf Ka Dora-i-Chine),” Daily Jang, April 28, 2008 1390 Mariana Baabar, “President to also Visit Urumqi during China visit,” The News, April 8, 1391
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thousand and six hundred long border with, Mangolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Kazakhstan, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan.1392 It is an invaluable asset for China because of its huge oil and gas deposits and its strategic location.13931394 Xinjiang was ruled by various ethnic tribes e.g. Uyghur, Mangols, Kazhak, Tibetan and the
Chinese.1395 The problem of uprising was started in the 14th century when the troops of
Qing Dynasty got control over East Turkistan, the present day Xinjiang. Some people were dissatisfied with this control. They started a separatist movement and became successful for the time being and formed Republic of East Turkistan but again lost it when the communist troops overthrew their rule in 1949. 1396 East Turkistan was renamed as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and was autonomous since
1955.1692
Pakistan‟s relations with China entered a turbulence phase in 1990, due to some suspicious activities of some Uyghur (that are part of East Turkistan Islamic Movement
(ETIM) and Eastern Turkistan Liberation Organization (ETLO), were declared as terrorists by UN in 2002) and their links with some Pakistan based religious parties. In the 1980s some Uyghur entered Pakistan and there they were enrolled in Islamic seminaries (madrassas) under the patronage of the Jamiat ulema-iIslam. In these madrassas they also got training of warfare. After passing out from madrassas they
1392 Naveed Ahmad Paracha, “Till Wall of China… (Dewar-i-Chine Tak . . .),” Sunday Magazine, Nawa-i-Waqt, February 20, 2005 1393 Maqbool Ahmed, “China Seeks Pakistan‟s help in Investigation,” Daily Times, November 1394 , 2005 1395 Dawn, September 7, 2004 1396 Sadia Tasleem, “China‟s Interest in Central Asia: Opportunities and Challenges,” National Development and Security, XII, 4, 48, (Summer 2004) 1692 Maqbool Ahmed, Op.cit. 316
participated in the Soviet-Afghan war.1397After the war they entered Xinjiang through the Karakoram highway and participated in separatist activities with
East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and Eastern Turkistan Liberation
Organization (ETLO) also known as Eastern Turkistan National Party.13981399 ETIM is a Chinese militant separatist group having, reportedly links with Al-Qaeda and receiving guidance from operatives living in Pakistan.1400 Inspired by the disintegration of the
Soviet Union and formation of the Central Asian republics, they actively participated in separatist activities to establish East Turkistan.1401 ETIM members had played an active role in anti-Moscow movement and now they had joined hands for anti-Beijing uprising in Xinjiang and Tibet, with the help of U.S.A. fund, National Endowment for
Democracy.1402 In 1992, due to the uprising near Kashgar, 22 deaths were reported.
Because of this incident China closed its border with Pakistan for several months.1698
China closed the Karakoram Highway to send a strong signal of its anger to Pakistan and a warning to stop backing for Islamic militants.1403 This disturbance predated the arrival of Taliban in China. China claimed the arms and ammunitions used by Uyghur
1397 Ziad Haider, “Clearing Cloud Over Karakoram,” Daily Times, April 4, 2004 1398 “The ELTO was founded in Turkey with its headquarters in Istanbul. The founder of the organization is Muhametemin Hazret, and its main leaders including, Ubul Kasimu, Dolqun Isa and Kanat.” Shaukat Piracha, “China Asks Pakistan to Investigate Xinjiang Terrorists List,” Dawn, January 1399 , 2004 1400 Amir Mir, “Chinese Battle on Pakistani Soil,” The Post, June 30, 2006 Muntazir Ali, “China as a Factor of Stability in South Asia: Problems and Prospects,” Pakistan Horizon, 63, 3, (July 2010) 1401 Chien-Peng Chung, “China „War on Terror‟ September 11 and Uyghur Separatism, In Rise of China,” (New York: A Council on Foreign Relations Book, Foreign Affairs, 2002) 1402 B. Raman, “China Seeks Musharraf‟s help to Tackle Xinjiang Unrest,” Daily Times, Lahore, April 6, 2008 1698 Haider, Op.cit. 1403 Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang‟s Uighurs: Politics. Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway,” Asian Survey, XLV, 4, (July/August 2005) 317
in riots were acquired from Afghan Mujahideens, besides getting training from them.1404
In February 1997, a series of protests were launched by hundreds of Uyghur students by waving the flag of East Turkistan Republic.1405 The Chinese authorities claimed that the students had strong connection with Uyghur students enrolled in Pakistani madrassas, and also were connected with Taliban. China cautioned Pakistan to use its influence on
Talibans to make them abstain from such activities. Pakistan‟s close ties with
Afghanistan badly affected its relations with China.1406 Initially Pakistan responded to the complaints from China by issuing verbal warning to the religious outfits in Pakistan to make them desist from such separatist activities in China but in the 2nd half of 1990s
Pakistan took serious notice of such activists.1407
Pakistan handed over fourteen students who were involved in bombing in Urumqi to
China. Uyghur American Organization in 2002, sent a letter of protest to Pakistan‟s ambassador to U.S.A. Maleeha Lodhi, on deportation of these students to China.1408
There were regular acts of violence and clashes between police and separatists in Xinjiang. In 1999, A special unit was sent from Beijing to Urmqi and Martial law was imposed in various towns and districts. China considered Afghanistan as the
1404 Ahmed Faruqi, “The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan‟s Relationship with China,” IPRI, I, I, (Summer 2001) 1405 Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang‟s Uighurs: Politics, Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway,” Op.cit. 1406 Faruqi, Op.cit. 1407 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Area of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Strategic Studies, XXIX, 2 & 3, (Summer 7 & Autumn 2009) 1408 Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang‟s Uighurs: Politics. Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway,” Op.cit. 318
“main source of trouble in its Xinjiang province.”1409 During this phase China changed its stance on Kashmir, from self-determination to neutral (Kashmir issue would be resolved through bilateral negotiation between India and Pakistan). They apprehended that the success of Jihadi (fighter of God) groups in Kashmir would not only become a source of inspiration but also as a launching pad for separatists Uyghur of Xinjiang.1410
India took advantage of this turbulent phase between Pakistan and China. India tried to present two situations alike, freedom fighters in Kashmir and the separatist‟s element in
China both were backed by Pakistan to create trouble in India and China.1411 On January
6, 1999, Chinese government lodged a protest with Pakistan Interior Minister Chaudry
Shujaat Hussain, after the confession by sixteen Uyghur, when they were caught by
Chinese authorities that they got training in Afghanistan and Landi Kotal area in
Pakistan‟s Khyber Agency.1708 Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif visited China and in a press conference he made it clear that Pakistani government was not backing or providing support to any group or party to take separation from China.1709
After coming in power, President General Pervez Musharraf took serious notice of all those forces and elements that were creating disturbance in Xinjiang
1409 Farrukh Saleem, “Is China Drifting away from Pakistan?,” The News, December 1, 2000 1410 Aman Memon, “Reading the Indian Factors in China-Pakistan Relations in Post-Cold War Era,” Pakistan Perspectives, 12, 1, (Jan-June 2007) 1411 Muhammad Ijaz Bhutt, “China and Kashmir Issue,” Journal of Research Society of Pakistan, XXXVI, 2, (April 1999) 1708 Mahesh Ranjan Debata, “China‟s Minorities; Ethnic- Religious Separatism in Xinjiang,” (New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2007) 1709Bhutt, Op.cit.
319
Province and using Pakistan‟s name for this purpose. 1412 He tried to distance his government from some policies followed by Taliban. 1413 According to Chinese authorities, Talibans were a source to export religious militancy in Xinjiang. In 2000,
Chief Executive General Pervez Musharraf made an unusual visit to Afghanistan, there was speculation that this visit was made on the pressure of China. China pressurized
Pakistan to use its influence on Taliban to stop them from exporting militancy in
Xinjiang. A senior diplomat of Far-East Asian country agreed that there was a definite cooling down between Pakistan and Taliban relations and China was behind it. That can be concluded from the statement of Foreign Minister of Taliban
Wakil Ahmed Mutawakil, that the number of „volunteers‟ from Pakistan was reduced because,
“We do not count on them.”1414
But this speculation was rejected by Pakistan Foreign Office Spokesman Tariq Altaf by saying that this was a wrong perception that China was behind the recent visit of General
Musharraf.1713
Under the supervision of Agha Shahi, a delegation of some Pakistani intellectuals paid a visit to China in July (2000). They assured the Chinese leadership that all the religious parties in Pakistan were committed to Pakistan-China friendship.
Riaz Khokar, said that Pakistan was taking a hard line to deal with or crush the
1412 A.R Khan, “Visit of Jiatao will ipmrove the Pakistan China Relations (Jia-bao key dore se Pak-Chine Talukat Behtar hun ge),” Express, April 6, 2005 1413 Aziz-ud-din Ahmad, “Agreements and Differences,” The Nation, May 3, 2001 1414 Aslam Khan, “Angry China Forces Pakistan to Rein in Taliban,” The News, February 2000 1713 Op.cit.
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separatists and terrorists.1415
In December (2000), the Pakistan army closed the two Uyghur community
Centres called Kashgarabad and Hotanabad that were providing shelter to Uyghur immigrants in Pakistan. Pakistani government put pressure on religious leaders running madrassas not to accept any Uyghur student.1715
Amir, Jamaat-i-Islami, Qazi Hussain Ahmed met with the Chinese delegation visiting
Pakistan in January 2001. He assured them that there was no connection between
Pakistan based religious parties and separatists working against the sovereignty and integrity of China.1416 Later on, in an interview, he again said it was a wrong perception that any Pakistani group was involved in creating disturbance in Xinjiang. America was supporting the separatist Islamic groups in Xinjiang and when we came to know about it we a distanced ourselves from such groups. Some forces were working against the cordial relations of Pakistan and China.1417 Before Chinese
Prime Minister Zhu Rongji‟s visit to Pakistan in May the leaders of Jamaat-i-Islami, had met with the Chinese ambassador. They said that they would be ready to help China against separatists.1418 China had always supported the cause of Muslims in
Kashmir and Palestine. They emphasized that America was behind the separatists of
Xinjiang.1419
1415 Khalid Mahmud, “Dialogue in China,” The News, July 13, 2000 1715 Debata, Op.cit. 1416 Nawa-i-Waqt, January 17, 2001 1417 Daily Pakistan, May 20, 2001 1418 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 14, 2001 1419 Nawa-i-Waqt, May 15, 2001
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Riaz Khokhar during an interview said, “the government in Afghanistan was not now the matter of concern for China, it was worried about the extremism and terrorism in its neighbouring Central Asian States.”1420 Chinese concerns about Afghanistan were removed because China sent a secret delegation to observe the activities of Taliban in
Afghanistan. This delegation presented its report that was very positive and hard to believe. Then the Chinese authorities sent another delegation, the report of this delegation was aligned with the first report that had changed the attitude of China towards Afghanistan. As a result of these reports China abstained from voting for the sanctions on Afghanistan, although after 9/11 it voted in favour of sanctions.1421 Chinese
Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan visited Kabul on May 15, 2002 via Pakistan and China also reopened its embassy in Kabul that was closed in 1993 for security reasons.1422
Afghan Foreign Minister Dr. Abdullah Abdullah also visited Beijing, where he signed two documents with his Chinese counterpart. According to these documents, China would provide the Afghan interim government with one million US dollars as initial funds and over 3.6 million US dollars of emergence assistance in the form of goods.1423
America supported the Afghan Mujahideen to exploit the situation in Xinjiang but this was rejected by Mujahideens.1424 This was American and Indian propaganda to
1420 Mushaid Hussain, “China. . . Strategic Partner of Pakistan (China, . . . Pakistan Ka Strategic Partner),” Nawa-i-Waqt, May 8, 2001 Irshad Ahmed Haqqani, “No Irritants in China-Pakistan Relations: Riaz Khokhar,” The News, May 2, 2001 1421 Irshad Ahmed Haqqani, “ Chinese Educational and Economic Condition and Expectations from President‟s Visit (China Ke Taleemi or Sakafti Surat-i-Hal or Wazir-i-Azam kay Doray se Wabasta Tawaqat),” Daily Jang, May 8, 2001 1422 The Nation, May 14, 2002 The Nation, February 6, 2002 1423 The Nation, November 21, 2002 1424 Daily Jang, March 7, 2000
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create trouble in Xinjiang and blame Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran for all this. The purpose behind this was to create a rift among the neighbouring countries. Although the leader of East Turkistan Islamic Movement was in Semi-European country (Turkey).1425
After 9/11 terrorists attack on U.S.A., the Chinese government tried to equate American fight against terrorism with its own fight against separatists. Washington was reluctant to equate global terrorism with domestic crackdown against separatists. It made clear to the Chinese government that non-violent activities of separatists cannot be termed as terrorism.1726 The Chinese effort to consider ETIM as part and parcel of the war on terror was rejected by U.S.A. at this stage.1426 According to the Chinese the intelligence, after the U.S.A. attacks on Afghanistan, most of the ETIM members took refuge in Pakistan and started collaboration with the local extremist groups to continue their separatist agenda.1728 In December (2001), President
Musharraf visited China.1427 While meeting with Parliamentarian leader Li-Peng in
Beijing, President assured him of his support to China against separatists.1428 He said,
“Pakistan will make full efforts to support China to fight against East Turkistan
terrorists forces.”1731
1425 Irshad Ahmed Arif, “Chinese Foreign Minister Visit to Pakistan (Wazir-i-Kharja Chine ka Dora-i-Pakistan),” Nawa-i-Waqt, July 24, 2000 1726 Chung, Op.cit. 1426 Dawn, December 22, 2001 1728 Mir, Op.cit. 1427 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Strategic Studies, XXII, 2, (Summer 2002) 1428 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Impact of 9/11 on Sino-Pakistan Ties,” Daily Times, June 18, 2002 1731 Dawn, December 25, 2001 1732 Debata, Op.cit.
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Musharraf also visited the historic city of Xi‟an where he met with the Imam (Head of
Mosque) of the grand mosque and called upon the Muslims to be patriotic and to be good citizens.1732 This was for the first time that any Pakistani leader publicly supported the Chinese campaign against separatists working in Xinjiang.1429 The
Chinese Vice President Hu Jintao, said President Musharraf took „pains‟ to back the
Chinese campaign against Uyghur.1430 But this action of Musharraf was condemned by the President of Uyghur American Association. In a letter to Pakistan‟s U.S.A. ambassador, he challenged the moral authority of Musharraf. He said Uyghur‟s struggle for freedom from the mainland was as legitimate as Pakistan‟s struggle for Kashmir.1431
According to International reports, President had eliminated nineteen Uyghur in a terrorist training camp in Pakistan on the behest of the Chinese government.1432 In May
2002, the Chinese authorities announced that Pakistan had detained Ismail Kader, a major Uyghur separatist leader, at a secret meeting in Kashmir. 1433
Qazi Hussain Ahmed visited China, in June 2002, where he assured of his solidarity with the Chinese government in its fight against separatist movements. He said that China would use Pakistan as bridge to negotiate with Taliban.1434 The Chinese government appreciated the cooperation extended by Pakistan in countering separatist forces even before 9/11.1435 On August 19 (2002), the United States and on September
1429 Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Pakistan-China Relations in a Changing Geo-Strategic Environment,” Op.cit. 1430 Dawn, December 22, 2001 1431 Ahmad Faruqui, “The Impact of 9/11 on Sino-Pakistan ties,” Op.cit. 1432 Daily Times, June 29, 2007 1433 Ziad Haider, “Sino-Pakistan Relations and Xinjiang‟s Uighurs: Politics. Trade, and Islam along the Karakoram Highway,” Op.cit. 1434 Ahmed Faruqi, “The Complex Dynamics of Pakistan‟s Relationship with China,” Op.cit. 1435 Foreign Office Year Book 2002, Ministery of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan
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11 (2002), the United Nations added the East Turkistan Islamic Movement to the list of terrorist organizations.14361437 A spokesman of the Chinese Foreign Office
Kong Quan, said “it‟s the great success of the Chinese government that the United
Nations had added ETIM to the list of terrorist groups.”1741 But after adding ETIM to terrorist organizations, the U.S.A. was moving in the opposite direction. The U.S.A.
Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights Lorne Craner, visited the University of
Xinjiang in December (2002). Over there during his speech he said that the struggle against terrorism should not allow the violation of human rights as the Chinese government was doing.1438
According to the Washington Post, eighteen Uyghur were captured by Pakistani forces and handed over to American authorities, when they entered Pakistan via
Afghanistan. During interrogation these Uyghur denied their links with Taliban although they admitted they got a little bit training of warfare. They said that they had just objections to the control of the Chinese government in Xinjiang. Out of these eighteen, five were released in 2005 because they were not found guilty according to an American
Court.1439 When the Uyghur got released, they resettled in Albania because the U.S.A. authorities felt that these Uyghur Muslims risked harm if they were sent back to China although the Chinese government had demanded them from the U.S.A. that was rejected
1436 Brian Fishman, “Al-Qaeda and the Rise of China: Jihadi Geopolitics in a Post-Hegemonic World,” Current Affairs Digest, Book 213, (May 2012) Drill Test Sino-Pakistani Forces, IPRI Factfile, VII, 3, (March 2005), China Daily, August 7, 1437
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by U.S.A. authorities. 1440 Some human rights groups voiced against the U.S.A. characterization of the ETIM as a terrorist group because it had given a free hand to
China to suppress the Uyghur.1441
The Region‟s Communist Party Secretary Wang Lequan, said the government was winning the battle against the forces that were opposing Beijing in Xinjiang, but these efforts were hampered when they got assistance from terrorists abroad. He identified
Pakistan as a place from where assistance continues. He said,
“They have several camps in Pakistan.”1442
The Pakistan Army during an operation on October 2, 2003, at Angoor Adda, 5 km away from the Afghanistan border killed Hasan Mashsum.1443 Hasan Mashsum was at the top of the list of Chinese „terrorists‟ because he was the leader of ETIM.1444 He was involved in bombing in Kashgar on June 17, 1996, and fled to Afghanistan in
1997.1445 There he joined Osama bin Laden‟s Al-Qaeda and with the support of AlQaeda members he established ETIM.1446In 1998 he sent several dozen people to China and set more than ten bases in Xinjiang and across the State to train them to carry out terrorist
1440 Rahimullah Yusufzai, “China and India get Close as Pakistan Falters,” The News, November 16, 2007 1441 Wajahat Ali, “China says Terrorists from Xinjiang Hiding in Pakistan,” Daily Times, May 29, 2004 1442 Daily Times, September 12, 2003 1443 The Nation, December 27, 2003 1444 The News, July 8, 2004 The Nation, December 27, 2003 1445 Ali, Op.cit. 1446 Dawn, December 24, 2003 326
activities.1447 The Beijing News reported that Hasan Mahsum was killed in an operation conducted by the U.S.A. and Pakistani forces. But General
Shaukat Sultan denied this by saying,
“This operation was conducted purely by the Pakistan army and
no American troops or personnel were
involved in it.”1448
During an interview Bregadier (Retd) Saeed Sharif mentioned that Chinese officials told him in a secret meeting that Hasan Mashsum had hidden himself in Waziristan area of
Pakistan. He said that on Chinese demand an operation was started by Pakistan Army in which he was killed.1449
During his State visit to China in November (2003), President Musharraf said
Pakistan stood resolutely against terrorism and anti-Chinese forces that were working in
Xinjiang province. He said Pakistan would not allow any anti-Chinese forces to use
Pakistan as their base.1450 He opposed the terrorism as well as ETIM, which was banned in China.1451 During his meeting with President Hu Jintao, the Chinese
President stressed that both States must battle against „three forces‟ of terrorism, ethnic separatism and terrorism. President Hu Jintao‟s definition of „three forces‟ was related to the China‟s problem with Muslim Uyghur.1452 President Musharraf‟s visit proved
1447 The Nation, December 27, 2003 1448 Dawn, December 24, 2003 1449 Bregadier (Retd) Saeed Sharif, Military Attaché in Beijing 2000-2004, interviewed by Author at Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, January 10, 2015 1450 Dawn, November 5, 2003 1451 President Musharraf‟s State Visit to the people‟s Republic of China from 1-5 November, Foreign Affairs, XXX, II, (01-7 Nov 2003) 1452 Iffat Idris, “Future In Asia,” Daily Times, September 16, 2003 327
significant because during this visit he gave assurance that Pakistan would not harbour separatists from Xinjiang.1453 The State run Chinese television reported that China and
Pakistan had pledged to combat „separatists‟.1454 This visit was also interesting because
Pakistan was concerned about the influx of cheap and smuggled Chinese goods while
China was upset over the infiltration of religious fanatics in Xinjiang.1455 In December
(2003), a list of terrorist organizations and 11 specific people to whom
Chinese authorities considered as terrorists, was handed over to Pakistan by China through a diplomatic channel.1456 The Chinese authorities requested Pakistan to forward this list to the investigation departments in Pakistan.1457
Two events in April 2004 showed that the U.S.A. administration was moving against the policies of the Chinese government in Xinjiang. The National Endowment for
Democracy, which was funded by the American government, granted $ 75,000 to the
Uyghur American Association. This act was totally against the Chinese government and was advocating an independent Uyghur State. The Chinese government considered the grant as interference in its domestic affairs.1458 The second event was that Munich hosted another Uyghur Conference to promote Uyghur unity.1459
Most participants of conference were in favour of a separate homeland for Uyghur and a few others were in favour of high degree of autonomy within China but that was not
1453 Dawn, November 5, 2003 1454 The Nation, November 4, 2003 1455 Daily Times, November 5, 2003 1456 „Pivot of Asia‟ Sees China-Pakistan Maneuvers, IPRI, Op.cit. 1457 Shaukat Piracha, “China asks Pakistan to Investigate Xinjiang Terrorists List,” Dawn, January 17, 2004 1458 „Pivot of Asia‟ Sees China-Pakistan Maneuvers, IPRI, Op.cit. 1459 Munich is the Capital City of the German State of Bavaria. It is the third largest city of Germany. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich March 19, 2015) 328
less than an independent State. The Chinese government made its full effort to get this conference cancelled due to its separatists and terrorist aim.1460 Mr. Ming, the Vice
President of the Chinese Association for International Friendly Contact (CAIFC), about human rights, pointed out that China‟s concept and perception about human rights was quite different from the West. The Chinese authorities attached great importance to human rights but would not allow the West to interfere in its domestic jurisdiction.1461
During an interview to „People‟s Daily‟ Prime Minister Jamali said, “We had no sympathy with the aim and objectives of ETIM and condemned all its anti-state activities.”1462 Foreign Minister Khursid Mahmood Kasuri visited China in April
(2004), there during an interview to „China Daily‟ he disclosed that a few „wanted terrorists‟ of China were killed in an operation in Pakistan. He said neither any Pakistani government nor any religious or political party had any reservations about the Pakistan-
China friendship. 1463 Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao appreciated Pakistan‟s effort to promote peace and stability in the region and he also thanked the Pakistani leadership for their cooperation in combating terrorist activities in China.1464 When he was on his visit to China, the Speaker of National Assembly Chaudhary Amir Hassain, condemned the terrorist activities of ETIM and Eastern Turkistani Liberation Organization.1465
1460 „Pivot of Asia‟ Sees China-Pakistan Maneuvers, IPRI, Op.cit. 1461 The News, March 28, 2004 1462 Text of a Written Interview of Prime Minister Jamali with “People‟s Daily”, China as Appeared in the Paper on 24 April 2004, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, IV, (April 2004) 1463 Visit of Foreign Minister Kasuri to China from 7-9 April 2004, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXI, IV, (April 2004) 1464 Dawn, April 9, 2004 1465 Daily Times, November 7, 2004 1770Maqbool Ahmed, Op.cit. 329
The Chinese government received some threats in 2005, from Islamist terrorist groups regarding attacks on hotels and other tourist resorts in Hong Kong and midland China.
In an official request through its embassy in Islamabad, the Chinese government asked
Pakistan to investigate and share information on these threats.1770 The threats came weeks before the World Trade Organization‟s meeting that was going to be held on
December 13-18 in China. Exactly a month before these threats, a group named World
Uyghur Congress issued a strong anti-Chinese statement on website „Islam online‟. The statement read,
“The Chinese crushing campaign of religious oppression
and cultural assimilation against its Muslim Uyghur
minority in the name of terror-combat and antiseparatism,
risks turning the region into a time bomb.”1466
Like 2005, few threats were received by Chinese diplomats in Pakistan in
2006. In June, the Chinese embassy in Islamabad through a letter informed the Pakistani
Foreign Ministry that some members of ETIM had arrived in Pakistan and they were planning to kidnap some senior Chinese diplomats in Pakistan. The letter also indicated that these members of ETIM would get support from Al-Qaeda and some terrorists groups inside Pakistan. There was also information that these terrorists had first travelled to Jalalabad to finalize their plans of kidnapping.1467 After getting the information about the plan to kidnap the Chinese diplomats, the Interior Minister of Pakistan had issued directives to the Inspector General of Police of the four provinces and Islamabad Capital
1466 Mir, Op.cit. 1467 Op.cit.
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territory to detain the members of ETIM. Diplomatic Protection Department Senior
Superintendent of Police Tariq Masood Yaseen said that security around the Chinese embassy building and residence of Chinese diplomats had been tightened. 1468 The
Chinese embassy in Islamabad and the Chinese Consulate General in Karachi were under the high observation of intelligence agencies. Meanwhile intelligence agencies had submitted their reports to the Foreign Ministry about these threats. According to these reports, terrorists had entered the twin cities, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, but they failed to take any terrorist action due to foolproof security.1469
China had provided a list of 22 wanted rebels belonging to ETIM, to Pakistan in
2007.1470 These rebels were alleged to be using the Pakistani tribal areas to hide.1471
On March 7, 2008, three Uyghur including one woman tried to blow up a plane that was heading from Urumqi to Beijing. They tried to blow up the plane with the help of gasoline sealed in a soft drink can.1777 The official Chinese inquiry told that these three Chief suspects were Pakistani because they were carrying Pakistani passports. But according to other sources, the woman was born in Xinjiang but had spent many years in Pakistan and over there she got training from militants. These sources also said that maybe these culprits were carrying fake passports.1778 A Foreign Office Spokesman in
Pakistan said that China had not formally approached Pakistan about this issue. He said,
1468 Shahzad Malik, “Chinese Diplomats Face Kidnapping,” Daily Times, June 26, 2006 1469 Nawa-i-Waqt, June 27, 2006 1470 Syed Irfan Raza, “China Wanted 22 Rebels Handed Over,” Dawn, June 21, 2007 1471 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, “Shooting of the Chinese,” The Post, July 15, 2007 1777 Raman, Op.cit. 1778 Dawn, April 21, 2008 1779 Baabar, Op.cit. 331
“This is not how the Chinese operate by going public and
blaming Pakistan. If they have any grievances they will
do it in their own low-key style and we, like in the past,
will certainly cooperate with them. But we have not been
able to identify these people involved as
Pakistan.”1779
According to the Chinese ambassador to Pakistan, ETIM was trying to harm the bilateral relations of the two States that needed to be addressed seriously.1472
There was a demonstration against the Chinese government in the Xinjiang
Province on March 23, 2008. About 1000 Uyghur including women participated in a demonstration. The demonstration broke out due to two events. Firstly, the alleged death of a wealthy Jade trader, and philanthropist in the custody of the Ministry of Public
Security. He was arrested on a charge of belonging to the sleeper cell discovered in
January 2008.1473 Secondly, the anger was of the local women at banning them from covering their heads with sacaves (piece of cloth to cover head).
The women participated in the demonstration were wearing sacaves. The U.S.A. Radio
Free Asia, had first disclosed the News of demonstrations, which was initially rejected by Beijing but later on, on April 2, 2008 the Chinese authorities admitted these pieces of news.1782 The Chinese Foreign Ministry officially requested President Pervez
Musharraf to visit Urumqi and appeal to the Uyghur to cooperate with the government
1472 Tayyab Siddiqui, “Sino-Pak Relations,” The Post, April 22, 2008 1473 “Unrest in Xinjiang: China Seeks Musharraf‟s „Good Offices‟” An Article by B. Raman, as reproduced by “South Asia” on 4 April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April 2008) 1782 Raman, Op.cit. 332
and not to let themselves be misled by the followers of the Dalai Lama.1474 At the request of Chinese government, President Musharraf paid a six-day visit to China. During his visit he visited Urumqi and there he came up with a strong support of Chinese efforts to combat separatism. 1475 Indian media claimed that it was Musharraf himself, who requested the Chinese government that he would like to visit Urumqi and the Chinese government agreed immediately. But this claim of India was rejected by South Asia
Analysis Group, they reported that the Chinese government had asked Musharraf to tackle the Xinjiang unrest.1476 B. Raman, Indian Former Additional Secretary, claimed that Pakistan and Nepal were playing double game in these events. On the one hand,
Pakistan was pretending to help the Chinese government but on the other hand it had allowed Radio Free Asia to provide many of its Uyghur language programmes in
Pakistani territory.1786 But broadcasting of language does not mean to support terrorist activities or provide support to any group to take separation from their homeland.
The Chinese government was worried about the threats from Uyghur extremists and terrorists, and the students of Lal Masjid, to target Olympics torch that was to pass from Islamabad on April 16, 2008, before being taken to India. The
Pakistani government had provided foolproof security to Olympic torch and so Olympic torch passed from Pakistan peacefully.1787
1474 “Unrest in Xinjiang: China Seeks Musharraf‟s „Good Offices‟” An Article by B. Raman, Op.cit. 1475 “Musharraf Bolsters China-Pakistan Bond,‟” An Article by Pallavi Aiyar, as Appeared in „Asia Times‟ on 21 April 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXV, IV, (April 2008) 1476 Baabar, Op.cit. 1786 Raman, Op.cit. 1787 Op.cit. 333
5.2.3 Strategies Jointly taken by Pakistan and China to Combat
Terrorism
Pakistan and China suffered a lot from activities of terrorists from 1999 to 2008.
Both States made tremendous efforts to crush the menace of terrorism and extremism.
General Pervez Musharraf adopted effective measures to fight against terrorism. The
Spokesman of Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Qin Gang, said that after 9/11 the
Pakistani government had done a lot to combat terrorism. Now Pakistan and China were benefiting from each other‟s skill and abilities to fight against three evils extremism, terrorism and separatism.1477 The following are the strategies that Pakistan and China jointly or separately took to crush the terrorism,
• Shanghai five was established in 1996 by People‟s Republic of China, Russian
Federation, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, and Republic of
Tajikistan. It became Shanghai group when in 2005 Uzbekistan formally joined
this group. 1478 To combat terrorism, extremism, separatism and illegal drug
trafficking were at the top of the agenda of this organization.1479 The member
States of this organization did not allow their territories to be used against the
sovereignty, integrity and security of other member States. 1480 Pakistan was
granted the status of observer at the SCO in its annual summit in Astana,
1477 The Nation, June 20, 2005 1478 The Nation, September 21, 2003 1479 Joint Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Sixth SCO Summit, Pakistan Perspectives, 11, 1, (January-June 2006) 1480 Text of the Declaration Adopted at the Fifth Anniversary of the SCO, Pakistan Perspectives, 11, 1, (January-June 2006) 334
Kazakhstan along with India and Iran.1481 The member States felt that Pakistan
and India should share with them information regarding issues concerning
terrorism.1482
• In 2001, Pakistan and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding to
establish a Joint Working Group.1483 The purpose of this Joint Working Group
was to formulate security arrangements.1484 It was decided that this group would
meet once a year to check the security arrangements of Chinese nationals
working in Pakistan but in 2004 Interior Minister Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat said
it was decided that the group would meet frequently due to an increased number
of terrorist attacks on Chinese in Pakistan.1485
• President Musharraf gave the idea of an enlightened moderation to combat
terrorism and extremism. He said the strategy of an enlightened moderation
adopted two prolonged strategies. Firstly, the Muslim World should pay
attention on their economic uplift by rejecting terrorism and extremism.
Secondly, the rest of the World should fulfil their obligations in this regard. He
also said that China could play a major role in promoting enlightened
moderation.1486
1481 The Nation, February 21, 2006 1482 Moonis Ahmar, “Pakistan, India, China Triangle: The Changing Geo-Strategic Realities and Indo-PakConflicts,” Margalla Papers, (2004) 1483 Dawn, July 6, 2004 1484 Shaheen Akhtar, “Indo-Us Strategic Partnership: Implications for China,” Spotlight on Regional Affairs, XXVIII, 2&3, (Jan-Feb 2009) 1485 Dawn, July 6, 2004 1486 President Musharraf‟s State Visit to the People‟s Republic of China from 1-5 Nov 2003, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXX, II, (01-7 Nov 2003) 1798 Dawn, October 30, 2003 1799 Mir, Op.cit.
335
• Pakistan and China concluded a treaty on extradition in Beijing on November 3,
2003. The proposed treaty was to help the two countries to closely work against
narcotic trafficking, illegal immigration and terrorism. According to this treaty,
the prisoners were exchanged, and holding their trials in their own country under
their laws was agreed.1798 Pakistan extradited over a dozen of wanted terrorists
to China including Ismail Kadir and Ismayil Abdusemed Haji, both were arrested
from Rawalpindi and were prominent members‟ of ETIM.1799
• Pakistan and China held joint military antiterrorism exercises. Once in
Xinjiang province in 2004, and second in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2006.1487
• During the visit of Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao in April 2005, Pakistan
and China signed an agreement on April 5 to cooperate to combat terrorism,
secessionism and extremism.1801 From the Pakistani side this agreement was
signed by Interior Minister Aftab Sherpao and from the Chinese side it was
signed by the Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.1802
• Pakistan and China signed an agreement to exchange the instrument of
ratification to terrorism, secessionism and extremism. Salmen Bashir ,
Pakistan‟s ambassador to China, and Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Wu Dawei
exchanged the paper of this agreement in Beijing. It provided legal framework
for combating terrorism.1803
• Terrorists killed three Chinese engineers in Hub (2006). After this incident in
order to provide security to Chinese engineers working on Sandik and Racodik
1487 Dawn, July 30, 2004 336
projects, in Balochistan, the Pakistani government decided to run two PIA flights
weekly from Karachi to Dalbadin to take Chinese engineers to their work.1804
Fazal-ur-Rehman, “Traditional and Emerging Area of Strategic Co-operation between Pakistan and China,” Op.cit. 1801 Foreign Office Year Book 2004-05, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan Pakistan-China Agreement on Co-operation in Combating Terrorism, Secessionism and Extremism: Islamabad: 5 April 2005, Pakistan Treaty Series 2004-2005, XI, Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1802 Document No. 20, Pakistan China Treaty of Friendship
Assistance in Criminal Matters. The treaty shows the commitment of Pakistan
and China to combat all forms (and manifestations) of terrorism.1488
• On August 6, 2007 Pakistan and China agreed to form Joint Task Force for the
security of Chinese citizens in Pakistan.1489 Interior Secretary Syed Kamal
Shah and Chinese ambassador Luo Zhaohui signed the agreement. 1490 The
Additional Interior Secretary Imtiaz Qazi, Brig Javad Iqbal Cheema and three
senior officials of the Chinese embassy were the members of the task force.
1488 Joint Statement between the People‟s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the Visit of Prime Minister Saukat Aziz from 16-20 April 2007, Foreign Affairs Pakistan, XXXIV, IV, (Apr 2007) 1489 Daily Times, August 3, 2007 1490 The News, August 7, 2007
337
Later on, four branches were to be set up in the four provinces of Pakistan. Home
Secretaries, Inspector General of Police and Chinese Consuls would be the
members of the task force at provincial level.1491 According to this agreement,
the proposed task force would hold monthly meetings to check the security of
Chinese personnel in Pakistan.1492 This was for the first time that representatives
of a foreign country directly monitor the security of their personnel.1493
• On getting directions from the Interior Ministry, the administration of Northern
areas deputed 166 security personnel e.g. 50 police personnel, 100 scout
members of Northern areas and 16 Frontier Constabulary personnel, for the
protection of Chinese engineers working on different places in the Northern
areas, including Pakistan-China border, Sust dry port, Nulter hydropower and
sites of under construction bridges.1494
• In 2008, according to Foreign Minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi, Pakistan
expressed its desire to purchase antiterrorism equipment from China.1495
Pakistan decided to purchase scanners, arms and other antiterrorism equipment.
China expressed positive response to this desire of Pakistan.1496
At the start of 21st century terrorist activitiest have shaken the world community.
