NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HERITAGE MATTERS

NEWS OF THE NATION'S DIVERSE CULTURAL HERITAGE

Hovenweep National Monument and Hopi Foundation Archeological Documentation and Preservation Workshop

INSIDE THIS ISSUE Eric J. Brunnemann and preservation. The fourth week the Southeast Utah Group, which Southeast Utah Group, National Park Service Conferences was dedicated to meeting with includes Hovenweep National Mon­ planned, p. 23 Hopi tribal elders to review the ument, entered into a Cooperative Beginning October 15, 2001 and Contributors program and tour the sites that Agreement with the Hopi Found­ sought for research continuing to November 9, 2001, were documented and stabilized. ation, a 501(c)(3) organization. project p. 23 Vanishing Treasures archeologists, The four-week long program of The Vanishing Treasures masonry specialists, photographers, Save America's on-site documentation, stabiliza­ Initiative, "a grass-roots program Treasures grants, p. 9 computer specialists, and the entire tion, and consultation is the result designed to address both the devas­ Hovenweep National Monument National Register of two parallel rehabilitation tating destruction of...irreplaceable listings, p. 11 staff, participated in a workshop programs: the NPS Vanishing historic and prehistoric structures with Hopi masonry specialists from Publications Treasures Initiative, and the Hopi as well as the impending loss of of note, p. 22 Greasewood, Coyote, and Reed Foundation Clan House Restor­ preservation expertise," was Clans, under the guidance of Hopi ation Program. In early 2000, SEE HOPI, PAGE 3 Reed Clan Mother Eilene Ran­ the parks and monuments of dolph from Bacavi. This workshop marked the beginning of a mutual assistance program with the Hopi Foundation, Hopi Nation, and National Park Service. Three weeks of the workshop were devoted to documentation Find out more about this logo on page 5, the National Underground Network to Freedom article.

HERITAGE The structures at the Hovenweep National Monument will benefit from the traditional knowledge systems shared with park preservationists during the four-week Documentation and Preservation workshop. Dalton Taylor (left) with NPS MATTERS Vanishing Treasures Conservator Lloyd Masayumptewa (right) confer on the Cajon Unit, Hovenweep Historical JUNE 2002 Monument. Photo courtesy of Eric J. Brunnemann. HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

culture, as well as promote IMPS ACTIVITIES tolerance and understanding among people. This past February, Lowell NHP sponsored a public forum to dis­ cuss the trip and the many resulting Understanding Over the past year, staff members initiatives. Park, city, and state offi­ and Preserving of Lowell National Historical Park cials as well as educators, media, the Heritage of in Lowell, Massachusetts, have community activists and interested been involved in an intensive pro­ Cambodian Americans citizens filled the auditorium of the gram aimed at making new and Park's visitor center to learn more deeper connections with members Audrey Ambrosino about the trip and to discuss plans Lowell National Historical Park of Lowell's Cambodian community. for the future. Superintendent Erin Sheehan In June 2001, a delegation from Patrick McCrary and Lowell City Lowell National Historical Park Lowell visited Cambodia. The Councilor Rithy Uong moderated group included civic, educational, the event, Uong, who immigrated business, and community leaders, 20 years ago, is the first Cambodian including Lowell NHP Superinten­ to hold public office in the United dent Patrick C. McCrary. The trip States. represented an effort by Lowell All speakers touched on the leaders to better understand the importance of tolerance, cultural complex culture, history, and her­ understanding, patience, pride, and itage of nearly one-third of Lowell's sensitivity in the city of Lowell. citizens—first and second genera­ They praised the park for its inter­ tion Khmer- est, level of involvement and com­ Americans. mitment, and pledged their support Prior to for future collaborative ventures. their arrival Currently, the park offers space to in United the nationally recognized Angkor States, most Dance Troupe, supports community Cambodian events like the Southeast Asian immigrants Water Festival and the Lowell Folk were subject Festival, and is currently hosting an to the bar­ exhibit documenting Southeast barous rule of Asian Dance Traditions. the Khmer Rouge In April of 2002, Superintendent and its leader Pol Pot. McCrary was presented with a Since the June 2001 trip, Community Appreciation Award numerous meetings have taken from the Cambodian American place to plan educational and cul­ League of Lowell. tural exchange programs, economic development initiatives, and a pos­ For more information, contact Audrey Ambrosino at [email protected]. sible museum or center detailing immigration based on human rights issues. According to Superinten­ dent McCrary, such a center would be a place for Lowell's numerous ethnic groups and immigrant com­ munities to share their history and

Young members of the Angkor Dance Troupe perform at the Lowell Folk Festival in July of 2001. Photo courtesy of Kevin Harkins.

page 2 HOPI, FROM PAGE 1 Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, Biscayne National established in 1993. It is comprised and the Executive Director of the Park and the Stories of over 40 NPS units in the South­ Hopi Foundation joined the Hopi that Lie Beneath west. The initiative has three pri­ masonry specialists at Hovenweep. mary purposes: National Park Service and Hopi Alan Spears members reviewed the program and National Parks Conservation Association 1) funding emergency stabilization then conducted site visits. Tribal projects to record and repair elders visited springs and petro- When Biscayne National structures in immediate danger glyph sites throughout the monu­ Monument was expanded to of destruction, ment and discussed clan affiliations 181,500 acres and designated a national park in 1980, the objective 2) replacement of an aging work­ and Hopi cultural prehistory. was to "protect a rare combination force of stone masons and mas­ Based on this workshop, tribal of terrestrial and undersea life... ter carpenters whose architec­ representatives from both the Hopi and to provide an outstanding spot tural skills will be lost if not Foundation and the Hopi Cultural for recreation and relaxation." To passed to a new generation of Preservation expressed their desire this day, Biscayne remains a vast craft persons, and to see the program expand beyond Hovenweep National Monument harbor of clear blue waters, multi- 3) moving the initiative from an and asked NPS to consider expand­ textured coral, and a dazzlingly emergency response to the loss ing the initiative to other ancestral colorful array of fish. But as the of historic fabric, to a proactive Puebloan parks and monuments in majority of the park (96%) is preservation program. the Southwest. There are plans underwater, so too is a large part underway for a 2002 program and of the story of Biscayne hidden The Hopi Foundation is a non­ suggestions of a formal visit to from plain sight. Omitted, lost, or profit, grassroots Native American Hopi itself by NPS archeologists. forgotten amidst the tributes natu­ organization. The Foundation's Both agencies are considering ralists, historians, and interpreters, mission is to foster self-reliance reciprocal job opportunities in have paid to the beauty of the reefs and a sense of pride, recognize preservation as a venue for pre­ and keys, are the people of ability, pass on learning, and give serving ancestral Puebloan culture. Biscayne, many of African descent, back to the community. Through As both NPS and Hopi become who populated the region and various programs, the Foundation more acquainted with each other, it formed a rudimentary, hardscrab- seeks to preserve and rehabilitate is anticipated that our mutual ble existence for themselves. historical Hopi architecture. It also interests will continue to build To be a person of color in the acknowledges that the traditional strong relationships. United States is, often, to have a skills employed in architectural different sense of geography. preservation are gradually being For more information about the Hopi Foundation, contact Barbara Poley at 928/734-2380, or visit Tangible things such as waterfalls lost. This gradual loss of tradition­ their website, http://www.hopifoundation.org/. and interstates are known entities, al building skills suggest that tradi­ For more information about the Hopi Cultural but sometimes less significant than tional activities, integral v/ith such Preservation Office, contact Leigh J. Kuwanwisiwma at 928/734-3000, or visit the web­ the knowledge of safe harbors and structures, might not be passing site, http://www.nau.edu/-hcpo-p/. For more places one "ought not go." Our from generation to generation. information about the Southeast Utah, contact Eric Brunnemann at 435/719-2134, email: national parklands too, are a part In the first week, Hopi partici­ [email protected]. Visit the Vanishing of this alternative landscape. pants toured regional archeological Treasures Initiative webpage at Determining how some people of http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/vt/vt.htm. sites, and received information color have historically used and about the techniques, methods, viewed these places can tell us vol­ and recording skills used by NPS umes about our collective history archeologists to document archi­ as Americans—where we have tectural sites prior to preservation been, where we are, and, perhaps, or treatment. Week two was devot­ where we are going. ed to data collection in the field. The story of Biscayne's early The third week was hands-on residents begins with the European masonry stabilization. arrival in the Americas, the dis­ In the final week, Hopi clan placement of indigenous peoples, leaders, representatives from the and the enslavement and transport

