Trartr. Nat. Acad. !>'ci. TecluwL 14; 615-MO. 1992
SINA RAHA KATUNAO, LAKANDULA, TUPAS, AT MATANDA: ISANG PAG-AARAL SA KANlLANG KASA YSAYANG PAMPAMILYA AT ANG PAPEL NA GINAMPANAN NILA SA KASA YSA Y AN NG PILIPINAS NOONG PANARO~ NG KASTILA
Luis C. Dery. Ph. D. U.P. College Baguio
Maikling Kabuuan
Sa rnga sinulat ng mga prayleng.misyonaryu noong ika-16 ar 17 daantaon. marami silang rnga hinan!!git na mga pangalan ng mga katutubong namuno diw sa Pi lipinas noong dumating at magtat;Jg ng pamahalaang kolonyal ang mga Kastila ditu sa ating hansa . Una sa mga katutubong namuno na bnilang hinanggit ay si Raha Kolambu at Raha T upas n~ Cebu, si Raila Katunao o S!katuna ng Bohol. Ra.ha Lakandula ng Tondo, Ra.ha Maranda at Sulayman ng Maynila. Gat Pulentang ng Bulakan, Gar Pangil ng Batangas. at Mamir!as ng Sorsogon . Sa mga nabanggit sa itaas,bukod-canging ang mga Lakandula ang madalas mabanggit sa mga pahina ng kasaysayan ng Pilipinas noong panahon ng Kastila, lalung-lalo nasi Don Juan Makapagal (ninuno ng dati ng Pangu long Diosdado Macapagal) na kung saan siya ay hinirang sa isa sa pi nakamataas na posisyong-militar na inilaan lang ng pamahalaang-Kastila para sa mga katulubong pumamg sa kanila. An!! pagkahirang ni Don Juan Makapagal ay dahil sa rnabi~at na papel na kanyang ginampanan sa pagsupil sa malawakang rebelyon ni Andres Malong sa Pangasinan. Fran cisto M:utiago sa Pampanga, Juan Magsanop sa llokos, at Andres Lupan sa Kagayan noong 1661:H661. Kakaunti o halos walang nabanggit tungkol sa ibang mga katutubong raha la!o na kung ano ang naging kapalaran nila at ng kanilang salln-lahi noong panahon ng Kastila. Layun in ng artikulong ito na bigyang-pansin ang pami -·pamilya ng mga nasabing mg a katutubong raha, ang papel na ginampanan nil a noong panahon ng Kastila, ang naging kapalaran nita sa llalint ng pamahalaaog Kastila at kung paano sila trinato ng hull. ang relasyon nita sa ibang katutubong mamamayan ng Pilipinas, at ang kahalagahan at kontribusyon ng kasaysayang pampamilya (family genealogy) sa pag-aaral sa nakal ipas ng ati ng bansa.
Introduction
Tu systematize tax colh.:ction, Governor General Narciso Clavcria tkcrced in I R4X the use of surnames by all Christiani7.cd inhabitants in the Philippines from a list of surnames which accompanied said decree. His order. however, allowed descendants of illustrious native families the option to retain their own ~urnames if they so decide. t\s a result, most of us today could only trace t)ur ancestry up to 1849. 'Ihcre are, on the other hand. other families who could trace their ancestry even up to the period before tl1e coming of Lhe Spaniards.