Terrorist‟s attacks that were heard in decades became more frequent. Paistan and China friendship also faced this challenge by two ways. One was Chinese workers and
1491 Syed Irfan Raza, “Invisible Security for Chinese Strengthened,” Dawn, August 7, 2007 1492 The News, August 7, 2007 1493 Daily Times, August 3, 2007 1494 The Nation, September 20, 2007 1495 Mariana Baabar, “China to Equip Pakistan Flight Terrorists,” The News, April 26, 2008 1496 Syed Irfan Raza, “Zardari Leaves for China Today,” Dawn, October 14, 2008 338
engineers were targeted on Pakistani soil. These Chinese nationals were involved in different economic projects of strategic signigicance. The motive behind these attacks was to hamper the Pakistan China friendship and tried to stop Chinese involvement in
Pakistan. Pakistani government condemned all such attacks and assured the Chinese authorities that no Pakistani can do this. This is the act of those who want to damage the long lasting friendship between the two states. Pakistan and China took a number of measures to deal with the meance of terrorism. Second, China had some reservations that some Pakistani nationals were involved in separatists and terrorists activities in
Xinjiang province of China. President Musharraf and other political and religious leaders assured the Chinese authorities that Pakistan was not involved in any teorrists activitiest in China. This assurance was not just verble Pakistan took significant measures in this regard like killing of leader of ETIM Mehsud by Pakistani forces,
President Musharraf address to Uyghurs of Xinjiang to be loyal to their state, and cracking down of Uyghurs communities in Pakistan. Chinese government was satisfied by the measures taken by government of Pakistan. The relations between Pakistan and
China got the level of maturity in the 21st century so their relations were not affected by any challange.
339
Chapter 7 Pakistan-China Cultural and Educational Ties
The cultural relations between Pakistan and China were established before the two states started their life as independent States. The cultural ties further grew between the two countries with the frequent exchange of scholars, writers, intellectuals, artists, and students.
The history of cultural relations between Pakistan and China goes back to the period when merchants, pilgrims, scholars and diplomats travelled on camels or on horsebacks through the silk route from one country to another.1497 Sindh and China had
1497 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, Strategic and Military Dimensions in Pakistan-China Relations in Reading in Pakistan Foreign Policy 1971-1998, ed. Mehrunnisa Ali, Karachi: Oxford University Press 2001 340
cultural and trade relations for a long time, shared many things like Chinese silk, and cotton fabrics of Sindh was known all over the World in ancient time, like the Moenjo-
Darro civilization, great China has also ancient civilization.1498 During the period of colonialism, contacts between the people of China and Pakistan were restricted at both official and unofficial levels.1499 In 1950‟s the cultural relations between the two States were again resumed. After the personal contact between Prime Minister Mohammad Ali
Bogra of Pakistan and Premier Chou En-Lai of China at Bandung Conference, in 1955, the cultural ties between Pakistan and China grew rapidly. During 1955-56 hardly a month passed without the exchange of delegations from both sides. These delegations included politicians, parliamentarians, lawyers, industrialists, writers, artists, public officials, and even religious leaders.1500 In 1958, on the invitation of All China Trade
Union Federation, a seven member‟s delegation of Pakistan‟s labour leaders went on a three weeks tour of China. In the same year a delegation of Chinese women headed by
Health Minister Madam Lich Chaun came to Pakistan on the invitation of All Pakistan
Women‟s Association (APWA).1501
The era of 1960‟s is important in the Pakistan-China cultural ties because a number of event took place that brought the two states closer e.g Chinese war with
India (1962), due to this war border agreement was signed between Pakistan and China and paved the way for other agreements, Pakistan fought a war with India, during this
1498 The Nation, Lahore, 9 March 2oo1 1499 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, Ibid 1500 Anwar Hussain Syed, China & Pakistan:Diplomacy of an Entente Cordiale, London: Oxford University Press, 1974 1501 Rasul Bux Rais, China and Pakistan: A Political Analysis of Mutual relations, Lahore: Progressive Publisher, 1977 341
war China unconditionally supported Pakistan, the World tried to isolate China but
Pakistan stand for China and signed air agreement with her to give her way to contact outside the World. In 1960, a Pakistan-China friendship association was established.1502
Under the Pakistan-China cultural exchange programme, in 1963
Chinese acrobats arrived in Pakistan. They displayed their skills in Lahore, Decca and
Chittagong.1503 In 1964, a 16 Chinese (male) art troupe led by Mr. Chou Wei Chieh,
Chairman of the Chinese department of Music and Director of the Bureau of Arts in the
Ministry of Cultural Affairs, visited Lahore, to participate in the Pakistan music conference. They gave their performance on various places and received great appreciation.1504 An agreement of friendship and co-operation between the Associated
Press of Pakistan and the new China News Agency was signed on July 23rd, 1964.1505 A cultural agreement was signed between Pakistan and China in 1965, stipulating exchanges in the fields of art, education, sports, media, religions and youth affairs.1506
On February 1965, direct radio and telecommunications links between Pakistan and
China was established.1507 In March 1965, a Pakistani folklore dance troupe headed by
Shamsul Huda Chaudhry, the Deputy Director of tourism department, founder
1502 Nawa-i-Waqat, Lahore, 14 May 2001 1503 Rasul Bux Rais, Ibid 1504 Ibid 1505 Farhat Mahmud, A history of US-Pakistan relations, Lahore: Vanguard, 1999 1506 The Nation, Lahore, 1 February 2000 1507 Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, Ibid 1825 Rasul Bux Rais, Ibid
342
Director of Pakistan International Airlines and the Chief of Public Relations of East
Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation, visited China.1825 This troupe was the first of its kind to visit China.
Although Pakistan and China suffered during the era of 1970‟s but cultural exchange between them was not affected .The Pakistan-China Friendship Association
(PCFA), Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, was established in 1970 to enhance links with the China.
The PCFA, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, had successfully achieved all the targeted objectives by strengthening the cordial relations with China. This association also enjoys the unique honour of not only to establish the sister province relationship between Pakistan‟s province Khyber Pukhtunkhwa with Xinjiang, but up till now, three major cities of
Khyber Pukhtunkhwa was linked with three major cities of Xinjiang, Urumqi with
Peshwar, Kashgar with Abbottabad and Altush with Kohat city.1508 In March 1973, a 70 member Chinese acrobat team arrived Pakistan to display their skill in the big cities. The team was welcomed enthusiastically and was highly appreciated everywhere for its difficult job.1509 An agreement on Science and Technical co-operation between the two countries was signed in May 1976 in
Beijing.1510
During 1980 to 1999 controlled cultural exchange took place between China and
Pakistan due to Uighur organizations seeking secession from China in the Muslim majority Western province of Xinjiang, bordering Pakistan. China had reservations that
1508 The Nation, Lahore, 31 May 2004 1509 Rasul Bux Rais, Ibid 1510 The Nation, Lahore, 11 May 2001 343
Paklistan based Islamic Parties were supporting uyghurs organizations, due to these reservations China closed her road link with Pakistan for some time. After getting assurance and evidence from Pakistani government and Islamic Parties that they were not supporting any anti Chinese organization road links between the two States were resumed.1511 In 1980 a Pakistani film Mera Naam Hai Mohabbat (My Name is Love) was shown in China. This film received very warm response in China.1512 In 1990,
Punjab was given the status of twin province of Jiangsu province and Lahore was the sister city of Xi‟an city.1513 Media co-operation agreement was signed between Pakistan and China in 1999.1514
In 21st Century a number of changes took place at international level but it did not affect the cultural relations between Pakistan and China. The relations between the two States get matured. More Culture programme took place in 21th century. In 2000,
Pakistan and China signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on legal assistance.
According to this MoU both countries committed themselves to render legal assistance to each other and co-operation in the fields of academics and training of their professional staff.1515 A five member official cultural delegation headed by the Federal
Secretary for Culture, Sports, Tourism and Youth Affairs Samin Jan Babar, visited China on the invitation of Chinese government.1516 A nine member delegation of Chinese writers visited Pakistan in September, under cultural exchange programme between
1511 See Chapter 7 for detail 1512 The Nation, Lahore, 30 March 2004 1513 The News, Lahore, 14 May 2001 1514 The Nation, Lahore, 13 January 2003 1515 The News, Lahore, 2000 1516 The Nation, Lahore, 25 July 2000 344
Pakistan and China. Under the cultural exchange programme, writers and intellectuals of the two countries annually visit each other‟s country.1517 In Novmber, a delegation of All China Lawyers Association (ACLA) visited Pakistan.1518 In December,
China gifted 220 books consisting of 248 volumes representing social, cultural life and economy to the Punjab University. The presentation was made by the Chinese Cultural
Counselor.1519
In February 2001, seven member delegation headed by Dong Yunhu, Director
General of the Chinese State Council on information, visited Pakistan Broadcasting
Co-operation (PBC) headquarter in Islamabad. The Director General of PBC Salim Gul
Shaikh, told the delegation that Chinese language was also amongst the seventeen foreign languages in which the external services of PBC air its programmes.1520 A MoU, on co-operation in the field of archaeology and museum between Pakistan and China was signed in April. The MoU was signed for a period of ten years. The MoU facilitated arrangement, organization of archeological exhibitions in the main cities of both countries, exchanges of delegations of experts in the field of archaeology, joint excavation, training facilities to the officials in the field of excavations, preservations, conservations and musicology, development of training institutes in the field of archaeology and museum, and measures to achieve effective control and check over illicit and illegal smuggling of cultural artifacts of historical values.1521 A special
1517 Dawn, Lahore, 15 September 2000 1518 Dawn, Lahore, 23 November 2000 1519 The Nation, Lahore, 5 December 2000 1520 The Nation, Lahore, 21 February 2001 1521 The Nation, Lahore, 14 April 2001
345
Musharia organized by Chinese embassy to mark the 50th year of the establishment of
Pakistan-China diplomatic relations in Islamabad in May. Chinese ambassador to
Pakistan Lu Shulin on the occasion presented his poem about Pakistan, he said in his poem Pakistan as his “Own Country”.1522 Ambassador Lu Shulin could speak Urdu and
Punjabi languages well.1523 He translated an Urdu novel Mera Gaaon (My Village) written by a Pakistani writer Ghulamul Saqlain, to inform the young Chinese about the culture of Pakistan.1842
To mark the 50 years of Sino-Pakistan friendship, an exhibition of handicrafts of
Chinese artists Lili and Quchi was opened at Al-hamra hall, around 70 articles of handicrafts were displayed at the exhibition.1843 Pakistan National Council of the Arts also arranged a special exhibition of some representative works in Beijing as a goodwill gesture towards Chinese on the occasion of 50th anniversary of diplomatic relationship.1524 Year 2000, was not only celebrated as the Year of the golden jubilee of the two countries diplomatic relations, but also silver jubilee of the scientific and technical co-operation between them. 1525 To ensure the implementation of mutually agreed projects in different fields of science and technology a Joint Research Fund was also established by Pakistan and Chinese government in the same Year. The Research
Fund allowed the financing of joint research and development projects in the fields of mutual interest. This also enabled Pakistan to gain the know-how and expertise from
1522 The Nation, Lahore, 10 May 2001 1523 The Nation, Lahore, 14 April 2000 1842 Dawn, Lahore, 27 September 2003 1843 The Nation, Lahore, 24 May 2001 1524 The Nation, Lahore, 27 August 2001 1525 The Nation, Lahore, 11 May 2001
346
China in various fields of science and technology such as biotechnology, microelectronics, space sciences, material sciences, industrial engineering and other fields of mutual interests.1526 A nine member judicial delegation headed by the President
Peoples Supreme Court of China, Mr. H E Xiao Yang, visited Pakistan and met the Chief
Justice and the judges of Lahore High Court. During meetings matters concerning the judicial system of the two countries and judicial reforms came under discussion.1527 Till
2001, four Chief Justices of the Pakistan Supreme Court had visited China while this was the first tour of any Chinese Chief Justice to Pakistan.1528 Justice
Irshad Hasan Khan visited China along with an official delegation in September.1529
Education Minister Zubaida Jalal visited Bejing in August for the further co-operation in education sector, particularly for promotion of information technology and distance learning.1850 A five member high level Chinese delegation led by Prof. Deyong Kong,
President, National Research for Science & Technology for Development, visited
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR). The delegation visited
Pakistan to explore the possibility for joint venture between Pakistan and China in the field of science and technology.1530 A delegation of writers, scholars and poets from
China visited Pakistan for ten days. The eight member team met with literary organizations in Islamabad, Karachi, Quetta, Lahore and Peshawar. The tour of delegation was arranged by the Pakistan Academy of Letters, under its exchange
1526 The Nation, Lahore, 24 May 2001 1527 Dawn, Lahore, 16 June 2001 1528 The Nation, Lahore, 16 June 2001 1529 The Nation, Lahore, 5 September 2001 1850 The News, Lahore, 28 August 2001 1530 The Nation, Lahore, 9 September 2001 347
programme with China. It provides a unique opportunity to the writers of the two friendly countries to have a firsthand feeling of their respective intellectual ambiance in their different socio-cultural settings. In this delegation, Mr. Tang Mengsheng was a known figure for being a Urdu Scholar, he had translated Shaukat Siddiqui‟s famous novel Khuda Ki Basti (God‟s Town) into Chinese besides other Urdu works.1531
In 2002, All China Women Federation (ACWF) has donated 155 sets of sewing machines with embroidery fitting and five computers foe Pakistani women.
This shipment of Chinese donation was handed over by Chinese ambassador in
Pakistan Mr. Lu Shulin to Dr. Attiya Inayatullah, Federal Minister for Women
Development, Social Welfare and Special Education. 1532 To commemorate “53rd
National Day of the People‟s Republic of the China 2002” Pakistan Television (PTV) organized a quiz show which was chaired by Chinese ambassador Zhang Chun Xiang.
Questions on religious, tradition, culture, population, environment, games, rivers, sea, minerals, industries of China and other Chinese based things were asked from students.
Chinese ambassador Zhang Chun Xiang said that he was very happy to see this quiz show, it shows that Pakistan have so much love and emotion for its neighbor country
(China).1854 A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the film producers of the two countries in China in which a renowned producer Jamshed Zafar represented
1531 Dawn, Lahore, 13 September 2001 1532 The News, Lahore, 20 February 2002 1854 The Nation, Lahore, 30 October 2002
348
Pakistan.1533 Pakistani films Nikha (Matrimonial), Rukhsati and Gungat (Veil) were shown in cultural festival of China.1534
In January 2003, a high level media official delegation from Pakistan visited
China for further promotion of bilateral co-operation in the fields of information, film, radio and television.1535 Pakistan-China Cultural Centre was being run on no profit no- loss basis since March15, 2003. It has cultural and economical wings. It was established to promote Chinese culture in Pakistan. The centre promotes Chinese culture through educational programming and exhibitions.1536 Yi Rucheng a Chinese writer, wrote a book “Musharraf, Envoy of Destiny”, on General Pervez Musharraf. He said General
Musharraf‟s attempts to promote the Sino-Pakistan friendship were commendable.1537
In September Chinese government gifted 40 computers package to the education ministry of Pakistan.1538 A five member delegation of the renowned Chinese writers visited Pakistan in December, under cultural exchange programme.1539
A 30 member team of Chinese acrobats visited Pakistan in January 2004 to show their performance in Pakistan.1540 In March a Chinese film festival was shown in
Lahore and Rawalpindi, where it was appreciated by the people a lot. 1541 In July,
Pakistan signed five separate co-operation agreements with some leading universities of
1533 The News, Lahore,30 March 2004 1534 Jang, Lahore, 18 September 2002 1535 The Nation, Lahore, 13 January 2003 1536 Ishrat Ansari, Promoting Chinese culture in Pakistan, The Nation, Lahore, 11 June 2003 1537 Daily Times, Lahore, 24 October 2003 1538 Dawn, Lahore, 5 September 2003 1539 The Nation, Lahore, 3 December 2003 1540 The Nation, Lahore, 25 January 2004 1541 The News, Lahore, 30 March 2004 349
China for higher education. Under the agreements, more than 20 staff members of
Commission for Science and Technology would be sent to China every year for PhD in different disciplines. China was the first foreign country with whom Commission for
Science and Technology entered into formal agreement for higher education. 1542 In
August, a Chinese delegation from Urdu department of Beijing University, consisting of two faculty members and eight students visited Pakistan on the invitation of President
General Pervez Musharraf for the promotion of people to people contact between the two States.1543 Pakistan, China and 20 Asian countries pledged to enhance their cultural collaboration through frequent exchanges of visits by artists belonging to stage, T.V and film. Members of cultural delegations from these countries participated in the week long
Asian Art festival in Beijing in October. Pakistani folk vocalist Arif Lohar presented impressive performance during the festival. The Pakistani troupe that includes Sain
Zahoor and Mrs. Ghulzar Wagma also gave thrilling performance.1544 During the Prime
Minister Shukat Aziz visit to China in December, the Chinese Premier announced 50
PhD scholarships for Pakistani students to undertake research in various fields.1545
Chinese Wuhan University and National University of Modern Languages entered into an agreement for promotion of PhD education in 2005. Under the agreement
Wuhan University and National University of Modern Languages would jointly open courses for doctorate degree students.1546 President Hu Jintao offered 100 scholarships
1542 Dawn, Lahore, 25 July 2004 1543 The Nation, Lahore, 7 August 2004 1544 The Nation, Lahore, 23 August 2004 1545 The News, Lahore, 16 December 2004
1546 The Nation, Lahore, 3 May 2005 350
for Pakistani students to study in China as part of efforts to promote close contact between the youth of both States.1547
At the invitation of President Hu Jintao President Musharraf paid a State visit to
China from 19 to 23 February 2006. During the visit the two countries decided to use the occasion of the 55th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties to lift
Pakistan-China relations to a new height. The two sides agreed to hold this year the
“Cultural Week” and “Film Week” and to exchange media and academic visits. 1548 In
2007, the first Confucius Institute was established at the National University of Modern
Languages, Islamabad.15491550
President Pervez Musharraf visited China from 10 to 15 April 2008 on the invitation of President Hu Jintao. During his visit an agreement was signed on sports co- operation between the ministry of sports of Pakistan and general administration of sports of China.1551 In October 2008, framework agreement was signed for cooperation in the field of radio, film & television between the state administration of radio, film and television of China and the ministry of information and broadcasting of Pakistan.1552
In 2010, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao inaugurated the Pakistan-China Friendship
Centre- a symbol of their evergreen relationship and a platform for promotion of their
1547 Daily Times, Lahore,7 July 2005 1548 Joint Statement between People‟s Republic of China and Islamic Republic of Pakistan, IPRI Journal, VI, 2, Summer 2006 1549 Haris Raqeeb Azeemi, 55 Years of Pakistan-China Relation, Pakistan Horizon, 60, 2, April 1550 1551 Joint Statement of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People‟s Republic of China (15 April 2008), IPRI Journal, VIII, 2, Summer 2008 1552 Joint Statement between China and Pakistan, IPRI Journal, IX, 1, Winter 2009 351
cultural ties. It was a gift from the Chinese government to the people of Pakistan.1553
Pakistan-China Friendship Centre proved unique forum to promote arts and culture of both the countries besides strengthening their cultural and bilateral ties. Federal Minister for Culture Pir Aftab Shah Jilani said the centre would be used for cultural activities, conferences, exhibitions of movies and holding stage dramas and live shows. An equipped library was also established at the Pakistan-China Friendship Centre in which books and literature regarding history, culture, geography and other subject would be available.15541555
To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the establishment of China-Pakistan diplomatic relations, year 2011 was designated as the “Year of China-Pakistan
Friendship”, a series of activities were held in the political, economic, trade, military, culture, sports and education field.1556 The people to people and cultural exchanges were the high point of the friendship year. Chinese government offered 500 government scholarships to Pakistanis in 3 years starting from 2011, with the aim to pass on friendship from generation to generation.1557
1553 http://tribune.com.pk/story/91828/cultural-ties-pak-China-friendship-centre-inaugurated/ (accessed 16 May 2013) 1554 http://app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=125017&Itemid=193 (accessed 1555 May 2013) 1556 Pak-China Joint Statement issued after Chinese Premier, Wen Jiabao official visit to Pakistan, Pakistan Prespective, 15, 2, July-December 2010 1557 Liu Jian, Pakistan-China Friendship, Embracing the Future, Daily Times, Islamabad, 10 January 2012 352
In 2012, President Asif Ali Zardari announced that Chinese language would be introduced as an optional subject in schools of Sindh province. 1558 Pakistan Study
Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore had signed Memorandum of Understanding with East China Normal University, Shanghai in 2012. The purpose of MoU was the exchange of students, scholars and teachers between the two Universities.