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of Africans to the Western to non-slave holding islands such Jones, remained on Elliott Key until Hemisphere. Between 1565 and Andros in the Bahamas or Haiti. Hurricane Andrew forced his evac­ 1763, Florida was one province in Some of those settlers' stories uation and eventually destroyed his Spain's vast "new world" empire. were "lost," but others like Black home. Although free Africans, such as the Caesar and Parson Jones and his The legend of Black Caesar and explorer Juan Garrido, accompa­ family illustrate how some sought the limited historical record on nied early Spanish Conquistadors, to take advantage of their new Parson Jones hint at the wealth of the hard work of establishing a home. Black Caesar, so the legend information that potentially waits colony out of the swamps and describes, is as an African leader to be uncovered about Biscayne's woodlands of Florida called for the who, after being tricked into the "other history." Long regarded as a importation of large numbers of hold of a slave ship and transport­ nature lover's paradise and a prime enslaved Africans. Contrary to ed to the Caribbean, made good his vacation/recreation destination, popular belief, most of the escape and became a pirate. Biscayne had a very different Africans, brought directly from Caesar Creek, located just to the appeal to the Africans, Afro- Africa, and later Cuba and other southeast of the present day Adams Caribbeans, and African Americans Spanish holding in the Caribbean, Key Information Center, is thought who made the Keys their home. to Florida, were skilled laborers to have been the location of Black Historian George Santayana and artisans, as adept at shipbuild­ Caesar's headquarters. The Jones once wrote "all history is written ing as they were at constructing family lived on Elliott Key where wrong... and is therefore in need of fortifications or growing crops. they grew limes and pineapples. rewriting." Uncovering these sto­ Some of the first Africans to Jones and his family spent several ries is a way to make Biscayne inhabit the keys were those who years hacking out a channel in the National Park (and by extension, had survived the wreck of slave coral reefs around Elliot Key in the entire park system) more rele­ ships passing through the area. order to create a way of transport­ vant to people of color. Men and women escaping from ing their produce to markets on the For more information about Biscayne National slavery on the mainland also made mainland. The cut, although no Park, visit http://www.nps.gov/bisc/resource/ their way to the keys. Some settled longer used, remains visible to the cultural. Alan Spears can be reached at in the area while others used the careful eye to this day. The last [email protected]. keys as a staging point on their way descendant of the family, Lancelot

Adams Key is presumed to be the base of operation for the pirate Black Caesar, who conducted raids in and around the keys. Photo courtesy of Alan Spears.

page 4 School Desegregation Kent and George W. Watkins Network to Freedom Study Leads to Formal schools illustrate the typical char­ Program Adds 39 New Recognition and acteristics of a southern rural Listings school system that achieved token Lesson Plan desegregation following Brown and Diane Miller stand as a symbol to the modern NPS UGRR Network to Freedom Program John H. Sprinkle, Jr. National Park Service National Historic Landmarks Survey Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1970 National Park Service to expand the rights of black citi­ zens in the United States. The National Underground In 1998, as part of the legislation Having identified the signifi­ Railroad Network to Freedom establishing the Little Rock Central cance of the Green case, the Program preserves and commemo­ High School National Historic Site, National Park Service, in coopera­ rates the history of the Under­ Congress directed the Department tion with the New Kent County ground Railroad, a significant her­ of the Interior to prepare a Board of Education, nominated the itage related to resistance to National Historic Landmark theme New Kent and Watkins Schools as enslavement and flight to freedom study on racial desegregation. National Historic Landmarks. On in the United States, Canada, Prepared by the National Historic August 3, 2001, the Secretary of the Mexico, and the Caribbean. Landmarks Survey, the theme study Interior designated them together Recently the National Park Service provides a context for identifying as National Historic Landmarks. A announced that the National and evaluating historic places that copy of this nomination is available Underground Railroad Network to help us understand the school at http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/ Freedom (Network to Freedom) desegregation story. Published in designations/08-07-01/. has accepted 39 listings from the 2000, the theme study is available National Park Service involve­ latest round of applications. There on the world wide web at ment in the recognition of these are 29 sites, eight programs, and http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/ schools did not stop with preparing two facilities. This increases the online_books/nhl/school.htm. (See a nomination. Teaming with the number of listings to 54, with 39 Heritage Matters, February 2000, for New Kent County Board of sites, 18 programs, and seven facili­ a related story on the desegregation Education and the Department of ties. study by Turkiya Lowe, a NPS History at the College of William Listing in the Network to Cultural Resources Diversity and Mary, the National Park Freedom provides national recogni­ Internship Program intern.) Service successfully applied for a tion to well-documented historic One of the little-known stories is 2001 African American heritage sites, programs, and facilities. found in New Kent County, Virginia mini grant from the Virginia Network to Freedom listings will be and the pioneering efforts of its Foundation for the Humanities and featured on the Program's web site African-American citizens to realize Public Policy. The purpose of the (www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr). Sites, pro­ the promise of the Brown v. Board of grant was to increase the level of grams, and facilities that have been Education decisions. The 1968 Green v.publi c recognition for the Green accepted in the Network will have New Kent County decision defined the case within Virginia and across the the privilege to use and display the standards by which the Court judged nation by preparing a Teaching with Network to Freedom logo. This whether a violation of the U.S. Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan. validation of their Underground Constitution had been remedied in Administered by the National Railroad associations can be an school desegregation cases. Register of Historic Places, Teaching important tool for site preservation After Green, a decade of massive with Historic Places collects and dis­ and procurement of funding, resistance to school desegregation tributes lesson plans for secondary whether through Network to in the South from 1955-1964, was school teachers and other educa­ Freedom grants or other sources. replaced by an era of massive inte­ tors. The lesson plan is currently in As the Network to Freedom gration from 1968-1973, as the preparation for publishing on the expands, information from the Court placed an affirmative duty on Teaching with Historic Places web publicly accessible nominations school boards to integrate schools. site, will be available to assist The Green decision is considered http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/. researchers with gaining a new appreciation of the complexity of the most significant public school For more information, contact John Sprinkle at case decided by the Supreme Court 202/343-8166, email: [email protected]. this rich tapestry illustrating the since the Brown cases. The New quest for freedom. For example, in

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the Midwest, there is a cultural because it was a site used by slaves Program encourages eligible landscape, the Mary Meachum escaping during the Civil War and Underground Railroad sites, pro­ Crossing Site, Missouri, where a was a recruiting center for the U.S. grams, and facilities to apply by group of enslaved Africans seeking Colored Troops. A former railroad either the July 15 or January 15 their freedom crossed the Missis­ station in Baltimore, Maryland, deadlines.

sippi River, just north of St. Louis. President Street Station, listed in For more information, contact the regional coordi­ On the Illinois side, the party was the National Register, shows the nators via the website at www.cr.nps.gov/ugrr. met by a group of police and slave role of railroads as an escape route owners resulting in the death of for such freedom seekers as Ellen one organizer, the arrest of the and William Craft and Henry "Box" A "Safer Haven" on conductor Mary Meachum, and the Brown. Roanoke Island: sale of another escaping woman in Equal in importance to sites are Freedman's Colony the party. Further up the Missis­ the programs and facilities accept­ Monument Dedicated sippi River, north of Alton, Illinois, ed into the Network to Freedom. was an area known as Rocky Fork, Programs such as the Footsteps to Doug Stover now known as Camp Warren Levis. Freedom Study Tour for educators Cape Hatteras National Seashore Here lies one of the first "Free" in southern California and the state stops for freedom seekers living history-based "A Fugitive's On September 14,2001, the leaving Missouri. With many Path—Escape on the Underground Freedmen's Colony Celebration descendants in the area today, the Railroad," in Bath, Ohio interpret Committee and the National Park community lasted long after 1865, Underground Railroad history to Service dedicated a monument to holding on to oral traditions asso­ people of all ages and help to keep the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke ciated with the Underground the memory alive. Similarly, facili­ Island, 1862-1867. Following the Railroad. ties such as the River Road African next day on September 15,2001, descendants of the colonists and The Network to Freedom American Museum and Gallery, others gathered to remember their acknowledges National Historic located in Gonzales, Louisiana, historic struggles and achievements. Landmarks (NHL), National help to tell the story of the origins In 1862, the beginning of Register sites, sites in national park of the Underground Railroad in the American Civil War, Union forces units, and historical sites such as Deep South, where slavery was under the command of General those not previously nationally rec­ entrenched. Ambrose E. Burnside defeated ognized. The Gerrit Smith Estate in The Network to Freedom Confederate troops and took Peterboro, New York, a new NHL, control of Roanoke Island, was home to abolitionist Gerrit North Carolina. Word spread Smith and a major resting place for throughout North Carolina that refugees from slavery. Fort if slaves could cross the creek Donelson National Battlefield, in to Roanoke Island, they Dover, Tennessee, is associated could find "safer with the Underground Railroad, haven." Hundreds