615 (• 16 Tmn~·aaions National Academy ofScieucc'
'll1ese arc thl:' families of the desc~ndants of Rahas MvenH.:d hy lnl'al chiefs whose authuriti~.:s and extent uf puwers could h~.: ~t'l'll trotll the titles that they had ;"L-;s urneJ e.g., ,.aha or rojah m ludYa, fakan, and ga r. J'h~~ rc wen: many t>tiler twtive rulers ot her than thl: ahtn.·e-mcntioned ont·s hut they were ll!t:ll titllled o nl y in passing hy available St'lurces. They w.:rc l'urilf Sulayman 11f Macavcvc, Pampanga1: Mamirlas uf lha l,ln, Sors,)gon2: Gar l'ukntan ur llula-:un. 3 Gul Pangil and Gal Ginlintan \lf BattJng~.t s an\! Magw S alama! ''" 'J,mdn.-1 Mentio n should also be made nf the. Sultanates of Maguindunao and Sulu wll\lsc rukrs were r.:luted t\) the ru.lcrs of Manila and Borncn as could he seen in their Se/iseluhs (gencalllgic The Pr~-Colonial Philippine Rahas and t.heir Descendants O ne tlf tl1e royal instructions issued to the Spantsh conquistadorl'\ !'o r ti1c conque~ r and christianization 1Jf the Philippines was for t11em Lo hdri.:ud the hKal t:hie!s as this cuu!d vitall y assisl them in D< >iia 1\.bria Don Arnhrnsi11 Sargcnt\J mayor Bulal:lala rn . : Mag-isa Ladyan~ha ta I >~~ n r .uis I sa f)_ htlxenctu (iucvarra ( llr Don I.ui~ I v Y!au; D . Phadco (k llerrera I D . Dionisio de los Santos I I >a. ( 'athalina 1! iyas l>a. !'otencian ~ - - 7 LJ. C~~:~~::va! Punsalang m. Da. Cathalina llig l~ Da. J uana Ina m. D. Nicolal> Talabos Raha Matanda (~untinued) 1 Sar!!Cilto Mayor J) Luis lsa (•1r Yhll> ) .-----J l"J ;~. :vtaria A ngda Bnla.:ta Ia 111. f) . .I me ph Ctrah..:,, D:L Paula ck los Reyes 111 . D. J\lscph M anud l.la. Nic1>Ltsa de la [<.,,s" rn. l>. ]llM:ph de Peralt a Da . .iiJSl~ pha l>Ul.JUCsa 111 . n. Mi~uc l l Jrnall' [_) a. Maria Tihayan'1 I );t. Maria C.-mstansa'! - 7 I). A l,m~,, (iutien.:s'! Rail a Solim:lll (11r Raha Yago. as the Spaniards t'alkd him) wa~ :1 JH:ph~~ \V ,,, Raha l'v1atanda and Raha l .akandula. [ k was tht· ;uwintcd SllL'Ct'SSllr ,,r the two when the Spaniards c:une i 11 I )7 1. I k . t. ,,,, married a nHlsi n princes~ t'n>m ll••rnen. lk h:td ,,nly <1 S•>ll i~,:;t!lcd R:thang Bag,,. will' w:~s killed 1->y the Span tanls iu I S74 during I.imalwng's in va~iu n nr M:tnilal ;u1d a d<~ughtcr 11a111ed I h1iia Maria I .aran. I )a . tvbria I .arau l> Raha s,,liman (or Rahang Ylural hall " hr•Hher Whll wa~ dt:ad alreaJy as tht: rct.:•Jrds did not mention his name and wh1> had thrt~c S•> ns. namely D. D. Gabriel Tuantbasan I Da. Magdalena Balanuuin Dn. Prancisca Acta Da Maria Irangin m. D. Francisco <)ndatau n. Augustin de Legaspi m . the daughter of Pangira n Salalila of Borneo I )a. M aria Salarnatac m. D. Sehastian lucan D . Alonw flaiatac Raha I.akandula (or Don Carlos Lakandula. the name the Spaniards gave h im when he was cunvcnct.l to Christianity) was the rdgning Raha tlf 'l\1n do when the S paniards carne. lie was the most pro li fic of the ruling r;1has t)f Manila. Records s howed tha t he hcgot six children. respecti vely: Don D iouisio Capulong (who was chid. of Candava. Parnpanga). Dt>ll M agat Salamat (wlw was dud of Tt>tH.lu ami cxn:utcd by the Spaniards following the I :'i~8 Revolt of the l.. akans). Don Phclipt: Salonga (who was chief nf Polo. Hulacan), Doiia M aria l'oloin, Dnn Martin Lak D. Juan Ma<.:apagal m. Da. Magdaiina Aguirnat I '.J ... ; · Da. M aria Macap agal rn. D . Joseph Garcia D . f'rancisco Macapagal m. Da. NiL·olasa de Leon I Ynes Macapagal m. Maria Paula tk V illavicencio ~ D. Francisco Macapagal ~ D . Pablo Macapagal r D. Salvador Macapagal ~-....;:.. D . Potcnc iano 1\rlacapagal D. Miguel t\lfonso l.apint I I D . J ·: u):!