For the promotion of cultural and educational ties number of exchange of arties, scholars, writers, students, musicians, intellectual, singers etc took place between the two States beside number of agreements, Memorandum of
Understandings, cultural exchange programmes, scholarships to students, teachers and scholars and exhibitions. Although a number of agreements and exchange took place between the two States but cultural ties between the two States are not as strong as it should be. It can be further strengthened through more youth exchange programmes, media co-operation and interaction between two States, promoting the language of each other among youth and implementation of already existing cultural agreements and
Memorandum of Understanding. One of the most prominent elements of culture is language. Language barrier is one the big hurdle that can be overcome to enhance the cultural ties between two States. President Zardari (2013) and the Punjab Chief
Minister Shahbaz Sharif (2015) took significant measures in the regard.
1558 Daily Times, Islamabad, 2 February 2012 353
Conclusion
Pakistan-China relations that has started its course of diplomatic journey from early 1950‟s reached at the point of exemplary friendship. This exemplary friendship can be proved by the research conducted by „Pew Research Centre‟ in July 2013 under the project of „Global Attitude Project‟. According to this research Pakistan has more favourable views about China after China itself has.1559 Pakistan and China relations were not affected by the change of government in both States. Every coming government tried to add more pearls in the crown of friendship between the two States. To maintain the friendly relations with China is corner stone of Pakistan foreign policy.
There are mainly two factors that push a State to change its foreign policy, national interest and change in national or international environment. In the „60s not only the Indian factor but also the U.S.A. massive military aid to India (during
IndioChina War of 1962) brought Pakistan closer to China. The relations which developed in the „60s have gradually become strong and mature so that both States are trustworthy friends now. This trust factor was absent in the relations between Pakistan and America although their relations developed in the 1950s. Unlike the U.S.A. China never left Pakistan alone at the time of need or after getting its own goals (withdrawal
1559 www.pewglobal.org/respondants/pakistan (accessed on June 2016) 354
of Soviet troops). At the start, the relations were limited to the defence sector between
Pakistan and China but now China is also helping Pakistan in the economic sector.
There was extensive exchange of military delegations between Pakistan and
China between 1999 and 2008. There was not only the exchange of delegations but also the exchange of ideas and consultation on regional and international situation in order to discover new avenues of cooperation in defence production and strategic economic cooperation. There was a phase when Pakistan was totally dependent on foreign ammunition and China was the only friend that was not only assisting Pakistan without attaching any strings but was also bearing threats and sanctions from the U.S.A. The shift from the sixties to the Musharraf era was obvious, that is, Pakistan moved from total dependence to joint ventures in many defence projects with China.1560 The first military delegation that came to Pakistan during the Musharraf era also held talks about the joint project in small and medium size shipbuilding.
After the Afghan war America created hurdles for Pakistan in purchasing the aircraft and radars from Spain, France, Italy, Belgium and Sudan. But China and
Pakistan started a joint venture in the Air Forces for the production of the JF-17 thunder aircraft. This aircraft was an outcome of the hard work of Pakistani and Chinese engineers as it was acknowledged by the then President Musharraf. This aircraft increased the strength of the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). Another uniqueness of this aircraft was that two Pakistani pilots participated in the prototype flight of this aircraft.
This was done for the first time in the history of China. The JF-17 aircraft was based on
1560 Dr. Hassan Askari Rizvi, Defence Analyst, interviewed by Author at Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, October 20, 2015 355
Russian engine RD-93. In the middle of the production of the aircraft, Russia imposed a regulation on China not to sell its engine to any third country. This news brought a wave of satisfaction in India that was worried about the upgradation of the Pakistan Air Force but this condition was removed by Russia when China diplomatically convinced it. By 2008 Pakistan had got eight JF-17 thunder aircraft and the production of other forty-two was in the process. In January 2015 this aircraft was formally inducted in the Combat Commander‟s School (CCS) of the Pakistan Air
Force.1561 The induction was a milestone towards self-reliance. The regular production of the JF-17 was economically viable for both States as the sale of this aircraft benefited both the States equally because the project was started on equity bases. Nigeria was near to finalize a deal with Pakistan for the purchase of one or two squadrons of the JF-17 thunder aircraft.1562 Azerbaijan ordered 26 aircraft. Production of the two seated JF-17 was also proposed.1563
The JF-17 thunder aircraft was given the responsibility to escort the aircraft of
Chinese leaders whenever they came to Pakistan. The practical performance of this responsibility was seen when Premier Wen Jiabao (2010), Premier Li Keqiang (2013) and President Xi Jinping (April 2015) visited Pakistan.1884
1561 www.dailytimes.com.pk/national/27-jan-2015/jf-17-thunder-inducted-in-pakistan-air-force (accessed February 4, 2015) 1562 nation.com.pk/national/05-Dec-2014/nigeria/buying-jf-17-thunder-fighter-aircraft-from- Pakistan (accessed February 4, 2015) 1563 www.military-today.com/aircraft/jf17-thunder.htm (accessed February 4, 2015) 1884 The News, October 2015 356
The K-8 aircraft was another example of the joint production in the defence sector. The share of Pakistan in the production of this aircraft was 25%. Pakistan also decided to induct the K-8 in its Air Force academy for training. This aircraft was costeffective so many countries ordered K-8, Pakistan 120, China more than a hundred,
Egypt 120, Myanmar 62, Zambia 8, Zimbabwe 12, Namibia 4, Bolivia 6, Burma 54, Sri-
Lanka 6 to 8, Sudan 12, Tanzania 6, Venezuela 18 and Ghana 4.1564
Another important joint venture was the production of the AWACS, aircraft.
This deal was done in the Musharraf era but the first four aircraft were rolled out from
Hanzhong in November 2010.15651566 In August 2012 terrorists attacked the PAF Minhas base Kamra. It was said that the target of terrorist was the AWACS aircraft that was partially damaged as the terrorists rocket hit the aircraft. The damage was repaired.1567
Besides increasing the strength of the Pakistan Air Force, Pakistan had done a deal with China for the construction of four F-22P frigates for its Navy. The importance of this agreement was that it included the transfer of technology clause in it. According to the agreement, three frigates were to be constructed in China while the fourth one in
Pakistan. It means that China was not only increasing the military strength of Pakistan but also transferring the technology that was helpful for the future production of products indigenously. The first frigate was handed over to Pakistan in 2008. The F-22P frigate
1564 www.defenceindustrydaily.com/china-k-8-jets-A-killer-for-Myanmar-06457/ (accessed February 4, 2015) 1565 www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-rolls-out-awacs-aircrafts-for-paf/article1- 1566 .aspx (accessed February 4, 2015) 1567 www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-13-16849-Damaged-Awacs-aircraft-repairable (accessed February 4, 2015) 357
has the capability to detect nuclear and conventional submarines at a large range. The
Second, PNS Shamsheer was launched in January
2010, the third one was under sea trial and the last one was launched in June 2011.1568
Pakistan had ordered four more frigates but it had recommended a few modifications in the new batch that was accepted by China.1569 The induction of these frigates in the
Pakistan Navy enabled Pakistan to counter huge Naval build-up of India.1570
There was a school of thought in Pakistan who believed that “Pakistan buy
Chinese weapons just because of low cost, not as a matter of choice. Whenever Pakistan had money it had brought weapons from the West not from China (F-16 from U.S.A.,
Agosta Submarines from France, and tanks from Ukraine etc.).” The Chinese ammunition was not as sophisticated as Western weapons were. Even the father of nuclear bomb Dr. Abdul Qadier brought the blueprints from Holland not from China.1571
The top Army officials were sent to America or other Western countries for training not to China.
To maintain military ties in the long run, it was necessary to develop the strategic economic ties. The analysis shows that from Pakistani perspective there were two sides of the economic ties of Pakistan-China relations. One side was brighter and the other side can be said as dark. The brighter side was that China was financially and technically
1568 www.asian-defence.net/2012/05/pakistan-to-get-four-more-f-22p.html (accessed February 4, 2015) 1569 defence.pk/threads/navy-orders-4-more-improved-f-22p-frigates.218354 (accessed February 4, 2015) 1570 The Nation, November 14, 2002 1571 Ayaz Amir, “Canker in an Ideal Relationship,” Dawn, May 18, 2001 358
assisting Pakistan in various economic projects. Almost thirty-one Chinese companies including, ZET Huwai Technologies, Metallurgical Construction
Corporation of China (MCC), China Harbour Engineering, China International Water &
Electric Corporation, Shenhua Group, China Petroleum and Dong Feng were involved in the development of different economic projects in Pakistan e.g. the development of the Gwardar Port, Upgradation of the Karakoram Highway, and the construction of
Makran Coastal Highway etc. Additionally, these projects were economically very important for Pakistan though there was also some Chinese interest. By the development of the Gwardar port, China not only wants to access the World oil route but also wants to get an alternate route of Strait of Malacca to access the Middle East and other States of the World. If its enemies blockade its energy route from Strait of Malacca, it will access it through the Gwardar port via Xinjiang province. By the upgradation of the
Karakoram the Western part of China can access the Gwardar port and from there
Chinese can export their products to the Middle East, Africa and other parts of the
World. In addition to economy, Gwardar is strategically important for China. China can counter Indian blue navy in the Arabian Sea through this port. There were also reservations that in these development projects Chinese hired their own workers and engineers. Dr. Farooq mentioned in his interview that basically Chinese did not trust
Pakistani workers in this regard because Pakistani workers did not match the work ethics required by Chinese, so they hired their own employees.1572
1572 Professor Dr. Farooq Hasan, interviewed at Pakistan study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore. May 12, 2015 at 1.pm 359
The dark side of Pakistan-China relations was the trade ties. The volume of trade was lower than the existing potential between the two States and the balance of trade was heavily in favour of China. The FPCCI had no office in China, which was also creating difficulties in the balance of trade. Efforts were made to improve the trade ties,
Free Trade Agreement was one of such efforts but the result was not positive. Owning to the FTA, the influx of Chinese products increased in Pakistan and became the cause of closure of many industries. Now (2015) the government was reviewing this agreement. Commerce Minister Engineer Khurram Khan was also a critic of this agreement and was making efforts to review the agreement. An official said, “we have clearly told the Chinese government that in this agreement Pakistan was the key loser and many industrial units got closed due to this agreement.”1573
Due to the influx of Chinese pottery items five major pottery units in
Gujranawala and fifty smaller units all over Pakistan got closed. Just because of the closure of five units of Gujranawala not only 8,000 workers got jobless but it also affected those people who were related with the business of pottery colouring, designing, packing, sales etc. About 20 to 30% market was captured by the Chinese made
Television and mobile sets, due to their low price and long warrantee. Over 70% toys were imported from China that damaged the local toy industry. The China-made toys ranged from Rs. 5 to Rs. 2500. The Chinese split air conditioners were available at half price compared to the locally made. The stationery items were also available at very cheap prices. The cost of 10 made-in-China pencils was just Rs. 5, and on the other hand,
1573 Business Recorder, January 7, 2015 360
a local pencil cost from 2 to 3 rupees. The cost share of China was 50% in shoe market.
A low quality Chinese pair of shoes was available at Rs. 300 to Rs. 800 and high of quality shoes ranged from Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 2,000. All Pakistan Cycle and Cycle Parts
Manufacturers Associations, Lahore expressed their great concerns over the illegal imports of Chinese cycles at dumping rates. The businessmen related to poultery were also worried about their business due to the entering of Chinese poultry and its products in Pakistan. These were just a few examples of the closure of Pakistani industries due to
Chinese products. There was hardly any item that was produced in China and had no market share in Pakistan. It did not matter whether these items were entering legally or illegally.
• At a large scale the closer of industries affected the economy of
Pakistan. If protective measures were not taken against the dumping of
Chinese products then more industries might get closed. These were the
few measures to prevent the entering of Chinese products in Pakistani
markets.
• Strict rules and regulations were enforced to prevent the illegal trade or
smuggling.
• Anyone (customs official or businessman) involved in smuggling should
be dealt with an iron hand.
• The government should make such policies in which it has to encourage
exports rather than imports. Those items that were produced locally and
were sufficient to fulfil the requirement should not be imported.
• The use of local products should be encouraged.
361
• The government should avoid such agreements, MoUs and contracts as
were not in favour to enhance the economy of Pakistan. Priority should
be given to national interests rather than personal interests.
• The government of Pakistan should utilize the full potential of the
Chamber of Commerce.1574
• Before entering into an agreement with other States the concerned
officials should do proper home-work. So, before signing the agreement
they should know the pros and cons of the agreement.
• The export basket of Pakistan should be filled with a variety of items to
be offered to others.
• Pakistan should learn from China about how to promote industries and
how to run industries rather than importing material from China.
There was a question raised about why people prefer to buy Chinese products rather than the local products. The answer was the Chinese products were far cheaper than the local products. The local products were costly because in Pakistan the energy rates were higher, the overall effect of which raised the total cost of the products. In the production of cheap energy, China also came to help Pakistan. There were a number of projects (hydel, wind, coal, and gas) with the assistance of China that were in the process to produce cheap energy for Pakistan.
1574 Liu Shijie, Liu. The Third Secretary at Economic and Commercial Counselor‟s Office Embassy of the People‟s Republic of China in Pakistan, Interviewed by Researcher, November 10, 2015
362
There were almost 8,000 Chinese in Pakistan that were working on different projects in Pakistan.1575 Some Chinese nationals became the victim of terrorism or they were targeted by terrorists while they were working on different projects. There were many speculations about the killing of Chinese nationals in Pakistan, but the strongest one involved a foreign hand and this view also supported by Dr. Farooq1576, Dr. Ishaque
Fani1577, Dr. Li Jian1578 and Dr. Lan Jiang1579. Actually, there were a number of external forces which did not want the Chinese involvement in the economic uplift of Pakistan.
As can be concluded from the terrorist attacks, all these attacks were on the Chinese who were involved in the major economic projects e.g. construction of the Gawdar Port, the
Gomal Zam dam, Kachi Cannal Project, Attock
Cement Factory etc. The area where the most Chinese became victims was Balochistan where many forces (BLA, Jandolah, even some Sardar), funded by external elements.
Probably Indian and U.S.A., Intelligences, Afghanistan and even Iran were working against the development projects.1580 An officer of RAW (India) was caught by security forces of Pakistan from Balochistan in March 2016.
1575 Shijie, Op.cit. 1576 Professor Dr. Farooq Hasan, interviewed at Pakistan study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore. May 12, 2015 at 1.pm 1577 Prof. Dr. Ishaque Fani, Directorate of Distance Education and Institute of Social Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Interviewed at Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, May 27, 2015. 3 pm 1578 Dr. Li Jian, Deputy President, Xihua University, Director, Pakistan Study Centre, Sichuan Province, China, Interviewd by Researcher, December 9, 2015, Interviewed at Government College University, Lahore at 3pm 1579 Dr. Lan Jiang, Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Pakistan Study Centre, China West Normal University, China, Interviewed by Researcher. December 9, 2015, Interviewed at Government College University, Lahore 1580 Fani, Op.cit.( Federal Interior Minister, Rehman Malik said “foreign hand has been involved in conspiracies to destabilise Pakistan through terrorist acts”. Dawn, September 10, 2011),
363
Balochistan Home Minister Mir Sarfaraz Bugti confirmed the arrest of Indian spy. Bugti said that the arrest has proved Indian involvement in Balochistan. He further said that the Indian spy was sponsoring terrorist activities in the province. 1581 Balochistan is blessed with some extra characteristics e.g. it shares its border with Afghanistan and
Iran. It is just a few km away from the Central Asian States, which are rich in mineral and energy resources, and is a few km away from the Strait of Hurmaz, from where international import and export of oil took place. So, these elements did not want the
Chinese involvement in this province. The major drawback of this province was that its population was under the strong influence of Sardar, having no or a little bit awareness about the significance of their province, so they could be exploited easily.
There were three major purposes behind the attacks on the Chinese in Pakistan.