The Underground Railroad Network of free and to Freedom logo will be affixed to runaway materials and publications distrib­ uted by sites and organizations listed as UGRR Network to Freedom members. Design courtesy of Shelley Harper. NATIONAL UNDERGROUND RAILROAD NETWORK TO FREEDOM

page 6 Over the course of two days, descendants of the Freedmen's Colony participated in events commemorating its found­ ing. The monument is located at the Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Photo courtesy of Doug Stover. slaves began arriving. By the end of shoreline, including most of what is Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and 1862, over 1,000 freed men, women, today Fort Raleigh National Abandoned Lands, were allowed to and children found sanctuary on Historic Site. Homes, a sawmill, remain on Roanoke Island. Other Roanoke Island. Able-bodied men and a school, which employed returned to the towns and cities were offered rations and employ­ seven black female teachers, were from which they came, and still oth­ ment to build a new fort on the established. In June 1863, the first ers settled throughout the Albemarle north end of the island. state regiment of freedmen was area, some of whose descendants By May 1863, work on the new formed. There troops became the remain in the area today. fort was completed, yet more freed­ First and Second North Carolina For more information on the Freedmen's Colony men were arriving each day and the Colored Infantry. at Roanoke Island, NC, visit federal government ordered a for­ After the fall of the Confederacy http://www.nps.gov/fora/freedmancol.htm mal colony be established and work in April 1865, the Union government provided for the freedman. The returned the property appropriated Freedmen's Colony was to become for the colony to the original own­ the model for other colonies. It ers, and the residents of the encompassed much of the island, Freedmen's Colony were told to from the present center of Manteo, leave. Many of the freed people, North Carolina to the northern after pleading their cases to the

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Cultural Resources Cultural Resources of the National Historical Park, launched a Diversity Internship Park Service, and the intern spon­ research project designed to uncov­ Program for 2002-2003 sors. For three internship projects er the untold stories of African located in Washington, DC, the American and Native American Everett Public Service Internship combatants in the Battle of Bunker For the year 2002-2003, the Program contributes additional Hill and the conflict at Lexington National Park Service Cultural financial support and educational and Concord. The parks hired Resources Diversity Internship activities. Revolutionary War consultant Program will pair students from 2002-2003 is tne fourth year for George Quintal, Jr. to identify the colleges and universities around the the Cultural Resources Diversity patriots of color who participated United States with cultural Internship Program. The purpose in these first battles of the resources projects. Projects range of the program is to introduce American Revolution. from the development of Section diverse undergraduate and gradu­ After three years of extensive 106 consultation strategies for the ate students to the historic preser­ research, including the careful Federal Emergency Management vation/cultural resources field. The review of muster rolls and pen­ Agency (FEMA) in Washington, DC Diversity Internship Program sions, Quintal completed his to archeological investigations at exposes students to the many ways research and his findings are avail­ the Harriet Tubman Birth Site on they can adapt their educational able in a report entitled "Patriots of Maryland's Eastern Shore. During backgrounds and interest in history Color: African Americans and 2002-2003, the Cultural Resources to the work of historians, curators, Native Americans at Battle Road Diversity Internship Program will interpreters, and archeologists and Bunker Hill." The findings of sponsor 13 summer internships and employed in historic site adminis­ this groundbreaking report con­ five semester internships. tration, historic property surveys cluded that 103 patriots of color The Diversity Internship Prog­ and research, and interpretive pro­ fought in the battle, more than five ram is part of the National Park grams. The program is oriented times the earlier estimate. Quintal's Service (NPS) Cultural Resources around professional projects that research also uncovered informa­ Diversity Initiative, which is a com­ assist students with building their tion about individual combatants prehensive effort to diversify the resumes of professional work in including dates of birth, death, and cultural resources field. Funding this field. marriage; placement on the battle­ for the 2002-2003 projects is pro­ field; participation in other military For more information on the internship program, vided by the Challenge Cost Share campaigns; and life histories. Program of the National Park contact Toni Lee at 202/343-9561 or email: [email protected]. Student applications for intern­ According to Marty Blatt, Chief of Service, the National Center for ships should be directed to: 1800 N. Kent Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209 or visit the SCA website Cultural Resources at Boston at www.sca-inc.org. National Historical Park, these new facts and figures provide an inti­ Patriots of Color: mate look into the lives of the com­ batants and change our under­ Native Americans and standing of these battles, especially African Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill. Bunker Hill Written records for African American and Native American sol­ Patricia Roeser Boston National Historical Park diers of the American Revolution are often haphazard or missing, In October 1999, Boston National which caused unique problems for Historical Park, in collaboration Quintal as he set out to uncover the with Minute Man National untold stories of these men. Quintal read nearly the entire 2,670 roll archive of 80,000 Revolu­ Cuff Chambers, an African American tionary War pension applications. participant in the Battle of Bunker Hill, was buried in Dead River Other sources of information Cemetery, Leeds, Maine. The grave­ included church and town records stone and accompanying marker indicate his service to the country in and anecdotal reports. the Revolutionary War. Photo courtesy of Sarah Quintet.

page 8 In conducting his research, of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The credit for the cost of rehabilitating Quintal separated all the men into grants are intended to assist with an income producing building. three categories according to the the restoration and on-going Properties may be commercial, type of documentation used to preservation of historic places of industrial, agricultural, or rental prove their involvement: primary, national significance to America. residential, but owners' private res­ secondary, and "probable." Quintal Of that $13 million, 60% was given idences are not eligible. uncovered a total of 21 names of to designated National Historic To qualify for the program, the patriots of color who participated Landmarks; the remainder was building must be individually listed in the conflict along Battle Road. given to properties listed at the in the National Register of Historic Thirteen of those names were National Register at the national Places or certified as contributing proven by primary sources and level of significance. Among these to a registered historic district and three by secondary. Of the 103 are several historic places of signifi­ the project must meet the Secretary names identified for the Battle of cance to diverse communities. of the Interior's Standards for Bunker Hill, 12 were proven by pri­ Examples of culturally diverse Rehabilitation. Rehabilitated his­ mary sources and 22 by secondary Save America's Treasures grantees toric properties under this program sources. According to Quintal five include the Kaloko Fishpond, cover every period, size, style, and percent of the soldiers engaged in Kaloko-Honokahau National type of building reflecting the the campaign at Bunker Hill were Historic Park, Hawaii; Madame broad range of America's cultural patriots of color. That makes Walker Theatre Center, and ethnic diversity. One commu­ Bunker Hill second only to Indianapolis, Indiana; the African nity that exemplifies the positive Monmouth for the number of Meeting House, Boston, effect the tax credit program has African American and Native Massachusetts; San Esteban Del had on community revitalization is American combatants. Blatt says Rey Mission, Acoma Pueblo, New the Jackson Ward Historic District that he is comfortable with the Mexico; the Susan B. Anthony in Richmond, Virginia. numbers and believes that with House, Rochester, New York; and The Jackson Ward Historic additional research, more soldiers the Robert Russa Moton High District is a residential neighbor­ could be identified. School Museum, Farmville, hood encompassing approximately Quintal's report will be featured Virginia. 42 city blocks in the center of in a major new exhibit being devel­ For more information on the Save America's Richmond. Although the neighbor­ oped by Boston National Historical Treasures Grant program, contact Joe Wallis at hood developed in the early 1820s, Park, in cooperation with the 202/343-9564, email: [email protected]. the area's greatest growth was from Charlestown Historical Society. By 1871-1905, when it was the center of uncovering the untold stories of Federal Historic African-American professional and entrepreneurial activities in the city these patriots of color, both Boston Rehabilitation Tax National Historical Park and as well as the state. The area gave Minute Man National Historical Credits Help Revitalize rise to numerous African-American Park will be able to enhance the the Jackson Ward fraternal organizations, banks, insur­ interpretation of African Americans Historic District ance companies, and other commer­ and Native Americans. cial and social institutions. Many Angela Shearer notable African-American figures Copies of the report are available from Boston Technical Preservation Services National Historical Park. To request a copy contact lived and worked in Jackson Ward Patricia Roeser at 617/242-5668 or email: including Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, [email protected]. For the last 25 years, the Federal actor and dancer and Maggie L. Historic Tax Incentives Program Walker, the first woman in the United NHLs Benefit from has been an invaluable tool for States to found and serve as president Save America's revitalizing communities and stimu­ of a bank. lating private investment while pre­ The historic neighborhood is Treasures Grants serving historic buildings. characterized architecturally by the Administered by the National Park small-scale brick nineteenth-centu­ For the year 2001, federal Save Service in partnership with State ry Greek Revival and Italianate America's Treasures grants, adminis­ Historic Preservation Offices and townhouses, two to three stories in tered by the National Park Service, the Internal Revenue Service, this height, with decorative porches. awarded more than $13 million to program offers a 20% Federal tax 55 projects in 27 states, the District Commercial and social institutions