~llit> l.apin t Mw.:apagal m. D ~~ I ~an Ma\:;ljl:ll,!~ll m. 11a. Maria l'a~ljll ala r--~ I >. Manuel Mac<1pag.al 111. ;t. Da. Maria C:tiHkl 1>. IJiq!U de Ci Ul'V;tff ~ I >:t. Maria Payuan Ill. D. hidro Y umul 4 D:t. Maria Mandi!: Ill. D. H artholtllll ~ l.i nt:t~ Da. Luisa M andi~! ll ulactala m. D . .J uan dt: I n1n b---> Da . Mm·ia Tabilan m . D . Juan l';tgllio ( h~r first husband was killed and nanu:J Capn. D. Juan Pal'l•>k\ ~ D . Augustin Capuh>ng r--> D . 1\.:Ufl) ?\1ad!all l'-hayan (11\llVt:d h i t\.lanran. {)UC/Illl) 4 I >a . l:n>L'hia ( ·ath:!lina llt'lind:tuan I ),,,v. Na!Ut.\' K1111111.ao. I <~kmufu/,1, 1i'{>(JS a1 Marandn Dona Maria Pu!oin was the other pffspring uf Rail a Lil kandula wh•> was D Margarita Maria Pedro Scrmno Maria Silanguin :Vtaria Vaklllina The Mauh Dtl ll Pt:dro Madlanghayan married twice. His first wife wa:-. namct l n,,iia Franci~c:.t Benavides and it appeared that he did not have any offspring from his f'irst wife. l li:; sccnml wife, a printipu/a of Mauhan. Quezon was nam.:cl Doi1a l sab~: l de San .J osef. This union begot four o ffsprings, namdy D oila Ursula Tahilan. lJ<>tl Josef Madlanghayan. Doiia Jcronima Margari ta. and Doii a Margarita Tahilan IT. 622 Tmnsaclwnf Nattona/ Acadt'my n.fSr:it'nce 1. Da. Ursula Tahilan m. D. Pedro Laureano ~ Da. Torna-;ina Tahilan m. D. Santiago Valentin - ~ Da. Maria Ana de San Miguel --7 D. Josef Laureano Valentin m. Da. Fcliziana Maria J Antonia Valcntin Da. Juana Pinta Da. Fclipa Margarita 2. D. Josef Madlangbayan m. Da. Clara Buenaventura D. Jeronimo Santiago Garcia >D. Juan de los Santos m. Da. Margarita Cas tellanu Antonio de los Santos Joseph de los Santos Maria Ju liana Maria Josepha -----;.. D. Simon de los Reyes D. Pt:dro Capulong Da. Maria Prcsentacion Dery, Rahas Katu/lao, l.alumdula, Tupas at Matartda 623 3. Da. Jcromina Margarita m. D. Ignacio de los Reyes D. Miguel Capulong m. Da. Maria Asumpcion ~ u ana de San Miguel Ysavcl de San Miguel l·.·rancisca de San Miguel Maria Ursula §Geron imo Raymundo Domingo de Ia Cruz Da. lgnacia Samorana m. D. Pasqual Resurrecion D. Ventura Marana ~ D. Claudio Carlos m. Da. Juana Buenaventura - ;> D. J oscf Apolonio m. Da. Maria Rosalia aria Apolonia dro Bernardo ana llulactala l rancisca Geronima 4. Da. Margarita Tahilan II m. D. Luis de Ia Vega D. Hilario Mateo D. Mariano Garcia D. Tomas de Ius Santos ' D. Josef de Sta. Maria ~ Da. Barbara Pasquala Other Descendams of Rahas Matanda, Lakandula, and Soliman: Some Descendants of Rajah Soliman (1754) Rajah Soliman (Rahang Mura) (brother) I (adopted) I Don Gabriel Tuambasan ~ Don fo'rancisco Acta ~ Dofia Lucia Guitierrez t Don Diego de Legazpi 62" TmrJSal'liora Nation<~! Academy vfScieuce r------1. D. Lucas Balthazar 2. Da. Nicolasa Calong 3. D. f\.-t a.r:tehJ de Ia Crui'. m . D. Pasqua! !layton Ilalagtas I. D. Sebastian Baltha7.ar I. D. Simon Mamangan I. D. Bernard11 de [;) Cruz m. M analast<~S Da. Maria Castillo 111 . Da. 1\·taria Juscpha a. I>. M i ~uel f\:n.:z. a. D. Francisco Perez a. Da. Magdalena I 2. D . Nicnla~ Perez b. Da. Pasquala a. D . Pcdm Manalastas 111. c. D . Juan de Ca~ tro J.