Firstly, the attackers tried to damage the relations between Pakistan and China, and reduce the Chinese involvement in different economic projects in Pakistan. Secondly, they created hurdles in the economic uplift of Pakistan because if it became economically vibrant then it would reduce its dependency on the Western States.
Thirdly, these forces tried to stop Chinese from getting access to the Indian Ocean.
Pakistan and China collectively took a number of measures to combat terrorism e.g. which include setting up of Joint Task Force, Agreement on Extradition Treaty, joining of Shanghai Cooperation Organization, joint military anti-terrorism exercises, an accord to combat terrorism, separatism, extremism etc.
1581 www.dawn.com/news/1247665 (accessed on September 20, 2016) 364
According to Dr. Farooq, although foreign hands were involved in the killing of
Chinese on Pakistani soil but it was the responsibility of the government to give them proper protection. It was the prime responsibility of the government of Pakistan to provide protection to not only the Chinese engineers, technicians and workers but also to all the foreigners working on different projects in Pakistan. They should have been provided security guards having automatic weapons. They should have provided residence in or near their working place and proper security should have been provided around their residential areas. If they were to conduct the survey of the field area then they should have been provided bulletproof vehicles for movements.
There was a perception that the growing relations between India and China would affect the long lasting Pakistan-China friendship. But the analysis shows that growing relations between India and China did not harm their time-tested friendship.
The normalization of relations between India and China was not at the expense of
Pakistan-China friendship as it was again and again stated by the Chinese leadership and they also proved it on different occasions. This analysis was also supported by Dr.
Farooq, Dr. Lan Jiang and Dr. Farhat Mahmood but Dr. Ishaque Fani expressed some reservations about it. He said if Pakistan had not changed its foreign policy dimension then there would be no Pakistan-China friendship. India was attracting China on the basis of its largest economy and in future they might be friends on this basis. Although
China was trying to make cordial relations with India but India was showing cold shoulders just to show the Western powers that it was the only country in the region to contain China.
365
The Pakistani leadership was also not worried about the normalization of relations between India and China because they thought it could bring stability in the region and it would be helpful to change the hostile attitude of India towards its neighbours. China had supported Pakistan on all issues and both States shared common views on many international issues. The Pakistan-China relations covered all dimensions e.g. economic, defence, energy, cultural, etc and had no irritant between them that needed to be resolved. On the other hand, India-China relations were based on economic ties. India had the largest market economy that could not only attract China but also other major powers towards it. The unresolved border issue was an irritant still present betwzxeen India and China that was put in the background but could resurface any time.
Basically India and China had shelved their border issue to improve their economic ties but besides the border issue, there were other issues that were the cause of concern for both States. India had concerns about the Chinese involvement in the construction of the
Gwadar port in Pakistan, arms sale to the countries surrounding India, relations with
Myanmar, transfer of missile technology to
Pakistan, and China had also concerns about Indian involvement to encircle China.
China softened its attitude towards India because a hard attitude would push India more towards the U.S.A.
In short, Pakistan‟s relations with China improved from 1999 to 2008. Although this relationship was started on the basis of common enemy but today this factor is not existing as it was in the early sixties. Now this relationship has converted into friendship on the basis of mutual strategic interests. During the Musharraf era, China helped
366
Pakistan to boost its strategic and defence capability. Different joint defence projects of economic significance were started to achieve defence and economic prosperity.
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Sipra, Ghulam Hussain Abid. “US National Missile Defence: Impact on South Asia.”
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Adil, Sultan Ali. & Mohammad Ishaq Javed. “Prospects for Pakistan‟s Exports to
China.” The Nation. 3 June 2006.
Ahmad, Aftab. “Growing Ties with China: A Welcome Feature.” The News. 5 May
2003.
Ahmad, Aziz-ud-din. “Agreements and Differences.” The Nation. 3 May 2001.
Ahmad, Mansoor. “Chinese Products Threaten Plastic Cottage Industry.” The News. 22
May 2007.
Ahmad, Shabbir. “Chinese Entry Spurs Hefty Cut in Bikes Prices.” The Nation. 22 May
2003.
______. “Pakistan wants China to Manufacture CNG Buses.” The Nation. 1 april
2003.
Ahmad, Shamshad. “A Special Friend Comes Calling.” The Nation. 25 November
2006.
411
Ahmad, Sultan. “Chinese Investment Package.” Dawn. 3 April 2003.
______. “Tackling Trade Deficit with China.” Dawn. 2 May 2007.
Ahmad, Zafar. “Traders Hail Setting Up of Pak-China Investment Company.” The Post.
24 December 2007.
Ahmed, Ghayoor. “Musharraf‟s visit to China.” Dawn. 1 November 2003.
______.“Reinforcing Ties with China.” The Nation. 20 February 2006.
______. “Significance of Hu‟s Visit.” Dawn. 23 November 2006.
______. “Strengthening Ties with China.” Dawn. 31 August 2006.
Ahmed, Shahzada Irfan. “An Hu and Hu of Developing Pakistan.” The News. 3
december 2006.
______. “Enter the Dragon.” The News. 27 July 2003.
Ahmed, Sultan. “Chinese Investment Package.” Dawn. 3 April 2003.
______. “Economic Cooperation with China.” Dawn. 30 November 2006.
______. “Economic Links with China.” Dawn. 26 April 2007.
______. “Economic Ties with China.” Dawn. 29 November 2001.
______. “Gwardar-A Port with Great Promise.” Dawn. 22 March 2002.
Ahpul, Nadeem. “Dosti key La-Zawal Rastay ka Tajdid-i-Ahad.” Khabreen (Special
Edition). 25 November 2006.
Aiyar, Pallavi. “Musharraf Boolsters China-Pakistan Bond.” The Post. 24 April 2008.
412
Akbar, Naqi. “Havelian-Khunjrab-Kashi Railway Track Soon.” The Nation. 21 June
2006.
______. “Jr Partners Developing CNG-Powered 3-Wheel Cars.” The Nation. 6 May
2007.
Akhlaque, Quddsia. “China Shows Interest in Pipeline Project.” The News. 16 April
2008.
______. “10 Pacts Expected during President‟s Visit.” Dawn. 1 November 2003.
______. “Pashawar Killing not to Hurt Sino-Pakistan Ties: FO.” Dawn. 10 July 2007.
Akhtar, Hasan. “Pakistan, China to Discuss Stand-Off.” Dawn. 3 January 2002.
______. “Ties with Pakistan to Grow Strong.” Dawn. 24 July 2000.
Akhtar, Sher Mohammad. “Pak-China Partnership and the Business Imperatives.” The
News. 3 June 2002.
______. “Pak-China Business.” The Nation. 18 March 2002.
Alam, Absar. “China Agrees to $ 400m Soft Credit.” The Nation. 13 August 2001.
______. “China to Extend $400m Soft-Term Credit.” The Nation. 5 August 2001.
______. “Pakistan, China to Sign 7 Agreements.” The Nation. 3 May 2001.
______. “Pakistan, India Agree to defuse Tension.” The Nation. 4 June 2002.
______. “Threshold of New Beginning.” The Nation. 14 May 2001.
Alam, Munawar. “Exports to china Edging Up.” The Nation. 9 May 2007.
413
Ali, Hasan. “Chinese Stationery Items Huring Local Manufacturers.” The Post. 21
August 2005.
Ali, Shafqat. “Pakistan Wants China in IPI.” The Post. 29 May 2008.
Ali, Syed Muhammad. “A Rare Sino-Pak Feat in Aviation.” Dawn. 17 April 2004.
Alvi, Ahmad Hasan. “Chinese Team Holds Trade Talks.” Dawn. 8 April 2001.
Amir, Ayaz. “Canker in an Ideal Relationship.” Dawn. 18 May 2001.
______. “Mesali Taluqat Main Rakawat.” Khabreen. 20 May 2001.
Amir, Intikhab. “Investment in Chinese Goods Imports on Rise.” Dawn. 25 November
2004.
Anwar, Shahzad. “Chinese Furniture a Threat to Local Industry.” The News. 13 May
2006.
Arif, Arshad Ahmad. “Wazir-i-Kharja Ka Dora-i-Pakistan.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 24 July 2000
Ather, Abbas. “Pak-Chine Dosti or “Khud Superdigi”.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 7 November
2003.
Atta-ur-Rehman. “Pak-Chine Dosti or Nahay Ahad ke Mushkilat.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 26
November 2006.
Ayub, Imran. “FTA Talks with China to Conclude this Month.” The News. 7 September
2006.
Azeem, Dilshad. “High Level Team Visits China to Discuss Thar Project Tariff.” The
Nation. 8 October 2004.
414
Azeem, Tariq. “A Boost to Ties with China.” Daily Times. 19 December 2004.
Aziz, Sajid. “Chinese Firms Offer Joint Ventures to Benefit from EU Concessions.” The
News. 7 December 2001.
Aziz, Sirajuddin, “Pakistan Foreign Policy.” Business Recorder. 19 February 2006.
______. “Sino-Pakistan Relations.” The Nation. 12 May 2001.
______. “Strengthening Ties with China.” Dawn. 5 April 2005.
Baabar, Mariana. “China to Provide Pakistan $ 500m Loan, Say Qureshi.” The News.
18 April 2008.
______. “China-India Ties not to Affect Sino-Pak Relations.” The News. 17 January
2008.
______. “No Cavil in China-India Call on UNSC Expansion: Kasuri.” The News. 14
April 2005.
______. “President to also Visit Urumqi during China Visit.” The News. 8 April 2008.
______. “Sino-Pak Exercises Sign of Growing Ties: Sultan.” The News. 5 August
2004.
Bajwa, Afzal. “Pak, China to Ink Pact for N-Plant.” The Nation. 24 April 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China Sign Energy, Trade MoU.” The Nation. 28 April 2006.
______. “Sino-Pak Ties Enter New Stage.” The Nation. 7 April 2005.
Bakhtawari, Zafar. “Chine Safeer ka Eashaya.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 1 August 2007.
______. “Chinese Envoy Hosts Reception.” The Nation. 25 July 2007.
415
Baki, Rana Abdul. “Pakistan-Chine Dosti, Tarekh ke Jarokay se ak Nazar.” Nawa-
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Beg, Mirza Islam. “Chine or Pakistan Kay Misali Talukat Ke Bunyad.” Nawa-i-Waqt.
18 October 2006.
______. “Pakistan-China Relations.” The Nation. 8 October 2006.
______. “China is Powerful without being a Hegemony.” The Nation. 11 October
2000.
Bano, Masooda. “Nothing has Changed.” The News. 31 May 2001.
Beg, Ghulam Amin. “Kashgar has Changed.” Dawn. 30 December 2003.
Bedi, Rahul. “India, China, US, Pakistan in Game.” Dawn. 27 April 2003.
Beg, Mirza Ikhtar. “Pakistan, China and India ke Mabain Tajarat.” Daily Jang. 1
Sepember 2005.
______. “Pak-Chine Iqtasadi Tawan ka Faroogh.” Daily Jang. 6 March 2006.
Bejwa, Afzal. “Pakistan, China to Enhance Trade, Exchange of Technology.” The
Nation. 20 April 2000.
Bezlova, Antoaneta. “Pakistan Key to Chinese Nuclear Exports.” The Nation. 12
September 2006.
Bhai, Munun. “Elaj Tange-i-Dama.” Daily Jang. 28 January 2004.
Bhandara, M. P. “All Quiet on the Chinese Front.” Daily Times. 19 June 2002.
Bhatti, Aziz. “Chine Kay Wazir-i-Azam ka Dora-or Balochistan.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 18
416
May 2001.
Bhatti, Haseeb Ahmed. “Chinese Products Engulf Pakistan.” The Post. 28 May 2007.
Bhatty, Maqbool Ahmad. “China‟s Plan to Develop its West.” Dawn. 6 August 2001.
______. “New Era of Partnarship.” Dawn. 1 January 2005.
______. “New Phase in Pak-China Relations.” Dawn. 23 May 2001. ______.
“No Let-up in Friendship with China.” Dawn. 19 December 2005 ______.
“Revitalising Land Trade with China.” Dawn. 28 May 2007.
______. “China‟s „Indispensable Partnership‟.” Dawn. 12 December 2006.
Bhutta, Zafar. “Chinese Govt Seeks Security for its Nationals.” Daily Times. 24 January
2008.
______. “Pakistan and China to Sign MoU for Basha Dam Financing.” Daily Times.
4 April 2008.
______. “Pakistan, China to Set Up Joint Power Corporation.” Daily Times. 5
October 2008.
______. “President to Request China for Financing Power Projects.” Daily Times.
14 September 2008.
Bokhari, Farhan. “Arms from Beijing.” The News. 13 May 2005.
Bokhari, Salim. “Beijing Promises Extensive Investment.” The News. 16 December
2004.
417
______. “China Backs Musharraf‟s Initiatives on Kashmir.” The News. 16 December
2004.
______. “New Phase of Sino-Pak Relations in the Offing.” The News. 17 April
2007.
______. “Premier‟s Journey to China, A Big Success.” The News. 31 December
2004.
Burki, Shahid Javed. “Geography is Destiny.” Dawn. 30 August 2005 ______.
“Should We Fear China?.” Dawn. 30 December 2003.
Butt, Imtiaz Rafi. “Pak-China Friendship and US.” The News. 9 October 2001.
Challaney, Brahma. “China is Keeping up its Nuclear and Missile Aid to Pakistan.” The
Nation. 23 July 2000.
Chandio, Ramzan. “Pakistani Exports to China Insignificant.” The Nation. 28
November 2007.
Chaudhary, Sajid. “Pakistan, China to Begin Trade Under EHP.” Daily Times. 7 April
2005.
______. “Pakistan and China Sign Five-Year Plan on Economic.” Daily Times. 25
November 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China Develop Consensus on EHP.” Daily Times. 31 March
2005.
______. “Pakistan, China to Set Up Joint Investment Company.” Daily Times. 25
418
October 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China to Sign Agreement in Early 2008.” Daily Times. 17
October 2007.
Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal. “Evaluating Hu‟s Pakistan Visit.” The Post. 3 December 2006.
______. “Shooting of the Chinese.” The Post. 15 July 2007.
______. “Sino-Pak Cordiality: An Enviable Target.” The News. 27 May 2001.
Cowasjee, Ardeshir. “One in the String of Pearls.” Dawn. 11 September 2005.
Dahar, Rafique Ahmed. “Pakistan Proud Of Historical Relations with China.” Dawn.
11 May 2001.” The News. 12 May 2001.
Farooq, Umer. “Zhu for Promoting All-Round Cooperation.” The News. 12 May 2001.
Farooqi, Monem. “China to Facilitate Pakistan in Number of New Projects.” The
Nation. 2 March 2005.
______. “Chinese Commodities Sweep Local Markets.” The Nation. 21 May 2005.
______. “Pakistan and her Friends.” Daily Times. 3 December 2006.
______. “The Impact of 9/11 on Sino-Pakistan Ties.” Daily Times. 18 June 2002.
Fatemi, Tariq. “A Friend & A Global Player.” Dawn. 18 February 2006.
______. “In the Wake of hu‟s Visit.” Dawn. 2 December 2006.
Fazl-e-Haider, Syed. “Moves Towards Trade Corridor.” Dawn. 24 September 2007.
Fazl-e-Haider. “New Chapter in Pak-China Relations.” The Post. 16 October 2008.
419
Ghani, M. Osman. “Areas of Sino-Pakistan Co-operation.” Dawn. 3 May 2004.
______. “Joint-Venture in the Energy Sector.” The News. 5 February 2007.
______. “Pakistan and China: An Economic Outlook.” The News. 28 March 2005.
______. “Pakistan‟s Trade Balance with China.” The News. 18 April 2005.
Ghauri, Irfan. “Pakistan and China to Start Bus Services from June 15.” Daily Times.
24 May 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China Considering Oil Pipeline from Gwardar.” Daily Times. 24
May 2006.
Ghausi, Sabihuddin. “China Urges Exporters to Improve Packaging.” Dawn. 22
February 2006.
______. “Full-Scale FTA Signing with China this Month.” Dawn. 5 November
2006.
Gilani, Iftikhar. “China to Continue Selling Arms to Pakistan.” The Nation. 23 July
2000.
Gilani, Syed Ali Nawaz. “Economic Perspectives.” The News. 20 October 2003.
______. “Sino-Pak Economic Ties.” The Nation. 1 October 2003.
Gilani, Syed AM Nawaz. “55 Years of Pak-China Relation.” The Post. 27 May 2006.
Haider, Mehtab. “China to Extend $ 500m Credit.” The Nation. 9 November 2003.
______. “China to Help Build 6 N-Plants.” The Nation. 18 November 2006.
420
______. “Preferential Tariff Pact Likely with China during Musharraf Visit.” The
Nation. 25 October 2003.
______. “Tapping Bilateral trade potential Still Low: Hu.” The Nation. 25
November 2006.
______. “Trade Team for China to Discuss FTA.” The Nation. 11 November 2004.
Haider, Ziad. “Challenges Ahead in Sion-Pakistan Ties.” Dawn. 11 March 2006. ______. “Clearing Clouds Over Karakoram.” Daily Times. 4 April 2004.
Haidery, Azar Abbas. “Envoy Asks Pak Exporters to Explore Chinese Market.” The
Post. 23 June 2007.
Hakeem, Fazal. “A Model of Engagement.” The News. 6 November 2004.
Hakeem, Fazal. “Pak-Chine Partnership.” The News. 7 March 2005.
Hali, S. M. “JF-17 Thunder „On Track!” The Nation. 22 November 2006.
Hanif, Intikhab. “Chinese „Ready‟ for Major Investment.” Dawn. 26 March 2005.
Haq, Ihtashamul. “Pakistan Deserves Fair Treatment: China. “ Dawn. 29 September
2002.
Haq, Nazeer. “Pak-Chinee Iqtasadi Tawan.” Daily Pakistan. 21 May 2001.
Haqani, Irshad Ahmad. “Chine Pakistan Dosti-Ak Danishwar ke Khayalat.” Daily Jang.
25 May 2001.
______. “Chinee Pakistan Dosti___Ak Danishwar ke Keyalat.” Daily Jang. 25 May
2001
421
______. “Pak-Chine Iqtasadi Ishtaraq Kar or Hamari Mujramana Kohahi.” Daily
Jang. 23 May 2001.
______. “Safar Chinee 2. . . America Chinee Kashedgee or is ke Muzirat.” Daily
Jang. 4 May 2001.