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that were prevalent in the commu­ nity echoed the small scale and STATE INITIATIVES character of the residential commu­ nity. Jackson Ward was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 and due to its outstanding significance was designated a Michigan Tourism and diverse mix of ethnic immigrants- National Historic Landmark dis­ Cultural Heritage Norwegians, Swedish, Finnish, trict in 1978. French, Cornish, Germans, Italians, Since 1950, highway construction Nancy L. Mathews Irish, Croatians, Dutch, and and urban renewal programs have Michigan Humanities Council-North others—who worked in its woods, significantly contributed to the navigated its rivers and Great neighborhood's economic decline Michigan Humanities Council and Lakes, dug its mines, and cleared and disrepair. The National Trust for the Michigan Council for Arts and and planted its farmlands. These Historic Preservation listed Jackson Cultural Affairs launched their diverse groups make up the story of Ward on its "America's 11 Most "Michigan's Great Outdoors Michigan, which the tour seeks to Endangered Places" list in 2001 to Culture Tour" partnership project celebrate. bring national attention to the plight in summer 1998. When the part­ Inspired by a Civilian Conser­ of this historic neighborhood. nership project started, the part­ vation Corps site visited on tour, ners expected these arts and Today, the area is showing veteran presenter Michael Deren heritage programs about the state's strong signs of new life because of developed a CCC character as part north woods and Great Lakes the African-American owned devel­ of his "The Past in Person" inter­ would reach underserved audi­ opment companies who have suc­ pretations of common people ences in northern Michigan, as well cessfully utilized the Federal Tax whose labors built Michigan and as summer visitors in popular vaca­ Credit program in Jackson Ward. the country. He interviewed four tion destinations. Today, five years The majority of the adaptive reuse Michigan alumni of Roosevelt's after the award-winning project's projects are converting vacant resi­ "tree army" that planted thousands beginnings, audiences and hosts dential townhouses into rental resi­ of acres of pine seedlings on eagerly await the six-week, 97-pro- dential properties. During the burned-over land to help him gram series, while its musicians, Fiscal Year 2001, $1.6 million in "accurately tell the story of the storytellers, dancers, historical role rehabilitation costs were spent in CCC." His "enrollee" brings to life players, and cultural interpreters the Jackson Ward historic district. an organization dedicated to "con­ research and polish new program When combined with Virginia's serving national (young men) and material gleaned from earlier sea­ 25% State Rehabilitation Tax Credit natural (trees, etc.) resources" and sons' experience. Regional interest and other tax abatement programs, helps audiences "understand, learn in cultural programming has also the Federal Tax Credit program has and value what these men did" and increased. provided Jackson Ward an effective what they, in turn, gained. tool for helping deteriorated busi­ "Michigan's Great Outdoors Other Culture Tour presenters nesses and residential properties. Culture Tour" is a vehicle for cap­ also encounter anecdotes on tour, New investors utilizing various turing and preserving little-known which they research and turn into forms of financial incentives have historical footnotes and anecdotes songs, stories, or narrative presen­ provided an impetus to others about Michigan's more rural, tations. Great Lakes musician Lee seeking home ownership in this re- isolated northland. Topics range Murdock, for example, developed emerging center of African- from heroic maritime rescues, two maritime songs after learning American heritage. mysterious northern legends, and stories during Culture Tour travels. timber country adventures to the Now, "The Scottish Hero" about an For more information on the Federal Tax natural history of scenic coastlines Incentives Program, visit the web site at ill-fated rescue attempt at Lake www2.cr.nps.gov/tps/tax/index.htm and vast woodlands and enduring Superior's Pt. Iroquois Lighthouse sagas of pioneers and Native and a ghostly legend of a lighthouse Americans. Northern Michigan's keeper and his family on "St. Martin earliest residents were the Ojibwa, Island" in Lake Michigan adjacent Potawatomi, and Odawa peoples, to Green Bay are part of his joined over three centuries by a repertoire.

page 10 One-hour evening programs ation with religious and education­ Florida's beach resorts developed by occur in northern Lower Michigan al activities, and connection to Los and for African Americans..." and the Upper Peninsula July i- Angeles' social history. The American Beach Historic August 15,2002, are free of charge District was the location of choice in local, state, and National Parks, American Beach Historic District for African Americans from National Forest recreation areas, Jacksonville and Fernandia, Florida, and small rural museums under a American Beach was developed as as well as notables such as Cab partnership that pools limited an ocean front resort for African Calloway and Joe Louis. The historic resources of hosts and sponsors. Americans on the south end of district was listed in the National The Culture Tour received the Amelia Island, Florida, in 1935. The Register on January 28,2002 for its Forest Service's "Window on the Pension Bureau of the Afro- association with African American Past" 2000 heritage award and was American Life Insurance Company ethnic heritage and community plan­ among 24 "model" cultural tourism bought three parcels of just north of ning and development. projects featured by the National Franklintown, a black township, to Trust for Historic Preservation in a create a beach and resort for African First African Missionary 2001 publication. American use, and in response to Baptist Church

For more information on the Michigan segregation laws in Florida. Humanities Council, visit the web site at According to the National Register The Romanesque Revival-style www.michiganhumanities.org/culturetour, or church in Bainbridge, Georgia was contact program coordinator Nancy Mathews at nomination, American Beach was 906/789-9471, or email: [email protected]. "the most ambitious and intact of listed in the National Register on

Recent National The Congregation Talmud Torah's impressive and massive facade led it to Register Listings being known as "Queen of the Shuts," an icon of permanence to travel-weary immigrants. The site has fallen into disrepair, but plans are underway to rehabilitate Shul buildings as a community museum and cultural center. Photo courtesy of Bill Aron. Congregation Talmud Torah of Los Angeles

From 1915 until the mid-1980s, Congregation Talmud Torah served Eastern European Jewish immi­ grants in the culturally diverse neighborhood of Boyle Heights, described as "Los Angeles' Ellis Island." Los Angeles, according to the National Register nomination, has the third largest Jewish popula­ tion outside of Israel and New York City. The site consists of two con­ tributing structures: the brick syna­ gogue and the wood framed school building, which housed the Los Angeles Jewish Academy, the first Jewish parochial elementary school in the city. The Byzantine Revival structure housed the largest Jewish orthodox synagogue in the West. Congre­ gation Talmud Torah, also know as Breed Street Shul, was listed in the National Register on November 4, 2001. Listing was based upon its architectural characteristics, associ-

page 11 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

January 28,2002. Congregation member, Thomas Bynes, an archi­ tect trained at the Tuskegee Institute, designed the church. First African Missionary is a monu­ mental structure, with ornate features and vaulted ceilings, and is of brick construction. First African Missionary has served the African American com­ munity since 1904 as a place of worship, a center for social and charitable organizations, and a focus for civic and political activity. Its listing is based upon signifi­ cance in areas of architecture and African American ethnic heritage.

Thomas Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church

This late Gothic Revival style edifice is the home of the first African American church in Watertown, New York. Named for the president

(above) As premiere destination for African American vacationers from northern Florida, American Beach provided a place for leisure and relaxation. Area teachers and pro­ fessionals, and officers and employ­ ees of the Pension Bureau of the Afro-American Life Insurance Company frequented the beach resort. American Beach was consid­ ered the most prominent of the Florida segregated beaches. Photo courtesy of Joel McEachin.

(right) Its sophisticated design and its relationship with the community merited First African Missionary Baptist's listing in the National Register. Photo courtesy of James R. Lockhart. (facing page, left) Thomas Memorial A.M.E. Zion was listed in the National Register in recognition of its architecture, social history, and ethnic heritage. Photo courtesy of Lynn Garofalini. (facing page, right and above) Chief John Ross was one of the Cherokee who survived the "Trail of Tears" to settle in Oklahoma. At his Ross Cemetery gravesite is a marker acknowledging his participation in the War of 1812. Photos courtesy of Lois E. Albert.