>a. Maria bpiritu 1!1. I Da. Manuela Castillo 1. D. Math(,O Soliman 3. D. Mathias Perez I 11. D. Pedro Gahriel S1Jiirnan rn . i. f> . Casimiro na. Lucia Paig.u itan ii. D. Mortin I iii.l>a. Brigida b. l>a . Mm·ia de Ia Crut a. D. Augustin Perez iv. D. Vi zcnte h. 1>. Ciaspar Perez v. D. bugcniu 2. D. Augustin ue Ia Cruz <:. D. Nico l a~ Perez m. Soliman Da. Augustina Manlapas Ill. 4. D. Mck:hor de los R cy l~~ Da . Theresa Caguit 111. vi. D. F ( i~.:nca l ugy tlt' the l.apint M a~.:apagal Clan ( 1758) I >on Carlos I .acandola I Don Dionisio Capulung I I }t)IJ Juan ( iouzalo Capulung I I Don Miguel Alfonso J.apira Ill. Da. Maria l!in a j I }t)IJ Eugenio Lapint Macapagal m. Da. Cat halina S inac.:umanglug<> Ll r r ), Juan D . Manuel D. Miguel l.apira Macapagal II Maeapagal Macapagal m. 1752* Ill. m."' m. l h Maria I . l>a. Maria l. Da Martina 2. l>a . Cathalina l'asquala Candelaria Quinaug de Ia Pagu io Salonga Concepcion 2. I >a. Maria Franc ia (no i ~sucl I I . D . Joseph de I. D. Juan Lapira I . Dun Ju<1n lJ . Vizcntc l .apir;t San Bucn;wcn tura Mantpagal y. I .apira Macapagal Macapagal Salonga h. 171R h. 17 52 h . 172'> h. 17 10 m.l741* nt.I7'\0* m. l 734 Tht. A lwrt a Agatta I )a. Cl:tra 2. Da l.ucm B in :~ M a~:apagal { · ,Jnn~pd1111 l'alanauan .\1acapagal Sadye y Dam1n I h. 171ft I a. Da. Eut.tatia a. Da. Maria Vizcnta a.Da. l'etrona h. 1753 h. I73X b. 1741 h. D. Juan Ill h. Da. Maria Lore nza n. Da. Lorenza h. 17'\5 b. 1740 b. I 743 c ))a Maria c. D . Kaphacl c. D. Chris toval h. 1757 h. 1742 h. 1745 ()26 fran•nNions Nnriml(l/ A cndemy nj ScinlCI! d. Du. Angela J . D. Nicolas Sussaua h. 17)1 h. 1744 c. D. Enri4uc c. Da Vicenta 2. D. Eugenio h. 1747 h. 17)4 J.apira f. D. Joseph f. Da. Ri tta Macapagal Gregorio b. 17)5 m* b. 1749 ,.,, D. Manuel Vizcntt Ua. F.sc.:nlas tica g. D. Juan h. 1757 lknitu b. 1752 Macapagal h. Da. Ritta h. 1754 i. D . Manuc.:l h. 175 7 Ia I [h. I !c.: I ( icneah1gy 11f th e l.upi ra Macapagal ('Jan ( 175X > - continued Ia[ lhl k l a. 1> . ( iaspar 2. D. M;ulltcl h. I BS l.apira Macapagal h. D. Salv:tdur h . 1722 h. 17:N 111 . 17:'i 0* Da. Nic lllasa h. I Bn r agu ill 2. D. Joscrh l.apira Macapagal m. 1741 Da. Cathal ina Candc lari:t Hagamunda D. lkrnan.Ju h . 1752 I :1. D. Manud :t D. M iguel h. 1744 h. 1734 •cun:. h. D. Miguel 4. 0 . .Jost:ph h. 1745 h. 1736 l.'. I> . Juan 5. I>. Juan h. 174') h. 1741 d . 1>. Nicolas 6. L>a. Florcntina h. 1754 & c. D. Yii.ClltC 7. Da. lh:rnarua h. 1757 h. 1743 (twins ) fa I [bl l >. )llseph <'ap ulong D. Sutcrio Macapagal m. nl. f>a. Maria Alangcasalm Da. Ines Payoan I I>a. Nan.:isa Capulong D. Joseph Macapa!_!al m. m . D. Domingo l'uguio Da. Jo~cpha Muluung I I l>a . Maria Cirada 1796 --- 0 . Pedro Macapagal Pagui,, h. 1772 m. IX 19 2. Da. Cicrtrudes Ciarcia Salas I l . I> . Quirino Macapagal 2. Da. Maria Josepha 3. Da Milcncia Macapagal h. 1797 m. I 826 h. I X20 rn . l.-1 X21 - Da. hllncisca D. Francisca Ill. 1~3() Punsa!ang y Diaz Mallari D . Pl.!dro a. Da. L varis ia h. 1l09 h. I> . !{,)saurn h. ) .~4 1 l><•n . /laltt~s Kairlllllt>, fllk Dnn Vail:ri:llhl de Vergara Ill. Dnfia Maria Rita /\rcl'l ) I I >o n Vil.t:llll: TnliH-!llilino de Vergara h 177') :n. l>11iia Siln:rio.J de I<~ ('ntl. ~-- - I. IJ;I. .I u~cr h a 2. I>. l Rulw K£1/unuo and his [)escendams - Raha Kmunao was hi.'Hcr known as the Raha of B\)hol who e xecuted a hlood cnmpm:t with l.c)!azpi an event that was imnw nalizcd hy JuaJl !.una in one of his Wllrks . During h is ti me. thl.' Bnhulalli1S wac feared warriors hoth at sea and un la nd. "!he friar-chr,,nidcr foray Franc iSCll C'n mhcs trac.:cd the lineage of Raha Kalllnall up tll lh\.' I nt:JO's. Tnday. the Munook families of Allen, Samar and the !