______. “Safar Chinee 3. . . America Chinee Kashedgee ke Mazeed Behasee.” Daily
Jang. 5 May 2001.
______. “Pak-Chine Dosti ka New Forum 3.” Daily Jang. 27 September 2003. ______. “Chine Ke Taleemi or Sakafti Surat-i-Hal or Wazir-i-Azam Kay Doray Se
Wabasta Tawaquat.” Daily Jang. 8 May 2001.
______. “No Irritants in China-Pakistan Relations: Riaz Khokhar.” The News. 2 May
2001.
Haque, Ihtasham ul. “Free Trade Accord with China Signed.” Dawn. 25 November
2006.
______. “No Differences with China Over Support to US, Says Minister.” Dawn. 19
October 2001.
Hasan, Khalid. “Uighur Muslims a Factor in Sino-Pakistan Relations.” Daily Times.
26 August 2005.
Hassan, Ali. “Our Alliance with China.” The Nation. 5 September 2006.
Husain, Irfan. “The Winds of Change.” Dawn. 12 May 2001.
Husain, Javid. “Future of Relations with China.” Dawn. 17 October 2005
422
Hussain, Fida. “Govt Plans China Industrial Park to Woo Investment.” Daily Times. 1
September 2006.
______. “Study on Pak-China Rail Link Under Consideration.” Daily Times. 9
September 2006.
Hussain, Manzoor. “The Friendship Highway.” Dawn. 11 May 2001.
Hussain, Matloob. “Musharraf‟s Visit to China.” The Post. 9 March 2006.
Hussain, Mushahid. “China. . . Pakistan ka Strategic Partner.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 8 May
2001.
Hussain, Mushahid. “China: Pakistan‟s Strategic Partner.” The Nation. 8 May 2001.
______. “Agreement on AWACS.” The Nation. 25 November 2006.
Hussain, Shaiq. “China Nods to Four More Nuclear Plants.” The Nation. 14 April
2008.
______. “Efforts on for Early Recovery of Chinese Engineers.” The Nation. 3
September 2008.
______. “Pakistan Close to N-Deal with China.” The Nation. 12 August 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China to Sign N-Energy Accord Soon.” The Nation. 21
December 2006.
______. “Support to Indian UNSC Seat not to Affect Pak-China Ties.” The Nation.
13 April 2005.
Hussain, Syed Sadaqat. “The Calamitous Nuclear Deal.” The Post. 30 March 2006.
423
Hussain, Syed Talat. “China Supports Pakistan Stand on Kashmir.” Dawn. 12 May
2001.
______. “Defence Ties not Against Any Other Country.” Dawn. 13 May 2001.
Idris, Iffat. “Future is Asia.” Daily Times. 16 June 2003.
Ihtasham ul Haque. “Musharraf to Discuss N-Plant with China.” Dawn. 11 June 2006.
______. “China to Expedite Delivery of N-Plants.” Dawn. 9 May 2008.
______. “Free Trade Accord with China.” Dawn. 25 November 2006.
Ilias, Msliha R. “Looking to the East.” The News. 12 August 2002.
Inayatullah. “Hu Jintao Visits South Asia.” The Nation. 2 December 2006.
Iqbal, Anwar. “Sino-Pakistan Nuclear Agreement Likely: Chomsky.” Dawn. 1 June
2007.
Iqbal, Shahid. “China has no Banking Service in Pakistan.” Dawn. 26 November 2006.
Iqbal, Wasim. “Aziz for Boosting N-Energy Ties with China.” The Post. 26 April
2006.
Jalalzai, Musa Khan. “Pak-China Relations and Balochistan-III.” The Post. 21 July
2006.
______. “Pak-China Relations and Balochinstan.” The Post. 19 July 2006.
Jan, Delawar. “Kidnapper Chinese in Good Health.” The News. 15 September 2008.
Javad, Saleem. “Wazir-i-Azam ka Kamyab Dora-i-Chine or Mulki Istahkam.” Daily
Jang. 28 December 2004.
424
Javeed-ur-Rahman. “Pak-China Bus Service Agreed.” The Nation. 25 May 2006.
______. “Pak-China Bus Service Launched.” The Nation. 16 June 2006.
Kamenade, Willem Van. “Stable Pakistan Essential for China.” The Post. 31 March
2008.
Kaneda, Hideaki. “The Rise of Chinese Sea Power.” Daily Times. 15 September 2005.
Kashif, Muhammad. “Right Time to Explore Chinese Market.” Dawn. 26 November
2006.
Kazim, Wahab. “Pakistan, China can become Strategic Economic Partners.” The
Nation. 21 May 2001.
Kemenade, Willem Van. “Stable Pakistan Essential for China.” The Post. 31 March
2008.
Khalid, Hanif. “Chine he Pakistan Ka Haqeqi or Mukhlis Dost Ha.” Daily Jang. 30
November 2006.
______. “Chinese President Arrives Today.” The News. 23 November 2006.
Khalid, Rao. “Pak-China N-ties Bond to Grow: Hu‟s.” The Nation. 25 November
2006.
Khalid, Rasheed. “Sino-Pak Ties: China.” The News. 30 March 2001.
Khan, Aamir Shafaat. “Chinese Bike Makers Roll Out 70,000 Units.” Dawn. 6 August
2003.
______. “Chinese Imports to Pakistan Double in Five Years.” Dawn. 6 December
425
2004.
______. “Chinese Shoes Swarm Local Market.” Dawn. 21 September 2003.
______. “The Chinese Connection.” Dawn. 14 January 2006.
Khan, Afzal. “China Aiding Pakistan in Missile Project: NYT.” The Nation. 3 July
2000.
______. “China Sent Missile Parts to Pakistan: WT.” The Nation. 7 August 2001.
______. “Sino-Pak Missile Production in Peril.” The Nation. 27 August 2003.
______. “US Woos China to end Missile Tech Deals.” The Nation. 7 October 2000.
Khan, Amraiz. “Steps for Chinese Security Ordered.” The Nation. 19 July 2007.
Khan, Ayaz Ahmed. “A Symbol of Friendship with China.” The Nation. 9 May 2007.
______. “Aziz in China on Mission to Boost Ties.” Dawn. 15 December 2004.
______. “China, Pakistan Sign 7 Accords in Vital Sectors.” Dawn. 16 December
2004.
______. “China, Pakistan to Strengthen Defence Ties.” Dawn. 17 December 2004.
Khan, Ghulam Asghar. “Sino-Indian Détente.” The Nation. 18 April 2005.
Khan, Hameedullah. “Taliban Claim Chinese in their Custody.” Dawn. 3 September
2008.
Khan, Iftikhar A. “China to Build Frigates for Pakistan.” Dawn. 5 April 2008.
Khan, M. Afzal. “US Desiring a Pak-China Split.” The Nation. 26 November 2000.
426
Khan, M. Ismail. “A Very Important Friendship.” The News. 2 November 2006.
Khan, Mazhar Qayyum. “A Landmark Visit.” The Nation. 12 April 2005.
Khan, Mehmood-ul-Hassan “A New Era of Long-Tested Friendship.” The News. 27
February 2006.
______. “Economic Cooperation on All Fronts.” The News. 27 November 2006.
______. “Economic Cooperation: Prospects and Constraints.” The News. 23 April
2007.
Khan, Mubarak Zeb. “FTA Talks with China Begin Tomorrow.” Dawn. 19 August
2005.
Khan, Muhammad Ejaz. “Gwardar Project to Strengthen Sino-Pak Ties, Says
Musharraf.” The News. 23 March 2002.
Khan, Rashid Ahmad. “The Killing of Chinese and Sino-Pak Ties.” The Nation. 19 July
2007.
Khan, Sher Baz. “Over 100 Chinese Women Flee to Lahore.” Dawn. 28 June 2007.
Khan, Tahir Mahmood. “China, The Only Friend to be Trusted.” The News. 10 july
2000.
Kiani, Khaleeq. “27 Pacts Signed with China.” Dawn. 18 April 2007.
______. “China Offers $ 1 bn for Power Unit.” Dawn. 14 May 2003.
______. “China to Sign 10 Accords.” Dawn. 2 April 2005.
______. “Chinese Firm to get Saindak Contract.” Dawn. 11 May 2001.
427
______. “Chinese Firms to Set up Two Power Projects.” The Nation. 5 February
2002.
______. “Pakistan may Get $ 1.5 bn Package from China.” Dawn. 23 November
2003.
______. “Pakistan, China to Sign 10 Accords.” Dawn. 2 April 2005.
______. “Thar Plant Expected to Figure in Beijing Talks.” Dawn. 13 February 2006.
Kiasra, Rauf. “Rs. 30m Earnest Money of Chinese Firm Confiscated.” The News. 24
October 2007.
Klasra, Ksawar. “Pakistan-China Bus Service to Start in October.” The Post. 1
September 2007
Klasra, Rauf. “China Executing Extremists Extradited by Pakistan: Report.” The News.
23 July 2007.
______. “China Unlikely to Invest in 50 Projects.” The News. 22 May 2001.
______. “Chinese Minister due on April 3.” The News. 29 March 2001.
______. “Pakistan Seeking $ 1.5b Aid for PSM Expansion.” The News. 12 May
2001.
Kramat, Zahid U. “Mission to China.” The Post. 19 April 2008.
Kumar, Anand. “Anti-Dumping Duty on Chinese Tyres.” Dawn. 16 October 2006.
Mahmood, Afzaal. “What Realism Demands.” Dawn. 21 May 2001.
428
Mahmood, Amjad. “China to Give 15 Locomotives, 45 Coaches by Jan 2002.” Dawn.
13 November 2001.
Mahmood, Javed. “Pak-China Trade Crosses $ 1 b Mark in a Mths.” Daily Times. 29
May 2004.
______. “Pakistan Set to Sustain Over $ 1 b Deficit in Trade with China.” The Nation.
20 June 2005.
______. “Pakistan, China to Kick Off Free Trade from 2007.” The Nation. 25
January 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China to Sign 25 Accords.” Daily Times. 15 December 2004. ______. “Trade Liberalisation with China Costs Pakistan Clearly.” The Nation. 18
November 2005.
Mahmood, Khalid. “Pak-China Strategic Ties.” The News. 25 May 2001.
Mahmood, Rana Tahir. “New Chapter Opened in Sino-Pak Ties: Shaukat.” The News.
18 December 2004.
Mahmud, Khalid. “Dialogue in China.” The News. 13 July 2000 ______.
“Enduring Friendship with China.” Dawn. 26 May 2001.
______. “Revisiting the Silk Route.” The News. 28 September 2000.
______. “Sino-Pak Ties: Indian Factor.” Dawn. 14 April 2001.
Mahood, Afzaal. “Pak-China Dosti ka Haqiqat Pasandana Jaiza.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 20 May
2001.
429
Malik, Ahmad Rashid. “Economic Dimensions of Hu‟s Visit.” The Nation. 29
November 2006.
______. “Growing Economic Ties with China.” Business Recorder. 23 February
2006.
______. “Sino-Pak Economy Ties.” The Nation. 7 April 2005.
______. “Sino-Pak Ties.” The Nation. 22 February 2006.
Malik, Maqbool. “200m Credit Agreement with China for PR Fleet Likely.” The Nation.
8 August 2001.
Malik, Nadeem. “China Offers Help in N-Power Generation.” The News. 7 April 2005.
430
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______. “Shaukat Leaves for China.” The News. 14 May 2004.
______. “China Offers Help in N-Power Generation.” The News. 7 April 2005.
Maqbool. “Pakistan and China Ink $327 million Loan Deal.” The Nation. 22 January
2008.
Masood, Tahir. “Qingqi: Innovation with Economy.” Dawn. 1 October 2001.
Mateen, Amir. “Did China Visit Help Musharraf?” The News. 5 January 2002.
______. “Pakistan Major Arms Buyers from China.” The News. 21 August 2001.
Matinuddin, Kamal. “President Musharraf‟s Visit to China.” The News. 3 March 2006.
______. “Sino-Pakistan Relations.” The News. 12 May 2001.
Mehdi, Ghazanfar. “Ground-Breaking of Gwardar Port a Landmark in Pak-China
Cooperation.” The Nation. 23 March 2002.
Mehsud, Awar Din. & Akhtar Shahzad. “Efforts for Chinese Recovery Fail.” The
Nation. 14 October 2004.
Mehsud, Awar Din. “Chinese Hostage, 5 Abductors Killed.” The Nation. 15 October
2004.
Mian, Muhammad Ali. “Flood of Chinese Goods.” The News. 9 June 2003.
Mirza, Nusrat. “Chinee or Pakistan ke Dosti Lazawal Ha.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 25 May
2000
______. “Pakistan-China Civil Atame Mahiday.” Nawa-i-Waqat. 28 November
431
______2006.
Mirza, Zubair. “Friends not Masters.” The Nation. 2 December 2006.
Momin, Misbah. “Unveiling the Rugged Terrain.” The News. 23 May 2002.
Mughal, Nasir Ahmed. “Chine Sadar Hu Jintao ke Dora-i-Pakistan main 31 Mahiday.”
Daily Jinnah. 28 November 2006.
Mughul, G. K. “China interested in Setting Up Rice Farms in Sindh.” The News. 21
April 2001.
Mukhtar, Syed Ali Hasan. “Pakistan‟s Economic Ties with China.” Dawn. 4 February
2002.
Mustafa, Abid. “At the Edge of a Precipice.” The Nation. 31 December 2006.
______. “Have Sino-Pak Ties Reached the End?” The Nation. 5 December 2006.
______. “Attack on Chinese may put Mega Projects in Jeopardy.” The News. 10 July
2007.
______. “Broad-Based Sino-Pak Trade Pacts Expected.” Daily Times. 31 March
2005.
______. “China Stops Loans to Pakistan.” Daily Times. 5 July 2002.
______. “China to Fund Neelum-Jhelum Power Projects.” Daily Times. 12 August
2002.
______. “Experts to visit China to Study Pricing Mechanism.” Daily Times. 8 July
432
2004.
. “Four-way Trade Agreement Likely to be Inked on Dec 25.” Daily Times.
19 December 2003.
______. “Pakistan and China to Sign PTA.” Daily Times. 25 October 2003.
______. “Pakistan to Seek More N-Ties.” The News. 14 February 2006.
______. “Pakistan, China may Enter Deals for more Nuclear Power Plants.” The
News. 8 October 2008.
______. “Trade to Go under PTA from Jan 1.” Daily Times. 14 December 2003.
Mustafa, Zubeida. “How Effective is the China Card.” Dawn. 12 November 2003.
Naizi, Muhammad Ajmal. “Be-Nayaziz.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 14 October 2008.
Najam, Najmul Hassan. “Time-tested Friend to the Rescue.” The Nation. 28 May
2000.
Najeeb, Faryal. “Pakistan, China take Initiative to Solve Trade Imbalance.” The News.
31 October 2007.
______. “Sale of Chinese-made Toys Unaffected in Local Market.” The News. 9
October 2007.
Naqsioandi, M. Khan. “Sache Dost. . .Be Qadre Sathe.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 30 July 2003.
Naqvi, Jawed. “China Backs Efforts for Easing Tension.” Dawn. 12 July 2002.
______. “China Supported Pakistan at NSG.” Dawn. 9 September 2008.
______. “China Urges Joint Efforts by India, Pakistan.” Dawn. 8 October 2002.
433
______. “No N-Arms for Pakistan: Li.” Dawn. 13 January 2001.
______. “Partnership with China Key to Global Peace: India.” Dawn. 15 September
2007.
______. “Sikkim Taken Out of Chinese Website.” Dawn. 9 October 2003.
Naqvi, M. B. “In the Eye of the Strom.” The News. 18 July 2001.
Nawaz, Haq. “China Keen on Restarting Kalabagh Steel Project.” The Nation. 19
October 2006.
______. “Pak China to Discuss Doubling Trade Volume.” The Nation. 20 May
2006.
______. “Pak-China Free Trade Agreement Likely on 24th.” The Nation. 22
November 2006.
Nayar, Kuldip. “One Equation can Lead to Another.” Dawn. 11 March 2006.
Nisar, Farooq. “Chinee Wazir-i-Azam ka Dora-i-Pakistan.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 12 May
2001.
Noorihuda. “The Door to China.” The News. 9 April 2006.
Noo-ul-Haq. “Ties with China.” Dawn. 7 April 2005.
Nur, Maqsudul Hasan. “China, Central Asia and Gwardar Seaport.” The News. 28 July
2002.
Nuri, Maqsudul Hasan, The Emerging Asian Triangle.” Dawn. 28 August 2005
______. “Entering the New Millennium.” The Nation. 1 February 2000.
434
Omar, Kaleem. “China Keeps Coming Through for Pakistan.” The News. 3 December
2006.
. “China Offers Pakistan Low-Cost desalination Package.” The News. 29 July
2003.
______. “Chinese Air-Force to Buy 200 Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter.” Dawn. 11
April 2005.
______. “Concerning the New Internet Age in the Content of Pakistan-China
Economic Cooperation.” The News. 7 May 2001.
______. “Pakistan and China to Widen Silk Road between them by Building A Free
Trade Area.” The News. 9 October 2006.
______. “Pakistan is the World‟s Biggest Recipient of Chinese Aid.” The News. 30
July 2006.
______. “Pakistan-China Economic Cooperation: An All-Weather Partnership that
has Stood the Test of Time.” The News. 27 February 2006.
______. “Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sale Item.”
The News. 20 November 2006.
______. “China Comes Through Again for Pakistan.” The News. 19 May 2003.
______. “China Offers Pakistan Low-Cost Desalination Package.” The News. 29
July 2003.
______. “Pakistan-China Economic Cooperation: An All-Weather Partnership that
has Stood the Test of Time.” The News. 27 February 2006.
435
______Paracha, Hussain Ahmad. “Misali Dost.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 27 November 2006.
Patel, Rashid. “Bharat America or Pak-Chine Taluqat.” Daily Jang. 28 January 2000.
Qadir, Shaukat. “Cementing the Chinese Connections.” Daily Times. 30 October 2004.
Qaider, Rana Ghulam. “Wazir-i-Azam Shaukat Aziz ne Homework ke Sath Dora Kar k
Amli Natahej Hasal Kar lie.” Daily Jang. 28 December 2004.
Qaider, Shahid. “Wazir-i-Alahi ka Dore-i-Chine.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 6 November 2006.