page 12 of the Board of Trustees, Frank Ross Cemetery sits just outside of Park Hill and Thomas, the membership of Thomas four miles away from Tahlequah, Memorial African Methodist A.M.E. Located in Cherokee County, capital city of the Cherokee Nation. Zion church was active in the Oklahoma, the Ross Cemetery is the Ross Cemetery was listed in the Underground Railroad and anti- only place associated with Chief National Register on March 7, 2002. slavery fugitive activities. One of the John Ross in Oklahoma. Ross, church's early members of the Board Principal Chief of the Cherokee of Trustees, Henry Barr, escaped to Nation from 1828-1866 and veteran the North with the help of the of the War of 1812, and his family are Underground Railroad, prior to set­ interred in the cemetery. The ceme­ tling in Watertown in 1865. tery is also significant to the Chero­ kee Nation as representative of the The church was established in relocation to Indian Territory. 1878, meeting in a private home The forced removal of the before the faux-stone building was Cherokee Nation on the "Trail of constructed in 1909. The church Tears" in 1838-1839 saw some edifice still serves the congregation 16,000 Cherokee traverse from as a place of worship and a center Tennessee and Georgia to Okla­ for cultural activities for the African homa. Many of the individuals American community. It was listed interred in Ross Cemetery, in the National Register on March including Chief John, survived the 6,2002 for its architectural merits migration. Several of those who and its association with African made up the original governing American ethnic heritage. body of the Indian Nation are buried there as well. The cemetery

page 13 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

Koreans for Jews, Jews for Irish, COMMUNITY INITIATIVES and perhaps even suburbanites for farmers, and farmers for Kiowas or Crows. In New York, where constant change is celebrated—while impos­ Sugar Hill: Thoughts housing and other forms of social ing high social and personal costs- on Cultural assistance to sustain the existing, it seems that some degree of com­ Conservation largely low-income, African munity stabilization, a la Reddick, American community. is almost necessary. Alas, given the Ned Kaufman This represents a puzzling situa­ political realities, it might also be tion, for both views seemed to con­ impossible. Adams' vision of race- Recently, a panel discussion on tain profound, if unreconcilable blind heritage conservation seems preserving the heritage of Sugar truths. Yet both also seemed harsh. equally impossible, yet just as nec­ Hill was held. The neighborhood Adams was willing to sweep away a essary, for if people cannot cross had been important to the Harlem community in pursuit of preserva­ social fences to care for each Renaissance and was a powerful tion. Reddick wanted to exclude other's heritage, the preservation of symbol of achievement for many outsiders in pursuit of the same any heritage in a place like New African Americans in the 1920s and goal. Both positions were built York could become difficult, to say later. Two discussants were long­ upon surprisingly generous views of the least. time Harlem residents and civic what heritage is. All of which begs the question of activists: Michael Henry Adams, a It is easier to see the generosity what, exactly, heritage is. And here preservation advocate, and John in Reddick's proposal. For Adams and Reddick differ, though Reddick, an architect and urban Reddick, heritage is not a musty perhaps more subtly than it might designer. The discussion became relic of the past: it is a connection seem. Both value architecture, and particularly interesting when, turn­ with history that people recreate both value history. But for Adams, ing a sharp corner, it unexpectedly through their lives. It is about it seems that the stories live mainly confronted a disagreement that got continuity. If African Americans 50 in the buildings, whereas for into the very meaning of heritage. or 60 years ago aspired to live in Reddick they live mainly in people. Sugar Hill is a neighborhood Sugar Hill and created a remark­ Thus, for Reddick cultural conser­ rich in story and myth, but some of able community there, then African vation requires community conser­ its aging rowhouses and apartment Americans living there now, vation, while for Adams, it requires buildings are sliding into disrepair. walking in their footsteps, are pre­ residents with disposable income. Adams asserted that to preserve the serving their heritage by living it. It would be hard to pin political area's heritage, it was imperative to Reddick's argument draws on a labels to these contrasting views: restore and maintain the buildings. powerful vein of current thinking neither is exactly conservative or If that meant turning Sugar Hill about cultural conservation, one liberal. But their consequences are into an expensive and largely white relevant to Native Americans (and highly political indeed. One point neighborhood, so be it: heritage Hawaiians and Alaskans), to family of view is willing to direct social must be preserved...by any means farmers, Chesapeake Bay fisher­ resources to shoring up a commu­ necessary, as one might say. man, and indeed to numerous resi­ nity sorely lacking in market power; dents of communities across the Reddick wanted just as passion­ the other to allow market forces to country. ately to preserve Sugar Hill's her­ displace that community. Prefer­ itage, but countered that it would be Adams is generous too. If her­ ence of one view, for example the lost, not saved, if the neighborhood itage is not something to be lived, it use of shared resources to stabilize became a well-heeled white enclave. is something to be treasured and an existing community rather than Indeed, no amount of architectural passed down. And Adams evidently see it swept away, for another may restoration could preserve the area's believes that white people could stem more from ones politics than heritage, if the community most preserve the heritage of an African any heritage theory. intimately connected with its histo­ American community. And if The fact is heritage is always ry were swept away. That communi­ whites could be the loving stewards political. And preservationists ty was Sugar Hill's heritage. of black heritage, blacks could pre­ should always be alert to the Reddick's prescription: provide sumably do the same for Koreans, politics of what we do as heritage

page 14 professionals. That is not to pro­ African American, activist congre­ The City of Frederick section of hibit compromise. But recognizing gation. After the meetings, volun­ the tour will focus primarily on that our actions will have political teers left with AARCH project "lead West All Saints Street, where a consequences—whether or not we sheets" to begin to identify African thriving African American commu­ consciously intend them—may help American heritage community nity developed early in the twenti­ us integrate our politics with our resources. eth century. Stops of interest heritage practice. At the same time, A museum concept surfaced reg­ include the Free Colored Men's if we let ourselves think politically, ularly during the initial phase of Library and Asbury United we may also recognize the limits of AARCH, and was the subject of a Methodist Church. Most stops on what heritage conservation can do. January 2002 planning retreat at this section tour are within walking The campaign to save New York's Frederick Community College's distance. The Frederick County African Burial Ground set out to conference center, hosted by the sites are widely dispersed and must push a new awareness of African Catoctin Center for Regional be viewed as a driving tour. This Americans' historical presence into Studies. The retreat began with section emphasizes late nineteenth the foreground of New Yorkers' panelists addressing the challenges century villages and churches minds. It succeeded brilliantly: of establishing a new museum. The founded by African Americans, consciousness was truly changed. panelists included Sandy Bellamy, some of whom had been slaves. But it did not require the fight for Development Officer for the The villages include Centerville, economic, social, and political pari­ Maryland Museum of African- Greenfield, and Pleasant View. ty. How could it? Some battles can American History; Zora Felton, for­ Grants from the Community be fought on the grounds of cultur­ mer Director of Education for the Foundation of Frederick County al conservation. Others must be Smithsonian's Anacostia Museum; and the Freedom Summer engaged on their own terms. Barbara Franco, Executive Director Celebration will support the self- of the Historical Society of Ned Kaufman is a cultural resource consultant guided tour. Overall support for based on Yonkers, New York. Contact Ned Washington, D.C.; and Mary the AARCH project as been provid­ Kaufman at 914/476-3045; email: Alexander, Director of the ed to the Frederick County Historic [email protected]. Maryland Museum Assistance Sites Consortium by a grant from Program. Two informal discussion the Maryland Historical Trust's AARCH Building in groups explored the museum idea Museum Assistance Program. and addressed possible AARCH Frederick, MD For more information, contact Liz Shatto, projects. Coordinator, Frederick Historic Sites Consortium at 301/644-4042. Arches hold up bridges, attach one Discussions suggested two piers spot to another, and catch your eye for Frederick's AARCH, one that along the freeway letting you know will address the feasibility of a DISCOVER DALLAS! A food is just ahead. A group of museum facility. The other, Survey of Dallas' "AARCHways" will pursue commu­ museum and library professionals, Architectural, Cultural, academics, students, and a variety nity projects such as oral histories, of community volunteers in historical research, thematic tours, and Historic Properties Frederick, Maryland are using this and others activities to build an audience or "set the stones" for the Katherine Dyll image as an inspiration as they Preservation Dallas identify, document, and preserve AARCH. "AARCHways" may be undertaken by museums and other African American resources in the Preservation Dallas, with help from partner organizations, as well as community called AARCH, African residents and volunteers, is formal AARCH subcommittees. American Resources-Cultural and documenting Dallas' significant The first "AARCHway" is a self- Heritage. architectural, cultural, and historic guided African American tour. The Last March, a series of public properties. This multicultural brochure for the tour will be organ­ meetings introduced the AARCH grassroots effort is both innovative ized in two sections, the city of concept and attracted strong and precedent-setting; never has a Frederick and Frederick County. involvement Frederick City and city this size utilized volunteers to The brochure is available at the County African American commu­ collect survey data. Properties Frederick Visitor Center, 19 East nities. More than ioo individuals include residential, commercial, Church Street for $.50. attended meetings at Asbury United institutional, and industrial build­ Methodist Church, a historically ings constructed before 1965 and

page 15 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

Students from Sunset High School participated in the documentation of buildings near their school, as a part of the Discover Dallas! Resource survey. Photo courtesy of /Catherine Dyll.