·: ~candor families ll f ( iubat. Sl)rsoglln traced their lineage to the illustrious ! Raha Sikatuna (or Raha Katunao) Dailisan Pagbuaya ? (killed in I a batllc with J J the Tcrnalans) D. Pedro Manook Dona Lariu Magt.lalcna J l H aloyo~ D . Clonznln Maglcnti married Duiia Maria Uray ~ D. Pedro Cabclin The Esc~dor C lan lhe Manook C lan of Gubat. Sorsogou uf 1\Jlen. Samar Tksidcs their illustrious lineage and linkage with the rulers of Borneo une could alsu sec that many of their descendants continued In carry n n several meaningful appellalions: "ladyanghata". "raha mura", "raha bagu··. "hulm:tala", "rnndlanghay The Rahas and their Roles during the Spanish Era To hefricnd lot:al chiefs and to use them in U1eir con4uest and pacificatio n of the Philippines was one of the royal instructions to the con4ttistadores. {1 ovcruor 632 Transacliom· Nati<>IJ (iencral Guido de Lavezarcs' laconic reply to the criticisms against his adoption of harsh measures in pacifying the Philippine inhabitants that "we earn~.: lwn· in ohedicnce to your orders" demonstrate that the conquistador..:s followed such instructiuns. This could be seen in huw th ey dcuil wi th such native chiefs to win over to their side. Rufw Katrmao and his V esccndants - Better ktwwn as Ratla Sikat11na. Raila KatutHll) was the native chief nf Bohol who made a hloo(i C11111pac t with M iguel Lopez <.k Lega1.pi. After this historic sanduguun, nothing nH>rc was me ntioned ahout him except when he wa~ ahout to <.He and was l·nnwrtc<.l tll Christianity itt 1507 at the age 1)f 120 years oldY hanciscn C(lmhcs. a .ksuit chronicler, rortllllatdy Wf ()tC ::t nd published his \V\.lfk lll ](1()7 whcrt• he described in detail ! . .. Lurd and most principal of the town of Tondo, and of the 1>thcr surrounding towns. whose inhabitants paid him tribute and vassalage and other recognition as their natural Lord. and when l"rcm.w.-fi(liiS NatrNurl A<'tll/"111.1 uj"Scinl<'<' .ships from China came to this Bay, they similarly puiu him dutit~s and andwragc fees, ht' rcm The Sp Lcgazpi. always farsighted, treated Raha Lakandula and his kin with defer ence. tact, and promises to keep them as a faithful ally. The raha. however. died witllout seeing lhc Spaniards fulfill what Legazpi promised for Legazpi, too. clied a few mont.hs follo wing the raha's death. The death of Legazpi. on the other hand. uid not preclude those who succeeded him from using the same methods to keep Raha I .akandula's descendants faithfully adhere to the Span ish side. Thus, Do n Dionisio Capulong, Raha Lakandula's eldest son. was with t.he Spaniards in the latter's pacific ln all the colonial needs. requirements. or imposntons such as military services; collectio n of tributes; building, manning, and repairing galleons, repartimientos. wood-c utting, etc. which they were tasked to J o were fai thfully done by the Lakandulas. Not a single real was spent by the Spanish colonial government to recompense them - it was th e Lakandulas themselves whll spent much as they demonstrated their fidelity to the sanduguan that their gn~at a nces tor executed with Legazpi. It was due to tl1eir sh ouldering of the numerous e xpenses t:onnccted with the various tasks the colonial government required the m to do that led to their impoverishment. In fact, when Don Juan Ma kapagal and his kin petitioned the colonial government on Novemher 23, 1660 for ex emptions from tile tributes, polos, and personal services, they mentionl:d that tllcy were unable to possess and enjoy said privileges because they could not pay the media anata (title fee w be paid before the exemption Jocurnents could