Qaisar, Rana. & Absar Alam. “Pakistan Opposes US Missile Defence Shield.” The
Nation. 13 May 2001.
Qaisar, Rana. & Maqbool Malik. “China Supports Pak Stand on Kashmir.” The Nation.
12 May 2001.
Qaisar, Rana. “China Lauds Pakistani Peace Efforts.” The News. 7 April 2005.
______. “China not Seeking „Key‟ Role in Kashmir Resolution.” Daily Times. 25
November 2006.
______. “Pakistan a Magnet for investors: Aziz.” Daily Times. 18 December 2004.
______. “Pakistan, China Want Iraq‟s „Sovereignty‟ Respected: Jamali.” Daily
Times. 27 March 2003.
______. “Relations with India not at Pakistan‟s Expense: China.” Daily Times. 16
December 2004.
______. “Several Pacts Likely during Musharraf‟s China Visit.” The Nation. 15
436
December 2001.
______. “Warm Welcome Awaits Chinese PM Today.” The Nation. 11 May 2001.
Quraishi, Ahmed. “Engaging A New China.” The Nation. 19 April 2005
437
Qureshi, Javad. “Samandar Se Gahri, Hamalia Se Buland or Sahid Se Methi Dosti!”
Nawa-i-Waqt. 4 December 2006.
Qureshi, Riffat. “The Karakoram Express.” The News. 23 October 2002.
Rahman, Mir Jamilur. “A Comprehensive Partnership.” The News. 22 December 2001.
______. “All Weather Friendship.” The News. 25 November 2006.
______. “Bhai-bhai‟ Once Again.” The News. 16 April 2005.
Rahmat, Adnan. “Silk Route-full Distance.” The News. 3 December 2006.
Rais, Rasul Bakhsh. “Are We Losing Out China?.” The Nation. 16 December 2004.
______. “Stable Security Partnership.” The News. 12 May 2001.
Raja, Masud Hassan. “Chine Hamara Ba-Ahtamad Dost.” Nada-i-Milat. 13 December
2006.
Raja, Zafar Ali. “Chine Hukumat Ne Zameni Rastay Be Khol Dehay.” Nawa-i-Waqt.
27 August 2006.
______. “Pakistan or Chine Kay Darmiyan 22 Mahedun Per Ak Nazar.” Nawa-iWaqt.
4 May 2005.
______. “Sadar Pervez Musharraf Ka Dora-i-Chine.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 21 February
2006.
Raman, B. “China Seeks Musharraf‟s Help to Tackle Xinjiang Unrest.” Daily Times. 6
April 2008.
Ramzan, Muhammad. “Follow the Chinese.” The Nation. 19 August 2001.
438
Rana, Javed. “China Wants Better Security for Workers.” The Nation. 18 October
2004.
Rana, Parvaiz Ishfaq. “Pakistan may Lose Market to China.” Dawn. 15 May 2003.
Rao, Zafar Iqbal. “Chine or Muslim Dunyia. . . Askari Taluqat Per Ak Nazar.” Nawai-
Waqt. 5 August 2001.
Raza, Ali. “Pakistan, China Ink Power Projects‟ Deal.” The News. 28 December 2001.
Raza, Nawaz. “Pak-Chine Dosti ke 55 Saal.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 30 November 2006.
Raza, Shahzad. “Pakistan, China Sign Trade and Anti-Terror Agreement.” Daily Times.
6 April 2005.
Raza, Syed Irfan. “China Wanted 22 Rebels Handed Over.” Dawn. 21 June 2007.
______. “Invisible Security for Chinese Strengthened.” Dawn. 7 August 2007.
______. “Sino-Pakistan Ties Unaffected: Envoy.” Dawn. 15 October 2004.
Razi, Rizwan. “China Wants to Import Rice, Cotton, Mangoes from Pakistan.” The
Nation. 23 July 2000.
______. “Chinese Coaches Cost up by 330pc.” The News. 12 August 2002.
Rehman, Mian Saifur. “Fall of the Iron Curtaain.” The News. 24 May 2001.
Rehman, Omer. “No Scenario to Affect Ties: Hu.” The Post. 26 November 2006.
______. “Pak-China Bus Service Postponed.” The Post. 2 May 2006.
Rehmat, Adnan. “Backing Off- Boldly.” The News. 20 May 2001.
439
Sabir, Ismat. “FTA with China.” The Post. 16 July 2007.
______. “Pakistan Again Needs Chinese Help.” The Post. 8 September 2008.
Saddiqui, Javed. “Wazir-i-Azam ka Dora-i-Chine. . . Chine Kya Soach Raha ha?.”
Nawa-i-Waqt. 22 December 2004.
Saial, Safdar Saleem. “Pak-Chine Dosti or America.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 15 July 2006.
Saleem, Imran. “China-Factor, High Costs Wipe Out Pottery Industry.” Dawn. 17 May
2007.
Saleem, Khalid. “Sino-Pakistan Ties-II.” The Post. 10 September 2008.
Saleemi, Muhammad Aslam. “Pak-Chine Dosti: America, Baharat Azaham ke
Tanazur Main!.” Daily Pakistan. 4 June 2001.
Sanger, David E. & Eric Schmitt. “China Missile Aid to Pakistan Goes On, U.S.
Suspect.” The News. 9 July 2000.
Sanghur, Aziz. “Gwardar to be Hub of Economic Activities.” The Nation. 23 March
2002.
Sareen, Sushant. “The Dragon‟s Balancing Act.” The News. 3 December 2006.
Sarfraz, Emanuel. “A Great Leap Forward.” The Nation. 20 May 2001.
Sarhadi, Zia-ul Haq. “Furthering Economic Relations.” The News. 11 September 2006.
______. “Pak-China Sust Dry Port.” The Post. 26 August 2006.
Sarmadi, Bedar. “Chinee se Muhabat ke Rashtay.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 22 May 2001.
Sarwar, Ghlum. “Pak-Chine Taluqat.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 3 May 2001.
440
______. “Friends in Deed.” The Nation. 8 August 2001.
______. “Pak Chinee Taluqat ke nai Jedatay.” Daily Pakistan. 7 March 2000
______. “Pak-China Ties in Changing World.” The News. 21 November 2003.
______. “Pak-Chinee Taluqat.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 3 May 2001.
______. “Sino-Pak Ties: An Overview.” The Nation. 24 December 2003.
Shah, Nadeem. “Chinese Team‟s Visit to Mango Orchards Cancelled.” The News. 15
June 2004.
Shahi, Agha. “Pak-Chine Dosti or America.” Jasarat. 24 May 2001.
______. “Pakistan, China and NMD.” Dawn. 19 May 2001.
Shahzad, Irfan. “Facilitating Chinese Investors, Investment Friendly incentives to
Attract FDI.” The News. 23 October 2006.
Shahzad, Syed Saleem. “Regime Change in Islamabad.” The Nation. 1 August 2007.
Shaikh, Shakil. “Pakistan, China Ink N-Plant Deal.” The News. 5 May 2004.
Shamim-ur-Rahman. “China May Give $750m Loan for Frigates.” Dawn. 16
September 2004.
Sharif, M. “Economic Growth and Development.” The News. 3 January 2005.
Shauri, Aamir. “Pakistan to Proritise Economy in Ties with China: Shaukat Aziz.” The
News. 11 May 2001.
Sheikh, HB. “Hats Off to China, Pakistan.” The News. 12 May 2004.
Shu, Li. “Largest Joint Venture.” Dawn. 11 May 2001.
441
Siddiqi, Muhammad Ali. “New Level of Friendship with China.” Dawn. 9 April 2005.
Siddiqui, Engr Hussain Ahmad. “New Openings for Increasing Trade with China.”
Business Recorder. 17 August 2007.
Siddiqui, Hussain Ahmed. “Pak-China Co-operation in Engineering Sector.” The News.
1 January 2000.
Siddiqui, Tayyab. “Chinese Diplomacy in South Asia.” Dawn. 28 November 2006.
______. “Sino-Pak Relations.” The Post. 22 April 2008.
Siddiqui, Zia ul Hasan. “A Milestone of Sino-Pak Friendship.” The Nation. 1 October
2003.
Subohi, Afshan. “Bridging the Gap.” Dawn. 26 November 2006.
______. “Capitalising on Chinese Friendship.” Dawn. 15 September 2008.
______. “China, A Land of Business Opportunity.” Dawn. 15 October 2003.
______. “Pakistan Missing Opportunities in China.” Dawn. 30 March 2003.
______. “Pakistan yet to Step into Chinese Market Meaningfully.” Dawn. 3
november 2003.
Subramanian, Nirupama. “Musharraf Turns to China.” The Nation. 13 June 2006.
Sultan, Hameed. “Wazir-i-Azam Chine ka Dora-i-Junudi Asia (Akhari Kist).” Nawa-i-
Waqt. 6 April 2005.
Sultan, Hamid. “Pak-Chine Iktasadi Taluqat. . . (Akhari Kist).” Nawa-i-Waqt. 10
January 2004.
442
Syed, Anwar. “What are Strategic Ties.” Dawn. 16 April 2006.
Syed. Z. A. “Thunder of Sino-Pak Friendship.” The Nation. 3 December 2006.
Taimur-ul-Hassan. “Jiabao Visit to Strengthen.” The News. 6 April 2005.
Taqui, Jassim. “China‟s Contribution to the Economic Uplift of Pakistan.” The Nation.
29 May 2000.
Thaheem, Bilal. “Pak-China Trade Reaches Record $ 37 billion Level, Says Durrani.”
The Post. 21 June 2006.
Upal, Nadeem. “Dosti ke Lazawal Rashty ka Tajdiday Ahad.” Khabreen (Special
Edition). 25 November 2006.
Virk, Mobarik. “Use of Force Cannot Resolve Dispute:Tang.” The Nation. 26 July
2000
Wajid, Abdul. “Playing The China Card.” The Post. 19 August 2005.
Waleed, Hamid. “China Captures Over 50 percent of Local Market during 2003.” The
Nation. 28 December 2003.
______. “China Seeks Land Route to Afghanistan.” The Nation. 17 May 2002.
Warsani, Tariq. “Wazir-i-Azam Chinee ka Dora “Break Through” Ha.” Nawa-i-Waqt.
18 May 2001.
Yasin, Aaim. “Dawood to Visit China in June.” The News. 15 May 2001.
______. “China to Invest in Silk Production.” The News. 13 March 2002.
Yazdani, Saleem. “Pak-Chine Talukat ke Khelaf Saszish.” Daily Jang. 23 April 2008.
443
Youunas, Javed. “Sanati taraki ka Aham Sang-e-meel . . . Wazir-i-Alhai Punjab ka
Dora-i-Chine.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 3 November 2006.
Yusufzai, Rahimullah. “All-Weather Friendship.” The News. 10 May 2001.
______. “China and India get Close as Pakistan Falters.” The News. 16 November
2007.
______. “China May Ask Kayani for Two Missing Engineers.” The News. 24
September 2008.
______. “No Progress in Recovery of Chinese Engineers.” The News. 23 September
2008.
Zafar, Syed Ali. “China, India and Pakistan?.” The Nation. 11 August 2008.
Zafar. S. M. “China-Pakistan Relationship.” The Nation. 5 June 2001.
Zageem, Syed Sabatul Hasan. “Nahe Safar ka Ahghaz.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 13 August
2001.
______. “Pak-Chine Dafaie Maheda or Bunyadi Takaza.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 30 May
2000.
______. “Pak-Chinee Dosti Zinda-bad.” Nawa-i-Waqt. 29 May 2001.
Zahid, Tanvir. “Sino-Pak Ties.” The Nation. 7 November 2003.
Zaidi, Aylea. & Sirajuddin Aziz. “From Confrontation to Co-operation.” The News. 31
August 2003.
Zaidi, Collocia. “Strong Ties with Pakistan is China‟s State Policy.” The Nation. 8 May
2001. 444
Zaidi, Erum. “Business Community Endorses Sino-Pakistan Bilateral FTA.” The
Nation. 26 November 2006.
______. “Chinese Electonic item Grah Pak Market 50pc Share.” The Nation. 21
July 2007.
Zaidi, S. Akbar. “China, India and US.” Dawn. 16 August 2008.
Zaki, M. Akram. “Half A Century of Friendship.” Dawn. 10 May 2001.
______. “Pak-Chinee Dosti ke Pachas Sal.” Daily Jang. 12 May 2001.
Zaman, Kashif. “Karakoram Highway-A Symbol of Eternal Friendship between China
and Pakistan.” Dawn. 24 November 2006.
Zehra, Nasim. “A Rock Solid Partnership.” The News. 27 November 2006.
Zia, Sajid. “Zhu‟s Visit Renews Sino-Pak Friendly Ties.” The Nation. 19 May 2001.
Zulfiqar, Shahzada. “China to Continue Cooperation for Ongoing Uplift Projects.” The
Nation. 24 March 2006.
Regional Press
Aiyar, Pallavi, “A Quick Step Forward in Sino-Indian Ties.” The Hindu. 30 May 2006.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 May 2006.
______. “No Assurance on Nuclear Deal.” The Hindu. 30 July 2008. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-31 July 2008.
Aneja, Atul. “We have No Plan to Broker Indo-Pak Peace, Say Zhu.” The Hindu. 14
January 2002. Selection from Regional Press. 1 February 2002.
445
Bagchi, Indrani. “Beijing Offers to Crush Maoists.” The Times of India. 27 October
2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 October 2005.
______. “Stage Set for Great Indo-Chinese Ties?” The Times of India. 14 March
2005. Selection from Regional Press. 2-15 March 2005.
Banerjee, Ajay. “progress in LAC Talks not Bright: Pranab.” The tribune. 24 October
2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 October 2008.
Baruah, Amit. “A Reality Check on Tibet.” The Hindu. 21 August 2004. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-31 August 2004.
______. “India & China Nathu La Beckons.” Frontline. 15 July 2006. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-31 August 2006.
______. “India not part of any design to contain China.” The Hindu. 29 August 2006.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 August 2006.
______. “India, China Seriously Engaged on Border Issue.” The Hindu. 1 July 2004.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 July 2004.
______. “Nathu La Pass Reopened.” The Hindu. 7 July 2006. Selection from
Regional Press. 1-15 July 2006.
______. “Permanent Seat for India in Security Council Unlikely.” The Hindu. 11
January 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 January 2005.
______. “Wand Caused by 1962 Conflict with China has Healed: Kalam.” The
Hindu. 3 February 2006. Selection from Regional Press. 1-16 February 2006.
446
Bhat, Anil. “China‟s Mischief in Sikkim‟s „Finger‟ must not be Ignored.” The Asian
Age. 24 June 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 June 2008.
Bhattacharjea, Mira Sinha. “What‟s Our China Policy?” Mainstream. 9 May 1987.
Selection from Regional Press. 1 June 1987.
______. “India and China Hastening Slowly.” Frontline. 18 February 2004.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 December 2004.
Chaudhury, Nilova Roy. “A „New Spring‟ in India-China Ties.” The Statesman, 30
June 2004. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 June 2004.
Chellaney, Brahma. “Forever Shanghaied.” Hindustan Times. 29 July 2004. Selection
from Region Press. 16-31 July 2004.
Cherian, John. “India and China some Positive Movement.” Frontline. 13 April 2002.
Selection from Regional Press. 1 May 2002.
______. “Moving Closer.” Frontline. 23 April 2005. Selection from Regional Press.
16-30 April 2005.
Chowdhury, Jayanta Roy. “Fuel for China Give and Take.” The Telegraph. 15
December 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 December 2005
Das, Premvir. “Why China Should Rethink Its Strategy.” The Tribune. 26 October
2006. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 October 2006.
Das, Rup Narayan. “Coping with China: Multi-Pronged Strategy Needed.” The Tribune.
13 july 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 July 2008.
Dasgupta, Chandrashekhar. “Facing the Dragon.” The Telegraph. 26 August 2004.
447
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 August 2004.
Datt, Gautam. “China PM Leaves India Out of South Asia Tour Itinerary.” The Asian
Age. 13 April 2001. Selection from Regional Press. 1 May 2001.
Dilkshit, Sandeep. “We Will not Allow Anti-China Activitty:India.” The Hindu. 14
March 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 2-15 March 2008.
Dixit, J. N. “Bounds of the Possible.” The Telegraph. 26 February 2004. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-29 February 2004.
Dubey, Muchkund. “The main Task Lies at Home.” The Hindu. 1 February 2002.
Selection from Regional Press. 1 March 2002.
Ganguly, Ashok. Treat with Caution: China‟s Animosity Towards India is more than
Historical.” The Telegraph. 10 June 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15
June 2008.
Guha, Seema. “China, India to Set up Security Dialogue.” The Times of India. 15 June
1999. Selection from Regional Press. 1 July 1999.
Hussain, Wasbir. “The Northeast & China.” The Hindu. 4 November 2000. Selection
from Regional Press. 1 October 2000.
John, Wilson. “Chinese Chequers.” The Pioneer. 9 May 2007. (Selection from Regional
Press 1-15 May 2007)
Joseph, Anil K. “Nuke-Deal: Beijing Cools Down.” The Tribune. 14 December 2006.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 December 2006.
______. “Sino-Indian Military Ties Important: Jintao.” The Tribune. 31 May 2006.
448
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 May 2006.
______. “China for Solving Border Issue on Equality Basis.” The Tribune. 27 May
2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 May 2005.
______. “China Offers to Play Role in easing Indo-Pak Ties.” The Tribune. 7 March
2004. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 March 2004.
Joshi, Manoj. “India, China Send Patrols to Disputed Arunachal Area.” The Hindustan
Times. 12 May 2007. (Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 May 2007)
Kanwal, Gurmeet. “New Delhi and Beijing: It‟s Better They have Strategic Ties.” The
Tribune. 24 October 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 October 2008.
Kanwal, Kamlendra. “India, China for „Reasonable‟ Border Solution.” The Indian
Express. 16 September 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 September
2005.
Katyal. K. K. “India Sore Over Chinese Advice to U.S.” The Hindu. 2 March 2000.
Selection from Regional Press. 1 March 2000.
Kumar, Vinay. “India-China Year of Friendship Launced.” The Hindu. 15 February
2007. (Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 February 2007)
Malhotra, Inder. “China: A Longview.” The Asian Age. 24 January 2007. (Selection
from Regional Press. 16-31 January 2007.)