within the Dallas city limits. that shape their environment. their neighborhood, not to men­ Preservation Dallas's board Residents record architectural tion expanded their understanding members conceptualized the sur­ details as well as note which build­ of South Dallas. vey two years ago when they ings are most important to their The benefits of the project became frustrated with Dallas's community's culture and/or history. include reinvestment in historic current architectural surveys. In January 2002, the Leadership properties, building residential Scattered throughout the city's class from South Dallas' Sunset pride in the uniqueness of the repositories, these surveys are High School took part in Discover neighborhood, and empowering inaccessible to the public. They Dallas! by surveying the commer­ residents in the development of are also out of date and use dis­ cial buildings near their school. their community. The project has parate methods in determining a They began with an Art Deco won the support of city officials, property's significance. With building, today Tejano Mexican preservationists, and volunteers Discover Dallas!, the user will be Restaurant and Club. A previous who recognize the urgency in able to search the resultant data­ survey estimated a construction recording the city's resources. base by address, architect/builder, date of 1955; however, the students For more information about Discover Dallas!, call date, and style, as well as local, discovered an earlier construction 214/821-3290, or visit the Preservation Dallas state, or national significance. date of 1939, when it opened as website at www.preservationdallas.org. Users will also find location maps Wyatt's Cafeteria. Sunset student and neighborhood assessments Stephanie Tackett remarked, "I using geographic information sys­ could not believe all the histories tem (GIS) and property tax data. behind [Tejano's.] Before now I This is an ambitious project in didn't think anything about the yet another respect. Neighbor­ buildings I pass by, but now...I hoods play a prominent role look at them in a different way and because the project begins with find myself trying to determine them. Neighborhood by neighbor­ different things about them." hood, Preservation Dallas teaches Knowing more about building his­ residents to train their eyes so they tory has made a remarkable differ­ can better understand the forms ence in the way the students see

page 16 New Orleans devised to achieve three results: bisexual-transgender (GLBT) com­ Celebrates Its Shotgun "First we saw the need to make munity: gay preservationists were Houses, Seeks to Save available for development a pool of pitted against other gays. properties in distressed neighbor­ The Fallon has a colorful histo­ Them hoods. Second, we knew that up­ ry, more than a century old. It was front costs and risks were keeping built by Carmel Fallon, grand­ In March, 2002, New Orleans cele­ some interested buyers out of the daughter of General Joaquin brated Shotgun House Month, with program, so we wanted to eliminate Castro—the namesake of Castro events intended to showcase the those impediments. And third, we Street—who was once married to vernacular architecture that makes wanted to strengthen our mecha­ Commander Thomas Fallon, for­ up a large percentage of the city's nism for matching buyers with mer mayor of San Jose. A commer­ and the state's housing stock. The available resources to facilitate the cial and residential building, it shotgun, a narrow structure with a timely removal of blight from eventually passed to Carmel's front-facing gable and main door, neighborhoods." daughter, Anita, a well-known stage can be found throughout the South, As a result of NORA's "land- actress. The Fallon survived the but is closely associated with banking" efforts, a menu of attrac­ 1906 and 1989 earthquakes, and Louisiana and its African American tive properties, in addition to shot­ was a home to gays, artists, and population. Over the course of the gun houses, in local historic dis­ stage performers during the 1970s month, the Preservation Resource tricts under the jurisdiction of the and 1980s. The announcement to Center (PRC) of New Orleans held Historic District Landmarks raze the Fallon for a new GLBT a Designers' Shotgun House Commission are available for auc­ Community Center ignited a major Showcase, and presented lectures tion. The four sessions at the local preservation campaign. on the history of the house in New Shotgun Summit was part of While thousands of signatures were Orleans and how it relates to Operation Comeback's efforts to collected in the Castro district to African Americans. The PRC educate the public, offer ideas save the building, more seasoned offered a map for those interested about possible renovation plans, as activists presented compelling in taking a driving tour of shotgun well as financing, provide the histo­ options to revitalize the Fallon. houses in one of five neighbor­ ry of the housing type, and note the For several months, representatives hoods, and organized a walking many famous New Orleanians who from both sides began assessing the tour of shotguns in Algiers. Most have lived in shotguns. feasibility of maintaining the Fallon importantly, the PRC conducted a as part of the Center. Shotgun Summit, on purchasing, For information on New Orleans' Shotgun House maintaining and refurbishing shot­ Month, Operation Comeback, or the PRC, contact Finally, after much debate and Mary Fitzpatrick at 504/581-7032, email: discussion, the Board of the gun houses. [email protected]. Community Center reversed its James Perry of Operation decision in favor of preservation. Comeback, a program dedicated to Preservation and In early March 2002, the new GLBT neighborhood revitalization by Transformation in San Community Center, including the helping people buy and renovate renovated Fallon and its modernist historic homes, gave attendees Francisco: Friends of 1800 addition, was dedicated with gala information on acquiring available events and highly publicized fan­ homes using various methods fare. including the Blighted Properties Gerry Takano Friends of 1800 A singular issue such as the Removal Program. Operation Fallon, however, could not sustain Comeback is run through the New Like so many fledgling organiza­ the organization's development. Orleans Redevelopment Authority tions, the San Francisco based The Friends of 1800 Board set forth (NORA) which acquires properties Friends of 1800 evolved through on new constructive and provoca­ in and around the city, and offers the vigilant activism of uninitiated tive preservation projects through­ them at auctions to prospective neighborhood preservationists. out San Francisco. The organiza­ homeowners. The agency initiated Dedicated to save the Fallon, a tion promoted the landmarking of its Real Estate and Landbanking Victorian building at 1800 Market various sites such as the Harvey Mechanism (REALM) in late 1999. Street, the group's opposition to Milk Camera Shop and initiated According to NORA Director demolition threatened to divide an revisions to local landmarks Lisa Mazique, the strategy was already politicized gay-lesbian- regulations.

page 17 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

In addition, the Friends held an international conference during TRIBAL ACTIVITIES June 2001 entitled, "Looking Back and Forward, an exploration of the identification and assessment of significant GLBT sites." Attendees experienced alternative GLBT Shinnecock Nation under the effects of climate changes. interpretations of the San Fran­ Cultural Center and The upper level will display many cisco City Hall with a focus on the Museum native artifacts, such as a small day Harvey Milk, the first openly organ that had resided in the

gay City Supervisor, and Mayor Helga Christine Morpurgo Reservation's Small Church when George Moscone, were assassinated the church was still in existence. It during the years of new GLBT Two decades ago, a group of also contains a hand-caned chair political awareness and presence. Shinnecock natives began the that had belonged to an ancestor The emerging GLBT geography of process of creating a cultural center who everyone on the Reservation San Francisco's Tenderloin, Polk, that would allow them to preserve had once known, a 400 year-old and the Castro districts were also and recreate their own heritage, a birch bark canoe, tools from every discussed. culture that dates back almost period of Indian history, an antique Today, the Friends of 1800 10,000 years. "Everyone has been skin drying stand, and many other organization is strongly allied with telling our story but us," said historic artifacts. Wampum, sewing local mainstream preservation Elizabeth Haile Thunder Bird, echo­ tools, and other artifacts found dur­ organizations, such as the San ing a belief held by other tribe mem­ ing the construction of new homes Francisco Architectural Heritage bers. The Shinnecock Nation in the Southampton area have been and the GLBT Historical Society of Cultural Center and Museum in given to the Reservation. Northern California. The organiza­ Southampton, New York is the end The Museum contains a photo­ tion addresses a range of projects result of their efforts. graph gallery, an archive room for and promotes numerous local The 5,400 sq. ft. cultural center videos and recordings of verbal his­ advocacy issues. A long ranged and museum, which opened its tory, a kitchen facility, offices, and a involvement with the City and doors to the public on June 16,2001, storage area. There are plans for an County of San Francisco is a survey is of spiritual significance to Native amphitheater to serve as a setting of hundreds of sites in the Castro, Americans because it was built using for spiritual ceremonies, festivals, Noe Valley, and Western Addition traditional methods, with logs of lectures, traditional dancing, neighborhoods. white pine without the use of nails demonstrations, drumming, and Extending beyond San or mortar. The logs are fitted one flute and vocal concerts. Francisco, the Friends of 1800 also atop the other and held in place by The Shinnecock Museum is open provides outreach assistance to wooden pegs. A curved stairwell of by appointment for lectures and other organizations interested in halved pine logs leads to a lower tours and Saturdays from the built environment. In level, transported in one piece from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Honolulu, Hawaii, for example, the Oneida, New York where the struc­ For scheduling and information, call the Friends assists local groups in the ture was built by Obomsawin Shinnecock Museum at 631/287-4923. interpretation and identification of artisans. GLBT sites, past and present. The murals of native Shinnecock Outside the artist and historian David Bunn For more information, visit the Friends website at Boundaries friendsof1800.org. Gerry Takano can be reached Martine complement the engineer­ at [email protected]. ing of the construction. Martine's Gregg L. Bruff work recreates aspects of communal Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore life during the course of Indian his­ tory, dating as far back as the National Park Service staff is occa­ Paleolithic era and as far forward as sionally involved in special opportu­ present day portraits of living tribal nities to contribute to cultural her­ members. The larger-than-life paint­ itage projects outside of park bound­ ings show authentic historic details aries. In 1996, The Face In The Rock that depict the evolution of terrain was published by Loren R. Graham,