be issued to them) due to their extreme po verty (cuya reserva no 11 renido efeclo para su gosa por no aver podido en tiempo de sus cancesion enrerrar Ia media a nata a que deseun pagaro11 causa de lu mu r:ha pobresa .... ). The snmc thing happened to Don Juan Makapagal's grandfather, Don Di on isi o Capulong, who d id not receive any gratifit:a tion from the Spaniards lor th<', services that he Conclusion It was a Spanish colonial policy to keep records of the nati vc f<~m i l ies and their descendants who served the colonial government. Keeping these record1.. in turn, enable succeeding genera tion!' to know who these families and their descendants - and perhaps. being one of them - their meaningful names and. hopefully. enable the ir proge nies today to recunstruct their historic genealogies in the context of the Philippine past. Corollarily. embodied in these records an: vital i nfnrmations as to how they were dealt with hy the Clllon ial autlwrities through out the Spanish era. It is also dear that the Spaniards were aware or their inferior lllltnher amidst a hostile environment. Thus. they did no t hesitate. 10 employ means to offset this negative factor. 'll1is could be seen at til e outset of Spanish conquest and CiJ loniz.at.ion when l.egazpi and his s u c c~ssors, in compliance with royal Very. Rahas Karuooo, u1kandu/a, Tupas at Matondo 639 instmctions on how to win over the natives, hcfriended and utilized many native ruling families to a bet Spanish colonial objectives in the Philippines. 'l1le use of promises. rewards, bestowals of eloque nt titles. positions. privileges, and mini encumiendas were resorted to keep the native allies execute colonial orders and requirements thereby propping the Spanish colon ial structure in the Philippines for more than three centuries. Notwithstanding the many galla nt services that they had co ntinuously rendered for and in hchalf 11f the Spanish colonial government. the native ruling families and their descendants suffered a sad fate. For carrying out the mauy tasks required of them brought them impoverishment and decline from their once illustrious origins. Their many petitions lO case their predicament were sometimes cavalierly treated hy the colonial authorities wh o were themselves hardprcsscd hy tJ1e ir duties to maimain the colonial system. This could be seen in the many years it Look the colonial authorities to at:t upon their petitions. Moreover. cverytimc that an oalcr for a new census came nut, the ineumhcnt heads nf the descendants of these ruling fa milies carried the 11nus of proving their linc <~gt:. 'Ibis prucess proved very tedious and burdensome for them as they were made to gn thmugh the rigorous colonial process nf proving their noble lineage considtring censuses during the 17th !llld 1Xth centuries were fre4uenl due to the very unscllled conditions o f the period. lbus, this recurrent hurden of proving their lineage and their subse4uent impoverishment put the native ruling families a nd their descendants at the mercy of the colonial authoritks . The pas sage o f time found the descendants of the pre-colonial native rulers reduced to a mere shad1>W of their great ancestors as they even had to plead to the colonial authorities to enahle them to enjoy the privileges once enjoyed hy their great ancestors. Perh aps . thi s lamentable experience shall no! he repli cated hy us in our c urrent relations with the fnreigners. References I. Gregorio F . Zaide. The Pageant of PhiUppine History (Manila: Philippine Education Com- pany, 1979). Vol. I. p. 559. 