Malhotra, Jyoti. “Dixit to Play Point on China, Pakistan: NSA Gets a Call from
Condoleeza.” The Indian Express. 28 May 2004. Selection from Regional Press.
16-31 May 2004.
449
Malik. J. Mohan. “India in a China Shop.” The Hindustan Times. Selection from
Regional Press. 1 March 2000.
Mallikarjun, Y. “Chinese Incursions Cause for Concern: Antony. The Hindu. 24 July
2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 July 2008.
Mishra, Bisheshwar. “Is the Karmapa a Security Risk?” The Times of India. 7 March
2001. Selection from Regional Press. 1 April 2001.
______. “Is the Karmapa a Security Risk?” The Times of India. 7 March 2001.
Slection from Regional Press. 1 April 2001
Mohan, C Raja. “Nuclear History: Chinese Takeaway.” The Indian Express. 30 July
2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 July 2008.
______. “Chinese Takeaway Negative N-Vibe.” The Indian Express. 31 July 2007.
Selection from Regional Press. 15-31 July 2007.
______. “Gamble on China, Mr. Vajpayee.” The Hindu. 26 October 2000. Selection
from Region Press. 15 November 2000.
______. “India and China: A Shifting Paradigm.” The Hindu. 29 July 2004.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 July 2004.
______. “India Rethink China Policy.” The Hindu. 26 February 2004. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-29 February 2004.
______. “India, China begin Talks on Western Sector.” The Hindu. 18 June 2002.
Selection from Regional Press. 15 July 2002.
450
______. “India, China Work on a New Set of Guiding Principles to Settle Boundary.”
The Indian Express. 8 March 2005. Selection from Regional Press.
2-15 March 2005.
______. “Bush Gone, Now Chance to Reassure Beijing.” The Indian Express. 9
March 2006. Selection from Regional Press. 2-15 March 2006.
______. “PM‟s China visit: A Himalayan Deal?” The Hindu. 21 November 2002.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 November 2002
Mukherjee, Pranab. “Strategic Partnership with China will Mature.” The Hindu. 18
September 2007 (Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 September 2007)
Nayar, Kuldip. “Honour Status Quo: China Shouldn‟t Rake up Arunachal Issue.” The
Tribune. 14 November 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 November
2008.
______. “India-China Border Dispute, Generationg Goodwill can Help in
Settlement.” The Tribune. 4 December 2006. Selection from Regional Press.
115 December 2006.
Noorani, AG. “India & China-I: The Strategic Dialogue.” The Stateman. 23 July 1999.
Selection from Regional Press. 15 August 1999.
______. “India & China Facing the Truth.” Frontline. 6 October 2006. Selection from
Regional Press. 16-30 September 2006.
P. L Mehra. “Dealing with China: A Border Settlement in the Offering?” The Tribune.
9 January 2007. (Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 January 2007.
451
Parthasarathy G. “Challenges from China: Growth the Only Way for India.” The
Tribune. 7 August 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 August 2008.
______. “Red Star Over South Block.” The Times of India. 10 June 2008. Selection
from Regional Press. 1-15 June 2008.
______. “Shaking Hands with China, Beware of its Policy of „Containment‟.” The
Tribune. 21 April 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 April 2005.
Raghavan, V. R. “China, India and Kashmir.” The Hindu. 15 June 1999. Selection from
Regional Press. 1 July 1999.
Ram, N. “Consolidating Post-1988 Gains in Sino-Indian Ties.” The Hindu. 1
December 2004. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 December 2004.
Reddy, B. Muralidhar. “China to Play „Balancing Role‟.” The Hindu. 24 June 2002.
Selection from Regional Press. 15 July 2002.
______. “China Backs Pak. Position on Kashmir.” The Hindu. 12 May 2001.
Selection from Regional Press. 15 May 2001.
Sharma, Pranay. “China not a Rival, Says Natwar.” The Telegraph. 28 January 2005.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 January 2005.
______. “China Spadework Meet.” The Telegraph. 3 July 2004. Selection from
Regional Press. 1-15 July 2004.
Sharma, Rajeev. “China Wary of Indo-US N-deal.” The Tribune. 26 March 2006.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 March 2006.
452
______. “China‟s „No-Give‟ Negotiation Stance on Border Dispute.” The Tribune.
17 November 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 November 2005
______. “India Acquiring N-Technology from Isreal, Suspects Journal.” The
Tribune. 9 April 2004. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 April 2004.
______. “Menon to Visit Bhutan Ahead of Hu Jintao‟s India Visit.” The Tribune. 25
October 2006. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 October 2006.
______. “Sino-Indian Boundary Impasse.” The Tribune. 28 November 2005.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 November 2005.
Singh (Retd), Lieut-Gen Harwant. “dealing with China: India Needs Pragmatic
Policies.” The Tribune. 29 February 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 16
February- 1 March 2008.
Sondhi. And Ashok Kapur. “Mind Your Neighbour‟s Business.” The Telegraph. 25
December 2002. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 December 2002.
Stobdan, P. “What China Could Bring to SAARC.” The Indian Express. 20 August
2004. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 August 2004.
Suryanarayana, P. G. “India China Engagement Positive, Says Shyam Saran.” The
Hindu. 13 January 2006. Selection from regional Press. 1-15 January 2006.
______. “A New Entente.” Frontline. 11 February 2006. Selection from Regional
Press. 1-16 February 2006.
______. “India-China can Sustain Stability in the Region Says PLA Officioal.” The
Hindu. 27 August 2006. Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 August 2006.
453
______. “China Reaffirms Friendship with India.” The Hindu. 5 September 2004.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 September 2004.
______. “India, China Hold Further Talks on Boundary Issue.” The Hindu. 28
September 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 September 2005.
______. “Natwar Holds Talks with Wen Jiabao.” The Hindu. 7 January 2005.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 January 2005.
______. “On the Right Track.” Frontline. 22 October 2005. Selection from Regional
Press. 16-31 October 2005.
______. “The Importance of being China and India.” The Hindu. 18 August 2005.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 August 2005.
______. “Ties at „A New Stage‟: Wen.” The Hindu. 15 March 2005. Selection from
Regional Press. 2-15 March 2005.
______. “World Affairs for a Course of Friendship.” Frontline. 26 March 2005.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-31 March 2005.
Swamy, Subramanian. “Looking Beyond the Border issue.” The Hindu. 18 June 2008.
Selection from Regional Press. 16-30 June 2008.
Telang, G. M. “The Chinese Offensive.” Indian Express. 29 December 1986. Selection
from Regional Press. 15 Jan 1987
Thakurta, Paranjoy Guha. “Dragon and Elephant, Future belongs to India and China.”
The Tribune. 12 May 2005. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 May 2005
Tuteja, Ashok. “Chinese Foreign Minister Arrives: New Delhi may Convey
454
Displeasure on Beijing‟s Role at Vienna.” The Tribune. 8 September 2008.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 September 2008.
______. “Nuclear Deal, Our Backing was Deciddedbefore Vienna: China.” The
Tribune. 10 September 2008. Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 September
2008.
Varadarajan, Siddharth. “Indio-US Ties to Face „Missile Defence‟ Test.” The Times of
India. 30 May 2004. Selection from regional Press. 16-31 May 2004.
Yan, Zhang. “A Perspective on India & China-India Ties.” The Hindu. 1 July 2008.
Selection from Regional Press. 1-15 July 2008.
Articles Published in Foreign Affairs of Pakistan
„China and Pakistan Joint-Venture in the Energy Sector‟. A Write-up by M. Osman
Ghani. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 5 February 2007. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIV. II. Feb 2007
A Write-up “Peace Development and Cooperation”. By Li Zhaoxing Foreign Minister
of the People‟s Republic of China. As a PPEARED IN Daily “Pakistan
Observer” on 1 October 2005 the Occasion of National Day of China. Foreign
Affairs Pakistan. XXXII. X. 01 Oct-13Nov 2005
„Energy Corridor could become an Economic Bonanza for Pakistan.‟ A Write-up by
Kaleem Omar. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 19 june 2006. Foreign
Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. VI. June 2006
„Energy Corridor could become an Economic Bonanza for Pakistan.‟ A Write-up by 455
Kaleem Omar. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 19 June 2006. Foreign
Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. VI. June 2006
„Energy Corridor: Myth and Reality.‟ An Article by Yousuf Nazar. As Appeared in
Daily „The Dawn‟ on 26 February 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. II.
Feb 2007
„Energy Problem of South Asia and Intefrated Strategies for Pakistan.‟ An Article by
Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 30 October
2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. X. Oct 2006
„Gwardar Port: Landmark Achievement‟. A Write-up by Mohammad Jamil. As
Appeared in daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 24 March 2007. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIV. III. Mar 2007
“China- An Emerging Economic Power”. A Write-up by Shabir Mohsin. As Appeared
in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 07 December 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIV. XI. 1-20 Nov 2007.
„Redefining Ties with China‟. An Article by Former Foreign Secretary Tanvir Ahmad
Khan. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 23 April 2007. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIV. V. May 2007.
„Deepening Ties with China‟. An Article by Former Ambassador Tariq Fatemi. As
Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 28 April 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIV. V. May 2007.
“Tackling Trade Deficit with China”. An Article by Sultan Ahmad. As Appeared in
Daily „Dawn‟ on 7 May 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. V. May 2007.
456
„In the Wake of Hu‟s Visit.‟ An Article by Former Ambassador Tariq Fatemi. As
Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 2 December 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
December 2006
„India‟s Hidden Strategy Against Pak China.‟ An Article by Sajad Shaukat. As
Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 15 May 2008. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXV. V. May 2008
„India‟s Hidden Strategy against Pak, China.” An Article by Sajad Shaukat. Appeared
in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 15 May 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXV. V. May 2008.
„India-China Vision for 21st Century‟ An Article by Col Ghulam Sarwar ®, As
Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 5 April 2008. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXV. IV. April: 2008.
„Indian Secret Diplomacy Against China‟ An Article by Sajjad Shaukat, As Appeared
in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 10 June 2008, Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXV. VI. June: 2008
„Indo-US Deal: Not without Amendements.‟ An Article bu MS. Nasim Zehra, As
Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 10 April 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIII. IV. April : 2006.
“Learning from China”. An Article by S M H Bokhari. Former Commandant NDC. As
Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 7 June 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIII. VI. June 2006.
“Rising Significance of SCO” An Article by Abdul Sattar, Former Foreign Minister.
457
As Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 19 June 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIII. VI. June 2006
“A Major Milestone for SCO” An Article by Tanvir Ahmad Khan. Former Foreign
Secretary. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 19 June 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIII. VI. June 2006
„Neelum-Jhelum Hyroelectric Project in true Perspective‟ A Write-up by Member
(Water) WAPDA on the Occasion of Ground Breaking Ceremony of
NeelumJhelum Hydroelectric Project: On 9 April 2008. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXV. IV. April 2008
„Non-Functional Gwardar Port. An Analysis by Syed Fal-e-Haider. As Appeared in
Daily „Dawn‟ on 11 July 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. VII. July 2008
„Pak-China Friendship: Economic Cooperation on All Fronts.‟ An Article by
Mehmood-ul-Hassan Khan. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 27 November
2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. Nov 2006
„Pakistan‟s Need for N-Energy‟, An Article by Noorilhuda, As Appeared in Daily
„Dawn‟ on 8 March 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. III. March: 2006
„Indian Secret Diplomacy Against China.” An Article by Sajjad Shaukat. As Appeared
in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 10 June 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXV. VI. June 2008
„Now or Never Time for Indo-US N-Deal.‟ An Article by S. Visman. As Appeared in
“The Asian Age” on 13 June 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. VI. June
2008
458
„Status of the India-US Nuclear Deal.‟ An Article by Brahma Chellaney. As Appeared
in “The Times of India” on 19 June 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. VI.
June 2008
„Pakistan-China Relations‟. An Analysis by Dr. Ahmad Rashid Malik. As Appeared in
Daily „The Nation‟ on 16 April 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. IV.
April 2008
„Relations with China & US‟ An Article by Former Ambassador Maqbool Ahmad
Bhatty. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 05March 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan
„Relations with China: Strategic Reaffirmation.‟ An Article by Nasim Zehra. As
Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 30 April 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXV. IV. April 2008
„Sino-Indian Tension‟ An Article by Sultan M. Hali. An Analysis by Daily „Pakistan
Observer‟ on 7 March 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. III. March: 2008
„Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Jet Fighter could become a Big-Ticket Sales Item‟. A Write-up
by Kaleem Omar. On the Occasion of IDEAS 2006. As Appeared in daily „The
News‟ on 20 November 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. XI. Nov 2006
„The Chinese Economic Juggernaut Roll on‟. An Article by Kaleem Omar. As
Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 28 January 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXV. I. Jan 2008
„What are Strategic Ties?‟ An Article by Anwar Syed. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟
on 16 April 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. IV. April: 2006
459
“ 55 Years of Pak-China Relations”. An Article by Syed Ali Nawaz Gilani.
SecretaryGeneral, Pak-China Friendship Association NWFP. As Appeared in
Daily „The Nation‟ on 24 May 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. V. May
2006
“A Symbol of Friendship with China.” A Comment by Air Marshal (Retd) Ayaz
Ahmad Khan. As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 9 May 2007. Foreign
Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. V. May 2007
“China, A Factor of Global Stability”. An Article by Former Foreign Secretary
Shamshad Ahmad. As Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 18 November 2006.
Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. II. Feb: 2006
“China‟s „Indispensable Partnership.” An Article by Former Ambassador Maqbool
Ahmed Bhatty. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 12 Dec 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. December 2006.
“China-An Emerging Economic Power.” A Write-up by Shabir Mohsin Hashmi. As
Appeared in Daily „Pakistan Observer‟ on 07 December 2007. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIV. XII. 21 Nov-10 Dec: 2007
“Expanding Trade with China” A Write-up by Sultan Ahmad. As Appeared in Daily
„Dawn‟ on 12 July 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. VII. July 2007
“Free Trade among Eco States could Benefit the Whole Region”. A Write-up by
Kaleem Omar. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 8 May 2006. Foreign
Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII. V. May 2006
“Gwardar Port” A Project of Great Economic Potential. As Appeared by Parveen
460
Zaiby. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 6 November 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIII. II. Feb: 2006
“Gwardar: An Emerging Gateway to Central Asia.” A Write-up by Kaleem Omar. As
Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 22 April 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIV. V. May 2007
“Gwardar‟s Scope as a Free Trade Zone in Eco Region.” A Write-up by Fazal-e-
Haider. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 15 May 2006. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXIII. V. May 2006
“Hu Jintao Visits South Asia.” Article by Inayatullah. As Appeared in Daily „The
Nation‟ on 2 December 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. December 2006.
“Musharraf Bolsters China-Pakistan Bond”. An Article by Pallavi Aiyar. As Appeared
in “Asia Times‟ on 21 April 2008. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXV. IV. April
2008.
“Neelum-Jhelum Hydropower Project Delayed by more than Four Years.” A Write-up
by Kaleem Omar. As Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 3 December 2007.
Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. XI. 1-20 Nov 2007
“Pak-China Relations: Economic Perspective”. A Write up by Syed Ali Nawaz Gilani
in Daily “The News” on 30 October 2003. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXX. II.
01-07 Nov 2003
“Pakistan-China Economic Cooperation”. An Article by Kaleem Omar. As Appeared
in Daily „The News‟ on 27 February 2006. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIII.
II. Feb: 2006 461
“Pakistan-China Joint Fighter Aircraft”. A Write-up Lt. Gen. ® Talat Masood on
Successful Inaugural Flight by the First Prototype of JF-17 Aircraft. 05
September 2003. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXX. 8. Aug-15 Sept 2003
“Revitalising Land Trade withy China.” An Article by Former Ambassador Dr.
Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty. As Appeared in Daily „Dawn‟ on 28 August 2007.
Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. VIII. Aug 2007
“Spellbinding Visit to China.” An Article by Fazal Hakeem. As Appeared in Daily
„Pakistan Observer‟ on 7 May 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXXIV. V. May
2007
“The Killing of Chinese and Sino-Pak Ties.” An Article by Rashid Ahmad Khan. As
Appeared in Daily „The Nation‟ on 19 July 2007. Foreign Affairs Pakistan.
XXXIV. VII. July 2007
“Unrest in Xinjiang: China Seeks Musharraf‟s Good Offices.” An Article by B.
Raman. As Reproduced by “South Asia” on 4 April 2008. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXV. IV. April 2008.
A Write-up “Peace Development and Cooperation.” By Li Zhaoxing Foreign Minister
of the People‟s Republic of China. As Appeared in daily “Pakistan Observer”
on 1 Oct 2005 the Occasion of National Day of China. Foreign Affairs
Pakistan. XXXII. X. 1 Oct-13 Nov 2005
A Write-up on Pak-China Trade as Appeared in Daily „The News‟ on 01 August 2003.
Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXX. 8. Aug-15 Sept 2003
A Write-up on Pak-China Trade. As Appeared in daily „The News‟ on 1 August 2003.
462
Foreign Affairs Pakistan. XXX. 8. Aug-15 Sept 2003.
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Foreign Office Year Book 2002. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2001. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2005-2006. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2000. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Pakistan Foreign Relation, 1997. A Year in Retrospect. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2008-09. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2003-2004. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2004-05. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Foreign Office Year Book 2006-07. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Pakistan Foreign Relation, 1998-99. A Year in Retrospect. Ministry of Foreign
Affairs. Govt of Pakistan.
Keesing‟s Record of World Events 199.
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Keesing‟s Record of World Events 1996.
Keesing‟s Record of World Events 1999.
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Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2000.
Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2002.
Keesing‟s Record of World Events 2004.
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Newspapers
English Newspapers
Business Recorder (Lahore).
Daily Times (Lahore).
Dawn (Lahore).
The Hindu (Delhi).
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The Nation (Lahore).
The News (Lahore).
The Post (Lahore).
The Sentinel (Guwahati).
The Statesman (New Delhi).
The Times of India (New Delhi).
The Tribune (Chandigarh).
Urdu Newspapers
Daily Amn (Karachi).
Daily Din (Karachi).
Daily Express (Lahore).
Daily Insaf (Lahore).
468
Daily Khabreen ( Lahore).
Daily Pakistan (Lahore).
Nawa-i-Waqat (Lahore).
Magazines
Beijing Review
Family Magazine.
Nada-i-Milat.
Nihao-Salam Outlook.
Sunday Magazine.
Youlin Economy in
Focus.
Economic and Political Weekly.
469