page 18 a Professor of the History of Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Publication of the book The A Face in the Rock project has was the culmination of a collabora­ allowed the Anishinabeg tribe to inform the surrounding community tive project between the author and of its history on Grand Island. The local Anishinabeg tribal elders. Once sculpture is of Powers of the Air, a Chippewa Indian warrior. Photo the book was in print, elders then courtesy of Gregg Bruff. began working to increase awareness of both local and regional visitors of the story related by the book. This includes the historic rock carving of Powers of the Air, a Grand Island Ojibwa who helped guide the Lewis Cass Expedition on Lake Superior in 1820. Eroded by the vagaries of Lake Superior weather, much of the foot- high carved sandstone image is still visible, though most local residents do not know its location or the story behind it. In 1996 local tribal elder, Dolores Leveque decided to change that, and began working on a project that would tell the story. Funded by a Michigan Department of Transportation (DOT) grant, Leveque and Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore Park Ranger Gregg Bruff developed plans and a production schedule for a large viewing deck and two wayside exhibits at the Rathfoot State DOT wayside, near Au Train, Michigan on Michigan highway M-28. The view­ ing deck will provide disabled access to the scenic beach area on Lake Superior. The pair of exhibits will focus on the Anishinabeg history of the region and the story of the Cass expedition which also included Henry R. Schoolcraft, who later became Indian Agent at Sault St. Marie. One exhibit will include a three dimensional replica of the rock carving which will provide an alter­ native to accessing the carving by walking on shifting beach sands. Construction of the viewing plat­ form and installation of the exhibits will take place during the summer of 2002.

For more information, contact Greg L. Bruff at [email protected].

page 19 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002 White Mountain Apache Tribe Preservation Office using this recognition as a catalyst Apache Tribe after a grassroots preservation for further preservation efforts," Nominates Lower effort emerged to work toward the said White Mountain Apache Tribe preservation and revitalized use of Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Cibecue Lutheran the building, culminating in the John Welch. Mission to National 1997-1998 restoration of the Cibecue, referred to in the Register of Historic Mission." This represents the first Apache language as Deschibikoh Places officially recognized listing nomi­ ("elongated red valley"), is a rural nated by a Tribal Preservation community of approximately 1,500 Rustin Quaide Office (TPO). people of Western Apache heritage. National Register of Historic Places The White Mountain Apache The Lower Cibecue Lutheran Tribe is one of 31 tribes that consti­ Mission is today located near the On February 5,2002, the Lower tute the National Association of southern edge of the community, Cibecue Lutheran Mission in Tribal Historic Preservation approximately three miles south of Navajo County, Arizona, on the Officers. In 1992 the U.S. Congress the more recently constructed White Mountain Apache tribe adopted amendments to the Lutheran Mission. The original lands, was listed in the National National Historic Preservation Act Lutheran Mission represents the Register of Historic Places. that allowed federally recognized initial entry of non-American National Park Service Director Indian tribes take on more formal Indian architectural forms into the Fran P. Mainella said, "[t]he Lower responsibility for the preservation western side of the Fort Apache Cibecue Lutheran Mission was of significant historic properties on Indian Reservation. Development nominated by the White Mountain tribal lands. "The community is of the Lower Cibecue Mission

The Mission Chapel is indicative of a hybrid vernacular architectural style that was used for buildings at the Lower Cibecue Lutheran Mission. Photo courtesy of John Welch.

page 20 complex, which began with the con­ rounding San Carlos and on the general form of the Mission struction of the chapel in 1911, also eastern side of the Fort Apache Chapel, based on a simple square included school facilities, a teacher- Reservation for two decades prior plan, one-story wall height, and age, and a parsonage. The Cibecue to the mission establishment at pyramidal roof, is that of a small area is now home to an important Cibecue. community-gathering place. The matrilineal clan, the Deshidin ("Red The Lower Cibecue Lutheran interior surface of the adobe wall Rock People"), who trace their Mission is truly an architectural has a thin coat of mud plaster. The ancestry to territory now within the hybrid, incorporating elements of wood flooring is made of Douglas Navajo Nation. The White Moun­ both Sonoran and Anglo fir, and the five large windows in tain Indian Reservation was estab­ Traditional styles. While the the main Chapel room are four- lished by Executive Order by Pres­ Mission School and Mission over-four, single-hung wood ident Ulysses S. Grant on November Teacherage are today in various windows. 9,1871. states of ruin, the Mission Chapel The building's survival and reha­ The Lower Cibecue Lutheran survives. The style of the building bilitation is testimony to its work­ Mission site represents the earliest has been determined as "local ver­ manship and positive integration and most substantial Christian mis­ nacular." This determination is into the Cibecue community, and sionary activity in the Cibecue area. based on a harmonious and unusu­ the active work of the community Lutheran missionaries were active al association of form, function, to preserve it. materials, and workmanship. The among Apache communities sur­ For more information, contact John Welch at 520/338-4625, email:[email protected].

Current Listing of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers

As of March 30, 2002, the Native American * Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewas tribes with officially-recognized Tribal Historic (Wisconsin) Preservation Offices include: * Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of * Catawba Indian Nation (South Carolina) the Flathead Nation (Montana) * Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (South Dakota) * Seneca Nation of Indians (New York) * Confederated Tribes of the Colville * Skokomish Indian Tribe (Washington) Reservation (Washington) * Spokane Tribe of Indians (Washington) * Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North * Squaxin Island Tribe (Washington) Carolina) * Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota) * Hualapai Tribe (Arizona) * Timbisha Shoshone Tribe (California) * Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) * Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana (Louisiana) * Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior * Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa (North Chippewa Indians (Wisconsin) Dakota) * Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians * Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla (Minnesota) Reservation (Oregon) * Makah Tribe (Washington) * Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah, Massachusetts) * Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) * Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation in Oregon (Oregon) * Mescalero Apache Tribe (New Mexico) * White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona) * Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe Indians (Minnesota) * Yurok Tribe (California) * Narragansett Indian Tribe (Rhode Island) * Pueblo of Zuni (New Mexico) * Navajo Nation (Arizona) For more information on THPOs, contact H. Bryan Mitchell at 202/343- * Poarch Band of Creek Indians (Alabama) 9558, email: [email protected]

page 21 HERITAGE MATTERS JUNE 2002

Civil Rights in America: A Framework PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, for Identifying Significant Sites

NOTICES, AND RESEARCH The National Historic Landmark Survey program conducted a civil rights framework study that was Publications by Antonio Rios-Bustamante and designed to assist the National Park Maria Cristina Garcia, "Latino Service with identifying and priori­ Public History" addresses a wide tizing those areas of history signifi­ Latinos in Public History range of topics concerning cultural cant in illustrating the civil rights story. Authorized by Congress in Under different circumstances, the heritage and identity. 1999, the framework study will United States as we know it could be Contributor L. Stephen assist planners in evaluating pro­ called New Spain, or Aztlan, as the Velasquez documents the posals by Congress and others for Southwestern portion of it once was. Smithsonian Institution's self-evalu­ additions to the park system, his­ A look at a map shows Hispanic, or ation and move toward represent­ toric trails, and heritage areas. The Latino, place-names dotting the ing Latinos in the programs and the report is available through the landscape from Florida to Califor­ staff with "The Teodore Vidal National Register of Historic nia. Coming forward to the present, Collection: Crating Space for Places, 1849 C Street, NW, NC 400, there are significant Latino popula­ Latinos at the National Museum of Washington, DC 20240. tions throughout the nation. There American History." Three of the essays look at markers of cultural is a long-standing presence of peo­ For more information contact John Sprinkle at ples from Mexico, the Caribbean, identity using public history pro­ 202/343-8166, email: [email protected]. Central, and South America in the grams with "Where's the 'Mexican' United States, in the Southwest, the in 'New Mexican'?" by Sarah Horton, "Preserving Hispanic Archeology at the Banneker West, and in the large urban Homestead enclaves of New York, Miami, and Lifeways," by John Hunner, and "'Black Behind the Ears'-and Up Chicago. New Latino communities The Maryland Historical Trust Front Too? Dominicans in the are established in areas such as Press announces the release of a Black Mosaic" by Ginetta E. B. Boston; Lancaster and Harrisburg, new publication on the archeology Candelario. Pennsylvania; and Atlanta. and history of Benjamin Banneker Despite the fact that Latinos The political nature of cultural and the African American experi­ represent 12% of the total U.S. pop­ heritage is examined in, "Our ence in Maryland, The Discovery and ulation, the Latino presence is Voices in the Nation's Capital: Archeological Investigation of the underrepresented in the field of Creating the Latino Community Benjamin Banneker Homestead public history. Crossing color lines Heritage Center of Washington, (18BA282), Baltimore County, Maryland and linguistic boundaries, Latino D.C.," by Olivia Cadaval and Brian by Robert J. Hurry. communities exhibit a complexity Finnegan. "Chicano Park and the Archeological discoveries reveal that has eluded traditional histori­ Chicano Park Murals: Barrio tangible evidence of Banneker's cal methodology. Folk expressions Logan, City of San Diego, homestead and yield new insights and local events play prominent California," by Martin D. Rosen into the life and times of this roles in the shaping of community and James Fisher addresses similar important figure. identity. Their role in creating a concerns. "The Browncoats are Coming: Latino Public History in Copies of the publication may be attained by con­ community identity does not corre­ tacting Bernadette Pruitt of the Maryland spond with the models most pro­ Boston," by Felix Matos-Rodriguez Historical Trust at 410/514-7650, or by email, looks at "younger" Latino commu­ [email protected]. Order may be placed on­ fessionals are familiar with, line by visiting the Maryland Historic Trust's web­ although several programs and nities and inclusion into traditional site at www.marylandhistorictrust.net, under organizations across the country historical accounts. "MHT Press." are addressing the matter. The Public Historian is published quarterly by the University of California Press. For a copy of the The periodical of the National "Latino Public History" issue, contact Journals Council for Public History, The Division, University of California Press, Berkeley, Public Historian published a special CA, 94720. For more information, contact The Public Historian at 805/893-3667, email: issue dedicated to Latino Public [email protected] History in the fall of 2001. Edited