2. Luis C. Dery. From Jbalonto Sorsogon (Quezon City : New Day Publishers. 199 1 ). p. 26. 3. John Foreman. The Philippine Islands (Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. 1980). p . 37. 4. "Magat" ur "Megat" in M alay, is a title indicating royal descent on the maternal side. 5. Fo r a detailed discussion about Spanish pacification and colonization me thods and po lides see "The Rcquircmem . 1512" and "Royal O rdinances on ' Pac itication'. 1573" in Lewis Hanke, ed .. History of Latin American Civilization: Sources an d Imerp.etations (Boston: l.ittle, Brown and Company, 1967). Vol. 1, pp. 123-125 and 149 -152. 6. Luciann P. R. Santtago. "The Houses of Lakandula, Maranda, and Soliman (1571-1898}: Genealogy and Group Identity," Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, Vol. 18 (March 1990). pp. 39-73. 7. Robert Nicholl , "An Age of Vicissitude: Brunei, 1225-!425" , The Brunei Museum Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1989), p. 2 1. 8. Cedulario, 1769-1771 . Dtligencia que practicaron de. Ia numeracion de los Reales trihutvs dela Provincia de Tayabas por D. Francisco de San Juan hallandose de Akaldo: Mayor de dicha Provmc1a. Manila, Junio 10 de 1771. 9. Pablo Pastel Is. S.J .. Catalogo de los documemos relllli~·os a las Islas Fi/ipinrJs exislt!llll'.l' m el Archivo de lndias de Sevilla par D. Pedro Torres v L(/nzas precediJo de una H1storia General de Filipinos por el P. Pahlo Paste( Is. S.J. (Ban:elt,na: 1928), Tumo IV . p. cxxvii . 10. Francisco Combes. S.J .. Historia de Mindanao y Jo/o (Madrid: 1667), P. Pablo Pastclls. ed. (Madrid: 1897), pp. 70)-755. II. Interview of Don Rafael F.sropcres Escandor. Sr .. July 26. 1986. Gubat, Sorsogon Province. 12. Zaidt!, [, p. 237. 13. Cedulario. 1690-1692. Titulo de subccsion t:n st:gurula villa alos JO mbutos que gos;tva en primcra vida t:l Mro de Campo D. Francisco Tup~s el Mru de Campn IJ. l'h..:lipc Tupas su hijo. Manila. Agosto 21 de 1692. 14. Ced ulario, !696-1698. Reserva de tribuws polos y servicios a Don IoS<1Jh Puasalan y Do1ia Ynes de Robles naturales del pueblo de Malate Jurisdicdon de Tondo. M;utila. a 2 de Mayo I 696; Ccdulario, 1696-1698. Reserva de tributu polos y servicios p.:rsonalcs a D. Thadeo de Herrera. D. Di onisio de los Samos y Dot1a Cathali na Hiyas y consorte~ por desccndientes d.: Lady a Mlltanda Principalcs Lh:l Pueblo de Tagui . Manila, D <.lc Noviembre 1696. 15. Santiago, p. 44 . 16. foreman. p. 37. 17. Malong. Maniago. Magsanop, and Lupan were nativ~: ducfs in their respective prov in ce~. They were former alltes of the Sp~ ni ards having occupied vanous local positmns in the colonial government. Tln:y became disgruntled presumably be~.:ause of hrokcn Spanish prmn ises and abuses ag~inst their peoples. 18. Cedufario, 1691-1695 . Mandamiemn paraque se entienda Ia r eserv<~ wncedida d~ uibuto po!os y scrvicios persorut!es a Don Carlos Lacandola y Mn: de Campo Don Juan Macapag~l. Mrc Don Agu~tin Capulong. Don Pedro Madlangbayan. Dm'\a Eusebio Catha! ina Bulindau~n como sus desccnllientes legitimos. Mamla, 12 de Octuhre 1692; Cedulario. 1698-1702. [Resen•a de tributos pu!os y scrvicios personates y otras qualcsquier cuntrbuciones y repartimientos a! dicho Mro de Campo Don Juan Makapagal y otms d~ccn di e nu:s de Dun Ca rlos l.acando!a! . Manila. 22 de Diziembre 1693: Cedu/ario, 1696-1698. Contirmaz.iun de Ia reserva arriva inserta de tributos polns y scrvicious personaks expcdida a f