page 22 Conferences The Association of African American establishment of historically black Museums Conference colleges and the creation of autonomous black communities in Reclaiming the Legacy: Asian On August 21-25, 20% the New York City. Anyone interested in Americans and Pacific Islanders in Association of African American United States History or engaged in research exploring Museums will hold its annual con­ black institution building, place- ference in Washington , DC. The The National Archives and Records making, or other attempts to claim host organization will be the Administration-Pacific Region held public space, should contact Leslie Smithsonian Institution's Anacostia the conference on Asian Pacific Alexander at alexander.282 Museum and Center for African American Heritage on May 4, 2002, @osu.edu, or Angel David Nieves at American History and Culture. at the University of San Francisco, angeknieves @colorado.edu. Lone Mountain Conference Center. For more information, contact the Association of African American Museums, c/o William Billingsley Tours included Angel Island at 937/376-4944, or [email protected]. Notices Immigration Station, the Chinese Association of African American Museums, P.O. Historical Society of America Box 427, Wilberforce, OH 45384. New Website for University of Museum, National Archives and Maryland's Center for Heritage Records Administration, and the Resource Studies National Japanese American Fourth Annual Graduate Student Historical Society. Conference in African American The Center for Heritage Resource History For more information, contact the National Studies at the University of Archives and Records Administration-Pacific Maryland—College Park has a new Region at 650/876-9249. The Fourth Annual Graduate website. Founded in December Student Conference in African 2000, the Center was established to American History will be held bring together scholars and practi­ Mosaic In Motion 2002: Connecting October 18-20, 2002, at the tioners to support a comprehensive People of Color to America's University of Memphis. Graduate National Parks approach to the study of heritage. students are invited to submit a The Center's new website can be curriculum vita and one-page On July 7-10, 2002, National Parks found at www.heritage.umd.edu. abstract on any topic in African Conservation Association, in con­ America history by June 1, 2001. junction with Georgia-Pacific Participants will be notified of New Location for OPEL'African Burial Corporation, the William and Flora Ground Project acceptance of their abstract by July Hewlett Foundation, Home Depot, 1, 2002; completed papers must be National Park Service, Pitney Due to the destruction of its offices received no later than August 31, Bowes Inc., and the Wilderness near the World Trade Center on 2002 to secure program placement. Society will hold a three-day September 11, 2001, the General conference. The conference will Information is available at Service Administration's Office of address the issue of the under- http://www.people.memphis.edu/-history, email the program committee at Public Education and Interpre­ representation of people of color as [email protected]. Submissions may be tation (OPEI), African Burial visitors to national parks, subjects sent to: Program Committee, Graduate Student Ground Project, has moved. Conference in African American History, 100 of interpretation, employees, and Mitchell Hall, Department of History, University of The new address is 201 Varick contractors. This third Mosaic Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152. Street, Rm. 1021, New York, NY conference will feature Congress­ 10014. Office hours are 10:00 a.m. man John Lewis as keynote speak­ Research to 4:00p.m. daily. OPEI, which er. It will be held at the Evergreen administers the African Burial Conference Center in Stone African Americans and the Struggle Ground Project, has resumed tours Mountain, Georgia. to Claim Space in the United States. of the Burial Ground site.

For conference program and sponsorship informa­ For more information, contact Sherrill D. Wilson at tion, visit the website at www.npca.org or call Given the recent research on place- 212/432-5707, email: [email protected]. Alicia Seyler at 202/223-6722. making and attempts to claim space, a collection of essays relating to the African American experience is being edited. Among other topics, this collection will address the

page 23 HERITAGE FIRST CLASS MAIL MATTERS Postage & Fees Paid U.S. Department JUNE 2002 of the Interior G-83

National Park Service

1849 C Street. NW, Suite NC-350

Washington, DC 20240

Fran P. Mainella Director

Katherine H. Stevenson Associate Director, Cultural Resource Stewardship and Partnerships

John Robbins Assistant Director, Cultural Resources

Antoinette J. Lee Special Projects Manager

Brian D. Joyner Heritage Matters Editor see page 19 HERITAGE MATTERS Mission of the

NPS ACTIVITIES, pages 1-10 Preservation and Transformation in San National Park Service Francisco: Friends of 1800, p. 17 INDEX Hovenweep National Monument/Hopi The National Park Service is dedicated to JUNE 2002 Foundation Archeological Workshop, p. 1 conserving unimpaired the natural and Heritage of Cambodian Americans, p. 2 TRIBAL ACTIVITIES, pages 18-21 cultural resources and the values of the Biscayne National Park, p. 3 Shinnecock Nation Cultural Center & Museum, School Desegregation Study Leads to Formal p. 18 National Park System for the enjoyment, Recognition and Lesson Plan, p. 5 Outside the Boundaries, p. 18 education and inspiration of this and Network to Freedom Program Adds 39 New Lower Cibecue Lutheran Mission Listed in future generations. The Service also coop­ Listings, p. 5 National Register, p. 20 erates with partners to extend the bene­ A "Safer Haven" on Roanoke Island: Current List of Tribal preservation officers, p. 21 Freedman's Colony Monument Dedicated, p. 6 fits of natural and cultural resource con­ Cultural Resources Diversity Internship servation and outdoor recreation through­ Program for 2002-2003, p. 8 PUBLICATIONS, CONFERENCES, out this country and the world. Patriots of Color at Bunker Hill, p. 8 NOTICES, AND RESEARCH, pages 22-23 NHLs Benefit from Save America's Treasures Grants, p. 9 Publications, p. 22 Heritage Matters, sponsored by the • Latinos in Public History Federal Tax Credits Help Revitalize the Jackson Cultural Resources Programs of the • Civil Rights in America: A Framework for Ward Historic District, p. 9 National Park Service, is published twice-a- Identifying Significant Sites • Archeology at the Banneker Homestead year and is free of charge. Readers are STATE INITIATIVES, pages 10-13 invited to submit short articles and notices Conferences, p. 23 Michigan Tourism and Cultural Heritage, p. 10 for inclusion. (Limit submissions to fewer • Reclaiming the Legacy: Asian Americans and Recent National Register Listings, p. 11 Pacific Islanders in United States History than 600 words and include author's name • Congregation Talmud Torah of Los Angeles • Mosaic In Motion 2002: Connecting People and affiliation. Black and white photo­ • American Beach Historic District of Color to America's National Parks graphs or slides are welcome.) Please sub­ • Ross Cemetery • The Association of African American Museums Conference mit newsletter items in writing or elec­ • Thomas Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church • Graduate Student Conference in African • First African Missionary Baptist Church tronically to: Brian D. Joyner, Editor, American History Heritage Matters, DOI/National Park Research, p. 23 Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Suite NC-350, COMMUNITY INITIATIVES, pages 14-18 • African Americans and the Struggle to Claim Washington, DC 20240. Phone: 202/343- Sugar Hill: Thoughts on Cultural Space in the United States Conservation, p. 14 1000, email: [email protected]. Notices, p. 23 AARCH Building in Frederick, MD, p. 15 • New Website for University of Maryland's Discover Dallas!, p. 15 Center for Heritage Resource Studies Visit the Web site tor the NPS Cultural New Orleans Shotgun Houses, p. 17 • New Location for OPEI/African Burial Ground Resources Diversity Initiative: Project www.cr.nps.gov/crdi

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